NGHliN c u u
Ti^m nang va nhimg han che trong phat tri^n du lich cac tinh Nam Trung Bo, CHDCND Lao hi^n nay
Soukanh Bouthavong
NCS khoa 33, Hoc vien Chinh tri quO'c gia H6 Ghi Minh
Nam Trung Bd nude Cdng hda Dan ehii Nhan Dan Lao bao gdm 3 tinh: Bo Li Kham Xay, Kham Mudn va Sa Van Na Khgt la vung tigu sdng Mg Kong hanh lang kinh tg Ddng Tay va lanh thd tap tiling nhigu tigm nang cd gia tri ve du lich vdi sy da dang vg thign nhign. Vdi thudn lpi vg vi tri dia Iy, giao thdng van tai, eiing vdi nhtmg di ti'ch lich sir nhan van va tai nguygn thign nhign, rimg niii, sdng ngdi phong phii noi tieng qud'c gia, tao digu kien cho kinh tg du lich d cac tinh Nam Tmng Bd nude Cdng hda Dan chu Nhan Dan Lao phdt huy dupc Ipi thg va cd Uem nang Idn cho phat trien du lich.
1. Tiem nang trong phat trien du lich cua cac tinh Nam Trung Bo, Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Lao
1.1. Tigm nang ve tai nguyen du lich - Tai nguyen du lich tu nhien
+ Tai nguyen sinh vat: Cae tinh Nam Trung Bp la vung ddt dupe thien nhien ban tang ed rimg, sdng, sudi, cd niii vdi canh quan tuyet dep va phong phti da dang. Nam 2016 toan eac tinh Nam Tmng Bd ed 421 diem du lich, trong dd cd 304 diem du Ijch ty nhidn dupe khai thac va su dyng. Vimg niii, rimg nguyen sinh chigm 2/3 dien Uch ciia cac tinh Nam Tmng Bd, cac niii rimg tieu bigu: rimg khu bap tdn qud'c gia Khau Khoai 100.100 ha, khu bao tdn qud'c gia Nam Ca Dinh 169.000 ha (tinh Bo Li Kham Xay); rimg khu bao tdn qude gia Na Cai - Nam Thon 353.200 ha, khu bao tdn qud'c gia Phu Hin Ptin 150.000 ha, khu bao ton quoc gia Hin Nam No 82.000 ha (tinh Kham Mudn);
rung khu bao tdn qud'c gia Phu Xang He 109.000 ha, khu bao ton qud'c gia Dong Phu Vigng 197.000 ha, khu bao tdn qude gia Ddng Na Tat 8.300 ha (tinh Sa Van Na Ket). Day nhting tai nguygn ed gia tri eao trong phat trign loai hinh du lich sinh thai eiia vimg
+ Tai nguygn hang ddng - thac: Trgn niii da edn cd eae hang ddng, tiiac nude xinh dep do thign nhign bam tang bao gdm: hang Mang Con, hang Pha Cong, hang Pha Muong va thac Lac, thac Sai, thac Nhong... (tinh Bo Li Kham Xay); hang Cong Lo, hang Pha, hang Nang En, hang Nam Lot Xg Bang Phai, hang Sang, hang Pha Chan, hang Pa Sirom va thac Sa Nam, thae Pha Lang... (tinh Kham Mudn); thae Xg Pdn (tinh Sa Van Na Khgt). Cde tai nguygn ndy phti hpp vdi viec to chirc loai hinh du lieh kham pha, nghign ciiu, hpc hdi va du Ijch mao hiem.
-I- Tai nguyen nude; Cae tinh Nam Tmng Bd cd mang ludi sdng ngdi nhigu, Iirpng nude ddi dao bao gom eae eon sdng Idn nhu: sdng San, sdng Ka Ding,
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sdng Thon, sdng Bang Phay, sdng Hin Bun, sdng Ch5m Phon, sdng Bang Hieng, sdng La Nong va sdng Xe Pdn.
cae ddng sdng dgu bdt ngudn tir nhting khdi niii chay giiia dia hinh nui ddi ed doan lai cat qua khdi da vdi tao ra eanh quan, thac ghenh, bai sdng, ao hd tu nhign ed sue hdp hdn ciia khaeh du hch.
