Inquiries regarding the use of the book should be directed to INTECH's Rights and Permissions Department ([email protected]). He is currently head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrophysics at the Department of Thermomechanics CAS, v.v.i.
Electric Drives in Alternative Fuel Vehicles — Some New Definitions and Methodologies
Introduction
- Electric drive application background in Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs)
- Current research situation and new challenges for electric drives in AFVs
- Objectives and contents’ overview
Some countries, eg, Japan, are committed to hybrid vehicles and have developed many popular models, eg, the Toyota "Prius". Some other countries, eg, Germany, have unique technologies in pure electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, etc. The electric drive system itself as a whole is closely related to the power subsystem, which is the main technology of electric vehicles.
Configurations and components of electric drives in AFVs
- Electric drive configurations in various powertrains
A bidirectional DC-DC converter as seen in Figure 2 can be divided into three main blocks. Converters can be classified into two main categories: hard-switching and soft-switching DC-DC converters and inverters.
Driver
Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are used in high power modules as switching devices. The main problem of high-power modules is the high loss of electrical energy, which requires a liquid cooling system.
Power converter
For example, the strategies of flux weakening control, id=0 control and MTPA control are widely used in PMSM control software. New definitions of modeling and design of DC APF for electric drives in AFVs.
New definitions of modeling and design of the DC APF for electric drives in AFVs
- New definitions of mathematical modeling integration from ESS to motor
- Design of DC active power filter for ESS chaotic current elimination
The operating principle of the proposed DC active power filter (APF) is outlined in Figure 5. The high-frequency components are derived from the difference between the real-time sampling of the DC bus current and low-frequency components calculated in the previous processing period.
Advanced motor control strategies for AFV-based electric drives
- Sensorless drives for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) in AFVs Due to the characteristic of getting rid of sensors and reduction of cost and systematic
- Advanced flux-weakening control at high speeds required by AFE driving
In the constant torque region, the stator voltage increases as the internal EMF of the motor increases in proportion to the motor speed. Figure 10(a) illustrates the block diagram of the novel flux attenuation control based on nonlinear current compensation.
Conclusions
As the speed of the IPMSM increases, the output of the current regulator approaches the limit of the pulse width modulator. But at the low speed region the output voltage of the current regulator is usually less than Vmax and thus Part 3 is not activated.
Acknowledgements
The current command is* the output of the speed controller P1I and is then decomposed into the d- and q-axis components, idx* and iqx* according to the trajectory of the maximum torque per amp until the current controller begins to saturate. a) Block diagram of the new flow attenuation control based on non-linear current compensation. With a reduced voltage limit, the performance of the current regulator deteriorates and finally loses its ability to control.
Author details
As shown in Figure 10(b), the controller provides a voltage limit by compensating the d-axis current in the negative direction to prevent saturation of the current regulators. The function of part 2 is to adjust the current command iqx* of the q-axis when the current command iqs* of the d-axis has increased towards the negative direction due to the current limit Ismax.
BIOSYSTEMS.2014.09.008
Efficiency improvement of inverter for switched reluctance motor drives by mixed parallel operation of IGBT and MOSFET. Analysis of field-oriented controlled induction motor drives under sensor faults and an overview of sensorless schemes.
Modeling and Control Strategy for Hybrid Electrical Vehicle
HEVs configurations and reviews
- Definitions
- HEV configurations
- Parallel HEVs reviews
As shown in Figure 2, both ICE and EM are coupled to the final transmission via mechanical links in parallel HEVs. Engine Only Mode: In this mode, the ICE is turned off and the vehicle is fully powered by the EM.
HEV configuration and modeling
At extremely heavy loads and from the driver's control, both EM1 and EM2 can be simul‐. The effect of the road dynamics and the road slope can be considered as the additional disturbances of the system.
Model predictive controller design
- MPC control application for EM2
- MPC performance for ICE and EM1
The weighting matrices Q=Q'≥0 and R=R'>0 are used for the predicted output and input increments. The new weighting elements, εi(t), are added to the MPC softening objective function: Λ>0 (generally some small values) become the weighting factors, εi(t) represent the violation penalty terms (εi(t)≥0 ) of the scheme's objective function.
