tAQ DONG-VIEC tAM
Nen tang dao tqo va nang luc lao dong nganh cong ngtie cao tqi ttianh pho Ho Chi Minh
PHAM THI BICH NGOC LUtJ THI KIM NGAN N G U Y t N NGOC KY DUYEN
^fProng bdi cdnh thi triidng lao dgng cho ngdnh cong nghi cao viia thiia nhdn Idc lao ddng f&^ phd thdng nhiing lai thieu lao dgng chdt liidng, tay nghi cao, bdi vii't tim hiiu khodng cdch giUa ddo tqo vd ndng li/c lao dgng dang lam viic trong Khu cdng nghe cao TP. Hd Chi Minh.
Kit qud nghiin cOu cho thdy co tinh ddc thii vd khdc biit giUa cdc loai hinh ddo tqo cdng nhii khodng cdch vi ndng lUc lao ddng giUa cung vd cdu lao dgng trong ngdnh cdng nghi cao.
Tfl k h o a : ndng It/c lao dgng, nin tdng ddo tqo, khu cong nghi cao, TP. H6 Chi Minh
1. D a t v a n d e
TP. Ho Chi Minh da t h a n h lap Cdng vien ph^n m^m Quang Trung 5 quan 12 (nam 2001) va k h u edng nghe cao (KCNC) 6 qulin 9 (nam 2002) n h a m thuc d^y p h a t trien n g a n h cdng nghd cao. Theo k h o a n 22, Dieu 3 L u a t D^u tfl ed quy dinh: "Khu cdng n g h e eao la khu chuyen nghien cflu p h a t trien, flng dung cdng nghe cao, fldm tao doanh nghiep cdng nghd cao, san xua't va k i n h doanh san ph^m edng nghe cao, cd r a n h gidi dia 1;^ xac dinh, dfldc t h a n h l a p theo quy dinh cua chinh phu". Vdi tieu chi tren, KCNC TP. Ho Chi Minh la mot trong nhflng k h u eong nghiep dfldc k j vong va q u a n t a m cua Nha nfldc ve p h a t tri^n k i n h t e theo md h i n h mot khu kinh te ky t h u a t , t h u h u t d^u tfl nfldc ngoai va huy ddng eae ngu6n Ifle khoa hoc cdng nghd cao trong nfldc. Hidn nay, KCNC TP. Ho Chi Minh t a p t r u n g t h u h u t d^u tfl eae n g a n h cdng n g h e thudc cac linh vflc:
cdng nghe vi mach b a n d i n , cdng nghe thdng tin va vien thdng; cdng n g h e tfl ddng hda, cd k h i chinh xac; edng n g h e sinh hoc ap dung cho y te', dfldc p h ^ m va mdi trflcing;
edng nghe v a t lieu mdi, cdng n g h e n a n o va n a n g Ifldng.
Vdi tdc do p h a t trien m a n h me cung vdi t h u a n ldi t h u hflt dflde nhi^u n h a d^u tfl
qud'e te, doanh nghiep trong k h u vflc nay dang h u t mot nguon n h d n Ifle ldn, dac bidt n h a n Iflc cd ch^t Ifldng va tay nghe cao. Tuy va.y, doanh nghiep dang gap khd k h a n vi ngudn n h a n Iflc t r e n t h i trfldng van ye'u ky nang ehuyen mdn. Theo World Bank (2014), Ifle Ifldng lao ddng Vidt Nam da ph^n nang Ifle tha'p, chu yd'u la edng n h a n , thd t h u cdng, Iflc Ifldng lao ddng cha^t Ifldng cao chid'm ty le ra't tha'p (chi bang mot p h i n tfl so' Ifldng lao dong ca'p tha'p). 0 e eo t h e p h a t t r i i n m a n h n g a n h cdng nghe eao trong dai b a n cung nhfl gdp p h i n n a n g cao k h a n a n g canh t r a n h cua nd'n kinh te, thi n a n g cao ch^t Ifldng lao ddng la vd cung ca'p thiet. Mot trong nhflng yeu td' quan trong gop p h i n nang eao chat Ifldng lao dong la tfl dao tao, cu t h e la chfldng trinh dao tao. Thdng qua chfldng t r i n h dao tao, cdc trflcing dai hoc, cao d^ng, t r u n g t a m day nghe se tap t r u n g dao tao cho ddi tfldng lao ddng v l kie'n thflc eung nhfl cac ky n a n g c i n thiet dap flng cac yeu e l u cdng viee trong mdi trfldng doanh nghiep. Cha't Ifldng chfldng t r i n h dao tao cang eao, d i u r a nguon n h a n Iflc cang CO eha't Ifldng tot. Ddi vdi n g a n h edng nghd cao, n g o a i dao t a o cd b a n , cac d o a n h nghiep con p h a i dao tad t h e m tfl 3 — 6 tharig
Pham Thi Bich Ngoc, TS.; Luu Thi Kim Ngdn;
NguySn Ngoc KJ Duyfin, Tnrcmg dai hgc Hoa Sen.
NghiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 6(431) • Thing 6/2018 47
Nen tang ddo tao v i nang lUc
cho sinh vien mdi r a trfldng. Hang nam cd ra!t nhieu sinh vien td't nghiep, nhflng so' Ifldng sinh vien dap flng dfldc nhu c l u nguon nhan luc trong nganh edng nghe cao chie'm clu 10%.
Nhu c l u lao ddng cha't Ifldng cao ngay cang gia tang a Viet Nam (Worid Bank, 2008); dong thdi, lao ddng neii d i u tfl hoe dai hoc thi thu nhap cung gia tang (Doan va Stevens, 2011).
Nham tim hieu 'lo hong" gifla nen tang dao tao (la yeu td'nguon cung lao dong) va nang Iflc lao dong dfldc sfl dung tai cac KCNC (la yeii to ngu6n clu lao ddng), chflng tdi da ti^n hanh khao sat 252 edng nhan vien dang lam viec tai 2 KCNC cua TP. Ho Chi Mmh nam 2015. Sau khi xfl 1^ dfl Ueu, ap dung phfldng phap phan tich thd'ng ke de xem xdt eae ky nSng va kha nang dap flng yeu clu cua doanh nghiep (tren cd s5 so sanh nen tang dao tao ngfldi lao dong da hcc), qua dd chi r a sfl thieu tfldng thich gifla nen tang dao tao vdi nang Iflc lao dong trong nganh edng nghd eao cua TP. Ho Chi Minh.
2. Cd sol ly thuyd't
2.1. Ndng life ngiidi lao dqng McClelland (1973) dinh ngbia nang Iflc lao ddng la tinh each ca nhan cai ma se quySt dinh thanh cdng eao trong tbi trfldng lao dong.
NSng Iflc la mot dac diem tap hdp cua h a n h vi hen quan den hieu suHft eong viec va co the cai thien nhflng dac diem nay thdng qua giao due va kinh nghiem (Thornton va Rupp, 2006). Cu the nhiing dSc diem nay dfldc phan loai la nang khieu, kha nang va hieu biet, bao gom:
1^ nang, kinh nghidm, kien thflc, h a n h vi, tinh each ca nhan, ddng ccJ, niem tin, gia tri va sd thich, dong Iflc ket help vdi nhau d i n den sfl thanh cdng trong cdng viee, the hien vai trd trong td' chflc va giflp doanh nghiep dat dfldc chie'n Ifldc muc tieu (Gangani, McLean va Braden, 2004). Nang Ifle lao dong hdi t u 3 p h i n : (1) nang Iflc cd ban tflc nSng Ifle ma noi ngfldi deu c6 nhfl nhau; (2) nang Iflc cot loi la nang Iflc chflc nang, cai ma giup the hien hieu qua cdng viec hidn tai; (3) nang Iflc t i m nhin la nang Ifle giup chuan bi cho ngflcii lao dong de tie'n len vi tri eao hdn trong cdng viec hoac cdng vide tfldng lai. Nang Iflc eiing ed th^ dflde chia
thanh: nhdm p h a t t r i i n ca nhan, nhdm trach nhiem xa hdi, nhdm p h a t trien nghe nghiep.
Trong sfl phat trien n h a n h va manh me eua nen kinh te, nang Iflc cua ngfldi lao ddng thi hien qua ky nang p h a n tieh, k h a nang thflc thi, xfl ly thdng tin va nSng Iflc cho sfl thay dd'i.
2.2. Nin tang ddo tqo vd ndng lUc lao dqng
Yeu to giao due co t h e giup sinh vien va ca nhdn phat t r i i n nang Ifle td'ng quat nhfl vide ca n h a n sfl dung cac y tfldng ldn, cdng cu, phfldng phap va ngdn ngfl cua cae mdn hoc khac nhU toan, van, lich sfl, khoa hoe va nghd thuat de tham gia vao cac va'n de bflc xuc cua xa hoi. Ho phat t r i i n eac k^ nang cd b a n t h a n h nang cao, cd cai nhin da chieu trong v^h di, trinh bay tot quan diem cua ho va h a n h dong de cai thien dieu kien (MansiUa va Jackson, 2011). Nhieu bd phan ky nang phflc t a p dfldc xdy dflng bao gom; h9C tap, tfl duy va ky nang sang tao.
Chang b a n nhfl tfl duy sang tao va sii dung tfl duy hd tho'ng de h e n ke't eae ky nang trong cudc sd'ng va edng viec. Ca n h a n cd the thi^t kd', danh gia va quan ly cdng viec cua chinh minh de cai t i l n h e n tuc va thich flng vdi thay doi.
Theo World Bank (2012), giao due bae cao bao gom tSft ca cac td' chflc edng lap va ngoM cdng lap chinh thfle d l hpe tap sau b^e trung hpc ed sd trd len. Ca n h a n cd nhieu nam hoc cang eao dfldc danh gia cao hdn ve c^c nang Iflc ky nang so vdi cac ea n h a n eo it nam hoc. KJ nang hgc thuat, ky nang ky thuat, ky nang tU duy, ky nang h a n h vi ed h e n quan tich ci^ den sfl phat trien cua ca nhan.
