Nganh che Thai Nguyen voi van de tiep can thi tru-cmg quoc te
Vii Nggc Quyen'"'
Tdm tat: Thdi Nguyen Id tinh dung thu hai trong ca nuoc ve dien tich vd sdn lirang che Xcu nhu nganh che I let .yam la nganh djnh huong xudt khdu thi che xanh ciia Thai^
Nguyen Igi chu yiu duac tieu thu tren thi trudng ngi dia. Thuc ti ndy xudt phdt tir Igi the canh tranh ciia Thdi Nguyen vi cdc .sdn phdm che xanh Iruyin thdng ciing nhu thi hieu cua ngudi tieu diing trong nude, nhimg mat khdc cUng bdi nhirng han chi nhdt dinh cua nganh che tinh ndy Dua tren so lieu khdo sat thuc ti tgi tinh Thdi Nguyin, bdi viit tap trung phdn tich cdc diim manh. diem yiu, ca hgi vd thach thuc ciia sdn phdm che Thai Nguyen trong vi^c tiip can vdi thi irudng qudc te thdng qua phuong phap phdn tich SWOT; tudd duara ddnh gid chung vd mgt sd ggiy ve gidiphdp nhdm cdi thien khd ndng tiip cgn thi ffudng khu virc vd the gidi cua nganh che Thdi Nguyen.
Tir khoa: Che xanh, Che Thai Nguyen, Phan tich SWOT, Thi trudng che, Viet Nam Abstract: Thai Nguyen is Vietnam s second largest tea producer in terms of tea area and production. Tea from the province, however, is mainly consumed in domestic markets. This fad, on one hand, is due largely to the province's competitive advantage of traditional green tea products and the preference of domestic consumers, but on the other reflects the limited export capacity of the local tea industry. Based on the data fi-om field surveys in Thai Nguyen province, the paper looks at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Thai Nguyen tea products in accessing international markets by adopting a SWOT analysis, there by provides general views and possible regional and global market access solutions for them.
Keywords: Green tea. Thai Nguyen tea, SWOT, Tea market, Vietnam
I. Gidi thif u chia thanh ba vimg chinh: Ddng Bdc la viing Che la logi cay edng nghiep phd biin, che xanh truyin thdng, Tay Bac la viing che dugc uong lai 34 64 tinh, thanh phd cua san tuyit (che ty nhien) va Tay Nguyen la Viet Nam va trai rdng tir Bac chi Nam. Tuy viing che 6 long (chu y i u tap trung tai titih nhien, ddi vdi che dac san Viet Nam, cd the Lam Ddng). Nam d phia Ddng Bac bg, tinh Thai Nguyen ndi tieng vdi san pham che .•.•n,S,Vi«nKmh.iVie>Na™. Vi«n Hi, lim Khoa "^"^ ' " y ^ " thSng, d4c biet la che xanh Tan hpc xa hgi Vicl Nam. Ciroong - mpt trong hai nhan hieu che du(,c Email: vnqu)'[email protected] bao hQ chi dan dia ly tai Viet Nam.
RgAnh ch6 Thii Rguyfen.. 45 Cd nhiiu nghien ciiu ve nganh che Viet
Nam cung nhu che Thai Nguyen da dugc eac tae gia gong va ngoai nude thyc hien' Cac nghien ciiu eho thdy mot sd ban che Idn cua nganh che Viet Nam ndi chung va Thai Nguyen ndi rieng, cung nhu da ban tdi vi tri cua nganh che Viet Nam trong chudi gia tri che the gidi.
Bai viet su dung cac sd lieu thii cap va sd lieu so cap dugc thu thap thdng qua khao sat thuc dia tai thanh phd Thai Nguyen va huyen Dai Tir, tinh Thai Nguyen^ vdi dung lugng mau gdm 168 bang hdi (vdi hg ndng dan Irdng che), 50 phdng van sau (vdi doanh nghiep, hgp tac xa, co sd san xuat/
ehe bien che) va 11 thao luan nhdm (vdi cac CO quan quan ly). Cac so lieu thii cap dugc thu thap, tdng hgp td cac ngudn trong nude va qudc te thdng qua viec khai thac
' T o Linh Huong (2017), "Tea value chain and the participation of Vietnani", PhD Thesis, National Eonomics University, Hanoi, Vietnani; Vu Quynh Nam and Tran Chi Thien (2017), 'Economic efficiency of tea households in professional tea villages of Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam", fnlernational Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, V(8), 383-396, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, Dao Thi Huong, Do Xuan Luan, and Do Thuy Ninh (2017), "Delemiinants of tea value chain linkages in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam", International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, V (9). 51-60; Ngu>'en Bich Hong and Mitsuyasu Yabe (2015), "Resource use efficiency of tea production in Vietnam; Using translog SFA model". Agricultural Science, 7(9), 160-172; Nguyen Viet Khoi, Chu Lan Huong, and To Linh Huong (2015), "Vietnam Tea Industiy: An Analysis from Value Chain Approach", International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (}JMVSC),6i^),\.\5.
