NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal ofEducation Management, 2019, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 31-35 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn
T I E ? C A N LY T H U Y E T H I E N D A I T R O N G G I A O D U C G I A TRI S O N G C H O S I N H V I E N H I E N NAY
Tran Hdng Hai^*, UHa Thi H o n g Hoa^
Tom tat. Giao due gia trj song dUdc phd biln ngay cang rpng rai trong cac nha trUdng vdi cac chUdng ttinh va each tilp can khae nhau. Bai viet phan tich each tilp can ly thuylt hien dai trong giao due nhU ly thuyet giao due tich hop, ly thuyet tri tuS da nhan td, ly thuyet day hoc kham pha.
Tfl do, chi ra each thflc ap dung ly thuyet do vao giao due gia tri sdng cho sinh vien mot each hieu qua.
He khoa: Gid tri, gid tri song, gido due gid tri song, ly thuyet.
1. Dat van de
Trong nhflng nam trd lai day, giao due gia tri sdng la mdt Iinh vflc dUdc cac nha giao due rdt quan tam. Giao due gia tti sdng cd y nghTa ddi vdi sU phat trien nhan each cua sinh vien mdt each toan dien va bin vflng bang viee tap ttung nang cao su hieu bilt vl cac gia tri, thflc day cac hanh vi tich cflc.
Nam 2000, chUdng ttinh giao due gia tri sdng (LVEP) cua UNESCO dUdc trien khai d Viet Nam. Tfl nam 2005, tai cac nha trfldng, boat dpng gia tri sdng, ky nang sdng dfldc dfla vao cac hoat ddng ngoai gid len ldp hoae ldng ghep trong day hpc. Cho den nay, chUdng ttlnh giao due gia tti sdng da dUdc pho biln rdng rai tai cac cd sd giao due tuy nhien vi6c ttien khai van cdn gap nhflng khd khan trong do xay dttng chUdng trinh giao due cd tinh kha thi, hieu qua, Iinh hoat phu hdp vdi dac diem tam Iy cua sinh vien, van hda cua dan tdc, viing miln va dap flng dUdc yeu cdu ciia xa hdi dang la mdt thach thflc khdng h i nhd ddi vdi nha trudng. Biii vilt tap ttung phan tich cac each tilp can Iy thuylt hien dai nhu Iy thuylt vl giao due tich hdp, ly thuyet ve tri tue da nhan td, Iy thuyet day hpc kham pha de tfl dd giup cac nha giao due Ifla chpn, xay dflng npi dung, phfldng phap, hlnh thflc td chflc nham thuc hien tdi flu muc dich va nhiem vu giao due gia tti sdng ttong nha trfldng phd thdng.
2. Quan diem ve gia tri sdng
Gia tti sdng la mpt phfldng phap giao due qudc t l thu hflt tat ca cac nhdm tudi tfl tre em den ngudi gia. Nd bilt khdng cd ranh gidi, khdng cu the ve gidi tinh, bao ttum tat ca cac tt'n ngUdng va van hda. Nd chi la v l cac gia tti cua nhan loai ehung cua chung ta. Theo J.H.Fichter, gia tti la tdt Ngay nhan bai: 15/10/2019. Ngay nhSn dang: 07/12/2019.
^•^Trudng Cao dang Kinh tl Ky thuat, Dai hoc Thai Nguyen;
'e-mail: [email protected].
Tran Hong Hai, Hflu Thi Hdng Hoa JtiM., Vol. 11 (zviy), J
ca nhflng cai gi cd ich ldi, dang ham ehuong, dang kinh phuc ddi vdi ca nhan hoae xa hdi. Tac gia John Maciology dinh nghla: Gia tti la nhflng quy chua'n ma qua dd mdt thanh vien cua mdt nen van hda xae dinh dilu gi la dang mong mudn, dilu gi khdng dang mong mudn, dieu gi la tot hay dd, dieu gl la dep hay xdu.
