PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/dl VIET NAM HIEN NAY NHIN Ttr GOC DO LAO D O N G , VIEC L A M
VA NANG SUAT LAO DONG
DAO THI MINH Hl/ONG"
Viet Nam dang birac vao thai diem dan so vang khi nhom dan cu dong nhdt hien trong do tuoi tir 15 - 24, chiem 19% luc lirang lao dpng voi hang tram nghin thanh nien tham gia lire luong lao dong mdi nam (Bo LDTBXH; ILO; EU 2011). Cac nghien ciru ve tac dpng cua nguon lao dpng den tang truang kinh te da chi ra rang, dan so trong dp tuoi lao dpng tang len se tao nguon luc quan trpng cho phat trien kinh te neu mpt quoc gia CO kha nang tao nhieu ca hpi viec lam va cai thien nang suat Iao dpng, theo do la tao muc song cao han va ca hpi cho phat trien. Nguoc lai, dan so trong dp tuoi lao dpng tang len co the tra thanh ganh nang khi mpt quoc gia khong the tao ca hpi viec lam va doi mat vai nan that nghiep, nang suat lao dpng thap keo theo thu nhap thap se ban che ca h6i phat trien con nguai.
1. Phat trien nguon nhan Iuc Viet Nam kho co the dam bao tinh ben vung khi nang lye tich luy von con nguoi chu'a cao trong nen ldnh te nang suat thap, the hien qua tay nghe thap va thieu hut cac ky nang cua lye lu-ong lao dong va co the la nguy CO* dan den viec Viet Nam roi vao bay "san xuat hang hoa co gia tri gia tang thap."
Thuc tien phat trien nguon nhan lire trong thai gian qua ciia Viet Nam the hien ro nhihig diem yeu kem trong nang lire tich IQy von con nguoi. So lieu thong ke so bp cho thay ti le lao dpng da qua dao tao hien nay (chinh thuc va phi chinh thiic) a Viet Nam chi chiem khoang 30% Iuc luong lao dpng' va tang khoang 8.1% trong giai doan tir nam 2002 - 2012 (Bang 1). So lieu thong ke cung cho thay li le lao dong da qua dao tao co su chenh lech ro rang giiJa cac viing mi8n, trong do ti le nguoi lao dpng da qua dao tao cao nhat la o Ha Npi (36,9%) va thip nhdt la a D6ng bang song Cuu Long (10,5%); chenh lech giua nong thon (11.5%) va thanh thi (33,9%); chenh lech giGa nam (20,6%) va nu(15,7%) Bp K6 hoach va Diiu ni, T6ng cue Thdng ke 2014 (Bp ICH& DT, TCTK, 2014). Co th6 noi, nhimg viing
*TS.; Vi^n Nghien ciiu Con ngudi. Vi?n H^n lam Khoa h(?c Xa hoi Viet Nam.
' Di qua d^o t^o la nhO'ng nguai dS hpc vt tdt nghidp o mpt truong lop dao tao chuyen mon ky thu^t cua cSp hpc hoac trinh dO dao tao tirong duong thu^c h? thdng giao due quoc dan tir 3 thing tro len, ho5c t\r d^o t^o t^i CO so san xuat.
Nghien caU Con ngu6fs63{78) 2015 -i
Ddo Thf Minh Huang ngheo nhdt la nhui^ vimg co ti le cao nhlt vk lao dpng co hoc van thip va khong co chuyen mon ky thuat (CMKT). Trong boi cMi kinh t^ nhieu bien dpng thi nhom lao dpng khong CO V$ nang se kho co the tranh dupc nhiing ton thuong ve viec lam va thu nhap.
Bang 1: Co* cau luc lutfng lao dong theo trinh dp chuyen mon ky thuait Tong so
Lao dpng qua dao tao nglie (cliinli thirc va phi chinh thirc) Trung hoc chuyen nghiep Cao dang, dai hpe tro len
Ca cau lao dong (%) 2002
7,8 4,6 4,7
2005
15,1 4.7 5,5
2007
23,2 5,2 6,3
2011
28,8 5,1 8,1
2012
33,4 3,7 8,4
Toe do tang giai doan tir nam 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 1 2
8,1 2,9 7,9 Ngudn: Vi?n Khoa HQC lao dgng va xa hgi, 2013.
Bang 2: Trinh dg chuyen mon ky thu^t cao nhat dat duQ'c ciia lao dong dang lam viec
Chi tieu
Trinh do CMKT cao nhat dat duoc Khong CO trinh dp CMKT Day nghe
Trung hoc chuyen nghiep Cao dang
D ^ hpc tra len
2010 100,0 85,3 3,8 3,5 1,7 5,7
2011 100,0 84,4
4,0 3,7 1,8 6,1
2012 100.0 83,2
4,7 3,7 2,0 6,4
2013 100,0 81,8
5,4 3,7 2,0 7,1 Ngudn: BQ Ke hogch va Ddu tu, Tong cyc Thong ke. 2014.
Neu chi tinh rieng so lao dpng co van bang, chimg chi duoc cap a trucmg lop d^o tao CMKT cua c3p hpc hoSc trinh dp dao tao tuong duong thupc he thong giao due quoc dan thi ti !e nay thap hon nhieu, chi chiem khoang 20% luc lupmg lao dpng (Bang 2).
Dieu do dong nghia voi viec co khoang 10% lao dpng dS qua dao tao ngh^ khong chinh thtic. Dao tao tai cho tren cong viec la quan trpng va can thiet, nhung co mpt thuc te khong the phu nhan do la cac ky nang hpc duoc trong he thong giao due chinh thuc se giiap cho nguoi lao dpng tiep tuc nang cap tay nghe ciia minh trong suot qua trinh lam viec. Dieu nay se cang tro nen quan trpng hon khi dan so Viet Nam dang gia di va hoat dpng san xuat tro nen phiic tap hon voi cac cong nghe mai, doi hoi nguoi lao dpng phai bat kip voi tien bp ciia cong nghe de khong bi cho thoi viec.
Mpt mat la trinh dp chuyen mon, tay nghe cua nguoi lao dpng con thdp, mat khac, cac Ioai hinh cong viec doi hoi CMKT bac cao va bac trung trong san xudt hi^n nay chiem ti trpng thap, cho nen ti le lao dpng lam cac cong viec doi hoi CMKT bac cao va bac trung hien nay chiem ti trpng rat thap (ti le tucmg ung la 5,7% va 3,3%), trong khi
4 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s6 3(78} 2015
Phdl trien con n^udi Viet Nam...
lao dpng lam cac nganh tao ra gia tri gia tang khong cao lai chiem ti le lan, dieu nay Iam cho Viet Nam co the rai vao bay "san xuat hang hoa co gia tri gia tang thap". Bang 3 cho thay phan Ion cong viec phi nong nghiep hien nay 6 Viet Nam la cong viec ciia cong nhan (tha thti cong, tha may, thp lap rap, lao dpng gian don,...). Mac dii ti le lao dpng gian don (khong co tay nghl) da giam dang ke trong giai doan tir nam 1999 - 2009, tir 69,4% xu6ng 39,4%, nhung nam 2013 so voi nam 2009 co xu huang tang len, chiem hon 4 0 % (Bang 3). Ti le lao dpng gian don khong giam ma tang len vao nam 2013 cho thay so lao dpng moi gia nhap thi truong lao dpng chii y^u ndm a khu vuc lao dpng nang suat thap va thu nhap thdp.
Bang 3 : Lao dpng c6 viec lam theo nghe nghiep nam 1999, 2009 va 2013 Loai nghe
Tong so 1. Lanh dao 2. CMKT cao 3. CMKT bac trung 4.Nhan vien trong cac ITnh vuc 5. Dich vu ca nhan, bao ve va ban hang
6. Lao dgng co ky thuat trong nong, lam, ngu nghiep 7.Thp thu cong va cac tho khac CO ky thuat
8.Thg lap rap. van hanh may mdc, thiet bi
9. Lao dong gian dan 10. Khac
1999 Tong so
(1.000 ngucri) 35.848 203 679 1.259
287 2.397 1.768 3.250 1.131 24.874
Tile
( % ) •
100.0 0.6 1.9 3.5 0.8 6.7 4,9 9.1 3.2 69.4
2009 Tong so
(1.000 ngucri) 49.301 493 2.268 1.873 789 7.297 7.297 6.163 3.303 19.425
Tile
(%)
100 1.0 4.6 3.8 1.6 14.8 14.8 12.5 6.7 39.4
2013 Tong so
(1.000 nguoi) 52207,8
551,0 2968,4 1698,6 881,5 8461,8 6280,4 6274,5 3637,4 21326,5
127,6 Tile
(%)'
100 1,1 5,7 3,3 1,7 16, 12,0 12,0 7,0 40,8 0,2 Nguiin Ting cue Thing ke (2008, 2010b, 2014).
