Nghe thuat hat quan ho Bic Ninh
TRAN NGQC LAN
K
hdng dugc xep v^o he thdng ca hat chuyen nghiep {ngudi quan hp khdng ndi bieu dien quan hg ma la choi quan hp; muc tieu ciJa hat quan hp khdng phai de muu sinh ma la giai tri, mpt thii choi thanh tao va la cita ca cdng ddng). Quan hg Bac Ninh sd hiru tinh chat nghe thuat cao, ddc dao khdng dau cd, phong phii, giau cd tir lan dieu {khoang 300 lan dieu, theo thdng ke cua hdi nghj quan hp lan thir V nam 1973) cau trite am nhae dac sac (vdi cae hinh thijc hai ndi, bi, chuyen gigng, ket vT, dd...), den ea tu sau sac giau hinh anh, giau chat nhan van (khoang hon 2000 bai theo the tho Itjc bat). Va dac biet ldi hat nay hat, duge xem nhu nhan td quan trgng nhat dua quan hp trd thanh loai hinh ddn ca ddc ddo. Tac gia Ngd Due Thjnh nhan dinh: "So vdi nhieu hinh thirc dan ea khac thi quan hg da dat trinh dd hoan chinh ca ve am nhac va Idi ca, nhat la ca lir. Kem iheo dd la cac nghi le, phong tuc, dac biet la phong iijc kdt cha". Vdi chit nghe thuat ddc dao ay, quan hg dugc danh gia la mot trong nhung di san van hda phi vat the thuan Viet va UNESCO da cdng nhan la di san van hda phi vat the ciia the gidi.Trong bai "Di san quan hp cdn gi de mat", tac gia Nguyen Manh Ha cho rang: "...Dii thupc v^ ihii choi, nhung hat quan hg ddi hdi ngirdi hat phai cd su ren luyen tuong duong vdi cac the loai chuyen nghiep khae nhu ca trii, hat van, cheo,..", Nhieu y kien cho rang can khan truang cd nhung nghien ciru di vao ban chat am nhac va each hat quan hp...
Ndi tdi quan hg ngudi ta thudng nhac den vang, ren, nen, ndy. Song, nhu:ng dac diem nay khdng chi la ciia rieng quan hg, Mdt sd nha nghien cuu cho rang, cd the hai dac diem quan trpng nhat la ndy va din gdp phan lam quan hg trd thanh mdt ddng hat cd linh chuyen nghiep va ddc dao.
Cung nhu nhieu ddng dan ca, ca hat truyen thdng khac, quan hg truyen tir the he nay qua the he khac bang phuong thirc truyen khau. Nhieu nghe nhan nhu cu Sdi, cu Hdng d Ngang Npi, cu Xuan d Lim, eu Lich d Diem,., hat quan ho hoac moi lang hat cd ddi chiit khac nhau nhung khdng the nham lan sang th^ loai khac. Nhieu ngudi thudng gpi la quan hg cd. Chir quan hg cd gay ra nhieu tranh cai. Ong Le Danh Khiem, Trudng ban nghien ciru suu tam quan hg thupc
v n So 365 Thang 11-2014
A M N H A C _ TTVHTT Bac Ninh cho r5ng ". .Ciing mdt bai
ban dd, doan quan hg hat thi bao la mdi, nghe nhan hat thi bao la quan hp cd truyen. Ma am nhac, giai dieu, ca tir thi van the thdi".
Su khac biet bieu hien trong ngCr dieu. cat thanh, nha chCr, nay hat va hat dut. Rieng ndy hgt vd hdt dirt, nhdng ky thuat cd tinh ca ban ctia hat quan hg, ciing cd sir thay ddi (bieu hien d tan sd xuat hien va cudng dp dirt). Cae nghe sT d cac doan, dai,.,. mac dii van hat theo Idi xua, tiep thu tir nghe nhan d cac lang quan hg song van cd nhieu diem khac biet dan den su phan hda vdi cac ten ggi nhu quan hp doan, quan hg dai va quan hg lang. Theo mdt sd nha nghien ciru, ggi quan hg cd vi mdt phan nam d phong tuc tap quan sinh boat ca hat quan hp, mdt phan nam d chinh ngCr dieu, phuong thiic hat (vang, ren, nen, nay, dirt, luyen...) ddc dao tao nen ve dep rieng cho quan hp, ben canh dd la phuang thirc bieu hien va ddi tupng thudng thuc {san khau hda).