Ngoai sdng hd ede tinh Nam Tmng Bd edn cd ngudn nude ndng rat phii hpp vdi du lich chira bgnh, bdi dudng phtie hdi sire khde.
- Tai nguygn du lich nhan van.
-1- Di tieh Ijch sir van hda: O cac tinh Nam Tmng Bp di Uch lieh sir van hda gdn lien vdi sy phat trign ciia qug huong, dan tdc, tin ngudng tdn giao. Dan tdc Lao da sd thudng dae biet quan tam den Phat giao, do dd eae lang eiia hp thudng cd dinh ehiia dd lam hdi, ciing tg. Nam Tmng Bd ciing la mdt viing cac tinh cd nhieu di tich van hda, cae ddn ehua day ban sac ddc dao ciia Phat giao, ed gia tri cao dd'i vdi vide phyc vu va phat trien du Hch. Tieu bigu la chiia Pha Bat, ehua Phdn Sdn, ehiia Dan Siing (tinh Bo Li Kham Xay);
chtia Pha That Si Khdt Ta Bong (tinh Kham Mudn);
chtia Pha That Ing Hang, ehtia Nhay Xay Nha Phum, chiia Pha That Phdn (tinh Sa Van Na Khdt), la cdng trinh kig'n true dac sac. Id di san van hda ciia dan tdc Lao. Cac dgn ehiia nay, thu hiit khaeh du lich thap phuong, nhat la ti-ong ngay lg hdi hang nam. Day la nhtrng diem du hch van hda cd gid tri khdng ehi ddi vdi kinh te du Hch eae tinh Nam Tmng Bd ma cdn do!
vdi tmng tam du lieh ea nude.
+ cac lg hdi tiuyen thdng: Cac lg hdi dan gian \h phan anh nhung net van hda tam linh, tin ngudng, phat giao, nhan van...v.v. mang dam net sinh boat eu dan vung Nam Trung Bd. Cae le hdi chinh thudng dupe td chtre nhu: Tet nam mdi Lao duoc dign ra trong 3 - 4 ngay (tiiy theo nam) vao cac ngay 13, 14,15
lidng 4 dirong lich hdng nam; Lg hdi phdo thang thign [Lk hdi edu mua) vao cudi thdng 5 - 6 duong Uch, long lg hdi nay, ngudi ta thudng ddt phdo dg edu mua, ddy la Ig hdi vui eiia ngu^ Ldp, ngudi ta md tide an udng say xua, dan bdt; Lg hOI Khdu Phan Xa, lg hpi nay bdt ddu ttr thang 7, vao ngdy 15 trang trdn dgn thdng 10 la nhd su Ign chiia ngdi tiiign va nha su todn an ehay; Lg hdi 6 e Phan Xa td chiic cudi tiiang 10, le hdi nay dupc dua thuygn tmyen thdng ciia ngudi Lao tai sdng Mg Kdng. Ngodi ra, cdn cd cdc Ig hdi va tet rigng ciia cdc bd tOe Lao: vao thang 3 - 4 Ig hdi Bun Pha Vet eiia dan tdc Lao Liim va thdng 11 -12 tdt ddn tdc Ho Mdng va tgt dan tpe Cdm My... le hpi cdc bp tdc nay cd nghia la an mimg trong mua thu hoach xong, trong mdt nam.