Gia tti sdng la nhflng gi ca nhan nhan thflc la quan ttpng, rdt can thiet, rdt cd y nghla, luon mong dpi; chung cd kha nang chi phdi thai do, cam xuc, tlnh cam va hanh vi cua mot ea nhan trong cupc sdng hang ngay, gdp phdn xay dung eudc sdng tdt dep hdn. Do vay, giao due gia tri song dfldc coi la qua trinh giup sinh vien ITnh hdi dupc nhflng gia tn phd quat cua xa hpl, bien thanh nhflng gia tti dac trflng cua ban than, giup cho cac em cd suy nghi, thai dp va hanh ddng tich cflc, hieu qua, phu hdp vdi ban than va dap flng mong dpi cua cdng ddng xa hdi.
Qua phan tich tten, tdi cho rang: Giao due gia tri sdng la qua ttlnh nha giao due tac dong, hfldng dan ngfldi dupc giao due, giup ho tu nhan thflc, cd thai dp uan ttpng va tich eUc the hien nhflng gia tti sdng cua ban than nhdm xay dung cude sdng tdt dep hdn.
3. Vai tro cua giao due gia tri song ddi vdi sinh vien hien nay
Giao due gia tti sdng cho sinh vien cd rdt nhilu y nghia. Thfl nhat, giao due gia tti sdng giup sinh vien cd nhSn thflc dung dan ve cac gia trj sdng nhfl yeu thfldng, khoan dung, tdn ttpng, hdp tae, doan kit, hda binh... tfl dd, cd y thflc van dung cdc gia tri vao cupc song nham xay dflng mpt cupc sdng tdt dep hdn cho ban than, cho ngudi khae va cho ca cdng ddng. Thfl hai, giao due gia tri sdng gdp phdn giup cho sinh vien cd nhflng nguyen tdc hfldng ddn va cac ky nang de phat trien nhan each con ngfldi toan dien vl cae mat the chat, nhan thflc, tlnh cam va hanh vi xa hpi. Thfl ba, giao due gia tri sdng se giup xay dflng mdi trUdng hpc dUdng than thien, tich cUe - yeu to quan ttpng gdp phan nang eao chat lUdng giao due.
4. Tiep can cac ly thuyet hien dai trong giao due gia tri song 4.1. Giao due tich hup trong giao due gia tri song
Tfch hdp la mdt trong nhflng xu the day hpc hien dai hien dang dUdc quan tam nghien cflu va ap dung vao nha trudng d nhieu nude tten thi gidi. Cach tiep can tich hdp ttong viec xay dUng chUdng trinh da ttd thanh xu thi phat trien giao due tren the gidi ttong nhilu thap ki qua. Tren thi gidi, tich hdp da trd thanh mpt trao luu sfl pham hien dai ben canh cac ttao lUu sU pham theo muc tieu, giai quyet van dl, phan hda, tUdng tdc... Trao Iflu sfl pham tich hdp xuat phat tfl quan niem vl qua trinh hpc tap, ttong dd toan the cac qua trinh hpc tap gdp phan hinh thanh d ngfldi hpc nhflng nang Iflc rd rang, cd dfl tinh nhflng boat dpng tich hdp trong dd ngudi hpc hpc each sfl dung phdi hdp cac kiln thflc, kT nang va thao tac da ITnh hdi mot each rieng re. Trong giao due gia tri sdng, ly thuylt tich hdp dUdc van dung nhU thi nao? Tai sao lai can van dung Iy thuylt nay?
