NGHIEN CL U - T R A O DOI
NANG CAO NANG LITC SANG TAO
TRONG HSSV PHUC VU PHAT TRIEN KINH TE SANG TAO
• TS. D ^ G THI PHU*OfNG PHI (*)
• ThS. HA MINH T H i f N HAO (**)
TOM TAT
Trong xu hudng phdt triin cua kinh ti-xd hgi, ndng luc sdng tgo vd ddi mdi^ ludn ddng vai trd hit sue quan trgng. Gdp phdn cung cdp ngudn nhdn luc cho viec phdt trien kinh te sdng tgo cua Viet Nam. Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid mudn di cap din vdn di ndng luc sdng tgo cua sinh vien Viet Nam, ddc biet la vi gido due vd ren luyen tu duy sdng tgo cho cdc em. Trong diim Id nin gido due ndy phdi phuc vu cho mgi ngudi de ai cUng co thi hieu vd dp dt^ng. Di ldm dugc diiu do, tdc gid da chimg td sdng tgo khdng chi Id khodnh khdc Ide sdng cua thien tdi md no cdn cd thi dgt duac thdng qua su ren luyen co tinh logic. Theo do. bdi viit dua ra hai ky ndng ren luyen tinh sdng tgo ciia James Webb Young vd Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi di ngudi dgc tham khdo. Tdc gid cung chi ra su quan trgng cua mot mdi truang ldnh mgnh ddi vai sdng tgo vd de ra hai quan diim dixdy dung tndi truomg ndy. Thu nhdt Id phdi logi bd su sao chip, dgo van, tdn trgng sd hiru tri tui. Thu hai, cdc thdy cd gido phdi phdn biit ro rdng giira hudng ddn vd dp ddt di trdnh tinh trgng gido due ldm xa ciing tu tudng cua cdc em, logi bd nhirng yiu to cdn trd nhdm khuyen khich su sdng tgo trong hgc sinh sinh vien. Cudi ciing tdc gid tin tudng vai su tan tdm cua gidng viin (GV), hpc sinh sinh vien (HSSV) se trd nen mgnh me tu tin de sdng tgo. di khai phd nhirng con duang mdi day hua hen, gdp phdn vdo viic phdt trien kinh te sdng tgo tgi Viet Nam.
Tir khda: Xdy dung mdi trudng, ndng luc sdng tgo, kinh ti sdng tgo, sao chep. dgo vdn.
SUMMARY
In the trend of economic and social development, creative ability and innovation have always played a very important role, contributing to provide human resources for the creative economic development of Vietnam. In this report, the author wants to mention the creative ability of Vietnamese students, especially about educating and improving their creative thinking. The important point is that this education is an open system to serve everyone so that they can understand and apply. In order to do that, the author wants to prove that creation is not only geniuses' fashing moments but also the achievement through logical training and practical steps. Thence, the author brings out 2 creation training skills of James Webb Young and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi for readers to consult. The author also talks about the importance ofa good environment for the creation and proposes 2 viewpoints to build this environment. Firstly, copying and plagiarism must be rejected and intellectual property must be respected. Secondly, teachers must distinguish clearly the difference between guiding and forcing to avoid the situation in which education may limit students' thoughts, eliminating the hindering factors to encourage students' creativity. Finally, the author believes with teachers' whole-heartedness, students will become strongly selfconjident to create and to discover new promising paths, contributing to the creative economic development of Vietnam.
Key words Building the environment, creative ability, creative economy, rejecting copying, plagiarism.