Fault Diagnosis of Switched Reluctance Motors in Electrified Vehicle Applications
Principle of SRM
The power converter has many types of topologies, while the asymmetric half-bridge converter topology is one of the most widely used topologies, as shown in Figure 3. 2. wide range of torque-speed characteristics. In order to meet the mentioned requirements, this chapter focuses on fault diagnosis and fault tolerance operation; a new modular fault tolerance topology is proposed based on the traditional SRM drive topology; and the corresponding fault diagnosis and fault tolerance schemes are represented by trade-off hardware and software.
Principle of SRM
The SRM drive system is mainly composed of SRM, power converter, controller, position detector and current detector, as shown in Figure 1. The SRM has double salient pole structure, and the concentrated windings are wound around its stator, while its rotor is only made of silicon steel plates exist. The SRM drive system mainly consists of SRM, power converter, controller, position detector and current detector, as shown in Figure 1.
2 Fault Diagnosis Methods
SRM fault characteristics
Therefore, the SRM drives are considered an attractive solution for EV and HEV powertrains [11, 12]. Therefore, the SRM drives are considered an attractive solution for EV and HEV powertrains.
Fault diagnosis methods
- SRM fault characteristics
- Bus current detection
- Bus current detection
- Fault diagnosis based on the FFT algorithm
- Fault diagnosis based on the FFT algorithm
The bus current is in the phase demagnetization state, i.e. demagnetization bus current, denoted by ifc. The bus current is in the phase demagnetization state, i.e. demagnetization bus current, denoted by ifc.
Fault Tolerance Topology
When the tapped center node is connected to the positive node of the power supply, the left side of the converter is bypassed, which can block the fault of the left side. The same method, when the tapped center node A is connected to the negative node of the power supply, the right side of the converter is reversed, which can block the fault from the right side.
Fault tolerant topology
- Switching device faults and phase winding open-circuit faults
- Switching device faults and phase winding open-circuit faults
- Fault tolerance operation under open-circuit fault conditions
- Switching device and phase winding short-circuit fault diagnosis
- Switching device and phase winding short-circuit fault diagnosis
- Fault tolerance operation control strategy
- Fault tolerance operation control strategy
- Experimental verification
Figure 20(a) shows the phase current and phase inductance in the fault tolerance operation with a half-phase winding, compared to a normal operation. Experimental results of fault tolerance operation with only a half-phase winding in the extremely faulted condition.
Conclusion
Experimental results of tolerance operation with half-phase winding only in extreme fault condition at steady state. Experimental results of tolerance operation with half-phase winding only in extreme fault condition at steady state.
Battery Management System for Electric Drive Vehicles – Modeling, State Estimation and Balancing
Battery modeling
- Review of battery equivalent circuit models
- The battery impedance model
The Rint model [8] utilizes the ideal voltage source Voc as the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery. An added parallel RC network is used to explain the dynamic response of the battery.
State of charge estimation
- Existing methods for state of charge estimation
- The proportional integral observer SOC estimation method
The slope of the line is a constant value of rπ/ 2, which means that it is a partial element of CPE. The main methodology is to utilize both the voltage and current of the battery.
Battery balancing
- Existing balancing topologies
- The advanced cell to cell battery balancing topology
Due to "bucket effects", the actual available capacity of the battery pack would be dramatically reduced. A high voltage must be applied to the switches in the secondary winding of the transformer.
Experimental validation
- Battery test
- Experimental results and analysis
Capacity test is performed first to get the actual capacity of the battery.[71] The test results are as shown in Figure 12. In this case, the reference SOC is actually 100%, but the initial SOC of the SOC estimation method is assumed to be 60%.
Conclusion
Cao, "A new method to estimate the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries based on the battery impedance model," Journal of Power Sour-. Li, "The state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on a proportional integral observer "Vehicle Technol‐.
Electric Drives for Propulsion System of Transport Aircraft
Hybrid-electric and universally-electric propulsion system architecture
- Topological options for electric drive application
- Enabling technologies for electric drive application to transport aircraft Technologies considered as key enablers for the deployment of electric drives to the
Practical engineering solutions must be provided for the integration of the electric motor into the gas turbine environment. This approach offers a number of advantages over mounting an electric motor on a low-pressure gas turbine shaft.
Compendium of hybrid- and universally-electric aircraft
With a growing understanding of the technology and its implications at the aircraft level, innovative advanced aircraft configurations designed through a more ambitious holistic integrated electric propulsion system are expected to emerge. With a growing understanding of the technology and its implications at the aircraft level, innovative advanced aircraft configurations designed through a more ambitious holistic integrated electric propulsion system are expected to emerge.