Xet ve mat ly luan, muc dich cua giao due gia tri sdng khdng chi dflng lai d viec nang cao nhan thflc, hieu bilt ve cac gia tti ma quan ttpng hdn la phai giup sinh vien xay dung nhflng banh vi tich cue. Chinh vi vay, nlu gia tri sdng khdng gan vdl ky nang sdng se khdng giflp mdi ca nhan phat ttien toan dien vl mat the chat, tinh thdn, cam xuc, vai trd xa hpi mdt each ben vflng. Gia tri sdng chinh la nen tang, giup dinh hfldng, thuc day cac ca nhan hanh dpng. Ky nang song la nang luc bieu hien nhflng gi sinh vien bilt (nhan thflc), nhflng gi hp cam nhan (thai dp), nhflng gl hp quan tam (gia tti) ra hanh vi ben ngoai. Ngay nay, sinh vien rdt can ttai nghiem cam giae tich cUc cd
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dUdc tfl gia tri, hieu kit qua cua hanh vi flng xii va mudn chu dpng dfla ra nhflng quylt djnh cd sflc anh hfldng ldn. VI vay, giao due gia tti sdng va ky nang sdng khdng the taeh rdi nhau.
Thflc t l hien nay, cae chUdng ttinh giao due gia tti sdng va ky nang sdng thudng dUde xay dung ddc lap nham nhdn manh muc tieu cua chUdng trinh hudng tdi la hinh thanh ky nang hoae gia tti. Kit qua la sinh vien cd the cd nhflng ky nang rdt tdt nhUng lai khdng dUa tten nln tang cua gia tti hoae ngUdc Iai. Vi du.mpt sinh vien cd ky nang the bi6n sU tU tin cua minh trong cupc sdng va hpc tap nhUng Iai coi thudng ban khae vi cho rang hp kem cdi hdn minh. Trong trudng hdp nay, sinh vien da thilu di gia tri tdn trpng va khiem tdn. NgUdc lai, cd nhflng sinh vien dUdc hpc vl gia tti tdn ttpng nhUng khdng biet the hien gia tri dd hoae cd nhflng hanh vi chUa phu hdp nhu che bai, ph£ phan ngUdi khae.
Qua phan tich cd the khang djnh tich hdp giao due gia tti sdng va ky nang sdng la mot xu thi tat ylu. Khi tich hdp giao due gia tti sdng, giang vien can luu y:
- Giao due ddng thdi gia tti sdng va ky nang sdng.
- Khi thiet k l bai hpc, giang vien cdn xae dinh nhflng ky nang giup sinh vien nhan biet, the hien, phat trien cae gia tri sdng ddng thdi lUa ehpn cac ky nang m l m de sinh vien dupe ren luyen, nhu ky nang giao tilp, ky nang kiem soat cam xue, ky nang hdp tac, ky nang bieu dat cam xuc, ky nang lang nghe.
- DUa vao dac diem Ifla tudi de xae dinh trpng tam giao due gia tri va tich hdp cac ki nang phii hdp. Vi du: Vdi ndi dung giao due la 12 gia ttj cdt ldi toan cdu nhu hda binh, hanh phuc, tdn ttpng, yeu thUdng, ttach nhiem, khoan dung, gian di, khidm tdn, ttung thue, tu do, hdp tac, doan kit nhUng ddi vdi sinh vien, giang vien chfl y den nhflng gia tti hUdng vao quan he nhdm, tap the, xa hpi va tU dilu chinh ban than. Cac gia tri: tdn trpng, hdp tac, doan kit, trach nhiem, khoan dung... cd npi dung md rdng va di sau nghien cflu vao quan he vdi ban, vdi nhdm... chu y nhflng gia tti khiem tdn, gian di, ttung thUc... Iam tang gia tti ban than.
4.2. Ly thuyet cua Howard Gardner va J.Bruner trong giao due gia tri song
Ly thuyet ve tri thdng minh da nhan td do nha tam ly hpc ngUdi My Howard Gardner xay dUng tfl nam 1983 dfla tten kit qua nghien cflu thflc nghiem dfldc tiln hanh ttong thdi gian dai lien quan den cac ITnh vflc nhfl: nhan loai hpc, tam Iy hpc nhan thflc, tam ly hpc phat ttien, khoa hpc tieu sfl, sinh Iy hpc ve ddng vat va giai phau ve than kinh hpc. Ly thuylt nay cho rang nao bp da tao ra cac nang Iflc tri tue khae nhau d mdi ngfldi.