S(^^ir6ngTnicmg'E)ai hpc KTCN Long An ' ^ v " -*•
; ^ « i T n r e m g D ^ hgc KTCN Long An ' • ' -
1. Dat vin dl
Theo CO quan nghidn cuu xd hdi cua Hoa Ky "American Institute of Social Research", ngudi Viet Nam dupe danh gia la thdng minh va sang tao trong giai quydt cac van de cap bach. Va hon niia da cd nhumg bang chiing eho thdy ngudi Viet khdng thidu nhumg phdt minh tdm ed the gidi nhu may ATM cua dng Dd Diic Cudng, cdng nghe ky thuat mdi vd thuy tinh t h i do bac sT Pham Hoang Tanh nghidn ciiu, xe lan dilu khiln thdng qua y nghT eua con ngudi eiia GS.TS Hung Nguydn... Nhung theo cac bdo eao gan ddy nhat Vidt Nam lai ndm trong nhdm nude cd nang lyc sang tao, ddi mdi va chuydn giao cdng nghe thip nhdt trong khu vuc. Theo sd lidu do UNESCO cung cip, tii 2000-2007, Viet Nam chi dang ky duge 19 bang sang che. Trong khi dd, Thai Lan dang ky dupe 310 bing sang chl, Singapore 3644, Indonesia 85, Philippines 256 va Malaysia 901. Ngay ca trong kinh te, Viet Nam ciing hi danh gia la nen kinh te ddo xiic va hai lupm. EChdng cd ky thuat va nang sudt.
Nam 2020 la mdc thdi gian cudi cimg de nudc ta hodn thdnh su nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda. Nhung nhiing dii lieu thuc te tren day eho thdy myc tieu dd van edn rat xa vdi. Ngudi Viet cd le rat thdng minh vd sang tao d miic dp ca nhan, nhung d miic dp tap thd, kha ndng sang tao ciia ta thi cue ky thap.
Viec hpe tap la de dat mdng cho ndn tdng sang tao vd rdi nen tang qua ciing de m i m mdng sang tao khdng the phat trien, rdt cude trd thanh dau dudi lan ldn. Vi du, muc dich cua thay ed cho hpc sinh hpe tap cae bai lam van mau la de tham khao, biet hudng di, ttanh lac de va nang cao trinh dp nhdn thiic.
T h i nhung thyc te la eac vi du lai trd thanh cdi khudn va da phan hpe sinh suy nghT thoat ra khdi eai khuon nay la sai, la lac dd, la bi didm thip va tir tir danh mit su da dang trong each viet vdn va suy nghT. Liie ndo cae
ttd ciing ehd cai khudn xuat hien rdi mdi lam theo.
Tir nhumg vdn d l tren ta cd the thdy, de ddo tao hpc sinh sinh vien mdt tu duy sang tao, ndng luc sang tao la mdt qua ttinh ldu dai nhung khdng t h i xa ciing. Vdi nhumg ngudi thdng minh, nhan tai, thien tdi qua trinh ndy ed thd loai bd, nhung gido dye md ra la d l phye vu toan dan. Vi the chiing ta phdi chdm chiit vd dp dung cac bidn phap danh cho sd ddng. Vd didu quan ttgng la da phan sang tao bat ngudn tir sinh hoat, tii nhiing suy nghT dan gian de cho cupc sdng tot dep hon, nen nd khdng can nhumg eai gpi Id thidn phii Id tai nang. Mpi ngudi deu ed the trd thanh nha phat minh, nhd sang tao ndu hp e6 quyet tam, dam md vd kidn tri. Tii do giiip nang cao kha nang chuyen mdn, ren luydn nang luc tu duy sang tao ddi mdi eho HSSV, giai quydt van de mdt each sang tao.
2. Khai ni^m nang lyc sang tao, qua trinh sang tao, kinh t l sang tao
Theo tu dien tieng Viet eiia NXB tir didn Bach Khoa (2013):
Nang luc la siie ldm dupe viec ciia con ngudi, con vat, may mde...
Sdng tao la tao ra, lam ra cai mdi, tao ra lan dau tidn.
Ket hgp ea hai, ta dupe dinh nghTa ca ban cua nang lyc sang tao la kha nang tao ra cai mdi, eai dau tien.
Cdc budc trong qua ttinh sang tao:
Dua theo cudn sdch "A Technique for Producing Ideas" cua tac gia James Webb Young (1939), thi de sang tao cdn trdi qua 5 budc, V! dng tin rang phat minh cd thd den tli 1 giay Ide sang nhung ti le rit thap va de nang eao ti Id do ta can ldm theo mpt qua trinh cu thd va khoa hpc.
Budc I: Gathering raw material - thu thap thdng tin/nguydn lieu ein thilt
Khi ta cd nhidu thdng tin thi ta se cd nhieu su lya chpn, cd nhidu each kdt hgp ma khdng can ngdi chd sung rung.