+ Cde lang nghg: Cf cdc tinh Nam Tmng Bp cd nhigu nghg thii cdng tmyen thdng, khai thdc cdc san pham nghe thii cdng va phat trign Idng nghg tmyen thdng cd vai trd to Idn trong vige phat trign kinh tg du Hch, cd the trd thanh mdt digm du lich tham quan hap ddn, ddng thdi ed thg td chiic bdn cac san phdm luu nigm cho khdch du lich. Ngudi dan viing Nam Tmng Bd thudng ed tiiiygn thdng trong sinh hoat ddi sdng van hda cila minh nhu: nghg dgt may tmygn thdng, nghe may vay cd tmygn dan tdc, nghg kim hoan, nghg dan tre - may, nghg gd'm... tigu bigu la lam nghg nudi tdm - dgt tiigu theo kigu tmygn thdng ddn tdc Tay Thanh d ban Nong 6, nghg dan may d ban Na, nghd gdm d ban Phd Si (tinh Bo li Kham Xay); nghg dan tre d ban se Bang Phay (tinh Kham Mudn); nghg dgt theo kieu dan tde Phu Thay d bdn La Hd Ncim, nghe kim hodn la nghg ed xua, nghg ndy do edc nghg nhdn ngudi Lao lam hp thudng Idm ngn nhting vdng deo tai, vong cd, vong tay... bdng vdng, bae...(Unh Sa Van Na Khgt). Nghe may trang phyc tmygn thdng nhu: vay lya, khan lua... dang thu hut nhigu khach du lich qude tg, dac bigt la khdch Chau Au, mat hang nay khdng thg thieu ddi vdi moi du khaeh dgn vting Nam Tmng Bd.
+ Cac tai nguygn khde: Bgn eanh cdc di tieh lich sir van hda, cdc Ig hdi tmyen tiidng, cdc sdn phdm thii cdng my nghg ede tinh Nam Tmng Bd cd the khai tiidc tai nguygn nhdn van khac phyc vu du lich nhu: ea mua nhac dan tde (miia Lam Vdng), cae mdn an tir lam thd san phong phu cua dia phuong minh. Cae Idn dieu dan ca dac tiung nhu hat Mdi, hdt Ma Ha Xay, bdt Phu Thay...v.v. cde trd choi ddn gian, mdn thg thao ddn tdc ddc ddo nhu ddu nd, chpi ca, chpi gd, chpi bo.. .v.v. bfra an truygn thdng la com nep, cting an vdi com ndp edn cd cdc mdn Nudng, cde mdn Lap thit, cde mdn Cdi - Pdn ed, cac mdn Canh - O gd, cde mdn Ndm du du, cdc mdn Ludc rau va Chdm Chgo... Day cting la yeu td thu hut su ehii y ciia nhd nghidn ciiu, cdc du khdch ti-ong nude va nude ngoai mdi dgn de tim higu su phong phti eiia cdng ddng dan tdc vting Nam Tmng Bd.
1.2. Tigm nang vg cd s^ vat chdt - ky thuat du lich, dich vu d cac tinh Nam Trung Bo.
- He thdng co sd luu tni: Cd sd luu tni la dieu kien uen quyet, khdng the thieu dupc dg dam bao eho hoat ddng kinh doanh va phat trien du Hch. Hg thd'ng eo sd luu tni du lich bao gdm cac khach san, nha nghi, nha khaeh... trgn dia ban cac tinh Nam Trung Bd eo sd luu tni phong phii, da dang ve loai hinh, quy md va cap being, vige thigt kg va phat trign eac loai hinh co sd luu tni phii hop vdi eanh quan va thi trudng khaeh vdi myc tigu khdng nhiing tao ngn sy ddc dao, hdp ddn ciia khu du lich ma cdn nang cao hieu qua kinh tg va higu qud ddu tu.
Trong nhiing nam gdn day s6 lupng co sd luu tni va so phdng cac tinh Nam Tmng Bd tang nhanh. Tii nam 2010 mdi ehi ed 251 eo sd luu tni, 4.444 phdng, dgn nam 2016 da ed 451 eo sd luu tni, 9.720 phdng (tang 200 CO sd, 5.276 phdng).
cae eo sd luu tni chigm ty le Idn, tidn nghi va trang tbidt bi tdt, phdng ngii chu yeu cd quat hoac dieu hda, TV, tu lanh, binh nude ndng. Nhin chung ed thg thda man dupe nhu edu eae ddi tupng khdch.