' Khao sdt njm trong khuon kho D i tai cdp Bg "Cai thi^n chuoi gii trj nong nghi?p ciia Viet Nam: Truong h ^ ngdnh che va trai vai trfin thi trudmg qu6c t i " thuc hi^n nam 2018-2019, do TS. Le Van Himg (Vien Kinh tc Vi?t Nam) chu nhiem, Vi^n Han Idm Khoa hpc xS h§iVi?tNamchiStri.
cac nghien ciiu san cd, cac bao cao, van ban cua cac co quan quan ly lien quan va ngudn sd lieu thdng ke ciia tinh Thai Nguyen
Phuong phap nghien cuu ap dyng la phan tich dinh lugng (dya gen ket qua khao sal hi bang hdi) va phan tieh thdng ke md ta theo each tiep can Ma Iran SWOT (S:
Strengths - Diem manh; W: Weaknesses - Diem yeu; O; Opportunities - Co hgi; T:
Threats - Thach thiic).
Diem manh la nhiing ngi tac (cac yeu td xuat phat tir ban than chuoi gia tri) cd tac dgng tich cyc ddi vdi chuoi gia tri che cua Thai Nguyen. Day la nhirng diem can dugc sii dung lam nen tang va tiep tuc khai thac de tao ra ddn bay nham phat trien chuoi.
Ngugc lai, diem yeu la nhimg ndi tac cd tac ddng tieu cue ddi vdi chuoi gia tri che Thai Nguyen, can duge khac phuc, thay the hoac loai bd.
Co hgi va thach thire dugc tao ra tit cac ngoai tac, tiie cac yeu td xuat phat tir mdi trudng xung quanh chuoi gia tri che Thai Nguyen. Cae co hdi la nhung diem can dugc ndm bat kip thdi va tan dung de tiep tuc xay dyng va phat trien chuoi gia gi, edn eac thach thire ckn dugc dua vao ke hoach phat triin nham cd phuong an quan ly, giai quyit hoac phdng bi de ban che tac dgng tieu cyc tdi su phat gien cua chuoi.
2. Mgt so ket qua nghien ciru
Nganh che Thai Nguyen thu hiit sy tham gia cua khoang 95.000 hd ndng dan, tuong duong 40% tdng sd hd gia dinh tai khu vuc ndng thdn ciia tinh (Sd Cdng thuong tinh Thai Nguyen, 2017). Dien tich che canh tac ciing lien tuc dugc md rgng qua cac nam va dat muc 22.027 ha nam 2018, chiim 14,3% tdng dien tich dat canh tac va 57,9% tdng dien tich cay cdng nghiep lau nam cua toan tinh (Cue Thdng ke linh Thai Nguyen, 2018).
46 Th6ng Hn Khoa hgc xa hgi. sO 6.i0i De thay dugc cac yeu Id ben uong va
ben ngoai chuoi gia tri che cua Thai Neu\ en cd the anh hudng lich cyc hoac tieu cyc den viec tiep can thi trudng qudc te nhu the nao, nghien ciiu ap dyng phucmg phap phan tich SWOT - tim hieu cac diem manh. diem yeu, eo hgi \k thach thiic ddi vdi chuoi gia tri che (Hinh 1).