NGHIEN CLIL-TRAO DOI
Budc 2: Digesting material - phan loai thdng tin
Qua trinh nay nhu mdt ttd choi ldp hmh.
Ta cim mdt manh ghep quan sat nd va xoay nd theo nhilu chilu dd tim thiy su thich hgp ciia nd ddi vdi mdt manh ghep khdc.
Budc 3: Unconscious processing Day la budc ddm eho bude tilp theo, tat cd nhiing gi cdn lam la thu gian, tha Idng dau dc dd chd dpi khoanh khdc Ide sang ciia y tudng.
Budc 4: The A-ha moment - Khoanh khac a-ha
Khoanh khdc nay sd din khi ban it trdng chd nd nhit. Co thd la liic ban dang tdm, dang eao rdu...
Budc 5: Idea meats reality
Budc cudi ciing cua qua trinh sang tao:
bidn y tudng ttd thdnh hien thyc.
Tuang hi, tdc gia Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi ciing de cap den 5 budc cho sy sdng tao trong ttang 79 ciia quyen sach Creativity (1996):
1- PreparaUon-Su chuin hi: Tim hieu ve mdt vdn de ma ban cam thiy to md va dam me bao gid cung de dang Iam eho ban thay phan khich va cd ddng lyc tdt hon.
2- Incubation-Ap ii y tudng: Xay dyng mdt cai td viing chdc vdi nhiing kiln thiic, thdng tin ma ban thu thdp duge va rdi thd ldng de ehd dpi cho bude tiep theo.
3- Insight-Nhin thdu sy viec: Khi ban tha ldng, thu gian ddu dc, khodng khac
"aha!" se den ty nhien nhu nude chay.
Tat ca cae mat xich se tu ket hgp va tao thanh y tudng mdi me.
4~ Evaluation-Su ddnh gia: Khdng phai y tudng nao cung ed thd thuc hien, ehung ta phai xem xet va danh gia nd ed dang dd tiep tyc hay khdng.
5- Elaboration-Sy phat minh: Bidn y tiidng thdnh hidn thuc.
Tir hai qud trinh trdn cho thay sy sang tao Cling khdng phai ngau nhien md nd la kit qua cua mdt qua trinh logic vd cy thd ma ai Cling ed thi lam theo. Tat ea nhiing gi cin thilt la cham chii, dam me va tan tam vdi cdng vide eua minh.
Theo UNCTAD: kinh t l sang tao Id chu ky ciia su sang tao, san xuit, phdn phoi hang hda vd dich vy su dyng sdng tao va vdn tri tud nhu la ylu td dau vao chinh; kinh te sdng tao bao gdm cae sdn pham Oi tue hiiu hinh vd vd hinh ho^c cac dich vy nghd thuat vdi ndi dung sang tao, cd muc tieu thi trudng ddng thdi cd gia tri kinh td.
3. Moi tru-dng d l i p n cho sir sang tao Tim hilu v l qua khii ta cd thd thiy su khde biet giiia 2 van hda phuang Tdy va phuang Ddng;
CJ Chau Au, tu thd ky 16, hg da khdng ngai nguy hiem tim tdi khai phd edc vung dat mdi. Hg ludn trong nhip didu khan truomg dd eanh tranh, gianh giat tai nguyen.
Ludn can nhiing cdng cy eho su phdt tridn cua van chuydn, khai thac, ddi song... ket qua la su phun trao cdc phat minh vd nen cdng nghidp ra ddi.
Cdn d phuong Ddng, do sy han chd ciia phong kidn, ehinh sach ngu dan... khdng phd cap va xda nan rail chii. Cho dii cd hpc thi da phin vdn Id sy ciing nhic tir cdc ky thi. Ludn hpc theo cha dng va khdng dam bac bd cac quan niem thdm can tir mdy ttam nam qua vi sp cd ldi vdi ngudi di trudc. Kdt qud la trong vdng may ttam nam ben ta van Id ndng nghiep lam chu va khdng cd sy thay ddi qua Idn trong ddi sdng hang ngdy.
Ta cd t h i thiy dupe mdi trudng xung quanh va xa hpi anh hudng rat ldn cho sy phat triln cua sang tao vd de tao dugc mdi trudng lanh manh nhu thd thi theo tdc gia ndn chgn bdt d i u tii HSSV vd GV.