Mac du tang truong GDP cua Viet Nam trong thap ky qua la cao, nhimg theo tieu chujn qu6c t l luc lupng lao dpng Viet Nam co tay nghe thip va chua theo kip cac nuae lang giSng trong khu vuc. Ti le lao dpng cd tay nghe cao (trinh dp cao dang va tren cao ding) tang tir 1,8% nSm 1993 len 4,2% nam 2006, 7,4% vao nam 2010 va 9,1% nam 2013 la rit thip so vai cac nuoc khac trong khu vuc, nhu 3,6% a Thai Lan vao nam 1990, 2,7% 6 Indonexia vao nSm 1994, 20% 6 Han Qu6c va Dai Loan vao nam 1995. Bao cao ve tinh canh tranh toan ciu nam 2012 cho thiy, nguon nhan luc Viet Nam xdp thii 72/144 nuoc, cao hon vi tri 78 cua Thai Lan, thap han ca Trung Quoc va Campuchia voi thu hang la 57 va 58, va thap hon hin so vcri Philipin va Indonexia vai thu hang la 45 va 47.
NglilincOut^nngii^s63(Ta)201S 5
Ddo Thi Minh Huang Ben canh viec c6 tay nghS thdp, thieu hut ky nang la mpt van de rat dang quan tam ciia viec tich luy v6n con nguoi cho lire lupng lao dpng Viet Nam hien nay. Thieu hut k5' nang thuong la vai cac iing vien tim kiem viec lam trong cac ITnh vyc ky thuat, chuyen mon va quan ly, la nhirng cong viec thudng doi hoi nguoi Iao dpng phai thyc hien cac nhiem vu co tinh chat phan tich, tong hop, danh gia, dua ra y tuong, tuang tac va giai quyet van de, dua ra quyet dinh. Ngugc lai, thieu hut lao dpng c6 tay nghe, hay la thieu iing vien trong mpt so loai hinh cong viec cu the thi thuong xay ra a cac nganh nghe gian don. Day la mpt kho khan lan ciia Viet Nam khi muon tham gia vao san xuat hang hoa co gia tri gia tang cao, doi hoi doi moi cong nghe va nang cao nang luc cua lire lupng Iao dpng. Truoc mat la kho khan trong viec thu hut dau tu ca trong va ngoai nuoc, khi nguai sir dung lao dpng a Viet Nam vin luon tim kiem nguoi lao ddng, nhung hp khong the tim thay nguoi lao dpng co tay nghe va ky nSng phii hop voi doi hoi ciia cong viec. Mot nghien cuu gan day ve nhiing Iy do co the la rao can doi voi cac nha dau tu vao Viet Nam cho thay, thieu nguon nhan luc phii hop da qua dao tao da va se la mpt trong nhung tro ngai chii yeu trong kinh doanh o Viet Nam, khi nguyen nhan nay chiem den 11,3%, chi diing sau nguyen nhan nhu tiep can tai chinh. lam phat va ha tang co so kem vdi ti le la 18,2%, 14.5% va 13,3%, va dupc coi la nguyen nhan can tro hoat dpng doanh nghiep hon ca nguyen nhan khong on dinh chinh sach (8,8%).
Di8u tra nhiing nSm gdn day ciia Cue xuc tien ngoai thuang Nhat Ban (JETRO) ve van de tuyen dung Iao dpng Viet Nam cua cac doanh nghiep Nhat Ban cho thay, co den hon 50% doanh nghiep noi rdng rat kho tuyen dyng dupc lao dpng co trinh dp CMKT phu hap, trong khi khoang 70% doanh nghiep tra loi khong the tuyen dung duoc Iao dpng dii trinh dp quan Iy day chuyen san xuat. Ket qua nay cung phu hpfp voi bang chung tir khao sat STEP (Skills Toward Employment and Productivity)^ cho thay rang ky nang va kha nang san sang ciia nguoi lao dpng la moi quan tam Ian hon doi voi nguai sir dung lao dpng so vcri quy dinh quan ly ciia thi trudng Iao dpng va thue. Phan ldn ngudi sir dung lao dpng noi rang viec tuyen dung Iao dpng la mpt thach thiic vi cac irng vien khong co ky nang phil hap "thieu hut ky nang", hoac vi sy khan hiem ngudi lao dpng trong mpt s6 nganh ngh^ "thieu hut Iao dpng co tay nghe" trong cac nganh cu the (WB. 2014).
" Viet Nam da tham gia vao dy an khao sdt do lucrng ky nSng c6 ten goi "Ky n5ng hucmg den Viec lam vil NSng sudt" (Skills Toward Employment and Productivity - STEP), la mpi du kr\ thu thap thong tin v^ kJ nang cua I^c iugig 'ao dong a nhieu quoc gia tren thi giai, trong s6 d6 Viet Nam. tinh Van Nam - Trung Qu6c, CHDCND Ldo, Sri Lanka va Bolivia da tham gia vong khao sat dau tien. S6 lieu STEP ciia Vi?t Nam dygc thu thap vao cuoi nam 2011 vi nSm 2012. So lieu STEP c6 tir hai khao sdt la khao sat hp gia dinh va khao sat ngud'i su dgng lao dpng. Hai khao sat nay dat muc tieu thu thap thong tin vS cung vd c^u ky nSng ciia nguoi dan a Tp. Ho Chi Mmh va Ha Npi. Ca hai bdng khdo sat hp gia dinh vd nguoi sii dyng lao dpng c6 cimg cac khdi niem ve ky ndng vd dinh nghTa, do do diJ lieu cho ph6p chiing ta Idm phan tich v^ nhang tra ngai doi vai k\ nSng xet tir ca hai phia cung vd cdu.
g Ngtiien cOU Con ngti&l s63(78) 201S
Phdt trien con ngudi Viet Nam.-
Cac nghien ciiu chi ra rang, ti suat thu hoi von dau tu cho phat tri^n kinh te cua Viet Nam d miic thap hon so vdi cac nudc khac trong khu vyc. Miic dau tu hang nam rat cao de dat dupc tang trudng GDP cho thay dau tu hien nay khong hieu qua, tap trung diu tu von chii khong phai la nang suat lao dpng thong qua doi mdi cong nghe va tich luy von con ngudi. He s6 ICOR da tang len din 7,27 trong giai doan tir nam 2008 - 2010, cao han dang ke so vdi mirc 5,48 ciia giai doan tir nam 2001 - 2005 va 4,89 cua giai doan nam 2006 - 2007. Yeu to von tham gia vao tang truong kinh te cao nhit so vdi y6u t6 lao dpng va nang suit tong hpp trong su6t giai dpan tir nam 2000 - 2012, chilm 54,1% so vdi 26,7% va 19,2% la tl le dong gop vao tang trudng kinh te ciia ylu t6 lao dpng va nang suit t6ng hpp (udc tinh cua cac chuyen gia Vien Han Iam Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam, 2013). Phan tich tren cho thay tang trudng kinh te Viet Nam hien nay it dya tren tang nang suit ma chit yeu dya tren tang von va tham dung lao dpng thieu ky nang. Vdi dpi ngu lao dpng kJ nang thap, nen mac dii co mOrc tang trudng an tupng, nhung nang suat lao dpng xa hpi d Viet Nam trong thap ky qua la rat thap va tang cham. Theo danh gia ciia To chiic Lao dpng Quoc te (ILO), tir nam 2008 den nay, trung binh mpt nam toe dp tang nang suat lao dpng cua Viet Nam chi la 3,3%/nam^. Nang suat lao dpng hay san lupng ciia m6i ngudi lao dpng la thudc do quan trpng doi vai su thinh vupng ve phat trien kinh te, va ve phin minh, no quyet dinh thu nhap ciia ngudi lao dpng. Vdi dpi ngU lao dpng ky nang thap, nen dii co miic tang trudng an tuong. nhung nang suat lao dpng xa hpi d Viet Nam trong thap ky qua con thap va tang d miic tnmg binh thap so vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc. Mac dii tang trong suot thdi ky doi mdi, nang suat lao dpng d Viet Nam hien nay (2012) dat 7,9000 USD (theo siic mua tuong duong nam 2011), con thap so vdi tieu chuan ASEAN (18.000 USD). Toe dp tang nang suit ciia Viet Nam giai doan tir nam 2006 - 2012 theo siic mua tucmg duong gia co dinh 2011 dat khoang 3,6%, cao hon miic trung binh chung ciia ASEAN (2,84%), va d miic trung binh, thip hon ciia Trung Qu6c (8.48%). An Dp (5,99%). cao hon Malayxia (1,4%), Thai Lan (2,2%). Xingapo (0.4%), tuong duang Indonexia (3,4%), Philipin (3%)^
Mac dil nang suit con thap so vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc, toe dp tang nang suat d miic dp trung binh, nhung khoang each nang suat lao dpng cua Viet Nam va cac quoc gia cd nang suit lao dong cao hon dang dan thu hep lai (trir trudng hpfp ctia Trung Qudc) va do la tin hieu tich cyc ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam trong qua trinh hpi nhap sau vao kinh te the gidi.