Insights regarding integrated hybrid-electric transport aircraft
- Algebraic descriptors and figure-of-merits
- Aircraft retrofit with hybrid-electric propulsion system
- Hybrid-electric clean sheet design
- Distributed hybrid-electric clean sheet design
The topological approach of the hybrid-electric propulsion system is identical to that presented in Section 4.2. The sizing strategy of the hybrid-electric propulsion system was analyzed as a function of Hpuse[23].
Conclusion and outlook
In addition, in the current model, the specific ˛Ac weight of the electrical components was considered to be independent of any scale effect. The impact of the hybrid-electric propulsion on aircraft size according to the EF cruise throttling strategy is illustrated by the change in MTOW versus the change in Heblock in Figure 12.
Electric-driven Zonal Hydraulics in Non-Road Mobile Machinery
Description of test setup
- Components used
The first prototype of the DDH layout: (a) zoomed-in view; (b) experimental setup consists of (a) double-acting cylinder, (b) wire encoder, (c) pressure sensor, (d) reversible gear pump/motor P1, (e) pressure sensor, (f) gearbox, (g ) PMSM motor/generator, (h) current sensors, (i) frequency converter, (j) tank, (k) pressure sensor, (l) reversible gear pump/P2 motor, and (m) tank line pressure sensor;. c) the crane is used to set up the DDH as a test platform (side view). The parameters of the electric motor are shown in table 1. The parameters of the pump/motors are shown in tables 2 and 3. pressure Minimum speed Maximum speed. pressure Minimum speed Maximum speed.
Investigation of the hydraulic connections
- Case I
- Case II
- Case III
- Case IV
During lowering, chamber A3 of the cylinder must receive the current QVc2, down. During descent, chamber A3 of the cylinder must exhaust the volumetric flow rate QVc2, down.
Summary
During the lift, A3 chamber flow of the cylinder QVc2,op and leakage flow QVl2 must be removed by the pump/motor P2, but the pump/motor P2 is able to actually pump out the flow of QVt2. During the entire stroke, the change in the volume of the fluid chamber ΔVup,IV.
Simulink modeling
Pressure simulation results in the DDH system with accumulator A only (red line) and with accumulator. DDH system pressure simulation results: p1 is P1 pump/motor pressure, p3 is P2 pump/.
Experimental investigation
Emech is shaft energy and is calculated as the integral of the power on the shaft (Pshaft). The input energy of the pump is mechanical energy and the output is hydraulic energy.
Conclusion
Bearing losses depend on shaft speed, bearing type, lubricant properties and load. Additionally, another challenge was the location of hydraulic accumulators and pump/motor lines with external flow.
Variable Frequency Drive Applications in HVAC Systems
Principles
- Variable speed fans and pumps
- Variable speed compressors
Several major HVAC manufacturers, such as Trane, Carrier, McQuay, Lennox, AAON, York and Emerson, began to equip variable speed compressors in their new products, such as RTU, HP, room air conditioning units computer (CRAC) or coolers. . Some major HVAC manufacturers, such as Trane, Carrier, McQuay, Lennox, AAON, York, and Emerson, began to equip variable speed compressors in their new products, such as RTU, HP, computer room air conditioning units ( CRAC) or coolant. .
VFD applications
- Air systems
- Water systems
- Air Compressors
- Air compressors
- Refrigeration systems
In a single duct VAV system, VFDs are installed on the supply and return fans. Supply fan and compressor speeds are modulated to maintain set room temperature.
VFD application on fault detection and diagnosis
In Figure 13, the VFD controls the speeds of multiple motors, such as fan motors, pump motors, or compressors. The speed and power of the VFD are supplied by the VFD itself and sent via Modbus communication to an external controller or BAS.
Application considerations
- Minimum VFD speed
- Interferences
The lower the frequency, the greater the maximum possible cable length between the VFD and motors. In this way, separate dedicated transformers and grounds are used for the VFD and the control system.
Summary
Meanwhile, the operational factors must also be considered, such as indoor air quality (IAQ) requirements and air distribution requirements. In applications with chilled water pumps, the primary pump speed must be high enough to provide sufficient chilled water through chillers.