Howard Gardner da pha vd quan diem lau nay trong giao due khi mpi ngUdi da qua chfl trpng tfl duy logic va tU duy ngdn ngfl. Ong cho rang con ngfldi tdn tai it nhdt 7 Ioai hlnh tti tue bao gom:
(I) tti tue ngdn ngfl (linguistic intelligence): nang luc diln dat ngdn ngfl d l dang bang cdch ndi hoae viet (2) tri tue logic - toan: nang lUc tinh toan phflc tap va ly luan sau sac (3) tti tuS khdng gian: la kha nang llnh hdi chinh xdc the gidi khdng gian thi gidc (4) tti tue van dpng cd the: la nang lUc kiem soat cac van ddng cua cd the (5) Iri tue dm nhae: nang lUc bilt cam thu sang tao ttong am nhae (6) tti tue tUdng tdc ca nhan: nang lUc nhin nhan, thau cam, danh gia cdc ddi tUdng va cd lien kit mpi ngfldi (7) tri tue npi tam: la nang Iflc nhan biet, ddnh gia chua'n xdc cac cam xflc va hanh vi cua minh. Ngoai ra cdn cd 2 loai hinh tti tue mdi la tti tue thien nhien la nang luc hieu biet ve mdi ttUdng va the gidi xung quanh va tti tue hien sinh la nang Iuc nhan thflc ve mdi quan he ciia con ngfldi vdi nhflng van d l hien hflu cua cupc sdng.
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Tran Hong Hai, Hflu Thi Hong Hoa JEM., Vol. 11 (2uiyj, i^J. <-
Wko nhflng thap nien 60 va 70 cua the ky trUde, Jerome Bruner da dUa ra ly thuylt vl md hinh day hpc kham pha. Cng cho rang sinh vien hpc tdt nhdt bdng each kham pha, giai quyet van de, tUdng tac vdi mdi trUdng. Md hinh day hpc kham pha eua Bruner cd 4 thanh phdn cd ban: (1) SU td md va khdng chac chdn cua sinh vien can dUde giai ddp bang each giang vien dua ra van de va dat hp vao cdc tlnh hudng khae nhau de kich thich sU hieu bilt, tim tdi cua sinh vien (2): Cau ttiic cua kiln thflc nen dUde ttinh bay ddn gian de ngUdi hpc nam bat (3): Tien ttinh day hpc can can cfl vao phong cdch hpc tap, nhan thflc cua sinh vien, giang vien nen di tfl ttfle quan den ly Iuan (4): Ddng cd hpc tap: giang vien can cd sfl kit ndi vdi sinh vidn de cd sfl phan hdi va ludn khich Ie ngudi hpc.
Quan tfiem nay tUdng ddng vdi md hinh ve thdp hpc tap cua Phdng thuc nghi6m qudc gia tai Belthel, Maine cua Hoa Ky khi chi ra mdi quan he gifla kha nang tiep nhan kiln thflc cua sinh vien vdi hlnh thflc hpc tap. Theo dd, sinh vien hpc qua nghe giang ehi tiep thu 5%, qua dpc la 10%, qua nghe bang - dia, hlnh anh la 20%, qua bieu dien the hien la 30%, qua thao luan la 50%, qua thao luan nhdm la 50%, qua each day cho ngUdi khae la 90%.
Van dung Iy thuylt tti tue da nhan td, ly thuylt day hpc kham pha va md hinh hpc tap ttong giao due gid tti sdng, tdi nhan thdy giao due gia tti sdng chi thuc sU hieu qua khi ttong gid giang day gia tri, giang vien sfl dung da dang cac phUdng phap va kl thuat day hpc de giup ngUdi hpc dUdc phdt huy tdi da kha nang eua ban than ddng thdi da dang cac boat dpng de ngudi hpc dUde kham pha cac gia tti. Bdi cd che chuyen hda gid tti cua ca nhan chfnh la su trai nghiem. sinh vien khdng ehi biet, hieu ve gia tti ma hp cdn danh gid, lua chpn gia tti nao tdt hay khdng tdt, phu hdp hay khdng phu hdp vdi ban thdn khi hp dUdc trao ddi, suy ngam, giai quyet vdn d l trong cdc tinh huong khae nhau. Dieu nay tao nen su khde biet rd ret gifla giao due gid tti sdng vdi cac chfldng ttlnh giao due dao dflc, cdng dan cdn nang ne tfnh thuyet giao ttfldc ddy.