Theo Jorgensen (2004), muc tieu cua giao due khdng ehi giao due ca n h a n eho thi trflcing lao ddng ma cdn dfla ca n h a n vao cae boat ddng eiia cong dong; giao due khdng chi ddn thuan la mue dich hoe ma cdn giup ca nhan tim dfl*
mot vi tri trong xa hdi; ca n h a n hoc tap cho sii phat t r i i n cua chinh ho hdn la thoa man yeu e l u cua thi trflcing. Trai ngfldc vdi quan diem tren. Lave va Wenger (1991) cho r^ng: giao due phai dfldc xay dflng theo yeu c l u eua thi trfldng; giao due la sfl ke't hdp eua kiln thdc hoc tap phd thdng va kien thflc ly thuyd't de tao
4 8 NghiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018
Nen tdng ddo tao vd ndng IUc
t h a n h kien thfle cd ban. Kie'n thflc cd b a n nay ket hdp vdi cae loai lunh hoc tap khae, cai ma td ehfle se cung ca'p cho ca n h a n dfla vao yeu c l u cdng viec goi la hua'n luyen. Do dd, theo quan diem nay thi ngudi lao ddng cd trinh do hoc vSih tha'p v i n cd ldi do vide hua'n luydn eua td chflc. Tae ddng nen t a n g eua giao due dao tao eon tuy thudc vao ca n h a n . So' hdu cua Bynner (1998) da chflng minh rang h a i p h i n ba sd' ngflcii sinh r a n a m 1958 rdi n h a trfldng nam 16 tudi cd t h e tim dfldc viec va gifl dfldc viec, trong khi do, nhiing ngfldi sinh n a m 1970 CO trinh do hoc vSh t h a p va ky nang ydu tM khd tim dfldc viec va khd gifl dfldc vide. Tfl dd cho tha!y, nhin n h a n v l trinh dp hpc va'n cua ca nhan thay dd'i theo thdi gian.
2.3. Thi triidng lao dqng va ndng luc lao dqng d Viet Nam
Khi c l u lao ddng cao hdn cung lao dpng thi sfl tbid'u h u t se xay r a dae biet khi doanh nghidp c i n lao ddng co ky nang, ky t h u a t nhat dinh nhflng co qua it uiig vien. Khi do, mac dfl Iflc Ifldng lao dpng eung flng ed t h e eao nhflng lai thieu ehSt Ifldng dap flng nhu c l u , tao r a lo hd'ng tren thi trfldng lao ddng. Khoang each ky nang nay ehi r a nhflng yeii kem trong hd thd'ng giao due, vi nd khdng trang hi d i y du cac ky nang ma n h a tuyen dung yeu c l u ddi vdi ngfldi lao ddng. Theo World Bank (2014), tren thi trfldng lao ddng Viet Nam, cac n h a tuyen dung
cho rang eae ky nang tfl duy p h a n bien va ky nang giao tiep rSt q u a n trpng dm vdi ngfldi lao ddng, nhflng hp lai bi thilii. Ngay ea vdi cdng viec ky t h u a t vien va thd t h u cdng, da p h i n cae flng cfl vien thie'u cac ky nang yeu clu. Ngfldi lao ddng cd bang cap nhflng lai thieii cac ky nang e i n thiet cho cdng vide eua hp, cbo t h i y chat Ifldng giao due khdng theo kip mong ddi cua ngflcii tuyen dung.
Hien nay, lao ddng trinh dp eao dang t i p trung d nganh giao due va dao tao va cac cd quan quan ly n h a nfldc, trong khi trong nganh cdng nghiep che' bie'n, che' tao thi Iflc Ifldng nay chi chie'm 9%, t h i p xa so vdi cac nfldc phat t r i i n vdi ty le 40-60% (Trfldng Dinh Giam, 2017). Lao ddng trinh do eao dfldc hieu la co trinh dp hpe va'n tfl cao dang trd len, eo ky nang va kien thfle de hoan t h a n h cdng viec phflc tap, cd k h a nang thich nghi cao vdi dd'i mdi cdng nghe va v i n dung kien thflc, k^ nang da hpe vao trong thfle te' edng viee. Hidn tfldng tuyen khdng du ngfldi lam viec 5 cac vi tri quan ly cap cao ludn xay r a vdi eae doanh nghiep. Nguyen n h a n cd t h i la Vidt Nam chfla ed cd ehe' dao tao va sii dung hdp ly giup cho Ifle Ifldng lao ddng trinh dp cao phat trien dflng hfldng. Ton tai va'n de sii dung ngflcii lao ddng cd trinh dp dang lam nhflng edng viec khdng tfldng xflng vdi trinh do dao tao eua hp (Nguyin Ba Ngpc va Dang Do Quyen, 2014).
HINH 1: N h i n n h a n c u a n h a t u y e n d u n g do'i v d i t a m q u a n t r o n g c u a c a c k y n a n g l i £ n q u a n d e n c o n g v i e c c u a ngfldi l a o d o n g c h a n t a y v a ngfldi l a o d o n g t r i thflc
Ngudn: World Bank, 2014.