' Nam 2012, binh quan m6i lao dpng I?o ra II,9 tri?u d6ng (gia so sanh ndm 1994). Giai do^n tir nim 2002 - 2012, nang sudt lao d^ng binh quan tang khoang 4 , 3 % va co sy khdc nhau giCJa cdc ngdnh. NSng sudt lao dong c6 xu hudng tdng trong giai doan tir nam 2002 - 2007, giam vao ndm 2008 vd phyc h6i tro l9i vdo thdi ky 2009 - 2012 (ILISSA. 2012). ~
•* APO Productivity Databook 2014, tr. 59.
Nghien ciiu Con ngwtJf s63(78) 2015 • ^
Bdo Thi Minh Hutmg Biing 4: Khoang each gifta nang su^t lao dong cua Vift Nam
va mQt s6 niro'c trong Ithu vuc qua Ciic thoi Ity (tinh theo so fan) H Ten nude va viing lanh tho
Singapore Nhat Ban Han Quoc Trung Quoc Malaysia Thai Lan Philippines Indonesia
2000 20,2 12,8 8,5 1,19 7,74 3,5 2,4 2,8
2010 15,3 i
8,9 7,2
"1,95 6,1 2,9
• ! I S 9 • • • ••^'-'•
2,4,
^°Sm
iWm
8,46,9 2,13
5,9 2,9 1,8 , 2,5
Nguon: Tdc gid tu linh todn theo so lieu cua Apo Productyvity Databook. 2014. "• '•' Hi|n nay co sy gia tang khoang each ve nSng suat giO'a cac nganh. Nang suat nganh
cong nghiep la cao nhat. sau d6 la dich vu va cuoi ciing la nong nghiep. Nang suat nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam hien nay la thip nhat so vdi cong nghiep va dich vu, mac dii tang trudng nang suat nong nghiep d Viet Nam la nhanh nhat trong khu vuc, ngoai trir Trung Qu6c (Bai thao Iuan chinh sach cho chuong trinh lanh dao quan ly. Harvard, 2013). Nang suit nong nghiep thip dan din thu nhap ngudi nong dan thap do mpt so ly do sau day: 1) san xuat nong nghiep van con manh miin d cap hp gia dinh, phy thupc nhilu vao dieu kien ty nhien, thdi tiet va phuong thiic truyen thong, lao dpng thu cong, chua CO gidi hoa va con han che trong ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat; 2) nong nghiep nang vl san xuit san pham cap thap, co gia tri thap trong chudi gia tri hang hoa; 3) dp doSng ciia canh keo gia giua cac san pham cong nghiep, dich vu vdi gia san pham nong nghi?p ngay cang cao. Ngudi dan hoan toan thy dpng trong chuoi san xuat hang h6a cua minh khi phai chiu ap lye tang gia ciia hang hoa dau vao nhu giong, thuoc, phan bon, thiic an gia Slic va bi ep gia dau ra ciia san pham. Ngupe lai, nang suat nganh cong nghiep Viet Nam la cao nhit so voi nong nghiep va dich vu, nhung tang trudng nang suat cong nghiep cua Viet Nam lai cham nhat trong khu vyc, chua tdi 1% nam trong 10 nam qua.
Co hai nguyen nhan khien nang suat cong nghiep tang cham: 1) nang suSt lao dong tSng cham trong cac nganh xuat khau tham dung Iao dpng nhu may mac va giay dep do nhihig nganh nay kho cai tien ky thuat; 2) cac nganh san xuat phuc vu npi dia chii yeu do nha nudc chi phoi, dupc bao hp cao va khong hieu qua. Thuc te don gian la Viet Nam s6 khong the dat duoc tang trudng thu nhap nhanh chong, ben virng va nang phdt triln con ngudi len miic cao hon trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa dat nudc nlu nSng suat trong khu vuc cong nghiep khong tang. Day co the coi la quy luat cua cac nudc trong giai doan dau ciia qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, Viet Nam khong tranh duac nhung cin nit ngin va vupt qua thong qua viec tap trung no lye de lye lupng lao dpng trd nen CO nang suat cao hon.
NgMSn cuu Con nguOf sS3(78) 2015
Phdt trien con ngudi Viet Nam .
Mac dil d Viet Nam da ban hanh luat bao hp lao dpng va khong quan niem rang lao dpng la do thoa thuan ty nguyen giiia nhimg nhan to ty do, nhung cac chii the kinh te (Nha nudc, chii doanh nghiep, ngudi lao dpng). hay noi each khac la xa hpi chua chii trpng vao tich liay von con ngudi. Khi nen cong nghiep Viet Nam van co the su dung lye luong lao dpng doi dao, gia re la ngudi nong dan bo nong nghiep ra thanh pho, va de dang thay the, thi cac nha dau tu chua quan tam den doi mdi cong nghe va di cimg vdi no la lao dpng cd ky nang, tay nghe va tang nang suat. Nhieu nghien cim da chi ra rang, ngudi lao dpng chi co the nang cao nang suat lao dpng cua hp bang each hpc them cac ky nang mdi hoac hoan thien cac ky nang von co trong khi lam viec, thong qua dao tao tai cho hoac dao tao tai cac co sd chuyen nghiep. Quan trpng hon, nang suat trong tuong lai chi CO the dupc cai thien vdi mot khoan chi phi nao d6 bao gom ca tien bac va thdi gian cua ngudi sir dung lao dpng hoac cua ngudi iao dpng. Nhung dieu nay chua thay ro trong thi trudng lao dpng Viet Nam hien nay. Tai cac khu vye lao dpng phi chinh thiic, va ngay ca cac khu vyc chinh thiic, dac biet la tai cac doanh nghiep san xuat, ngudi lao dpng ve ca ban khong duoc doanh nghiep dau tu Iam tang von con ngudi thong qua cac hinh thiic dao tao khac nhau, con ban than ngudi lao dpng thi khong co tiln tich luy dl tai dau tu vao von con ngudi ciia ban than, cung nhu it cd dpng co tham gia dao tao do quy mo thi trudng lao dpng con han che.
Kinh nghiem ciia cac nudc ldng gieng phat trien hon cho thay. qua trinh hien dai h6a nen kinh te se dan tdi su dich chuyen ciia nhu cau doi vdi lao dpng, chuyin tir cac cong viec chu yeu la thii cong va don gian ngay nay sang cac cong viec doi hoi nhieu ky nang hon, chuyen tir cac cong viec chii yeu la cac thao tac, lap rap. van hanh sang cac cong viec doi hoi tu duy, kha nang phan tich, tuong tac. Nhimg cong viec trong nen kinh te hien dai luon doi hoi nhung tri thirc, ky nang mdi. Nhihig cong viec mdi nay hien da co mat tren thi trudng lao dpng, tuy nhien ngudi sir dung lao dpng d Viet Nam van dang vit va tim kiem nhimg ngudi lao dpng phii hop vdi minh. Viet Nam dang dung trudc co hpi cua thdi ky dan so vang, vdi lye luong lao dpng Ue tang nhanh, nhung cung trudc thach thiic ldn ve viec xay dyng dpi ngu lao dpng co tay nghe, ky nang dap umg nhu cau day manh cong nghiep hoa, hi?n dai hoa va hpi nhap quoc te, co le. cau tra ldi nam d sy md rpng tri thiic khoa hpc va cdng nghe nham tang nang suit lao dpng va hieu qua ciia cac chi phi khac trong san xuat. Viec tiep thu va iing dung co he thong tri thiic khoa hpc vao san xuat hang hoa doi hoi sy ket hap chat che giiia ca sd dao tao, ngudi hpc va ngudi sir dung lao dpng.
Gia tri cua giao due, viec hpc tap ky thuat va dao tao tai cho the hien qua viec tfch liiy ciia tri thirc da duac bieu hien d con ngudi - d cac nha khoa hpc, hpc gia, nha ky thuat, nha quan Iy va nhiing ngudi lao dpng true tiep dong gop vao san lupng.
2. So viec lam tang nhanh nhung khong on djnh, thieu ben virng va chua co chat luQing cao; thay doi ca cau viec lam khong theo kjp thay doi ca cau kinh te; nang suit lao dong thap anh huong nghiem trong den phat trien nguon nhSn luc.