4. Gidi phdp phdt trien nling lyc sang t^o Cd nhilu giai phdp nhim ndng cao ndng lyc sang tao cho HSSV da va dang dugc dp
dyng d cae tmdng Dai hpc ttdn khu vuc va the gidi nhu: d i u tu co sd ha ting thong minh, trang thidt bi day vd hpc hien dsii, tao mdi trudng hpe tap nang ddng, tang cudng nghien eiiu khoa hpc iing dung thuc tidn, ddi mdi hodn todn chuang ttinh dao tao theo hudng sdng tao... tuy nhien, vdn dd cot loi van Id eon ngudi. Do do, tac gid d l xuit nhung giai phap phat triln ndng luc sang tao trdn 02 ddi tugng chinh la ngudi day vd ngudi hpe.
4.1 D6i vdi HSSV: Ton trpng luat sd hmi tri tue, ndi khdng vdi nan copy, dao vdn
Ngay nay vdi su phat tridn ciia Intemet, sinh vidn dd dang tra ciiu tai lieu vdi eac trang web tun kidm nhu Google, Yahoo, Bing... ddn ddn su y lai vdo cdc trang web nay. Neu khdng cd su hudng ddn diing ddn va cae luat le cdn thiet thi dilu nay d i n d i n su lam dung vd sa vdo tinh trang "mpi su hdi Google". Nd se ldm mat di tinh nang ddng, sang tao cua SV va td hom niia la hp khdng tdn trgng luat sd hiiu tri tue. Rat nhieu trudng hgp sinh vien nop bai tap la 1 mon thap cdm xao nau lai tir cac bai viet tren mang. Khdng tdn trpng luat sd hiiu tri tud ed thd dan den ca mdt the he syp do vi mat di tinh sdng tao va chai ly vdi nan "dao van".
Sau day tdc gid se thao ludn hai vdn de de dpc gia thiy rd hom ve tinh ttang nay.
Dau tidn la vd tu tudng va y thiic cho SV.
G i n day nhit la ca sT/ nhac sT Som Timg MTP, anh khdng nhumg lien tiac cho ra cac san p h i m dinh dang d i n cac tdc pham nudc ngoai md cdn nhan m^nh rang minh chi "vay mugn" eac y tudng. Vay mugn thi khdng sai nhung mgi ngudi ddu dang chd khi nao thi anh ta mdi hit "vay" va "tra". Trong eac tinh each cua eon ngudi thi cd mpt tfnh rat dang so, do la tinh tra. Gap mpt su viec ngoai y mudn, lin d i u mat binh tTnh nhung ed lan thii hai, thii ba... thi nd se ttd thanh chuyen binh thudng. Trong trudng hop nay anh ea sT da mat di tinh sang tao cua ban than md phai
dua vao "vay" mdi cd the lam ra duoc san phdm. Nd chiing td anh khdng du ty tin va kha nang d l tu sang tac. Rdt nhidu fan ham mp cua anh da ldn tieng rang nd chi la vay
"mdt p h i n " hodc la cd nhiing suy nghT nhu
"cd lam dugc nhu the khdng ma cir ngdi che bai". Chiing ta phai hieu rang khi chdp nhan ngudi khac lam nhu vdy cd nghTa la minh ciing se lam nhu vay. Trong mdt mdi trudng ma ai ai ciing "vay mugn" thi ngudi that sy sang tao se cam thay bdt cdng va ciing tham gia vao viec "vay muon". Cho nen chiing ta phdi ndi khdng va ngdn chdn tinh trang nay ngay tii trong tning nudc.
Van dd thii hai la nghidm khdc vd xu: phat nan dao van va Idm cho hpe sinh hidu rd sy khdc bidt giiia dao van vd tham khdo. Trong cdc trudng dai hpe tren the gidi dao van la mdt van dd nghiem trpng, SV vi pham nhe thi bac bd kdt qua thi, nang thi ed the bi dudi hpc. Ngay nay vdi sy tien dyng eua sy ttao ddi thdng tin, khi SV nhdn lay bai tap, didu dau tien hp lam khdng phai la ngdi suy ngdm ma la len mang vd "search". Ndu khdng ed mdt su nhan thiic diing dan ve sy dao van va tham khao thi SV dd dang sa vao tinh trang
"xao nau" vd tpi va. Cat ben ddy 1 mieng, ben kia 1 mieng rdi trdn lai thanh cua minh.