Quan hg cd bao gdm may diem chinh:
Cach hat ddc dao nay sinh lir nhung yeu td ky thuat truyen tii' ddi nay sang ddi khac nhu:
nay hgt, Hin hoi. dirt tieng. bi chu, lugn gigng.
lay vdng
Phuong thirc the hien hat ddi, nhin vao mat nhau hat, mdt ngudi hat chinh, mdt ngudi hat phu ggi la hdt Ion (ludn).
Doi tugng la ban hat, khdng phai khan gia.
Tuc ket cha.
Be lan nin dieu, y^u td quan trgng nay da thit truydn tir hon 50 nam nay ke tir khi cdng ddng quan hg lang ngirng sinh hoat. Ngay xua lang nao cung cd nai tu tap luyen hat {ggi la nha chira), ngoai luyen gipng, tap hat nhung bai truydn thdng, cdn tap bai mdi de gianh diem trong cac cudc thi hat. Be lan nan dieu cd nghTa la dua vao lim dieu da cd sang tao ra lan dieu mdi. Be lan nan dieu ciia ngudi quan hg rat khoang dat va giau sang tao, giC^ dugc net ddc dao rieng khdng giong cheo, tudng, mac dii quan hp ludn mugn cac lan dieu ciia cac ddng dan ca khac rdi bidn hda, sang tao thanh cac lan dieu quan hg. Nhieu ngudi vin cho rang, tir lan dieu Chudn chudn mac phdi nhen vuang cita Tri
Thien Hue, nghe nhan quan hp da be lan nSn dieu ra thanh 2 lan dieu Ra ngo md trong va Xe chi ludn kim, hay dieu Hdnh Vdn trd thanh dieu Mudi nhif...
Ndy hat la ky thuat hat doe dao cita ngudi quan hg, nd la tieu ehi mang tinh phd cap, khdng mang tinh don le va da trd ihanh dac trung cita gigng hat quan hg. Nd cd truyen thdng tir lau ddi cdn luu truyen cho den nay qua gigng hat cita cac nghe nhan cao tudi van cdn sdng tai cac lang quan hg gdc nhu Diem, Van, Ngang Ndi, Lim, Biu, Sim,,.
Ve ky thuat hat quan hg, nha nghien cuu am nhac dan tdc hgc Nhat Ban Tokumaru cho rang:
"Ky nang xu ly gigng hat ciia hp, iheo ldi la nhung ky thuat rat quy eita con ngudi...". Nha nghien ciru am nhae dan toe Nguyen Thuy Loan cho rang: "...nay hat, hat ngat - vdn la net dac biel ciia ldi hat quan hp ed truyen - cdn luu gid dugc d mdt sd nghe nhan".
Ndy hut cd nhieu dang, nay mau, nay thua, dugc vi nhu hat vimg, hat dd. Ndy hat bao gid eung di sau cau hat, nd dugc thay vao vj tri ngan dai trong cau hat. Nhu trong cau quan hg cd Dudng ban kim loan (cd noi gpi la kim lan):
"Nay kim loan ai u hu la hu la,,."
Ndy la tu lay hoi khdng nhan ma ludt nhe de vao chit kim. Ngay sau chd ai nua khep, cd hgng bat thanh tao ra trang tieng lan tan ggi la hai sau 2 am dua hoi if/7;f. Nay hat xuat hien 2 land triim hu tu u hu hie u ngay sau 2 tu chinh kim lan.
Hay trong cau hat bi (hat ndi, via):
U ddi lay i hi bung ldy i hi, i i hi ha cai trdu ..
{dieu mdi trau).
t/'la am lay hai, lay da. Hau nhu cau quan hg nao cung bat dau nhu vay, tham chi cd tir, cum tu liy da trd thanh ten ciia dieu hat, cau hat nhu la rdng hay hir la. Chang ban cau dau theo gigng bi cita dieu mdi trau dugc ngat lam ba:
DOI lay/...bung lay/, .cai trdu... Hgt ndy xuat hien lin mdt va lin hai vdi nguyen am ;, nhung
Thang 11-2014 So 365 g n i
^^b% i b a ^ i
lin hai khi dirt tieng chuyen sang nguyen am (/
dd hgp vdi tir cai cd nguyen am a trung tam chu ddng dang va cudi cimg sau ehir Iran hat nay cdn xuit hien lan nua vdi am u hu.