Vdi dan so gan 90 tri?u ddn nam 2013, thi nguon nhan luc la Ipi thi quan trpng ciia
Nghien ciiu Con ngifdl so 3(78) 2015
Ddo Thi Minh Huang
nuoc ta hien nay. ICinh t6 lien tuc tang trucmg qua cac nam da co tac dpng tich cue den v k d6 giai quy& viec lam. Su phat triSn biing n5 cua khu vuc kinh te tu nhan, ciing voi sir c h u y k dich co cia nganh. co clu lao dong co su diJu chinh ro ret tir khu vuc nong nghiep sang khu vuc cong nghiep va dich vu da tao ra nhiSu viec lam mcri. Tir nam 2000 dSn nam 2010, t6c do tang viec lam binh quan hang nam g k 3 % , cao hoai so vai tdc dp tang luc luong lao dong trung binh hang nam khoang hon 2 % ' . So viec lam tang nhanh hon s6 ngucri moi gia nhap thi mrong lao dpng va s6 lao dpng co viec lam tren tdng dan s6 ngay cang tang. Ti le dan s6 co viec lam so vcri t6ng dan s6 trong 10 nam, tir nam 2000 - 2010 tang 8,7% (tir 48.6% len 57,3%) (TCTK, 2011), rieng nam 2013, hon 77,5% dan s6 ttr 15 tu6i tro len tham gia luc lugng lao dpng. Trong thai gian do, ti 1|
lao dpng CO viec lam a nong thon lang d6u va nhanh hon so vai a thanh thi (nong thon tang 9,9%, thanh thi tang 7,0%). KSt qua diSu tra cua Bp KS hoach va Dau tu, T6ng cue Thong ke nam 2014 vi lao dpng viec lam cho thay, ti le tham gia luc lupng lao dpng cua dan s6 khu virc nong thon cao hon khu virc thanh thj toi 10,8 diem phan tram (81,1% va 70,3%). DiSu nay, mpt mat cho xhky chinh sach phat trien kinh t6 - xa hpi noi chung va phat triSn lao dpng, viec lam a nong thon noi rieng trong nhiing nam qua da co nhihig tac dpng tich cue, tao nhiSu viec lam cho nguoi lao dpng. mat khac cho biet rang thanh nien cr nong thon kSt thuc hpc tap va tham gia vao thj truang lao dpng sdm hon thanh nien song a thanh thi.
Bang 5; He so co gian viec Iam vol tang t r u d n g l(inh te giai doan nam 2000 - du- Vikti den nam 2020 Thai gian
Giai doan tir nam 2000 - 2008 Giai doan tir nam 2009 - 2010 Du kien ill nam 2011 -2015
Du kien giai doan tu nam 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 2 0
Toe dp tang truang GDP 7.5 5.5-6.0
7.0 7.5
He so CP gian 0.33
0.3 0.25 0.23 Nguon. Tong cue Thong ke. 2012.
So lieu bang 5 cho thay. tang trudng kinh te co lien quan chat che vdi viec tao ra nhieu vi?c lam Uong xa hpi. Mac dii vay, he so co gian viec lam doi vdi GDP khong cao va co xu hudng giam manh, dieu do co nghla kha nang tao viec lam khong cao va hieu suat tao viec lam them ciia nen kinh te cung co xu hudng giam. Giai doan tir nam 2000 - 2008, toe dp tang GDP Uung binh dat 7,50%, giai dpan nam 2009 - 2010, dat 5,5 - 6,0%, giai doan tir
* H^ng nam. so vi?c lam deu co xu hirdng tSng. di6u nay da dap iing phSn \6n nhu c^u thi trudng lao dpng tang hang nam. T6ng viec lam tang tir 37,61 tneu nam 2000 len 48.90 tri?u nam 2010 (tang 11,29 tri?u).
tang tnrcmg viec lam binh quan 3%/nam; so viec lam mai dugc t^o ra trong giai doan tir nam 2005 - 2010 blnh quan mpt nSm khoang 1,6 trieii, nSm 2011 tuy thdp hon nhimg cung dat tren 1,5 trieu. Trong d6.
khoang 75% la tir cac chuong trinh phat IriSn kinh te - xa hpi, 2 5 % tir cac chuong trinh muc tieu vifc lim, giam ngh^o va xuat khau lao dpng,.
10 NghiSn cvv Con ngu& s63(T8) 2015
Phdl trien con ngudi Viet Nam...
nam 2011 - 2015 dat 7,0%. He s6 co gian viec lam so vdi GDP lin lugt la: 0,33, 0,3, 0,25, 0,23. Nhu vay, cu 1% toe dp tang GDP se tao ra 0.33% viec lam cho giai doan tir nam 2000 - 2008. Din giai doan tir nam 2011 - 2015, cii 1% tang GDP chi tao ra 0,25% viec lam. Mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan la khu vuc nong nghiep khong co kha nang hdp thu them nhieu lao dong, trong khi khu vuc cong nghiep tdc dp tang trudng viec lam cham han nhieu so vdi toe dp tang trudng GDP cua nganh. Khu vuc dich vu dang dong vai Uo quan trpng trong t^o viec lam, tuy nhien quy mo con nho. Co thi noi tang trudng chua tao ra lpi ich tdt nhlt co the dupc thong qua tao them nhieu hon s6 viec lam mdi cho ngudi lao dpng.
Kinh te tang trudng lien tuc qua cac nam, ti le dan so tham gia lao dpng tang qua cac nam. ti le tang trudng viec lam cao hon so vdi t6c dp tang lire lucmg lao dpng trung binh hang nam co the giai thich rang tai sao ti le that nghiep ehfnh thiic d Viet Nam trong giai dogn qua thdp, vao khoang 2,2 - 2,3% moi nam^. Ngay ca trong b6i canh kinh te suy giam, miic tang trudng chi dat vao 5,89% nam 2011 va 5,32% nam 2012, thdp hon so vdi cac nam trudc, nhung ti le that nghiep cua ngudi lao dpng trong do tuoi chi c6 2,27% va 1,99%. Theo Tdng cue Thong ke, ti le that nghiep va ti Ie thieu viec lam nam 2012 giam nhe so vdi cac ti If tuong ung cua nam 2011 la do ti le lao dpng phi chinh thiic nam 2012 tang so vdi mpt so nam trudc, tir 34,6% nam 2010 tang len 35,8% nam 2011 va 36,6% nam 2012. Dieu nay cho thay miic song ciia ngudi dan cdn thap, he thong an sinh xa hpi (ASXH) chua phat trien manh nen ngudi lao dpng khong chiu noi canh that nghiep keo dai ma chap nhan lam nhirng cong viec khong on dinh vdi mirc thu nhap thap va bap benh trong khu vuc phi chi'nh thiic.
Bang 6: He so co gian ti le that nghiep vdi tang trudng kinh te gifli doan tir nam 2001 - 2014
Toe dp tang truang
(%)
Thfa nghiep
(%)
2001
6.89
6.28 2002
7.08
6.01 2003
7.34
5.78 2004
7.79
5.6 2005
8.4
4.3 2006
8.23
4.82 2007
8.46
4.64 2008
6.18
4.65 2009
5.32
4.66 2010
6.7
2.88 2011
6.5
2.27 2012
5.32
1.99 2013
5.42
2.2 2014
5.98
2.08
Ngiion: Tdc gid tinh todn di/a tren cdc so lieu cua Tong cue Thong ke qua cdc ndm
^ 2,34%, 2.28%, 2.2% vao cac nam tir nSm 2000 - 2005, nam 2005 - 2006, va dau nam 2008. Ngay ca sau khung hoang kinh li, Vift Nam van co ti le tang tnjcmg viec lam cao tren mirc 2,2% nam trong giai doan tir nam 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 9 (Nguyin Ngpc Thang. 2010). " '
NghiSn cOu Con ngudi so 3(78) 2015 i »
Ddo Thi Minh Huang Cho dil ti le tham gia cua lire lupng lao dpng tuong d6i cao va ti le that nghi?p chinh thirc van thdp (udc tinh khoang 2%), cac xu hudng tren thi trudng lao dpng la nguyen nhan gay quan ngai. Ti le thdt nghiep cao nhdt nam d nhdm tuoi tir 15 - 24, khi hon nira s6 ngudi thSt nghiep d giai doan tir nam 2009 - 2013 la ngudi trong do tuoi tir 15 - 24.
Cu the, nam 2013, s6 thanh nien tir 15 - 24 tu6i thit nghiep chi^m 47% trong tdng s6 ngudi thit nghiep, trong khi nhom dan s6 nay chi chigm 19,8% tong dan so tir 15 tu6i trd len cua ca nudc (TCTK, Bp KH&DT, 2014) va ti le thit nghiep trong nhom tu6i tir 15 - 24 la cao nhlt so vdi cac nhom cdn lai (5,4% va 6,6%). Day la mot trong nhimg nhom lao dpng dugc xem la dl bi anh hudng nhat bdi cac bien dpng tren thi trudng lao dpng. V6 trinh dp chuyen mon, ti le thit nghiep d nhom tot nghiep tieu hpc, trung hpc CO sd, trung hpc phd thong va dai hpc trd len cao han nhieu lan so vdi nhom chua di hpc, chua t6t nghi?p ti^u hpc, day nghe, trung cap chuyen nghiep, cao dang (Bang 7).