Hinh I. Ma Iran SWOT ciia ngiinh chi tinh Th^i Nguyen
ky. ca\' che hien da dugc trong tren loan bg9 thanh ph6/huy?n/lhi xa ciia tinh vdi tdng dif"
tich eanh tac lien tyc dugc md rgng qu^ ^^^
nam. Cung \a\ do, nhiiu nhan hi?u che cua Thai Nguyen dd trd nen ndi tieng. tiisng do co mgt nhan hieu che da dugc cdp chi dan dia ly (••Che Tan Cuong") va sau nhan hieu tgp the (gdm "Che Thai Nguyen", "Che La Bang",
"Che Vd Tianh", "Che Tuc Tranh", "Che Pho Yen" va "Che Trai Cai").
Rieng nhan hieu "Che Thai Nguyen" da dugc bao hg tai Hoa Ky ki tir thang 7/2006.
Kit qua khao sat thyc dia lai tinh Thai Nguyen cho thly, xu hudng ehuyin doi san xudt che thdng thudng sang san xuat che an loan ngay cang rd, dac biet dong khoang 10 nam trd a) Diim manh lai day. Dien tich che an toan hien ehiem Thai Nguyen cd dieu kien ly nhien tdi 80% tdng dien tich che cua tinh va cd t h u ^ Igi cho cay che, dac biet la gidng khoang 34% long dien tich duge chiing nhan che dugc du nhap tir tinh Phu Thg, hay cdn lieu chuan Thye hanh san xuat ndng nghiep duge ggi la che Trung du. Neu nhu dieu tdt d Viet Nam (VietGAP) va eac lieu chudn kign nhiet do thich hgp cho eay ehe phat khac, gong do cd Quy ehe Chiing nhan cua uiin la gong khoang 22°C-28''C va do am UTZ Certified - mgt chuong tiinh va nhan dat 80%-85%, thi nhiel do trung binh nam eanh tac b i n viing dugc thira nhan gen toan va do am trung binh nam cua Thai Nguyen the gidi. Ket qua khao sat cung chi ra nhimg kha 1\ tudng. tuong img la 25''C va 81,2%. thay ddi tieh cue ve thdi quen canh tac eua Lugng mua trung binh hang nam gen dia ngudi Uong che tai Thai Nguyen khi viec ban linh vao khoang 2.000-2.500 mm, tap sii dyng phan bdn hda hge da cd xu hudng Uimg til thang 5 den thang 10. Vi vay. cay giam ddn Uong ba nam d d lai day (2016- che cua Thai Nguyen, dae biet la che Tan 2018). Ty le cac hg giam sii dung phan hda Cuong, thudng sinh trudng va phat trien tot hgc ehiim xap xi 1/3 tdng sd hg khao sat. S6 nhat vao miia he (thang 5 den thang 7) nhd hg tang sii dyng phan xanh va phan vi sinh cd du nang, dii nhiet do va du nude. lan lugt ehiem 77,25% va 72,46%, c6n si Vdi kmh nghiem, ky ihuat trdng va chi hg tang eudng sii dung phan chuong chiim biin che dugc tich luy tiieo lich sir mgt the gan 50%.
SWOT
NQT rAc
KGOAl TAC
TJCHCU'OCOLOl Di£m manh
• Diiu ki^n ivinhi^nlhutin Igi cho cay che
• Tniycn Ihfing Iflu din \a nhi^u nhan hi?u noi tiing
• Xu hudng mo r^ng san \uai an loin
Cah^i
• Nhu c^u che Ircn the gioi ang
• Xu htrang san xuSl chi theo chirngchi
• Moi Irudng h5 irp luang ddi phii trien
TIEUCUC'BATI.OI Di^m y^u
• Quy in6 san xual va che bi£n nho Ic
• siin xuil che cd chimg nh$n cAn h ^ chi
• l.am d\ing thuoc bao v$ Ih^rc v^i
• K> thual san \uat vk chi biin thii eon^
• Chal lupng san pham chira <t6ng deu
• Lien kcilhco chuoi chua phdi tricn Thdch ihiJrc
• Phy ihupc cao vio m^t s6 il lh| truong tieu thu
• Nang \vc c^nh tranh n^i ng^h yiu
• C^nh tranh lao d^ng tir cic nganh cdng nghiep khac
RsAnh chi Th&l Rguy^n...
h) Diem yeu
Quy md san xuat che cua cac hd ndng dan udng che tai Thai Nguyen cdn rat ban che mac du dien lich canh tac che cua tinh lien luc tang len qua cac nam. Theo ket qua khao sal. binh quan moi hd san xuat chi cd 0,36 ha, phan tan thanh hai hoac ba manh khac nhau (cd the gan hoac each xa noi d).