NghiSn aiu Kmh tff sff 6(481} - Thing 6/2018 4 9
Nen lang iio tao vJI ning luc
World Bank (2014) cho r i n g n h u cSu lao dpng i Viet Nam khong p h a i la thSfp, ngUdi s i dung lao dong luon dang tim kiem nguM lao dong, t u y nhien ho khong tim dUdc ngUcri lao dong CO ky nSng p h u hdp vdi n h u cSu cua hp. Tuyen dung lao dpng mdi t a i Viet Nam la rSt kho kh&n, bcii vi ton t a i sU khong tuong thich trong ky n a n g cua ngUcli lao dpng doi vdi yeu cSu cua n h a t u y e n dung (khoang each ky nang, hoSic bSi vi sU k h a n hi^'m ngUcli lao dpng trong mpt s6' n g a n h nghe (thieu ky nang. Hi§n tai, n h a tuyen dung danh gia cao ky n a n g k j thuM, ky nang nhftn thflc, ky n a n g xa hpi va h a n h vi.
Cac ky nang nay dudc yeu cSu khac n h a u tiiy vao n^n tang giao due tiJf ca'p dai hpc, triidng chuyen nghiep, hoac trudng ky timkt.
Trong khi d6 dao tao b i c cao 6 Viet Nam hoan toan chUa dap flng dupc n h u c i u lao dpng (Reddy, 2012).
3. P h i i d n g p h a p v a d i i l i e u nghifin cvhi 3.1. Pham vi va phitang phdp nghien ciJtu D& tfldng khao sat gom cac nhdn vien trong KCNC d q u t o 9 va Cong vien ph&i mem Quang Trung 5 qu4n 12, dUdc thUc hien theo phUdng phap ISy m l u tijt thang 4 den thang 8 - 2015.
Bang khao sat dfldc xay dung chu y6'u ket hpp phfldng phap cua Burke (2003) va cac cd sd ly thuyet, dfldc phdng v3tn t h i diem thong qua y ki§'n cua B a n quail ly K C N C va cac t r u d n g
phong n h a n Iflc trudc khi thflc hien khao sat.
Bang khao sat hoi thong tin ca nhan, n6'n tang dao tao, thong tin cong ty cua dap vien va quan trpng nhSlt la k h a o s a t chfldng trinh dko tao va nang Iflc ca n h a n cvia dap vien dUdc xay dung dua t r e n t h a n g do Likert:
(1) Nhom cdc yeu to ddnh gid chuang trinh ddo tgo, dfldc n h a n dien theo 3 miic dp: chudng trinh n h u t h e nao (WHAT), chUdng tiinh quan trpng khong (WHY), k h a nang flng dung cua chUdng trinh (HOW).
- Nhom yeu to v l Ifldng kien thiic dfldc hpc tai trfldng dap vien dudc dao tao; p h a n thanh 13 nhom kie'n thflc va ky nang ttt prog-knol den prog-knol3, dfldc dang gia theo miic: 1 (r& kem), 2 (k6m), 3 (binh thudng), 4 (tot), 6 (ra't tot).
- Nhom y6'u to ve tSm quan trpng cua kien thflc doi vdi cong viec; p h a n t h a n h 13 nh6m kien thflc va ky n a n g ttt prog-impl den prog- i m p l 3 , dfldc dang gia theo mflc: 1 (khong quan trpng), 2 (it quan trpng), 3 (binh thucing), 4 (quan trpng), 5 (rat quan trpng).
- Nhom yeu to ve mflc dp sfl dung ki^n thflc do tai ndi lam viec; p h a n t h a n h 13 nhom kien thflc va ky nang ttt prog-usel de'n prog-usel3, dUdc dang gia theo mflc: 1 (khong sfl dung), 2 (ft sii dung), 3 (binh thudng), 4 (thudng s i dung), 5 (ludn ludn sii dyng).
Thuoc tinh can do Kift'n thiic b6 tro (ngoai ngfi, tin hoc) Kifi'n thtic vi chinh tri, xa hfli N6i dung cua cac mfln hoc Nfli dung chucmg tnnh dao tao Kie'n thilc vfi ly thuye't Kie'n thtic thuc t^ cflng viec Kie'n thiic v^ tu duy, phfln ti'ch Ky nang giao tiep
KiSn thiic dinh hu6ng diroc cflng viSc KJ nang ki^m soat thiti gian Ky nang 1 ^ viec nhom Ky nang giai quyd't vflii d^
Ky nang ling dung ly thuyfi't vao thuc i€
Ma hda prog-knol
prog-kno2 prog-kno3 prog_kno4 prog_kno5 prog_kno6 prog_kno7 prog_kno8 prog_kno9 prog_knolO prog_knoll prog_knol2 prog_knol3
prog-impl prog-imp2 prog-imp3 pro£_imp4 prog_imp5 prog_imp6 prog_imp7 prog imp8 prog_imp9 prog_impl0 prog_impl 1 prog_impl2 prog_impl3
prog-usel prog-use2 prog-use prog_use4 prog_use5 prog_use6 prog_use7 prog_use8 prog_use9 prog_useIO prog_usel1 prog_usel2 prog_usel3
5 0 NghiSn cOu Kinh tff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018
Nen ting ddo tao vd ndng luc ...