Ben canh do con mot ti le khong nho ngudi lao dpng khong bi tinh la that nghiep nhung lam khong diing nghd dupc dao tao, trong do phai k6 den nhiing sinh vien tdt nghidp dai hoc, hoac sau dai hpe dang !am cong viec dan gian, hoSc phai theo hpc lal cac khoa hpc nghe de co the co co hpi viec lam. Ti le that nghiep chinh thiic va lam viec khong diing nghe dao tao trong so lao dpng c6 ky nang phan anh su bat cap giiia nguon cung k^
nang va cau tren thi trudng Iao dpng.
Bang 7: Ti 1$ th^t nghidp trong d$ tu6i lao dong, nam 2013 phan chia theo cac bac hoc cao nhlt da dat dirffc Bac hpc cao nhat da dat duac
Tong so Chua di hpc Chua tot nghiep tieu hpc Tot nghiep tieu hpc Tot nghiep trung hpc co sd Tdt nghiep trung hpc phd thong Day nghe
Trung cap chuyen nghiep Cao dang
Dai hpc trd Ien
Ti le that nghiep 100,0
2,5 6,8 15,5 21,9 17,5 8,4 6,7 6,6 14,0
Nguon: Tdng cue Thong ke. Bg Ke hogch vi Bau tu, 2014.
Dieu nay trai vcri quy luat chung la nan thit nghiep co mdi lien he mat thiSt, va diuong la ti le nghich vdi trinh dp giao due (Gary S. Becker, 2010). Phan tieh v6n con nguai cho rang dao tao tai trucmg lam tang co hpi vi?c lam, tang thu nhap tir vi$c lam va nang suat chu yeu bang each cung cip tri thilc, ky nang va each thuc phan tich vin d i Hay it nhat theo quan niem khac, mac di khong thira nhan ring viec dao t?o tai nha truong ddng gop nhiju d6 nang eao nang suit, thi cung nhin manh ring bing cip va
Ngtiiin cAiCon ngudi s& 3fr$) 2015
Phdt trien con ngudi Viel Nam...
giao due truyen tai thong tin vk nhihig nang luc ca ban, tinh kien tri va nhiing dac diem quan trpng khac cua con ngudi. Hay ndi each khac, nhung ngudi hpc cao hon (dac biet la dai hpc) la nhung ngudi co nhidu nang luc hon, co nhidu co hpi viec Iam han va hp CO nang suat lao dpng cao hon va thu nhap tii vide lam cua hp cung cao hon nhung ngudi chi hpc cac cap thap hon. Vide trai quy luat nay cho thiy: thir nhat, quy mo thi trudng lao ddng Viet Nam con nho va sy phan cong lao dpng chua hpp ly theo hudng chuydn mon hoa va tao ra cac chuydn gia trong ITnh vuc ciia minh; thii hai la chua co nhieu viec lam trong khu vyc doi hoi cong nghe; va thii ba la vide khong gap nhau giiia cung va cau ciia cdng tac dao tao va thi trudng lao dpng. Dieu nay cho thay Viet Nam chua tan dung dupc co hpi dan so vang trong phat trien khi chua chii dpng trong viec nang cao nang lye, xay dyng ky nang va kha nang cho Iyc lupng lao dpng tre, tao vide lam dil va bdn virng cho nhung ngudi mdi gia nhap thi trudng lao dpng.
Ben canh ve chat lugng viec lam nhu da phan tich d trdn. Viet Nam cung dang phai doi mat vdi mpt thach thiic khac trong vide can doi giira tang trudng viec lam trong cac khu vyc va thay doi co eau kinh te. Tang trudng kinh te cua Viet Nam gan vdi su thay doi manh me ve co cau kinh te trong thap ky qua theo hudng giam ti trpng nong nghiep, tang ti trpng cdng nghiep va dich vu vdi ti trpng ndng nghidp, cong nghiep va dich vu trudc thdi ky ddi mdi vao khoang 50% - 20% - 30%. va den nay vao khoang 20% - 40%
- 40%^, nhung miic dp thay doi ca cau viec Iam khong tuong ung vdi thay doi ca cau kinh td, din ddn mau thuSn trong phat trien va anh hudng true tiep den co hgi phat trien cua ngudi lao dpng. Cu the, nganh chd tao da khong tao ra dupc su gia tang ve viec lam trong tuong quan vdi san lupfng va dau tu, nhu nhiing gi da dien ra d cac nudc trong khu vuc, didn hinh la Thai Lan trong qua trinh chuyen doi tuong tu (Coxhead va Jirapom, 1999). Trong phat trien cong nghiep. lmh vyc gia cong la noi thu hiit nhieu lao dpng hon. nhung lai la noi co nang suat thap. Khu vyc dich vu tao ra nhidu viec lam mdi nhung CO nang suit, tidn Iuong, miic dp dam bao vide lam thap. Dieu nay cho thay toe dp thay d6i co clu vide lam cham Iai so vdi toe dp chuyen dich co cau kinh te de lai mpt Iyc lupng lao dpng ldn (48%) tai khu vuc nong nghidp va khu vyc phi chinh thiic, noi CO nang suit thip va thu nhap thip. Hon niia co su khac biet Idn vd nang suit, chd dp bao ho lao d6ng giiia cac doanh nghiep nha nudc va cac doanh nghiep nho va vira, giQa doanh nghiep nha nudc va cac khu vyc tu nhan. Su khac bidt nay la do sy ho trp va uu dai cua Chinh phii d6i vdi doanh nghiep nha nudc nhu tidp can nguon v6n re va d6i dao, dupc ho trp vd dao tao va nghidn cim. quy mo ldn,... chu khong phai do hidu qua hoat dpng hay tidm nang nang suit thyc sy. Kdt qua la tao ra miic chenh lech vd tidn luong va phiic lpi xa hpi kha ldn giiia doanh nghidp nho va vira, doanh nghiep co von dau tu
' Nam 1986' ti le n6ng nghi?p, cong nghiep va djch vu la 46.8% - 21.6% - 31.6%; NSm 1990: 38,1% - 22,7% - 39.2%; NSm 1995: 27,2% - 28.8% - 44,0%; Nam 2000: 24,5% - 36,7% - 38,8%; Nam 2005:
20^9% -41,0% - 38,1%; Nam 2012: 21,5% - 40,7%- 37.8%,
NghiSn cuu Con ngu6l sS3(78) 2015 ] -j
Ddo Thi Minh Huang nudc ngoai, cac doanh nghiep tu nhan ldn hon, dac biet la doanh nghiep nha nudc vdi lao dpng khu vuc phi chinh thiic hoac lao dpng nong nghiep^ Ngudi lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thirc. lao dpng nong nghiep thudng thieu co hpi tiep can trp cap vd ca hpi dao tao, thudng phai lam viec trong didu kien kho khan, khong on dinh vdi thu nhap thap . Day thyc sy la vin dd bit binh ding trong co hpi tiep can vide lam va thu nhap vi viec ngudi Iao dpng co duoc viec Iam khong hoan toan do nang Iyc ca nhan ma phan nhieu do he thong xa hpi (xa hdi co tao ra viec lam hay khong).
Co thd noi, vide chua co nhidu cac viec Iam t^i khu vyc cong nghe, tidn luong thap va cac chd dp an sinh xa hpi (bao hiem > td, bao hidm that nghiep, bao hidm xa hpi, nha d, ch6 hpc cho con,...) khong dupc dam bao nhu hidn nay tai khu vuc phi nong nghidp co the dupc nhin nhan nhu nguyen nhan quan trpng, can trd, lam cham Iai toe dp dich chuyen lao dpng giiia cac nganh nghe va giira cac viing midn. Dieu nay se dan den viec ngudi dan song d nong thon khong dupc hudng lpi true tiep tir tang trudng do van bj rdt lai trong khu vyc co thu nhap thip, va nhu vay gdp phan Iam gia tang dang ke sy each bidt thu nhap giiia thanh thj va nong thon. Day chinh la bat binh dang vd co hpi tiep can vide lam dan ddn bat binh ding vd thu nhap. Do dd, tang ca hpi vide Iam thong qua tich luy vdn con ngudi va tao viec lam CO thu nhap cao phai la chidn lupc quan Upng hang dau. dac bidt cho lao dpng tre tuoi.
Tiep tuc phat trien con ngudi. dac biet trong ITnh vuc giao due va day nghe co vai tro quan trpng dd tao dieu kidn cho ngudi dan co the chuyen khoi nhiing cdng vide de bi ton thuong va tim vide lam bdn vung. Dieu nay dac bidt quan trpng doi vdi phu nii, nhung ngudi chii ydu Iam trong ITnh vyc phi chinh thuc va thudng khong dupc hudng luong.
3. Thieu hut ky nang lao dpng va thieu tay nghe trong mpt so nganh dang la dac trung cua nguoi lao dong Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay, la ket qua cua viec dao tao chua g i n vol nhu c l u xa hpi va ia mot t r d ngai cho phat trien nguon nhan l^'c trong tuong lai.
