M V T H U A T
NGHE THUAT TRANG TRJ KIEN TRUC HUE
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PHAN QUANG TANK
idu thfte kidn trftc kinh thdnh Hue Id kiln true dd so vd kidn cd, viia mang tinh ljch su vfta mang difn mao cua mpt kinh do thdi qudn chft. Kinh thdnh Hud ndm trdn mdnh ddt ed sdng Huong chdy qua trudc mat, phia xa Id nfti Ngy Binh ldm tidn dn che ehdn. Bdn phdi, hudng tdy (Bach Hd) cd cdn Dd Vidn, bdn trdi, hudng ddng (Thanh Long) cd con Hdn Id nhiing vgt chdu (1), tgo ndn mpt dja thd edn ddi bd cyc khd ly tudng. Ldi bd cyc frdn Id kit tinb tft tdi hoa cua cdc nhd kien true ddu thdi Nguyen.Vifc ttang tri tten cdc thdnh
phdn kien trftc bdn ngodi cdng trinh dupc cdc nhd kiln true duong thdi ddc bift chft y. Ndu nhung trang tri bdn trong ndi thdt nhflng cdng trinh kiln true d Hue Idm bang chat lifu gd, son son thip vdng lpng Idy thi phia ngodi thudng dupc frang tri bdng chdt Ufu dd, hodc khdm sdnh sft, frdn nln nd vdi vfl^, ed khi edn ddp ndi tao ndt dfc ddo.
C h ^ t lifu t r a n g trf chinh trSn ngogi t h ^ t ki^n t r u e cung dinh H u l
Cdc chdt Ufu trang tri tren cac cdng trinh Iddn true kinh thdnh Hud vua tgo ra gid trj vl chuc ndng sft dyng vira tgo ra chat edm dde thft cho nghf thudt ttang tri mang phong cdch thdi Nguyen. Trang tri ngoai thdt kiln true eho thdy vifc Ipp logi ngdi men vdi nhidu mdu sdng, tft cdc bd ndc, bd ddi, ghdp ede mdtip tii nhilu mdnh gim, khi gdn bdng vdi vua vdi mdu xanh lam hodc phdp lam, tao ra thft chdt Ufu ddc bift cbi thdy d xft Hul. TK XIX d Hul dd xudt hifn
Suit hon mit t h i ky qua, hinh anh cac cing trinh iilin trUc cung dlnh i Hni vin tin tm, hlin diin trong dil sing thmhig nhit cda nguM din Vlit nii chung, nguil Hud nil Fling. Nhdng cing trinh kiin t r i e mang kiiu ding tptiu dtnh d i phin inh mit diin mao v i my thuat trnyin thing Vlit, nhu mit ding mach ngim dune chnng due td my thnit thoi Ly, Trln rdi qua Li toi Nguyin, triin dai cuoi cUng cua x i hii phong kiln Vint Nam. Tuy nhiin, nhung trang tpx t r i n cac cfing trinh kiin true Hui cho phip chung ta dfi ding nhin diin phong cich cua my thuat TK XIX d Hue.
nhflng Id gdm ggeh ngdi frdng men Thanh luu ly vd Hodng luu ly, gdp phdn td didm cho vd d^p rieng cua ngogi thdt kidn true kinh thdnh. Cdc ehdt lifu ttong ky thudt nl ngda (2), khi dupc kit hpp vdi nhidu chdt lidu khae, tao ndn mpt bftc ttanh ed ve dep difu ky bdi sy udn lupn cua ede thdnh phdn kiln trftc. Id dilm nhdn sdng nhu ndi bdt gifta thidn nhidn cdy ed xung quanh.