SV phai biet ro dao van la sii dung y tudng cua ngudi khdc ma khdng eho thay thdng tin ciia tac gia ciang nhu ngudn gdc ciia nd. Mpt phan luan van phai cd y tudng chinh va cac thdng tin tham khdo chi dung de chiing minh hoac Vl dy cho y tudng dd chii khdng phai dua tren chiing rdi "xao ndu" lai.
Ngoai 2 gia tri cdt ldi ndu ttdn, HSSV cdn trang bi day dii nhiing kiln thiic, ky nang, thai dp diing dan d l cd thd trd thanh mdt con ngudi thanh dat.
4.2 Doi vdi GV: phdn biet khung, hirdng di, loai bd yen to can trd nhim khuyen khich sir sang tao cua HSSV
Ngay nay van cd nhidu GV v i n khdng ro, cd y hay ludi biing ma thay vi giang day cho
NGHIEN c i n - T H A O DOI
HSSV kiln thirc va ky nang thi hp lai tao ra 1 cdi khung rdi cii thi ma ddng khung cho tit ca bai giang va HSSV eii vide dya theo khung ma lam. Diing tren mpt gdc dp nao dd thi each truydn thu nay rit nhanh, dom gidn va tranh cho HSSV khdi lac dudng. Cac trd chi cin dya theo khung la dam bdo khdng sai. Thd nhung khung thi mdi mai vin la khung, cho du ttang tri cd dep nhu the nao thi khdng thi thodt ra khdi cai khung dd. Nd vd tinh xay dyng 1 tu tudng gidi han cho HSSV va lam cho hp khdng dam vupt eai gidi han do ciing nhu tu tin de ty sdng tao cdi mdi. Thilt nghT GD-DT la qua ttinh dl cho con era di xa hom, bay cao hon nhung vdi each thirc gidng day nhu vay thi 10 nam, 100 nam sau nd vdn y nhu vay vi khd nang it ngudi ddm vugt khung.
Theo y kiln cua tac gia, vai ttd chinh cua GV la cung cap kien thiic, hudng dan hudng di diing dan va kip thdi nhae nhd edc HSSV khi hg lac ldi. Cd the so sanh vide giang day nhu mdt cudc hanh ttinh ciia mOt chide xe tir liic xuat phat ddn rayc tidu cdn ddn. HSSV ldi chide xe do va GV ddng vai trd hd tta.
Dau tien la xang. Kien thiie nhu xang eho rapt chide xe, xe chay xa hom, hoat ddng ttan tru hom khi xang cd chit lugng eao va nhilu.
Cho nen day la viec cdn bdn ma mpi vi tri phdi lam tdt. Sau dd la vide chpn dudng, vai tro eua GV la giiip HSSV ed thi di din dieh ma khdng phai bat bude hp phai di con dudng nao. Vi du tii A din B ed rit nhilu con dudng cd thd di. Ddi vdi GV hp bidt con dudng nao la ngdn nhdt, nhung HSSV khdng bidt hp cdn trong qua trinh may md tim tdi.
Hp ed thd vdng veo, cd thd lac dudng nhung dd la lua chpn ciia hp. Nlu GV ap dat tu tudng len hpc ttd cua minh thi hp se mdt di ca hdi dl kham pha, dl trai nghiem nhiing con dudng khac. Ddi vdi HSSV con dudng tdt nhit khdng phai la con dudng ngdn nhat ma la con dudng nao phii hgp nhat. Tin hidng vdi sy tan tam eiia GV, HSSV se trd
nen manh me ty tin de sang tao, de khai phd nhiing con dudng mdi day hiia hen.
Dya tten co sd nhan thiic, mdi HSSV diu cd bdn ndng, nang lyc sang tao nhdt dinh.