Khi hfldng ddn sinh vien ttong nhflng gid gido due gia tti sdng, giang vien can Iflu y:
- Lfla chpn cac phfldng phap day hpc va ky thuat day hpc phu hdp va cd tinh da dang hda. Dac biet ttong mdi bai hpc nen phdt huy tdi da 4/9 Ioai hlnh trf tue giup sinh vien dfldc hpc qua chia se, hpc qua Iam viec nhdm, hpc qua am nhae, hpc qua suy ngdm, hpc qua van ddng.
- Han chl tdi da thdi gian thuyet trinh, nen tfch cflc hda boat ddng hpc tap de sinh vien dUdc ttai nghiem bang cac phUdng phap va kT thuat day hpc nhu: thao Iuan, ddng vai theo tlnh hudng, tudng tupng, trd ehdi, ehia se, hoat ddng nghe thuat (hpi hpa, am nhae, thd, kich...), ke chuyen, phan tfch phim, kham phd cac y Mdng, hdi tudng, ban dd tam tti, trd ehdi, giai quylt van de, dat cau hdi.
5. K e t l u a n
De giao due gia tti thuc su mang Iai sfl phat trien ben vflng vl nhan cdch cua sinh vien, cac nha trfldng cdn cd mdt chfldng ttinh giao due phu hdp va thflc sfl ttuyin dfldc cam hflng cho ca giang vien va sinh vien. Khi xay dung chfldng ttinh giao due gia tti sdng can ehu y din su tich hdp ttong giao due gid tti sdng va ky nang sdng phu hdp vdi dac diem tam ly cua sinh vien, cdn cd su kit hdp Iinh boat cac phUdng phap day hpc nham phat huy nang lUc cua sinh vien ttong viec kham pha, ttai nghiem, van dung cac gia ttj sdng. Viec tiep can vdi cdc ly thuyet hien dai cd tinh chat gdi md vl each thflc thuc hien giao due gid tti sdng hien nay cdn tap ttung vao ngudi hpc va vi su phdt ttien cua ngudi hpc.
JEM., Vol. II (2019), No. 12.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Nguyen Thi My Ldc, Dinh Thi Kim Tboa, Dang Hoang Minh (2010), Gido due gid tri song vd ky ndng song cho hgc sinh trung hpc cd sd. Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi.
[2] Dinh Thi Kim Thoa, Dang Hong Minh (2008), Gido due, gid tri sdng cho hpc sinh THPT.
Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
[3] Thomas Armsttong, (2011), 7 loai hinh thong minh- Nhan biet vd phdt trien tri ndng tiem dn. Nxb Lao ddng - Xa hpi.
[4] Trdn Thi Le Thu (2014), ChUdng trinh gido due gid tri song vd ky ndng sdng tai trudng hgc VietNam. Hdi thao khoa hpc qudc t l v l ddi mdi giao due ICER 7: Doi mdi va thtic hanh tdt ttong giao due theo quan diem toan cau.
[5] Tran Thi Le Thu (chu bien), Tran Thi Cam Tu, Bui Thi Nga (2014), Gido due gid tri sSng vd ky ndng song cho hgc sinh ldp 3, (tap 1) Tai lieu danh cho giang vien, Nxb Dai hpc qude gia Ha Npi
ABSTRACT
Modern theories approach in education of living values for students nowadays
Value-based education is increasingly popular in schools with different programs and approaches. The paper analyzes the approach of modern theory in education such as integrated education theory, multi-factor intellectual theory and discovery teaching theory. From there, point out how to apply that theory to value education for students effectively.
Keywords: Values, living values, education living values, theory.
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