(2) Nhom cdc yi'u to' ddnh gid nang It/c cd nhdn, dfldc phan thanh 14 ye'u td' tfl abil de'n abil4, dang gia theo mfle: l(hoan toan khdng dong $), 2 (khdng dong y), 3 (phan van), 4 (dong y), 5 (hoan toan dong y).
1 Thuoc tinh can do Thich nghi t6t v6i cOng viec mdi Kha n ^ g chiu duac ap luc cao Lk ngu6i ky ludng,cin than Nang luc 1 ^ viec nhom cao Nang luc ngoai ngO j^u hop v6i c6ng viec Kinh nghiem cdng viec cao Tnnh dfl tin hoc vung Ky nSng ki^m soat thca gian t6t Ky nang giao tifi'p va dam phim cao Xdc dmh ro muc ti6u c6ng viftc khi con
\k sinh viSn
C6 kha nang tu hoc hdi cao C6 ky nang sdng tao C& kha nang giai quycft vflh dd tdt Co quy tdc va tmh ky ludt cao
Ma hoa abil abi2 abi3 abi4 abi5 abi6 abi7 abiS abi9 abilO abill abil2 abiI3 abil4 So" dap vien la 283, nhflng qua sang loc cdn lai m a u dfl h e u co 252 q u a n sat, trong dd
sd' Iflpng n a m chie'm 72,92% va nfl chie'm 30,46%. D a p h ^ n ho deu n ^ m trong do tud'i tfl 25 - 35 tud'i. T r i n h do hoc vd'n la dai hoc chie'm p h ^ n ldn trong sd' Ifldng ngfldi dflcfc khao sat (84,35%). So* n a m kinh nghidm chiem ty Id eao nhSt la t r e n 3 n a m (chiem 71,43%) t r e n td'ng Ifldng ngfldi k h a o sat; 79% dap vien dang lara viec la ky t h u a t vien, n h a n vidn van phdng va chuydn vien. Lao dong cd t h u n h a p trdn 10 trieu dong chie'm khoang 63%.
4. K€^t q u a n g h i d n cufu v a t h a o l u a n Khi t i n h t r u n g binh cua cae yeu to' n a n g Iflc ea n h a n tM ngfldi lao ddng d KCNC TP.H6 Chf Minh d a n h gia eao h nang lilc t i n h thich nghi td't (3,84), k i n h nghiem cdng vide cao (3,82), k h a n a n g giai quye't vtfn dd' tot (3,82), nhflng d a n h gia tha'p d k h a n a n g xae dinh mue tieu edng viec khi eon la sinh vien (3,16), ky n a n g giao tie'p (3,62) va k h a n a n g sang tao (3.60). Lao ddng trong nganh cdng nghe eao td't nghiep tai eae trfldng cdng Idp (66%), tfl thue (21%) va qude te (18%). Do tfldng thich gifla n e n t a n g dao tao va nang Iflc lao ddng dflde p h a n tfeh nhfl sau:
4.1. Chuyen ngdnh ddo tqo vd vi tri cong viec
HINH 2: Chuyen nganh dao tao va vi tri cong vifec
30,00 - 2J.C0 .g lO.CO
0.00
^ ^ ^ € ^
™ binhjng ™*=
P™8 vidiin , . . , . , . . , s6c khSch V!trlhllnl,l ^j„g
o
NguSn: Tmh toan ciia tiic gia.
Ngfldi lao ddng dang lam viec trong KCNC dfldc dao tao tfl chuyen n g a n h ky t h u a t va
edng nghd chie'm ty le eao n h a t (83%), tie'p den la n g a n h kinh te va n g a n h khac nhfl
NghiSn aiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018 5 1
Nen tang fldo tao v^ ndng Itfc
ndng nghiep, y dflde va nganh xa hdi. Lao ddng trong nhom nganh ky t h u a t va edng nghe tham gia chu ye'u d vi tri la 1 ^ thuat vien chiem (28%), ke den la n h a n vien van phdng va chuyen vien. Trong so' ngfldi khao sat cd chflc v\i quan ly, tat ca d^u cd ehuyen nganh la ky thuat va cdng nghe. Ngoai ra, ed 15,60% ngfldi
HINH 3: Gia tri t r u n g b i n h
hoc ehuyen nganh kinh td', trong dd chu ydu la nhan vien van phdng. Khi dfldc hdi v^ viee co lam dung chuyen nganh da dflde dao tao thi cfi khoang 20% lao dong cho r^ng ho khdng lam viec diing ehuyen nganh.
4.2. Ddnh gid ndng liic cd nhdn theo loai hinh ddo tqo
c u a n a n g Iflc trf d a n h g i a
Qu5ctS 1 Ti/thuc 1 C8ng lap i
3,40 3,50
P3,bg
•3,70
3,60 3,70 3,80 3,90 Ngudn: Tmh toan ciia t i c gia.