- He thdng CP sd an udng, nha hang: Hien nay he thdng CP sd an udng, nha hang trgn dia ban cae Unh Nam Trung Bd dupc phat trign duong dd'i nhanh, phdn Idn cac khach san, nha nghi cd quy md 20 phdng trd Ign ddu ed nha an phuc vu khach luu tni. Dd'i vdi cac khdch san Idn cd hg thdng eo sd an udng phong phii nhu bar, coffee, snach-ba, karaoke... Cde co sd an udng ben ngoai khach san gdn day cling phdt trign nhanh va phat trign cae dieh vy an udng d eae co sd vui choi giai tri. Cac nha hang hign ehii ygu phyc vy cac mdn an Lao, mdt loai mdn an cd the la ed huong vi qua cay ddi vdi khaeh du Ijch chau Au. Ngay nay, do yeu edu phat trien hang loat eac cira hang an udng dae san phuc vu eae mdn an Au, mdn an Nhat Ban, mdn an Thai, mdn an Viet Nam, mdn an Tmng Qude, mdn an Han Qude... da dtrpe md trgn dia ban cae Unh Nam Tmng Bd.
Trong nhting nam gdn day sd lupng nha hang va co sd an udng giai tri cac Unh Nam Tmng Bd tang nhanh.
Nam 2015 mdi chi cd 297 nha hang, 18 eo sd an udng giai tri, de'n nam 2016 da ed 601 nha hang, 41 co sd an udng giai tri (tang 304 nha hang, 23 co sd an udng giai tri).
- Co sd the tiiao va vui choi giai tri: Cac tign nghi thg thao va vui choi giai tri de hdp ddn va thu hiit du khaeh DL d cac tinh Nam Tmng Bd cung dupc phat trign. Hign nay cae boat ddng the thao qude gia la di theo luot mdi tinh trong ea nude thay nhau td chirc, 2 nam mdt Ian. Cac boat ddng vui choi giai tri la snach- bar, karaoke va tham quan cac chiia chien, hang ddng, thac nude, eanh quan thien nhien...v.v. de tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho 1^ nghi ciia khach du lieh, lam phpng phii va da dang cae loai hinh hoat ddng du lieh, lam tang su hap ddn, kgo dai thdi gian luu tni ciia khach du Ijch, lam tang hieu qua sii dyng khach san, nha nghi...
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NGHIEN c u u
- He thdng phuong tien van ehuyen: Phucmg tign vdn ehuyen hanh khach cling da dupc quan tam phdt trign, thda man nhu edu di lai ciia khaeh DL va nhan dan, bao gdm: van chuyen bdng hang khdng, vdn chuygn bdng dudng bd va van chuygn bdng dtrdng thuy. Trong eae tinh Nam Trong Bd ed khoang 15 edng ty dieh vy van chuygn khach DL va 13 don vi kinh doanh dich vu van chuygn hanh khach. Cac tinh Nam Tmng Bd cd rdt nhigu cae tuyen xe khach dupc md rdng ra trong vting di qua cdc khu, diem DL de phyc vy cho du khaeh trong nude va qude tg tao digu kien thuan lpi ve giao thdng van tai eiia trong viing cd the dap img dupc nhu cau di lai cua khdch du hch khi dg'n tiiam.
Tdm lai, Udm nang trong phat tridn du lich cua cae Unh Nam Tmng Bd Lao rdt phong phii vd cd gid tri phuc vy dich vy eao, ngu ddu tu xay dimg va td ehiic qudn Iy, khai thdc tdt cae ngudn tai nguygn nay ed thg dap ung eho khaeh du lich mdt chuong trinh tham qucm phong phii va hdp ddn.
2. Nhimg han che bung phat triNi du iich cua cac tinh Nam Tiu'ng Bg, Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Lao
Nhdng thdi gian qua, phat trien du lich d eac tinh Nam Tmng Bd nude Cpng hda Dan ehii Nhan dan Lao da cd sy tang trudng dang kg. Tuy nhien, vige phat trign du Hch d Nam Tmng Bd Lao hign nay vdn bde Id nhieu ban chg nhu:
Mdt Id, cdng tac quan ly ve boat ddng du lich trong vting cdn ban chg, nhigu khu, digm du Hch cdn khai thac d dang tu phat, thieu dinh hudng. Chuong trinh du lieh edn don digu, trting ldp, ehua dap iing nhu edu cua timg ddi tupng khach du lich.