Chdt lifu khdm sanh sft frdn ndn ne ngoa/vdi vfta cd le dupe sft dyng khd phd bidn trdn cac cdng trinh kiln true cdc ldng mp, thdnh qudeh d Hue. Vdi kit cdu kiln true mai thudng mang tinh thdng nhdt, phft hpp vdi cdu tnie mat bdng, phu hpp vdi timg chftc nang rieng cua cdng trinh. Ndi bdt vdi kidu thftc ghep hai tda nhd song hdnh lien mdi vdi nhau dl tgo ra mpt loai khdng gian mang tinh thdng nhdt vd khdi md dupe gpi Id ldi cdu true triing thidm difp 6c. Cd le ldi kidn true ndy dupc phdt huy tft kiln true mdi chua Kim Lidn vd ehua Tay Phuang (Hd Ndi) mang nien dgi TK XVIII, thdi Tdy Son (3). Nhu vdy loi cdu true trimg thidm difp dc da ket hpp dupc tii truyin thdng, giua nghf thugt dan gian vd nghd thudt cung dinh, gifta miln Trung vdi miln Bac. Dd Id su djch chuyln vd dia gidi frong budc di eua nghf thudt CO truyin. Tuy nhidn, myc dich cfta cdc nhd kiln true thue bifn ky thudt ndi ghep bp khung la mudn phdt tridn md rpng ede cdng trinh d bd ngang ban Id chilu cao, lam tdng thdm cdc ldp lang, dem lai cam gidc chilu sdu eho cdng trinh.
Dilu dd vua phft hpp vdi cdng ndng sft dyng khi
s 6 386 i n Thang 8-201 e i l !
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cd Id hfi vfta tgo thdm sy tham nghidm cho edng ttinh kiln tirftc vftng nhift ddi nhu d Vift Nam. Dd cdn Id ddu dn vl sy tidp thu mdt cdch sang tgo dl hinh thanh kilu thfte kit cdu chdc ehdn, ttang nghidm va lfng Idy. Chinh tii ldi cdu true ndy ma nhihig phan kiln tnie nhu gd mdi, ddu hdi, cd didm, lan can, binh phong, try bieu la nhung mdnh ddt ly tudng cho nghf thudt kham sdnh sft, dn nhdp ttdn chat kit dinh cua nd ngda, phdt tridn.
Dac thft cua chat lifu nl ngda cdn cho thdy ngoai vifc trang tri ttdn bl mgt phdng, chdt Ufu nay cdn cd khd ndng tgo thdnh nhung bftc phft didu ddp ndi dl rdi d mdi noi, moi tdc phdm lgi chfta dyng net dep ridng bdi ky thuat ghdp mdnh. Hai chide edng Thd Mieu vd Thai Midu tbl hifn sy tdi hoa ttong xu ly ky thuat ddp vdi vfta ttdn cac d hpc. Chdt vdi vfta nay khd dl ddng cho reu phong du bdm. Thd ndn, theo thdi gian, chung ttd thanh nhiing hifn vat ed kinh, thdm ttam bdi nhieu ldp phu cfta rdu phong.
Cftng vdi mdt sd chat lifu khac, nl ngda thudng bidu dat ngdn ngft vd tinh ttang tri dde thft. Ndu ede ttang tri ttdn ding, son thdp, xd eft ttong nfi thdt md td nhflng ehi tilt rd net, ti mi thi ehdt lifu nl ngda lai bfc If su linh boat vd khoang dgt, nhdt Id ddi vdi nhung tdc pham phft didu. Tuy nhidn, cdc nhd kiln trftc thdi Nguyen sft dyng ky thudt ghdp khdm sdnh sft ttdn chat lifu ne ngda, tao ra mdi quan hf khdng khit nhu chdt kit dinh, lam tdng them ndt thdm my cho tdng tbl cdng tiinh kidn true.