Do quy md san xuat nhd le nhu vay, vdn de nude ludi chua dugc dau tu mgt each cd he thdng va dong bg. Hon 77% cac hg dugc khao sat phan anh ve van de thieu nude tudi, dac biet la vao cac thang miia khd (thang 11 den thang 4). Nhieu hg do do phai su dung nude gieng khoan de thay thi.
Chua ke tai cac dia ban thieu ha tang ket noi ve dien, nong dan phai ly dau tu may no de phat dien chay may bom nude, dan den chi phi san xuat Idn trong khi hieu qua san xuat theo quy md lai khdng cao.
San xuat che an toan theo lieu chuan van la ban che Idn ddi vdi nganh che tinh Thai Nguyen. Theo ket qua thu dugc qua phdng van sau va thao luan nhdm tai Sd Cdng thuong tinh Thai Nguyen, tinh den nam 2017, dien tich che dugc chiing nhan theo cac tieu chuan thyc hanh ndng nghiep lot (VietGAP va cac lieu chuan khac) ehi ti-en 735 ha, tuong duong 3,34% tong dien tich che cua loan tinh. Dieu dang chu y la chimg nhan cua gan mgt nira tdng dien tich che nay hien da het thdi ban.
Trong khi do, tinh trang lam dung thuoc bao ve thyc vat van dien ra va d miic dd rat dang luu tam. Trung bmh moi hg gdng ehe dugc khao sat phun thuoc 19,2 Idn/nam (cho 7 Ilia che), cao gap 1,38 lan so vdi miic khuyen cao la 14 lan/nam. Thdi gian each ly che dnjdc thu hoach lai ngan hon, tnmg binh chi cd 12,4 ngay so vdi muc khuyin cao la 15 nga>'. Neu dya theo ket qua khao sat nay, CO Uie n h ^ dinh rdng khau san xuit gong
chuoi gia tri che cua tmh Thai Nguyen chira dam bao cac ngirdng an toan dugc khuyin cao trong viec sii dung thude bao ve thyc v^t ddi vdi cay ehe va san pham che thu hoaeh.
Ky thuat san xuat va chi biin che cua cac ndng hd \an mang tinh thu cdng rSt cao, mgt phan cung xuat phat tir chinh quy md san xuat nhd. Trong khau san xuat, lao ddng sue ngudi ddng vai tro vd ciing quan Ugng - dae biet trong khau thu hai che. Ben canh dd, cd khoang 94% cac hg che biin ehe dugc khao sat hien van sir dung eac thiet bj gian don (nhu tdn quay) va ebdl dot tir cui de sao say ehe. Cach thiic sao say nay khien cho chat lugng che phy thugc nhieu vao kinh nghiem va ky thuat cua ngudi che bien trong viec tinh loan thdi gian. nhiet dg, v.v..., tuc bi quyet rieng cua limg hd. Cae san pham ehe do dd cd sy khac biet Idn ve chat lugng giira cac hd, dan den thieu dong deu ve chat lugng san pham.
Mac dii lien ket gong ehuoi ddng vai gd quan trgng ddi vdi hieu qua boat ddng cua ehuoi, eac lien ket theo chuoi hien nay ciia san pham che lai tinh Thai Nguyen cdn rat ban ehe. Chi cd 1,8% hg ndng dan duge khao sat cho biet cd lien ket vdi doanh nghiep Uong khau tieu thy san pham (lien ket dgc);
sd hg cd tham gia vao cac hgp lac xa (lien ket ngang va dgc) ehiem 12,75% va tham gia cac td hgp tac (lien ket ngang) ehiem 8,98%.
Day la cac con so rat thlp, ham chi miic do gan ket ve san xuat va lieu thy theo chuoi gia tri che tai tmh Thai Nguyen cdn kha yeu.
c) Ca hgi
Theo dy bao cua Td chirc Luong thyc va Ndng nghiep Lien Hgp Quoe (FAO, 2018:
4 - 5), tu nam 2008 cho den den nam 2027, tdng san lugng che gen loan the gidi se tiep tuc tang vdi toe do binh quan 2,2%/nam, dat miic 4,42 trieu tdn, Uong dd san lugng che xanh xuat khau se dat khoang 1,66 tri^" f^"
48 ThOng Hn Khoa hoc xt Mi sd 6.20S0 Ben c ^ dd. gia che d i n
the gidi mac dii co nhihig bien dgng theo giai doan nhung xu hudng chung la tang dAn rir nam 2000.