Hai la, Trinh dp ngudn nhan luc du lich kem, nhan vign khdng chuygn nghigp; sy higu bid't vg lieh sii, van hoa cua dan tdc minh va eiia dia phu->ong minh cdn it, mdi tru-'dng ehu-'a thait tdt. Sd doanh nghigp kinh doanh du lich lu hanh tren dia ban cdn it, vdn va nang Iyc kinh doanh ehu->a dii manh, Cae doanh nghiep cdng ty Itr hanh cdn hoat ddng mang tinh tu phat, ddc lap it ed sy gdn ket, thieu kinh nghiem nen chu-^a tich eye khai thae tao ra d-'upc san pham du lieh da dang hap ddn mang dae thii eiia viing.
Ba la, ve thi tnrdng, mac dii trong thdi gian qua, co edu thi trudng khach da cd nhieu thay ddi nhung eae tinh Nam Tmng Bd vdn ehua thu htit dupc nhigu khaeh du lich tir nhung thi trudng khaeh du Hch cao edp, ty trpng khaeh du Hch thuan tiiy, nghi dudng dai ngay, chi tigu nhieu vdn cdn thap. Mac du, tde dd tang trudng vg lupng khach du lieh va thu nhap tir khaeh du lieh trong vimg tuong dd'i cao, nhung ty trpng sp vdi ca nude cdn thdp, ehua dupe eai thign va chua tucmg ximg vdi tigm nang, lpi the so sanh vg du Hch eiia toan vting.
Bdn la, chdt lupng sdn pham vd dich vy du Ijch chua cao, chua cd nhigu san phdm cd thuong higu va uy tin trgn thi trudng; gia ca mdt sd dich vy cao ddn tdi sy eanh tranh cac vilng khac va qude tg kgm. Xue tig'n qudng ba lai thigu chuygn nghigp nen khd dat dupc kgt qua rd ngt. Tde ddng ciia bign ddi khi hau la thach thiie Idn dd'i vdi du lich va miic sdng trong dan eu phan ddng edn thdp, ndp sdng van minh, y thiic phap luat khdng nghigm vd cae vdn dg khac nhu an toan giao thdng, ve sinh an toan thye phdm...v.v. la nhtrng khd khan eho phat trien du lich cd chdt Itrpng.
Nam la, viec xay dyng quy ho^eh chi tiet phat trign du Hch, xac dinh loai hinh, quy md, trpng digm chua rd; ty tipng du lieh trong eo cau kinh te va doanh thu tir boat ddng du lieh cdn thdp. Cdng tdc quy hoach chua theo kip vdi ygu edu phdt trign du Ijch trong tinh hinh mdi, chat lupng mdt sd quy hpach khdng dam bap, phai digu ehinh nbidu Idn trong qud trinh thuc hien. Tien dp thuc hidn mdt sd hang myc quy hoach cdn cham do vudng mdc vg bdi thudng, giai phdng mat bdng, gay trd ng^i cho vide thu htit va quan ly cac dy an ddu tu va cdng tac xtic tien thuong mai edn han ehg, thi tnrdng khaeh du Hch ehua md rdng, ngudn khdch khdng dn dinh; su hpp tdc phat trign du lieh vdi eae vimg, eac dia phuong ngoai eac tinh chua duac phat huy; vd'n dau tu co sd vdt chdt va hci tdng du Ijch edn thdp, ehua dap ung dupc nhu edu phat trign./.
Tai iieu tham ithao
Bd Thdng tin. Van hda va Du Ijch (2016), Bao cao thdng kg du ijch eiia nude Cdng hda Dan chii Nhan dan Lap.
Sd Thdng tin. Van hda va Du Hch tinh Kham Mudn (2015), Tdng kg't td chiic thye hien 5 nam viee Thdng Un, Van hda va Du lieh 2011-2015 va quy ho^ch phdt trign 2016-2020.
Sd Thdng tin. Van hda va Du lieh tinh Bo Li Kham Xay (2015), Tdng kgt td chiic thye hign 5 nam vige Thdng tin, Van hda va Du lich 2011-2015 va quy hoach phat trien 2016-2020.
Sd Thdng tin. Van hda va Du Ijch tinh Sa Van Na Khet (2015), Tdng ket td chirc thuc hien 5 nam viec Thdng tin. Van hda va Du lich 2011-2015 va quy hoach phat trign 2016-2020.