Giao due cao dang, dai hpc dang phat trien manh tai Viet Nam va la each thiic quan trpng dd nang cao chat Iupng nguon nhan Iuc con rat han chd d nudc ta. Ti suat sinh Idi giao due ngay cang ldn, dac biet la giao due dai hpc, ndn nhu cau hpc dai hpc ngay cang cao, thd hien qua s6 lugng nhap hpc va tot nghiep cac cap, kd ca cao dang va dai hpc lang manh trong thap nidn vira qua (Dao Minh Huong, 2015). Ti Id thanh nien Viet Nam co uinh dp trdn cao dang trd len cao chua timg thay trong thap ky qua, nhung chat lugng dao tao chua dap ung dupc nhu cau nguon nhan lye ciia xa hpi va dupc thira nhan la mpt van' dd ldn va la mpt trd ngai cho tuong lai phat trien cua Viet Nam. Mpt bidu hien ciia viec dao tao chua dap iing nhu cau la, trong khi cac nha tuydn dung khong tim dupc nhan Iyc
" Theo t6 chirc L^o dpng Quoc le (ILO,) 65,1% Iyc lugng lao dpng Viet Nam lam viec t^i khu vyc phi chlnh thirc, tuy nhi6n trong so nay co Icri 44,7% lam vi^c theo cac thoa thuan mieng hoJc khong c6 hpp ddng.
' Cling va c6ng sy (2010), Nen kinh le khong chinh ihuc a Vi^t Nam. Nghen cuu phuc vu du an ve thi truang lao dong. EU/ Bp LDTBXH/ ILO, Ha Npi.
14 NghiSn cuu Con ngudi s63(7t) 2015
Phdl trien con ngudi Viel Nam...
chat lupng cao, thi ti le that nghiep d nhom co trinh dp dai hpc. cao dang cao gap 3 - 4 lan ti le doi tugng that nghiep khac trong may nam gin day. Dac bidt, nhom thanh nidn tir 20 - 24 tuoi tot nghidp cao dang, dai hpc trd ldn (sinh vidn mdi ra trudng) co ti le that nghiep rSt cao, len tdi 20,75% (Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi, T6ng cue Thong kd. Ban tin thi trudng lao dgng quy 1/2014)'". Ngoai ra con mpt Iyc lugng khong nho ngudi lao dpng CO trinh dp dai hpc va tren dai hpc dang lam cac nghd ydu cau CMKT thap hon".
Dd CO vide lam ky nSng thap hon nay, nhidu ngudi da t6t nghiep dai hpc, cao dang chua CO vide lam theo chuydn mon da mat them chi phi ve tai chinh va thdi gian quay lai hpc trung cap d nhiing nganh nghe phii hop hon, dl tim vide lam hon. Thyc trang nay phan anh su mat can doi tram trpng giiia dao tao va sii dung Iao dpng hidn nay, gay ra sy lang phi ldn vd ngudn luc con ngudi va ngudn lye tai chinh ciia gia dinh va ciia toan xa hgi.
Mpt sd ly do sau day dupc cac chuydn gia va cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, ciing nhu cac nha Iam thuc tidn cho la nguyen nhan chii yeu dan den viec tang ti Id that nghidp trong so ngudi tot nghidp dai hpc va trdn dai hpc:
1) Chat lupng dao tao: do chuang trinh dao tao nang ly thuyet, it thuc hanh, xa rdi ung dung;
- Khong phai la tat ca, nhung dieu kien dam bao chat lupng ciia nhieu trudng chua dap ling dupc yeu cau dao tao; mpt so trudng dai hpc (chii yeu la trudng dai hpc dia phuong va tu thuc) co dpi ngii giang vien thidu vd so lugng, chua dam bao vd chat lugng, khong tuong xiing vdi quy mo dao tao; dieu kien co sd vat chat ngheo nan. trang thidt bi lac hau, uy tin va chat lupng dao tao thap, kha nang canh tranh thap.
- Chuong trinh dao tao chua theo kip sy phat trien cua nen kinh te, khoa hpc - cong nghp; npi dung dao tao nang vd truyen thu ly thuyet mpt chieu, nhe ve thuc hanh, chua chii trpng ren luyen cac ky nang mem (lam viec nhom, img dung cong nghe thong tin,
Tl le va long so lao dpng trinh dp dai hoc. cao dang tot nghiep hang nSiVi khong co viec lam (that nghiep) tang h^ng nam trong suot giai doan tir mini 2010 cho den nam 2014 (nSm 2014 so vol nam 2010 tang 103%) dang la vin d i khong chi d6i voi cA nhan ngiroi hoc, cac ca so dao tao, cac nai c6 nhu cku ngudn lao dpng chat lupng cao ma c6n la van de chung cua loan xS hpi lien quan den chat lugng nguon nhan lire, ca hpi phat triin ciia thanh nhien. Cu the, vao quy 4/2012, ti le lao dong tot nghiep dai hpc tra len that nghidp ta 2,57%, tdi quy 1/2013 tang len 3.5%, tang tiap a quy 2/2013 len 3,65% va tdfi quy 3/2013 thi ti If nay la 4,36% {Bp Lao dfing, Thuang binh va xa h6i, Tong cue Thfing k6. Ban tin thj truimg lao dpng s6 4/2013, 2014). N i u tinh v i sfi lugng nguoi cfi trinh dfi dai hpc va tren dai hpc that nghiep ti^n ca niroc vao nam 2013 - 2014 nhu sau: Nam 2013: quy II: 134.000 ngu&i, quy 111: 147.000 nguiri, quy IV: 158.100 ngufti; Nam 2014: quy L 162.400 nguai. quy l i : 147.000 ngufi^i, quy III: 174,000 ngu&i (Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi, Tflng cue Thfing ke. Ban tin thj truang lao dpng sfi 3/2014, thing 9/2014). N i u so sanh thi thay quy 4/2013 la han 158.000 ngu&i. tang khoang 72 000 nguai. tire la khoang 1.7 ISn so voi cting ky nam truoc; quy 3/2014 la 174.000 ngucri. tang khoang 27.000 nguai (khoang 1,2 lan) so voi ciing ky nam truoc.
" Dac biet la cdc nghi: nhan vien djch vu. bao ve, ban hang, nhan vien chuydn mon so cap, van phong ban gifiy. .. Rieng quy 11/2014, ca nudc co khoang 750.000 nguai co trinh dp dai hoc va tren dai hoc dang lam cac nghe yeu cau CMKT thap hon.
NgtiiSn cOu Con ngu&s6'3(78) 2015 i c
Ddo Thi Minh Huang nang cao trinh dp ngoai ngii va hoat dpng xa hpi) cho ngudi hgc, dan den Uinh dp chuyen mon, thong tin, kidn thirc thuc td, ky nang thyc hanh xa hgi cua sinh vien mdi ra trudng ddu co su thidu hut,'^.. Trong khi do cac nha tuydn dung ddi hoi ngay cang cao cac ky nang mdm khi hp danh ddn 75% s6 didm khi tuydn dung cho cac ky nang nhu (nghiep vu chuydn mdn, tac phong, thai do lam vide, kha nang xir ly cong vide) va chi cd khoang 25% s6 diem con lai la cho bang cap.
2) Dinh hudng dao tao: thidu sy gin kdt giiia ke hoach phat tridn giao due d^i hpc vdi kd hoach phat tridn kinh td - xS hpi; thidu sy didu tiet vd chi tidu, kd hoach dao tao ciia cac trudng hing nam gin kdt vdi nhu cau thi trudng lao dpng.
Do chua bat kip dugc xu thd sir dung lao dong ciia doanh nghidp va chua dii dpi ngu giao vidn dd thay d6i nganh dao tao dap iing clu trong thj trudng Iao dong hudng theo sy chuydn dich mo hinh, co clu kinh td ciia xa hpi, cac co sd giao due va cac trudng dai hpc thudng dua ra nhirng chuong trinh hpc va dao tao cac sinh vidn t6t nghidp ra trudng vdi nhiing ky nang khong phan anh dly dii nhu clu cua thj trudng Iao dpng. Cu the, hidn nay, ca clu nganh ky thuat chidm khoang 35% nhu clu thi trudng vide lam, tuy nhidn trong nhidu nam gan day, cac trudng dai hpc lai tap trung dao tao khoi nganh kinh td, tai chinh din ddn sy du thira nguon nhan lye. Ndu tinh ngudi co bang dai hpc tren tfing s6 dan thi ti Id ngudi co blng dai hpc d nudc ta van cdn thap so vdi cac nudc Uong khu vyc, nhung t6c dp dao tao ngay cang tang va mat can doi giiia cung va cau da dan ddn thira nhan lye trinh dp dai hpc theo kidu cue bp'^
3) Dinh hudng nghe nghidp cho hpc sinh con so sai.
Mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan quan trpng ciia ti le that nghiep cao ciia ngudi lao ddng tot nghiep dai hpc va trdn dai hpc la cong tac hudng nghiep chua tot. Cong tac hudng nghiep la trach nhidm chung ciia cac co sd dao tao, phu huynh, hpc sinh va xa hpi. Nhu hidn nay, hpc sinh trudc khi co quyet djnh chpn nghd cho tuong lai chua dupc ridp can cac bao cao vd ngudn vide lam, gom ri Id co vide lam cua sinh vidn tot nghidp tir cac trudng, cac nhu cau viec lam hien co trong thi trudng lao dpng va dy bao ve nhu cau vide lam trong thdi gian tdi. Vide thidu hut thong rin co ban nhu vay dan ddn hpc sinh va phy huynh kho co co sd dd dua ra lya chpn chinh xac.
'• Mot nghi6n ciiu v i nguyfin nhan dan din nang sutt lao dpng thfip a Vi?t Nam cho biit c6 din 80%
nhSn Iyc lam quan ly gian tiep chua dii ky nang lam vi?c trong moi tru&ng qufic t i . Con s6 nay a ky sir chuyen mon tryc tiep la 60%. va d lao dfing gian dan la han 40%. Nhu vay, cang o trinh dp cao lao dpng Vi^t Nam cang khong dii kJ nSng lam viec
'^ MJc dil trong nhung nfim gan day, quy mo dao tao trinh dp dai hpc. cao dang gan nhu 6n djnh hojlc giam nhe, thfing ke thuc te cho thfiy, trong giai doan tir nSm 2011 - 2014, chi tieu tuyin sinh chinh quy cua cic trucrng dai hgc, cao dang da giam binh quan 2.5%/nam, he vira hgc vira lam giam binh qufin 18%/nam, nhung tong so sinh vien tot nghiep van tang, long sfi nguai tfit nghiep co trinh d^ dai hgc. cao dang nam 2011 la 318.400 nguai; nam 2012 la 402.300 ngu&i; nam 2013 lfi 425.200 ngu&i (Bg truang BO gifio due - Dfio tao Pham Vu Lufin bfio cfio Uy ban Van hfia. Giao due. Thanh nien, Thiiu nien vfi Nhi d6ng cua Quoc hgi ve vi?c thuc hi^n Lu|t Gifio due dai hgc vfi vfin d i giai quyit viec lfim cho sinh vien tot nghiep Tai phifin giai trinh ciia Chfnh phii ngfiy 24/4/2014).
16 NghiSn ciiu Con nguiif s£3{78) 2015
Phdl trien con ngudi Viel Nam...
Dd ddi phd vdi sy thieu hut ky nang va thieu hut ngudi lao ddng co tay nghd. mdt so chii sir dung lao dpng da chpn each dao tao lai cho ngudi lao dpng hg da tuydn dyng.
Vide dao tao lai nay thudng la dao tao tai chd, gin vdi thyc tidn cong vide, hoac giii di dao tao lai tai cac ca sd dao tao do chii sir dung dao tao quydt dinh. Dao tao tai cho thudng chi la rlt ngln han, dao tao cac ky nang nghd don gian va ngudi lao dpng dupc dao tao ngay tir khi mdi tuydn dung, con hinh thirc dao tao lai thii hai thudng la gidi han yong mgt so it cong ty, cho mot sd it ngudi lao dgng, la nhtrng ngudi da co thdi gian gan bo vdi cong vide, da co trinh dp va da dupc dao tao co ban tir trudc. Mat khac, nhiing ngudi da qua dao tao cao ding, dai hpc nhung khdng tim dugc vide lam phii hgp ciing CO xu hudng chuydn sang hpc nghd dd cd co hpi viec lam cao ban. Hay ndi each khac, ti Id thit nghidp cao trong s6 ngudi co trinh dp hgc vin cao, trong tinh trang thira thiy thidu thg tren thj trudng Iao dpng hien nay din ddn xu hudng "lidn thong ngugc":
nhihig ngudi da co blng dai hgc, cao dang do xo di hpc trung d p , hpc nghd phii hgp dk kidm vide Iam. 0 mpt so trudng trung d p , s6 lupng hpc sinh da c6 blng cao ding va dai hpc chiem tir 20 - 30%'"^. Day ro rang la kdt qua cua sy dinh hudng khong co hieu qua eiia nganh giao due noi ridng va ciia toan xa hpi noi chung trong vide lya chpn nghd nghiep cho hpc sinh, dan ddn lang phi ve thdi gian va ciia cai ciia gia dinh va toan xa h^i. Day chinh la sy thidu kdt noi ciia cac co sd dao tao vdi ngudi sir dung lao dpng, cua ngudi su dung lao ddng vdi nguon nhan luc tucmg lai. Sy thidu kdt n6i nay din ddn vide thidu thong tin, thieu dgng ca khuydn khfch trong lua chpn nganh hpc, chuong trinh giang day va kdt qua la thieu hut trong vide dap irng nang luc ciia lye lupng lao dpng doi vdi nhu cau ky nang lao dpng va ky nang nghd dang gia tang cua Viet Nam.
Ket luan
1) Thay doi co cau viec lam la nhu cau va quy luat tat ydu. nhung khong theo kip thay doi CO cau kinh td din ddn viec chuyen djch lao dpng trong thdi ky day manh cdng nghiep hoa va hi?n dai hoa dat nudc khong hidu qua do con de lai lye lugng ldn lao dpng trong khu vyc nong nhiep vdi nang suat thap va thu nhap thap. Trong so lao dpng dich chuyen, lye lugng lao dpng trong khu vyc phi chi'nh thtic khong dugc dam bao phuc lgi va chd dp bao hidm, cung nhu ca hdi dao tao nghd nhu lao dpng trong cac khu vyc khac. Mpt mat, lucmg thap, cdng vide khdng dn dinh. khdng dam bao chd dp bao hd lao dpng, an sinh xa hpi; mat khac ngudi lao dpng khong dii ky nang, thidu tay nghe la nhiing ly do khdng dly manh dugc toe do dich chuyen lao dpng giiia cac nganh nghe va giira cac vimg mien, gop phan lam cham qua trinh cong nghidp hda nong nghiep do kho tich tu dat dai va gop phan
'* CJ Tnrimg Trung cfip Du Ijch va Khach san Saigonlourist, trong sfi 2.000 hpc sinh truimg tuyfin mfii nam, c6 khofing 30% da co bang dai hpc, cao dang, tham chi la thac sT. Ong Le Lfim - Chu tjch Hpi dfing quan tri, nguy§n Hieu trufing Ttir&ng Trung cfip Dai Viet cho biit: nfim 2011 cfi 1.812 hpc sinh thi 308 nguoi da tfit nghidp d?i hgc, cao dfing vfi th?c sT. Nam 2012 co 1.607 ngir&i hpc thi 304 ngufii co bfing dai hoc, cao dfing.
Ong DJng Vfin Sfing, Hi?u truong Truong Trung cfip Anh Sfing cho biet, mfii nfim, tnrcmg chi tuyin 1.000 hpc sinh nhung cfi toi 30% trong sfi dfi dfi co bang d^i hpc. cao dang (Bfio Ngu&i Lao Dgng).
NghiSn ciiu Con ngildt s6 3(78) 2015 i y
Ddo Thi Minh Huon^
lam gia tang dang kd sy each biet thu nhap giiia thanh thj va ndng thdn. Day chinh la bit binh ding vd co hpi tidp can vide lam dan ddn bit binh ding vd thu nhap.
2) Viec lam khong 6n dinh va thidu bdn vung dan ddn mot ri Id khong nhd ngudi lao dpng thit nghidp va khong du vide lam, dac bidt trong s6 do nhiing ngudi tre tuoi chidm ti Id cao. Didu nay cho thiy Viet Nam chua tan dung dugc ca hgi dan sd vang dd xay dyng nguon nhan lye eo ky nang, cong nghe cao va tri thiic nham vugt qua "bay thu nhap trung binh" ciia mpt nudc trong miic phat tridn trung binh can dudi len tim phat tridn cao hon.
3) Cac chi s6 nang luc con ngudi co ban con thap, mac dii co tang cham. Ndn giao due Viet Nam da timg co thanh tich rlt t6t trong vide cung d p cac ky nang co ban, nhung hien nay, xuat hidn nhiing thach thiic ldn hon ve dao tao cac ky nang tidn tidn dap ting dugc vdi cac thay doi theo nhu cau cua thi trudng lao dpng. Hien nay, Iuc lugng lao dpng da qua dao tao nghd chiem ti trpng nho trong tdng sd lao dpng, hon niia dao tao khong gan cung vdi cau dan ddn khong dii lao dpng cd kha nang sin sang lam vide do thidu hut ky nang va thidu tay nghd, thidu tri thiic. Didu nay cho thay phat trien con ngudi hien nay chua dam bao tinh ben viing khi nang luc tich luy vdn con ngudi Clia nen kinh te chua cao.