Quan hg cd thudng ed nhip dieu cham rai dot khi tudng nhu khdng nhip, ldi chinh bj chia cat bdi eac tir dem Idt. Su xuit hien cita ky thuat nay hat khidn cau hat trd nen sinh ddng, cd ngudi vi nhu mat hd miia thu phang lang chgt cd lan gid heo may ggn sdng lao xao. Nay hgt gdp phan nhu thanh td lao nhip sau cau hat. Vi vay khi de cap ddn ky thuat nay hat trong quan ho, cd ngudi cho r^ng nay hgi chinh la y tudng nghe thuat cao dem lai cai ddng cho cai tTnh
Dirt (tac gia Thuy Loan gpi la ngat) la dac didm, la dac trung thir hai ciia nghe thuat thanh nhac quan hg. Gpi la dig vi sau nd ed the cd mdt diu lang nghi lir do, cdn ngat van nam Men trong mach hoi ciia cau hat quan hg. Nghe nhan d Lim hay ed ldi hat ngat de nhan vao tung ehir, thimg thang, ...Rdng ldi ra dirng i i ha a...
Tirng chir duoc ngat ra va dugc xau chudi bang du am va hai nen lien cau rdi dot nggt dut a eudi cau vdi am dem Idt a. Ngudi hat cd the dirt han hai va nghi tu do Did cd the dirng ngay sau nay hgt hoac true tiep ngay sau tu dem Idt hoac tir chinh. Vi du: Cimg cau hat Dudng ban kim loan cau hat dien ra lien mach, gigng hat phat vang va ren. De chi tinh chat nay, ngudi quan ho cdn gpi la liin (hat lien, hen mach). Ket cau hat, sau mdt iriim nay hat, hoi dirt thang dung vdi cucmg dp manh d chir dem Idt Id khien eau hai nhu sung lai.
Trong eau hat Nguyel gdc mdi dinh hay Ngum a dirng vi, vai trd cita hat dirt rd net hon. Trong nhieu dieu d cum hat vat hay cdn gpi lit gigng la ra ddi sau nay, ky thuat hat ndy hat khdng dugc chii y. Tham chi nhieu dieu hau nhu khdng cd ky thuat ndy hat nu'a, nhu lan dieu Muai nhd, Dgn qudn bdn hdng, Treo len qudn ddc, Ngd ndn ra ngdi... nhung ky thuat hat din van dugc duy tri trong nhieu lan dieu, le Idi. Hal diti khien cau ngudi a dimg ve trong Gid bgn trd nen tha thiet, kin dao, duyen dang va dam tham hon.
H i t quan ho trong hoi. Anh Phuc Bang Ngirdi ve em vdn i i i i if nay co ddo niiiy khde nay fa a khde thdm Id/ddi i a ben Id/ben song mdy vat do/md ndy ciing co a irdl ddm (hirng himg - ndy hgt nhe) udt ddm nhu mua (ha ha- ndy hgi) .
Ngudi i? dOng yi
Cau hat nay cd 7 lan dirt va chi cd hai lan xuat hien nay hat nhe. Cau ngudi a dirng vi hat theo ldi cd, each hat gan gui vdi bieu cam kin dao truyen thdng ciing nhCrng ky thuat ma chi rieng quan hp mdi cd, bi roi vao quen Iang (hon 20 nam), sau su ra ddi ciia cau hat cai bien ciia nhac sT Xuan Tir.
Dd giai thich cho ly do hinh thanh ky thuat ndy hgt hay cdn ggi la dd hot, lac gia Nguyin Hiing VT, nha nghien ciiu quan hp, cho rang:
".. vi thanh dieu tigng Viet.. Ket cau theo kieu phu am - nguyen am - phu am, nhu vay trong khi ndi binh thudng thi khdng cd van de gi, nhirng khi hat do thieu mat phan dudi ciia thanh dieu nen bit budc phai cd mot sd ky thuat lam cho diy va trdn tieng thi chu mdi that chuan, that
m
So 365 Thang 11-2014A M N H / trdn. Ky thuat dd hot hay nay hat sinh ra de linn
nhiem vu nhu vay".
Trong nhtrng nam gan day ldp nghe nhan.
nghe sT tre d mgi ITnh vuc ca hat cd truyen cung dang cd xu hudng tim hieu, tiep can va tiep thu, ung dung ky thuat thanh nhac mdi vao ldi hat ciia hg khien nhieu nha nghien cuu, bao tdn truyen thdng lo ngai Da cd mot sd y kien ciia cac nha nghien cuu am nhac Viet Nam vii nudc ngoai ndi ve van de nay:
Tac gia Nguyen Thuy Loan tirng ndi: "Xu hudng phd bien la mem hda vit giam do nay ciing nhu cudng dp ngat, cd trudng hgp bo ldi hat ngat...".