Theo danh gia cua ngfldi lao ddng ddi vdi n a n g Ifle cua b a n t h a n : lao ddng de'n tfl trflcing edng lap co n a n g Ifle ca n h a n t r u n g binh la 3,7 cao hdn b a n trfldng tfl thue (3,59) nhflng lai tha'p hdn trflcJng quS^c td' (3,8). Lao dong tfl cac trfldng cdng lap cd cac ky n a n g thfch n g h i tot vdi cdng vide mdi, ed k h a n a n g chiu ap Ifle eao, cd t i n h ky Ifldng elln t h a n , n a n g Ifle lam viec nhdm
cao, k h a n a n g ngoai ngfl p h u hdp vdi cdng viec hdn so vdi cae trfldng tfl t h u c . Trong khi do, lao ddng dd'n tfl cae trflcfng quoc tfe' noi b a t hdn cae trflcfng k h a c d cae ky nang - nhfl k i n h n g h i e m l a m vide cao, t r i n h dd tin hoe vflng, ky n a n g k i l m soat thdi gian tot, cd k h a n a n g tfl hoe hoi cao, co tfnh sang tao, cd k h a n a n g giai quygt va'n de, co quy tae va ky l u a t cao.
HINH 4: N a n g Iflc l a o d o n g t h e o loai h i n h d a o t a o 4.5
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
3 s<f .*^
I
>^^>-
r ^ ^ ^ . . ^ - ^
• ^ - ^ '
.^'^'
i * «^- # >»? , > if .,*<!*
ilOonglSp •Tinhjc BQuoctS
NguSn: Tinh to5n ciia tac gia.
52 NghlSn eHu Kinh tff sff 6(431) • Thing 6/2018
Nen tdng ddo tao vd ndng Itfc ...
4.3. Phdn tich chUdng trinh ddo tqo theo loai hinh ddo tqo
N h i n c h u n g n h o m ye'u td' ve kid'n thfle va ky n a n g dfldc lao dong l i n h hoi t a i cae trflcfng dao t a o (prog-kno) tha'p hdn h a n
n h d m ye'u to* ve t ^ m q u a n t r o n g (prog-imp) va k h a n a n g flng d u n g vao cdng viec (prog- use) ddi vdi moi loai h i n h dao t a o (hinh 5).
Tuy v^y, h a u nhfl eac chi so" deu d mflc k h a hdn t r u n g b i n h (>3).
HINH 5: D a n h g i a chtfcfng t r i n h d a o t a o v a k y n a n g ttftfng iJfng 3C«ngl$p •Tt/thuc ^Qu6ct^
= • 3.33 3,10 I = •
2.90 ^ = 1
II ll = • ^ !
Ki^n t h i ^ , ky nang ITnh MCrc dd quan trong Mijrc dd sOr dung hoi dirge
Ngudn: Ti'nh todn ciia tic gia.
Ngfldi lao ddng dd'n tfl khoi trfldng cdng d a n h gia khoi kien thfle va ky nSng chfldng t r i n h dao t a o cung ca'p cao hdn h a n trflcfng tfl thuc va qud'c te; ho cung n h a n thfle do quan trgng va v a n d u n g cac kie'n thflc va ky n a n g ra't cao. Ngfldc lai, lao ddng d e n tfl trfldng tfl t h u c d a n h gia chfldng t r i n h dao tao ho da hoc ra't tha'p; ho cung n h a n di^n dfldc mfle do q u a n t r o n g nhflng dac bidt hp p h a t t r i e n kie'n thflc ky n a n g va v a n d u n g dfldc tot hdn b a n 2 khoi con lax. Cdn ve phia trfldng qud'c t e , t u y Ifldng kid'n thflc linh hdi tfl chfldng t r i n h dao tao eua trfldng qude te' b mflc t r u n g b i n h gifla trflcfng edng va trflcfng tfl t h u e , nhflng mfle dd sxi d u n g dfldc Ifldng kien thflc dd t r o n g edng viec lai tha'p hdn h i n .
Dfldi day la d a n h gia chi t i e t hdn chfldng t r i n h dao t a o t h e o Ifldng kien thflc l i n h hoi dfl^e (hinh 6). N h i n e h u n g , Ifldng kie'n thfle linh hdi dflde c u a s i n h vien trfldng cdng eao hdn so vdi eac trflcfng k h a c d da so' cac kien thflc noi d u n g mdn hoe, ky n a n g lam viec nhdm, tfl duy p h a n tich. Tuy nhidn, trfldng tfl t h u c dfldc ngfldi lao dong d a n h gia la cd chfldng t r i n h dao t a o dap flng dflde yeu cdu cong vide va co kid'n thflc thflc te' cao hdn trfldng cdng lap va qud'e t e . Chfldng t r i n h dao t a o trfldng quoc t e ed ve d u n g hda ca 2
khdi kien thfle kf n a n g t r e n . Ki^n thfle chfnh t r i xa hdi va k h a n a n g v a n d u n g ly t h u y e t vao thflc t e deu hi d a n h gia t h a p hdn mfle t r u n g binh.
Ddi vdi mflc do q u a n t r o n g va flng d u n g cua chfldng t r i n h dao t a o , ngfldi lao ddng tfl ta't ca cac loai h i n h dao t a o deu ehia se gdc n h i n k h a tfldng dSng. Ho d a n h gia cao khdi kien thflc bo t r ^ (ngoai ngfl, tin hoc), k h a n a n g lam viee n h d m , k h a n a n g kiem soat thdi gian, k y n a n g giai quyet v i n de va ky n a n g flng d u n g ly thuye't vao thflc t e t r o n g k h i do lai khdng t h ^ y t d m q u a n t r o n g va k h a n a n g flng d u n g eua khdi kien thflc c h i n h tri xa hgi.