Vice tang ve tdng cau va gia nhu vay s& la co hdi tdt eho cac qude gia san Miat che. gong dd cd \'iet Nam va tinh Thai Nguyen.
FAO cung dua ra du bao Uong trung ban, Viet Nam se van thugc nhdm 10 qudc gia xuat khau ehe hang dau the gidi. Mac
dii cdn nhiiu van de han che ve chdt lugng, san lugng che xanh ciia Vigl Nam se tiep hJe tang vdi tdc do binh quan 6,8%/nam.
Tren the gidi hien nay, che dugc giao dich chii yeu dya tren cac tieu ehuan gom: che huu co, Chiing nhan Rainforest
Bieu 2. San Itrpng vd kh6i luvng giao Ihinmg ch^
theo chihig chi tren the gidi. 2008-2012
Ngudn. [niemational institute for Sustainable Development, 2014: 297.
umg cung Idn nhat trong 4 loai che dugc chiing nhan. Mae dii che theo tieu chuan UTZ cd tdc do tang trudng kep hang nam ve san lugng tuong ddi Idn (58%), nhung toe dg tang ve khdi lugng giao thuong van d mue kha thap (5%) va ciing la loai che dugc mua ban it nhat trong so 4 loai tren.
Alliance (RA), Tieu chuan UTZ (danh Vdi nhu cau trao doi thuong mai tuong rieng cho che. ca phe va ca cao) va Tieu ddi nhd, chi khoang tren dudi 3.000 tin/
ehuan Cdng bang thuong mai (Fairtrade Standards - FS)'. Xu hudng san xuat che tren the gidi cho thay sy gia tang nhanh ehdng ve san lugng va khdi lugng giao
ndm va hau nhu khdng ddi qua eac nam thi dau ra xuat khau cho che UTZ se kha ban che.
Nganh ehe Thai Nguyen hien nay da thuong che dugc san xuat theo eac tieu cd mgt sd dien tich dat tieu chu4n san ehuan chiing nhan nay (Bieu 2). Trong xudt qudc t i , gom lieu chudn UTZ va tieu dd, nhu cdu ve che dat Chiing nhan RA chuan hiiu eo. Tuy nhien, kit qua khao cd sy gia tang dgt bien khi ca san iugng sat cho thay chi ed 3 hg san xudt che dat va khdi lugng giao thuong ciia loai che ehiing chi UTZ trong khi dien tich san nay deu dat toe do tang trudng kep hang xudt ehe hiiu co dat lieu chuan qudc t i nam la 6 1 % vdi cac gia tri tuyet ddi tuong chiim khong dang k i ^ Thai Nguyen van chua cd che san xuat theo theo lieu chuan '. ~. r"i , .. . . . ; ^ . RA va FS. Chinh vi vay, viec dinh h-,y- ' Che hOu CO CO cac neu chuan vi tieu chi cu the tuy •" -^ "i'ln nuang vio cic i<3 chirc cip chvnig nhSn; Chiing nhan RA • l$p irung \ao san xuat nong nghiep Mn viJng;Ti£u ' Chi gSn II ha che hthi co do Cong ty N T F A chuAn UTZ huong den cac ky thuat canh tic co tinh Viet Nam d4u tu tai huy?n D6ng Hy, (h^h i,' trich nhi^m va quan ly san xuSt hi?u qua; Chung Thii Nguyen dat chiing nhan hOu co cua L - ° nh§n FS yf u cAu phii dam b i o d6ng thoi vin dfi bio doan C i c phong uko nong n ^ i ^ p hOu co Qu6c^i^
ve m6i tnrimg. miic gi* c6ng bang cho ngudi sin (Intemational Federation of Oi^anic Agncultn xuit va quyin Igi ciia nguoi lao dgng. Movements - !FOAM Organics International) ^
RgAnh ch6 Thii RguYtoi..
san xu5l che xuSt khdu theo cac tieu chuan che RA, che hihi eo, hay FS se la lya chgn lot hem do nhu cdu ve eac loai che nay tren the gidi dang tang len va eao hon nhieu so vdi ehe UTZ.