"Cac dien vien quan hp hat nhanh han, md khau hinh ldn hon (ap dung ky Ihuat cdng minh cua thanh nhac cd dien chau Au), dan tdi triet tieu dan nhieu ky thuat thanh nhac cd truyen nhu rung gigng, nay hat.,." (I).
Ong M,P Baumann (Dirc) lan dau tien nghe quan hg tai canh hat do Vien VHTT td chuc tai lang Diem da ndi, ", .ngudi tre hat khdng cd click (y ndi ky thuat nay hat) nhu ngudi gia!".
TS Lauren Meeker (My) - da tap hat quan hg qua CD, nhung khi tiep xiic, gap gd vdi nghe nhan lang Diem, da ndi: "Phai quen het nhung dieu tdi biet hoac cam nhan ve each hat va sau dd hoc lai bang mdt cam nhan khac".
Y kien ciia dng Td Nggc Thanh thi: "Su khac nhau ve ky thuat hat giu'a quan hg doan va nhiirng ngudi hat theo kieu nay so vdi nghe nhan da den mirc ngudi nudc ngoai cung cd the nhan ra dirge".
Nguyen nhan chinh tao ra khoang each va sir khac biet a day chinh la do md thanh, cdng hudng, tang eudng do vang cho nguyen am chinh, lam chain nhjp dieu khai tir va ddng lir (dng Nguydn Manh Ha ggi la md khau hinh Idn hon va viec ap dung ky thuat cgng minh cua hat mdi). Nguyen nhan lao ra khoang each va su khac biet iy cdn phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td khac nhu thay ddi tdc dp, thu gpn cau hat, bo bdt hoac giam ldi da cac lit dem Idt, khdi gigng nhe, vudt tir... Cac chi hai, anh hai quan hg. Khanh Ha, Thiiy Cai, Quy Trang... (thudc Idp dien vien dau tien cua doan Dan ca Quan ho) phan nan:
"Cae eu hat rat trdn vanh rd chir, cdn nhieu em bay gid hat chang ro ldi gi ea,.,".
Vdi nhirng danh gia tren, cd the ndi, dii la ea hat truyen ihdng hay hat mdi, neu khdng lay phat am tieng Viet lam chuan muc thi deu hat khdng ro tieng, rd ldi, hoac hat ngpng. De hat rd Idi, ngudi quan hg ngoai nhung chuan muc chung thudng duge ap dung cho cac ddng ca hat truyen thdng khac nhu: iron vdnh. ro chir. vang.
ren, nin. nay thi ky thuat ihanh nhac quan hp edn cd nhirng net rieng nhu hat nay hgt. hat dirt tiing, hai thung thang nhan vao lirng chir tao dieu kien hat ro tieng mdt Va de chu nha khong bi cimg thudng kem vdi luyen, lay (theo kieu dong dua chu). Sau cac tir ed nguyen am md, kht nay hat, ngan va dirt thudng mugn nguyen lu gidng nhau hoac nhac lai nguyen am cua tu md, vi du bai Vdo chiia.
Vao chiia chiia md cira i i ha o ha a ehiia ra / / a
Hay trong cau: Tdi / hi tu'dng nhd i i hif la cd ve e he. Oi a la ve ngudi ;' hi.
Cling vdi hat ndy hat, hat dirt lieng (thudng vdi cudng do bat thanh manh d ehd dut), hat thiing thang ro tieng mdt, ngudi quan hg cdn cd them khai mem hat liin. Lien khdng han da la ren, bdi nd tao cho cau hat cd them chieu sau, cau hat nhu chay tu trong ra TS Lauren Meeker, Trudng Dai hgc Columbia (My) ndr "Khi nghe quan hg, tdi that su mudn hgc each hat dd - each hat tir bung len. Theo tir dien tieng Viet, bung cdn ed nghTa lit bung con ngudi, la bieu tuang, y nghT, tinh cam sau kin vdi ngudi. Nhu vay nghia cua bung gan vdi heart - trai tim trong tidng Anh Cho nen bung la diem sinh ra bai hat quan hg va eiing la diem sinh ra tinh cam" J
T.N.L
I Nguyen Manh I la, Di \an ifuan hp, con gi de mat?.
QMI ydn hiia. ngay 26-3-201)6.
Thang 11-2014 So 365 | T |