Ngoai ra, so s a n h k h a n a n g sfl d u n g kie'n thflc ky n a n g so vdi k h a n a n g dao tao - dfldc t i n h b a n g each l^y gia t r i t r u n g b i n h cua mflc do sfl d u n g chia cho mflc do ngfldi lao dong ITnh hgi dfldc ve tflng loai ky n a n g (prog_use/prog_kno) ket q u a cho tha'y:
chfldng t r i n h dao t a o c u a trfldng tfl t h u e cd k h a n a n g v a n d u n g t r o n g cdng viec td't nha't d kie'n thfle thflc te', ky n a n g giao tie'p, kiem soat thcfi gian va k h a n a n g giai quyd't va'n de; chfldng t r i n h dao t a o cua trfldng qud'c t e nd'i trdi d kid'n thflc c h i n h t r i xa hgi, ky n a n g giao t i e p , flng d u n g kie'n thflc vao thflc te'.
NghiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 6(481) - Thing 6/2018 53
Nen tang ado tao vd ndng luc ,
HINH 6: Nhom cac kien thuTc ky nang linh hoi phan theo loai hinh dao tao
Kien Kien Tir Kf Ojnh Kiem KJ thiic thiJc duy nang hiftJng sodt nang 1^ Ihirc phan giao nghe thirt \km Uiuyet t ^ tich ti^p gian Kh5
n i n g
I
dung crng• C6ii|;Lfp 3.55 2,&7 :>.43
• Tl- Ilnic 2.94 2.69 3.15
• Q u a c l j 3.51 2J6 3.44 3.2S 3 . 3,16 3, 3.36. 3.
Cong lap
•-2 3.14 3,21 3,04 3.09 13 2.63 2,75 l.il 2,S3 51 3 2.9- 2.3S 3
•Tathuc •Qu6cte
nh6m
3.34 3,36 3,5 7
quy^t vin
ai
3,31 2 , i S 3,13
thuyll vdo thi/c te 3.16 2.81 2.S1
Ngudn: Tinh toan cua tac gia.
4. K e t l u a n
Xem xet nang Iflc lao ddng trong KCNC TP. Ho Chi Minh dai dien eho nang Iflc thi trfldng lao ddng dang sfl dung tfl ngfldi lao ddng vdi yeu e4u ve nang Iflc tinh thich nghi, kinh nghiem edng vide cao, k h a nang giai quyet va'n de, cho thay, cac kid'n thflc ky nang nay nam trong nhdm ky nang mem va kien thfle thflc te^. Trong khi do da sd' ngfldi lao ddng dd'n tfl trflcfng edng eung c&p tot ndi dung mdn hgc, kie'n thflc ly thuydt va lam vide nhdm. Tfl do, eho tha'y '16 hong" gifla dao tao va yeu c^u cdng viec rdi vao nhom ky nang mem da de cap. Dieu nay gdp phdn ly giai tai sao cac cdng ty khd tim dfldc nguon n h a n Ifle phfl hdp, trong khi so Ifldng lao dgng cung flng cao. Ngoai ra, theo World Bank, cd it nha't 5 k h a n a n g khdng ket noi trong he thong giao due bac eao la: (i) khoang each gifla cac ndi dao tao va ky nang cdn thiet cho n h a tuyen dung; (ii) mdi quan he nghien cflu va ky t h u a t ye'u gifla ndi dao tao
va cdng ty; (iii) cd sfl p h a n biet gifla giang day va nghien eflu, h a y ndi each khac la gifla chflc nang giang day va chflc n a n g nghien cflu; (iv) khdng ke't ndi t r o n g dao tao, nghia la gifla ndi dao tao va ndi hua'n luyen; (v) c6 sfl p h a n biet gifla ndi dao tao eao hge va ndi dao tao ea'p hge t h a p hdn. Trong pham vi nghien cflu nay, "lo hd'ng" gifla dao tao va thi trflcfng cd t h e den tfl k h a n a n g khdng ket noi thfl nhHit va thfl h a i . Ngfldi lao ddng danh gia thieu eac ky n a n g giao tiep va xac dinh muc tieu khi cdn la sinh vien, ky nang giao tie'p, sang tao cdn h a n che. Thd' nhflng Ifldng kien thfle va ky n a n g tfl cac chfldng t r i n h dao tao c6 sfl khac biet theo loai h i n h dao tao cong lap, tfl thuc, hoac quoc te. Trfldng cdng lap co Ifldng kie'n thfle hoc cao nhflng flng dung dfldc kie'n thflc do vao edng viec lai h a n che hdn trflcfng tfl t h u c . Ne'u theo n h u cdu cua thi trfldng, thi xu hfldng dao tao cua trflcfng tfl thue va qud'e t e cd t h e dap flng hdn n h u cdu thi trfldng d cac kie'n thflc thflc te va ky nang
5 4 NghiSn ciiu Kmh Iff sff 6(481) - Thing 6/2018
Nen tang ddo tao vd ndng luc
m e m . D^ cai t h i e n cae chfldng t r i n h dao tao, cac t r u d n g cdn t a p t r u n g n h i e u h d n t r o n g viec giang day cac k y n a n g n a y . Mdt t h a c h thflc ldn eua ddn vi dao t a o l a l a m eho lao ddng cd t u d u y p h a n b i e n va giai quyet va'n de de day m a n h k h a n a n g s a n g t a o .