Xac dinh cay che la cay trdng chien luge, linh Thai Nguyen da phat trien mdi trudng ho trg ddi vdi nganh che tuong ddi tot. Ke td ndm 2001 den nay, linh da lien tue xay dyng cac de an phat trien che, trong dd cac dinh hudng cu thd cho cay ehe dugc thyc hien theo cac giai doan 4-5 nam (2001-2005; 2006-2010; 2011-2015;
2017-2020). Hoat dgng xue tiin thuong mai ddi vdi cac san pham che cung dugc tinh ehu trgng thdng qua Festival Tra tai tinh, cac trien lam trong nude (2-3 lan moi nam) va cac hdi cho qudc te. Ve kiem dinh chat lugng san pham, hien cd hai trung tam kiem dinh chat lugng cho cac san pham che xuat khau la Trung tam Y te dy phdng thugc Sd Y te Thai Nguyen va Dai hgc Ndng Lam tinh Thai Nguyen (deu thugc dia ban thanh phd Thai Nguyen) nham ho Ug ngudi san xuat che cd dinh hudng xuat khau. Van de tiep can tin dung ciing duge thuan Igi hda thdng qua eac td chuc xa hdi nhu Hdi Ndng dan, Hgi Phu nu va thdng qua cae thii tuc don gian tai hai ngan hang Idn eho vay ve ndng nghiep - ndng thdn, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hgi (VBSP) va Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn (Agribank). Ndng dan trdng va che bien che cd the vay vdn mgt each de dang, thdi gian vay keo dai va dugc hudng lai suat uu dai thap hon nhieu so vdi lai suat thi trudng.
d) Thach thirc
Viec tieu thy che Thai Nguyen phu thugc Idn vao mgt so il thi trudng: gen 90%
san lugng che thanh pham dugc ngi tieu
\a mgt sd lugng nhd dugc xuat khau dudi
dang nguyen lieu thd', frong dd Pakistan la thi trudng thu mua hon 50% san lugng ehe xuat khiu cua linh. Ca hai Uii hordng Viet Nam va Pakistan deu dugc danh gia la de linh, xet gen cac tieu chuan ve chat lugng san pham cung nhu ve sinh va an loan thyc pham so vdi eac thi trudng cap cao nhu chau Au, Bac My hay Nhat Ban. Vdi each thuc san xuat va che bien phan Idn khdng theo tieu chuan thyc hanh nong nghiep tdt (VietGAP hay cae tieu chuan qudc te khae), rat khd de che Thai Nguyen cd the tiep can dugc cac thi trudng qudc te, du la cac thi trudng tam trung tuong ddi de tinh.
Lgi the canh tranh xuat khau ciia che Viet Nam ndi ehung va ehe Thai Nguyen ndi rieng cho den nay van ehu yeu la gia thap, vdi mirc gia ehi tuong duong 60%- 70% gia che xuat khau binh quan cua the gidi. Che Viet Nam chua duge danh gia eao ca ve ehat lugng va hinh thiic, trong khi du lugng thude bao ve thyc vat virgt mirc cho phep. Van de nay xuat phat tir cac ban che gong khau san xuat (ky thuat canh tac) va che bien (bao quan trong dieu kien do am cao). Trong khi do, cac ddi thu canh tranh Idn eua Viet Nam hien nay cd xu hudng nhdm vao khai thac lgi the rieng co hon la canh danh ddi dau va canh tranh ve gia.
Hon nua, cac qudc gia xuat khau cH'e hang dau the gidi deu hon ban Viet Nam vi trinh do cdng nghe, bi quyet che bien, nang lyc va ginh do td chuc, quan ly, kinh doanh cung nhu marketing. Hieu qua san xudt cho I kg che thanh pham hien nay lai Thai Nguyen van rat thap do chi phi san xudt Idn, dac biel la chi phi lao dgng (khau
' Che thinh phim cua Thai Nguyen chii yeu dugc xuit khiu dudi dang tiiu ngach vai so lugng khong dang ke, va khach hang thudng la nguoi Viet Nam sinh song 6 nuac ngoai.