Cdc hoat dgng ciia GV nhdm giao dye tinh sang tao trong HSSV bang each t^o nen mpt each ed chii y hay tac ddng ldn cac thanh phdn ciia nang lyc sdng tao vdi phuang phdp va dilu kipn su pham phu hgp. Hai hudng ehinh ma tac gid dua ra ed thd tham khao nhu sau:
1. GV dl ra nhiing ehuang ttinh, kl hogch, ngi dung nham phat ttidn co chii dieh kha ndng sdng tao cua HSSV theo timg mdn vd chuyen nganh. Ddc bipt la khuyen khich sang tao trong ITnh vuc chuydn sdu.
2. GV tim ra nhiing ydu td can ttd su sang tao, nang lyc sang tao cua HSSV, nhumg sg hdi, siic i tdm ly, thy dpng trong suy nghT, ngai giao tiep... Thong qua cdc budi giao luu, cac ldp huan luyen ngan han, eac chuong trinh sang tao nham khac phuc cac ydu td han che tren va thiic day nang lyc sang tao ciia HSSV. Ngudi GV cdn chii y phai cd su tuomg tac, phdn bidn ddng thdi phdi cd su hpp tdc, kit ndi ldm vipc nhom giiia cac HSSV.
Ngudi GV cd vai trd dac biet quan ttpng dd nudi dudng, hudng dan, phat ttidn ndng luc sdng tao trong HSSV dl dat ddn cdi mdi, tim ra cai mdi. Nhdi nhdt kidn thiic se khdng bao gid la du ma thdm chi edn lam mit di ndng lyc sang tao ciia HSSV.
5. Ket luan
Sdng tao la mpt su nghidm tiic vd can trpng can chuyen chii, dat nghi vdn vd can dam budc ra bude diu tidn ma khdng ai dam. Nd khdng phai la mdt sy ngau nhidn, nd dai didn cho nidm dam me, chdm chiit va su chuin hi ky cang cua cdng vide ma minh dang lam. "Thanh cdng la 99% md hdi va 1% Ide sang" thi nhung nhilu liic 99% do
ehi Id d l tim ra 1% Ide sang. Chiing ta phdi lam la dd 99% md hdi dd ciia sinh vien, hpc sinh khdng phdi dd udng phi.
Cae em phdi dugc giao due va ren luydn ky cdng dd nang cao khd nang tim ra 1%. ciia sy Ide sang ndy. Cho ndn ddi vdi nln GD- DT ciia nudc nha, chiing ta phai giai quylt van d l nay mot each khin truong nhung thdn trpng, timg cap hpe, bac hpc tit cd ddu
phdi vdo cudc, the hidn day dii, toan ven vdi tinh thin "GD-DT Id qudc sach hdng ddu";
"Vi lgi ich 100 nam ttdng ngudi" nhdm muc tidu phat trien kinh te sang tao, dd la xu hudng phdt tridn tdt yeu trdn thd gidi. Day la hudng di thich hgp cho ndn kinh te Vidt Nam, ehinh vi thd ndng lyc sang tao phdi bdt ngudn tii giao due sang tao dd ldm nen tang cho su phat trien kinh te sang tao.
Tdi lieu tham khdo
Tieng Vi^t
[1]. f iona Watt (2014), 365 Y tuang sdng tgo,'NXB VanhQC.
[2]. Osho (2013), Sdng tgo-bimg chdy sue mgnh bin trong, NXB Hdng Diic, HCM.
[3]. Tony Buzan (2007), Bdn dd tu duy - 10 cdch ddnh thirc tu duy sdng tgo, NXB Tir diln bach khoa, HCM.
[4]. Trdn Dai Vi (2010), Bi Quyit Phdt Triin Tu Duy Sdng Tgo Cho Tre - Khdm Phd Tiim Ndng Ndng Cao CQ, NXB Thdi Dai.
[5]. Vd Van Kiet (2006), Ddi mdi bdn ITnh vd sdng tgo, NXB Quan dpi nhdn dan.
Tiing Anh
[6]. James Webb Young (2012), A Technique for Producing Ideas Paperback, NXB Create Space, USA.
[7]. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1997), Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, NXB Harper Perennial, USA.
Ngay n h a n : 22/9/2015 Ngay duy^t dang: 26/10/2015
' CHI KINH TE - CONG