Lfle Ifldng lao ddng ed t a y n g h e eao l a t r u n g t a m eua sfl t h a n h edng t r o n g chuyen doi k i n h te' v a xa hdi cua Vidt N a m , ta^t n h i e n se cang q u a n t r g n g eho n g a n h cdng n g h e cao.
Do dd, sfl t a p t r u n g ddu tfl cdng va tfl vao giao due la di^u h i e n n h i d n de n a n g cao k y n a n g va cha't Ifldng cua Iflc Ifldng lao ddng n h a m thfle h i e n m u e t i e u ehien Ifldc p h a t trien. K h o a n g each k y n a n g , t h i e u h u t k y n a n g va t h d n g t i n l a cae r a o can c h i n h t r o n g ehuyen dd'i lao dgng d Viet N a m . Giao due dai hgc dflde xem l a ddng Iflc c h i n h nudi dfldng chat Ifldng nguon n h a n lfle c u a d o a n h nghiep va d a t nfldc. Do dd, chfldng t r i n h dao t a o eua eac trfldng dai hgc chie'm vi t r i ra't q u a n trgng. Mae dfl dao t a o n g h e k h d n g md rdng b a n g dao t a o dai hgc, nhflng n h d m n a y v i n t h u h u t Ifldng 16n ngudi t r e tud'i. Ddn vi dao tao va doanh n g h i e p n e n c h u dgng h e n hd va g^n kd't vdi n h a u t a o r a mgt chfldng t r i n h dao tao phfl hdp cho t h i trfldng lao ddng. Trong thdi ky Vidt N a m diy m a n h hgi n h d p k i n h td' va thfle h i e n eae h i e p fldc thfldng m a i vdi WTO, h i e p flde AFTA va A P E C , vide k e t ndi n e n t a n g dao t a o va d o a n h n g h i e p cang ed y nghia q u a n trgng, giup t h u c ddy n a n g Iflc ngfldi lao dgng de n a n g eao n a n g lfle e a n h t r a n h cua doanh nghiep Viet N a m t r e n t h i trfldng quoc te./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Burke T. B. (2003), Defining competency and revewing factors that make impact knowledge, percieved importance and use of competencies in the 4-H profesional's job, Hi.D Thesis. Eastern Michigan University
2 Bynner J. (1998), Education and family components of identity in the transition from school to work, International journal of behavior development.
22(1), 29-53.
3. Doan T. & and Stevens P. (2011), Labor market returns to higher education in Vietnam, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal.
4. Dircmg Dinh Giam (2017), C6ng nghiep Viet Nam, m6t s6 kigh nghi v^ chinh sach phat tri^n de'n nam 2025 va t ^ nhin de'n nam 2035. Ban Kinh te'trung itang, trich ti( https://kinhteirunguong.vn, ngdy 29/09/2017.
5. Gangani N. T., McLean G. N. & Braden R. A.
(2004), Competency-Based Human Resource Development Strategy. In Egan, T. M. & M. L. Morris (Eds.), Proceedings AHRD 2004 conference. Bowling Green, OH: AHRD.
6. Jorgensen C. H. (2004), Connecting work and education: should learning be useful, correct or meaningful? Journal of Workplace Learning, 16 (8).
7. Lave J. & Wenger E, (1991), Situated learning:
Legitimate peripheral participation, Cambrid: Cambridge University Press.
8. Mansilla V. B. & Jackson A. (2011), Educating for Global Competence: Preparing Our Youth to Engage the World, Asia Society. CCSSO.
9. McQelland D. C. (1973), Testing for competencies rather than for intelligcncy, American Psychologist.
lO.Nguygn Ba Ngoc v^ Dang Dd Quyfin (2014), NhOng thach thiic vi lao d6ng, viec lam trong qua trinh t ^ dung cd c£l!u dfln s6' v^ng va dcfi pho vdi gik h6a ddn s6 d^ phat triin b^n vOng dit, Tgp chi Nghien ciiw Kinh te, sd'2(429).
11. Reddy G. J. (2012), Vietnam: Towards maintaining equilibrium with intemational competence in higher education and human resources, Universal Journal of Education and General Studies.
12.Thomton IH G. C. and Rupp D. H. (2006), Assessment centers in human resource management:
Strategies for Prediction, Diagnosis, and Development, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. World Bank (2008), Vietnam: Higher Education and Skills for Growth, The World Bank Press.
14. World Bank (2012), Putting Higher Education to Work: Skills and Research for Growth in East Asia, The World Bank Press.
IS.Worid Bank (2014). Skilling Up Vietnam:
Preparing the Workforce for a Modem Market Economy, The World Bank Press.
Ngay nhan bai:
NgSy duyet dang:
17-4-2018 22-5-2018
NgtiiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018 5 5