50 Thflng Hn Khoa hoc xt hOI. 56 6.20S0 thu hai ehe chiim tdi 63,7% tdng chi phi)
va chi phi phan bdn cimg thude bao ve thyc vat (ehiem 32% tdng ehi phi), tiiang khi kha nang canh tranh ve thiet hi \ a cdng nghe eiia Viet Nam gan nhu khdng cd. Mac dii cac nha may ciia 'Viel Nam cd nang luc chi bien va kha nang thu hut nguyen lieu, nhung tieu chuan va loai hinh cdng nghe khdng ddng diu. Viec quan ly ehat lugng san pham tai cae eo sd ehe bien ehe thu cdng cdn phiic t^p hon nira. Day la thaeh thiic khdng he nhd cua nganh che Viet Nam ndi chung va tinh Thai Nguyen ndi rieng.
Ben canh dd, ban than nganh che cua tinh Thai Nguyen ciing dang vap phai van de e ^ O^anh ve lao dgng tu cac nganh cdng nghiep khac uong tinh. Gan 7 1 % hg ndng dan dugc khao sat cho biet viec tim thue lao dgng hign nay rat khd khan, Uong khi san xuat che lai la nganh tham dyng lao dgng. Theo sd li?u thdng ke eiia Cue Thdng kc Thai Nguyen (2018). niu nhu nam 2010 lao dgng hong khu vye ndng nghiep eua tinh Thai Nguyen ehiem 66,7% va sd lao dgng tai khu cdng nghiep chi ehiem 15,6%, thi den nam 2018 co cau lao dgng eua hai nganh nay da thay ddi tuong img la 40,7% va 32,1%.
Tren thyc te. tinh Thai Nguyen trong khoang 10 nam tixr lai day da ud thanh tnmg tam edng nghiep dien lii \ a cdng nghiep ehe lao d phia Bic Cau ve lao dgng phd thdng do dd tang nhanh \ a mue thu nhap binh quan cho lao dgng cdng nghiep cao hon trong ndng ngluep da hut lao dgng dd ve cac khu cdng nghiep. Lao dgng tixjng nganh ndng nghiep ndi chung eung nhu nganh che ndi rieng trd nen khan hiim \ a hien chu ;eu chi cdn lai lao dgng Idn tudi. Nhu vay, neu tiep tijc boat dgng san xuat tham dyng lao ddng nhu hien na\. nganh che cua tinh Thai Nguyen se sdm phai doi m^t vdi van de thieu lao ddng ngay mgt tram tigng hon trong luong lai khong xa.
c) Ddnh gid chung
Chuoi gia tri ehe cua Thai Nguyen co nhimg lgi thi canh tianh rieng d thi tiordng che hup say khd Uong nude. Tuy nhien. de tiep can vdi thi trudng thi gidi. cbdl lirgng che va dieu kien ve sinh, an loan ciia san phdm che Thai Nguyen edn dugc cai thien.
San xuat theo tieu chudn da duoc chiing minh la mang lai nh&ng lgi ich vc kinh te (giam chi phi dau vao, gia tang lgi nhuan) cung nhu lgi ich ve mdi trudng \ a siic khoe con ngudi.
Cac diem yeu hien nay eua nganh che Thai Nguyen la do thieu hen kit dgc va lien ket ngang trong chuoi gia tri che. Cd den gen 80% san lugng che loan linh dugc san xuat don le d cap hd gia dinh. Thieu Hen kit dan den quy md san xuat nho, chi phi san xuat cao va khau marketing phai thong qua nhieu lac nhan trung gian khien chi phi giao dich tang.
Neu tieu ehuan san xuat va an loan thye pham la dieu kien can, thi cdng nghd che bien chinh la yeu td giup gia tang gia tri eho san pham. Che bien sau va tan dung eac nguyen lieu khac tir cay che se giup da dang hda san phdm, gia gi gia tang tir dd se Idn hon so vdi viec chi tap gung vao mot loai san pham che hup dac san'.