4) Vdi CO hpi dan sd vang chi co trong vong gan 30 nam, trong khi cac nudc khac tir 60 - 70 nam, Viet Nam se trd thanh nudc "chua giau da gia"'^. Mac dii quy m6 luc lugng lao dpng vin tidp tuc gia tang, dan so tre cua Viet Nam dang giam'^. Didu do co nghia la Viet Nam khong thd ehi dua vao quy mo cua luc lugng lao dgng dih tidp tuc cac tidn trinh chuyen doi kinh te nhu nhiing thap ky vira qua, ma con phai tap trung no Iyc dd lam cho lye lugng lao dpng trd nen co nang suat cao hon.
5) Nang suat eao hon la nguon goc can ban de tang thu nhap. giam ngheo va cai thien nang luc canh tranh. Ndu ndn kinh td khdng dat dupc nang suit cao hon thi se khong thi tiep tuc tang trudng bdn vung, va miic s6ng ciia ngudi dan se khdng dupc cai thien. Noi each khac, mac dii Viet Nam co mirc tang ttirdng cao trong thdi gian qua nhung chua bdn vihig, chit lugng tang trudng con thap, chua gin chat vdi phat tridn eon ngudi.
Tang nang suat va diu tu co hieu qua vao von con ngudi la ggi y chinh sach cho tang trudng kinh te Viet Nam trong giai doan tidp theo. Do do Viet Nam cln uu rien phat tridn con ngudi va diu tu vao con ngudi dd dat dupc muc tieu nay, qua do chuydn sang mpt ndn kinh td dya nhidu hon vao tri thiie, lao dpng co ky nang ma Viet Nam mong muon xay dung.
T i sfi phu thupc dan sfi dat muc 45,8 vao nfim 2010 vfi tfing len 50,8 vao nfim 2040, tiic la Vi?l Nam cfi CO hoi dfin so vang gan 30 nam trong giai doan tir nam 2010 - 2040. Tuy vay, Viet Nam dang cfi xu huong gifi hfia dfin so khi nhom ngu&i tren 60 (ufii dfi tfing tir 6,2 trieu ngu&i nam 1999 lfin 6,9 tri?u ngu&i nam 2010 va dy bao lfi 11 trifiu ngu&i nam 2020.
'^ Bao cdo phat trien Vi^t Nam 2014.
NghiSn ciiu Con ngu& si 3(78) 2015
Phdl Irien con ngudi Viet Nam...
6) Viet Nam hien nay khohg gap khd khan ve thieu eau lao ddng, khi ma nhiing cong viec hien dai doi hdi nhidu ky nang dang trd nen dan pho bidn hon tren thi trudng lao dpng Viet Nam va dem lai lgi ich cao hon. Viet Nam ciing khong gap khd khan ve nguon lao dpng trong thdi ky dan so vang vdi lye lye lugng lao dpng tre gia tang hang nam . Tuy vay, viec thidu luc lugng lao dpng cd ky nang va c6 tay nghd co the la trd ngai trong vide tang nang suat lao dpng va thu hut diu tu. Didu nay thd hidn cai ma cac nha kinh te hpc hay ggi la "That bai ciia thi trudng" (Almeida, Berman and Robalino, 2012). Va d day can cd vai tro didu tidt cua Nha nude trong vide ket ndi giiia cac co sd dao tao, chit sti dung lao ddng va ngudi lao dpng dd ehuang trinh dao tao, dinh hudng nghe nghiep, ky nang, tay nghe dugc dao tao cua ngudi lao dpng pfiii hgp vdi nhu cau thi trudng lao dpng. Vide trang bi cho ngudi lao dpng nhirng ky nang can thidt se la mpt phan quan trpng trong no luc cua Viet Nam de tang tdc dp tang trudng kinh td va tiep tuc qua trinh cai each kinh td dd dat dupc tang trudng tidm nang va miic dp phat tridn cao hon trong giai doan dan so vang.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1. Almeida, Berman and Robalino (eds) (2012), The Right Skills for the Job: Rethingking Training Policies for Workrs. Human Development Perspectives, World Bank.
2. Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh va Xa hpi, T6ng cue Thong ke. Ban tin thi tnrdng lao dpng quy, cac nam.
3. Bp Giao due va Dao tao (2010), "Thdng ke giao due va dao tao 2000 - 2009", (khong xuat ban). Ha Npi.
4. Bp LDTB&XH, ILO va EU (20! 1), "Xu huong viec lam tai Viet Nam 2010" Ha Npi, ILO.
5. Harvard (20 i 3), "Cai each ca clu vi muc tieu tang trudng cong blng va chii quyen quoc gia", Bai thao luan chinh sach cho chucmg trinh lanh dao quan ly.
6. Cling va cpng su (2010), "Ndn kinh ti khong chinh thiic d Viet Nam: Nghien ciiu phuc vu du an vi thi trudng lao dong", EU/ Bp LDTBXH/ ILO, Ha Npi.
" Dy bfio dfin s6 vfi thi trufing lao dpng cho thfiy quy mfi Iyc lugng lao dpng o Viet Nam se tiep tuc tfing trong thdi gian tfiri. Trong giai doan tir nfim 2000 - 2009, luc lugng lao dfing Viel Nam tang vfii t6c dp tmng binh 1.1%/ nam v&i s6 lao dgng m&i gia nhap khoang 900 000 nguai/nam. Dy bfio cua Vi?n Khoa hpc Lao dpng vfi Xa hfii (2009) cho thfiy, Iyc lugng lao dpng Vifit Nam se tiip tuc tfing trong giai doan tir nfim 2011 - 2020 v&i tfic dfi tmng binh 1%/nam vfi Iyc lugng lao dflng s5 tuong ung lfi 47,82 tri^u ngu&i;
50,4 tri^u ngu&i; vfi 53,15 trifu ngu&i vfio cac nfim 2010, 2015 vfi 2020. Nhu vay, trong th&i gian t&i, nhfim lao dgng tre tufii sfi chifim ti If Ion trong lye lugng lao dong va vi the dfiy sS Ifi ca hpi tot cho Vift Nam trong phfin cong lao dfing vfio cfie ngfinh trong nen kinh tfi.
NghiSn eiiu Con ngutif s63(78) 2015 ] 9
Ddo Thi Minh Huang
7. Coxhead Ian and Jiraporn Plangpraphan (1999), "Economic boom, financial bust and dicline Thai agricultutre: Was growth in the 1990s too fast", Chulalongkonrn Joumal of Economics. 11(1), January, Pp. 76-96.
8. Nguyen Dinh Cir va Ha Tuan Anh (2010). "Thay doi cau true dan so va d u bao giai doan ca cau dan so vang d Viet Nam", (bao cao khong xuat ban). Ha N o i , Dai hoc Kinh t i Quoc dan.
9. Gary S. Becker (2010), Von con ngudi: Phdn tich ly thuyet vd kinh nghiem lien guan dgc biet den gido due, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi.
10. ILSSA (Vien Khoa hpc Lao dpng & Xa hpi) (20\2). Xu hirdng lao dong xa hgi va vi^c ldm 2012. Nxb. Lao dpng.
11. ILSSA (Vien Khoa hoc Lao dgng va Xa hoi) (20] 3). Xu hircmg lao dong vd xa hpi Viel Nam 2013 trong bdi cdnh .suy gidm ldng irinmg kinh ti, N x b . Lao dpng, H a N p i . 12. Mc Caig. Brian, Dwayne Benjiamin va Loren Brandt (2009). The Evolution of Income
Inequality in Vietnam between 1993 and 2006, Dai hoc Toronto.
13. Nguyin Thi Tam (2015). "Dam bao an sinh xa hpi g i n vdi tang trudng kinh te". Ha Npi.
14. TCTK (2008). Bdo cdo dieu tra lao dgng va viee lam Viet Nam 2007, Ha N g i . 15. TCTK (2010), Tong dieu tra Ddn s6 vd Nhd a Viet Nam nam 2009- Cdc kit qud chii
yeu. Nxb. Thdng ke. Ha Noi.
16. TCTK (201 la). Tong dieu tra Ddn so vd Nha d Viet Nam ndm 2009: "Giao dye d Viet Nam: phan tich cac chi so chii yeu". Nxb. Thdng ke. Ha N p i
17. TCTK (201 Ob). Bdo cdo dih tra lao dgng vd viec ldm Viet Nam 2009, Ha Npi.
18. TCTK (2011 b). K i t qua khao sat rniic s6ng dan cu nam 2010, N x b . Thong ke. Ha Npi.
19. The Conference Board Total Economy Database - 2011
20. UNDP, Bdo cdo phdl triSn Viel Nam 2014: "Phat trien ky nang: Xay dung Iyc lugng lao dpng cho mgt n i n kinh t i thj trudng hien dai a Viet N a m " .
20 Nghien ciiU Con nguai s63(78) 2015