Sy gia tang v i nhu eau cae san pham ehe cd tieu chuAn la co hdi tdt eho nganh ehe Thai Nguyen. Mac dii vay, chimg nao thi trudng ngi dia cdn chdp nhan cac san phdm che khdng theo tieu chuan an toan va ch4t lugng thi cac hg san xudt che ciia T h ' ' Nguyen se vin lya chgn quy trinh san xuit
' Diiu nay da dupe chiing minh qua iruong hon • C6ng ty Co phin NTEA Thai Nguyen, hay ^Z^
hgp m$t so doanh nghi?p xuit khiu che nguyfin U^
v6i cic sin phim che cam, chi vpn, hojc tan H nguyen li$u 14 cinh, 14 gia cua cay che. ^^
Rganh ch£ ThAl Rgur^n... 51 thdng thudng va thi trudng gong nude, thay
vi san xuSt ed chiing nhan va hudng tdi xuat khdu. Do dd, nganh che Thai Nguyen van bd ngd cac ca hdi dua che Thai Nguyen tiin sau hon vao thi trudng qudc le.
3. Ket luan va ggi y giai phap
Phan tich SWOT ddi vdi chuoi gia Xr\ che tinh Thai Nguyen cho thay nhimg h ^ che va thach thirc gong viec tiep can thi Irudng quoe te ciia san pham che Thai Nguyen. Che dugc san xuat theo lieu chuan qude te hien cdn rat ban che ca ve dien tich va loai hinh tieu chuan (ehi gdm hai lo^i lieu chuan la UTZ va hiiu co). Trong khi do, ket qua khao sal cho thay cac hg/
doanh nghiep san xuat che theo tieu ehuan cd chiing nhan va dinh hudng xuat khau cd lgi ich kinh te Idn hon so vdi cac hd san xuit thdng thudng. Day la co sd khoa hgc de ed the dua ra ggi y giai phap, ciing nhu chien luge cai thien chuoi gia gi che tinh Thai Nguyen theo hudng nang cao nang lyc canh franh va kha nang tiep can cac thi frudng qudc te.
v i san xuat, can tiep tuc tdng eudng nang lyc cho cac hg gdng che nham nang cao nhan thiic ve cac van de sue khoe ngudi san xudt, ngudi tieu diing va sue khoe mdi trudng do thuc hanh san xuat nong nghiep khdng theo lieu chuan gay ra. Tinh Thai Nguyen can nghien ciiu va phat ftien cac md hinh san xuat mdi nham tdng quy md san xuat, thi du nhu ap dung cac mo hinh san xuat theo nhdm/cum {clustering). Cac md hinh san xuat dang nay se giup nang cao tinh kinh te theo quy mo, giiip cai thien van de ddu tu ha tdng thieu ddng bg (dac biel la thuy Igi), dong thdi van de kiem soat sau benh, ap dyng quy trinh san xuit theo lieu chuan cd chung nhan ciing se tdt hon.
v i che bien va marketing, cdng lac kiim soat chat lugng san pham sau che
bien can dugc chu ggng hon, trude lien la thong qua viec kiem soat tir khau san xuat nhu da de cap g e n day. Viec xay dyng mgt san giao dich dien tu cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau se giiip tao mdi trudng gao ddi thdng tin \ a giao dich cho doanh nghiep. Tinh Thai Nguyen cung nen xay dung chien luge phat gien thuong hieu che cua tinh theo hudng che dgc sdn vd cao cdp cd ve chdt lugng vd tieu chudn v4 sinh, an todn thuc phdm vdi tam nhin dai hgn, thay vi chi dya vao cae de an theo giai doan nhu hien nay a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. FAO (2018), "Current market situation and medium term outlook".
Committee on Commodity Problems, Intergovernmental Group on Tea, 23rd Session, Hangzhou, China, May 12-20, http://www.fao.Org/3/BU642en/bu642 en.pdf, truy cap ngay 21/12/2019.
2. Cue Thdng ke tinh Thai Nguyen (2018), Niin gidm thdng ke tinh Thdi Nguyen ndm 2018.
3. Nguyen Viet Dang and Flordeliza A.
Lantican(2011), "Vertical integration of lea markets in Vietnam", International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultral Sciences aSSAAS), 17(1), 208-222.
4. Intemational Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (2014), "Tea market", SSI Review, https://www.iisd, org/pdf/2014/ssi_2014_chapter_l 4.
pdf, tiTiy cap ngay 21/12/2019.
5. Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen (2017), Quyet dinh sd 2200/QD-UBND ngay 24/7/2017 ciia Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen ban hanh Di dn Ndng cao gid trj gia tdng, phdt trien bin vimg cay che vd thuong hiiu sdn phdm trd Thdi Nguyen, giai doan 2017-2020.