d ldng Khdi Djnh, xudt hien khd nhidu mdng ghdp bdng ky thudt ndy khi cpng hudng vdi nhflng ttang tii vdng son d ndi thdt tgo ra sy nguy nga, rye rd, thdng nhdt gifta npi thdt vd ngoai thdt cua cdng Irinh. Dd ehinh la thdng difp ngudi xua mudn dd cao sy uy linh cfta vua ngay ed khi dng dd d till gidi vTnh hdng. Trang tii ttdn kidn hue lpng Idy cung Id dl dl cao quydn lye eua nhd vua. Ddy cung Id mdt ttong nhung quan nifm cua Nho gido dudi thdi Nguyin d Vift Nam. Mat khde, chinh k j thudt ghdp khdm ttdn nen nd ngoa bode nhihig tde phdm nl ngda Id phu didu dpc ldp cho thdy, thdng qua con mdt tgo hinh, ngudi xua muon xda di ranh gidi cftng nhdc, xft xi cfta ehdt lifu de ldm todt Idn tinh tiidn
n i S 6 3 8 6
• ! ! • Thdng 8-2016
mdm mgi, sinh ddng dudi moi mdtip trang tri.
Cftng vdi khdm sdnh sft, nl ngda, kiln trk cung dinh Hul cdn thfta hudng kj^ thu^t phap Iam, ldm gidu thdm cho cdc thdnh phdn ki^
true. Dgc bift dudi trilu dgi Minh Mgng va Thifu Tn, xudng phdp lam fr^ng kmh thdnh Hu6 dd sdn xudt nhilu tde phdm phyc vy cho cdc ki^
tiuc eung dinh. Cd IS, bdi chftng khd bin chdc, phu hpp cho vife frang tri cdc bf phdn kiln true ngogi thdt vd d khudn vidn cdng trinh. Chdt lieu phdp lam Id thft chdt lifu rdt ridng cfta ky thuat xay dyng kinh dd Hul, md d dd mdu sdc ddng vai frd quan frpng, gdp phdn tgo ndn tilng nn tgo hmh ridng bift. Nlu k? thudt khdm sdnh sir dupe gdn frdn nln nl ngOa, ldm ehdt ket dhih c6 mdu sdc ty than dupc phu mdu thdi gian bdi idu phong thi phdp lam Hul dupc xem Id logi chit frdng men rieng biet: phdi dupc vd frdn cit ding vd phft men frdn vdo, vi vay chftng thich nghi vdi kidu d vudng ttong trang tri md cy the Id mSt bdn efta bd ndc, bd ddi dupc ldm cao dl ling cdc d trang tri vudng, chft nhdt xen nhau. Mdu sac chft dao efta chdt lifu ndy Id mdu vdng, cham (xanh pha tim), dd ngpc bich (lyc pha xanh), vdng cam, h i phdch (cam pha dd)... Vi vgy, chit phdp lam dupc nhgn djnh Id cfta ridng Hul.
Nhung gl cdn lgi hifn nay cho chftng ta thay d cdc trilu dgi vua, dde bift Id giai doan ddu, thudng sft dyng mdu sdc tmyln thdng trong traog tri nhu mdu dd, vang, xanh vdi cdc tdng mdu, sac df vd y nghia khde nhau. Mdu dd thdm dug^
dimg ttong kiln trftc gdn vdi cudc sdng trdn gian, mdu dd non gdn vdi eupe sdng thdn linh hay ngudi qud co. Dilu ndy dupc hiln thj rat r5 ngay ttdn nghf thudt trang tri kiln true Idng mf cac vua Nguydn. Trong quan nifm cua ngudi dan xii Hul vl mdu sdc, mdu xanh tupng tnmg cho bau frdi vd edy ed, dat ttdi ludn dupc hda quy^
hoan ea. Cdc chdt lifu ndu trdn tiiam gia tii^c ti8p vdo cdc thdnh phdn kiln trftc td dilm eho ck cdng frinh kiln true Hue them cd kinh. Song v*
k? thugt didu luyfn cdc ehdt lifu nay dupc sii dyng mdu sdc rd rdng khdng xdm ldn, ldm mis nhau md chftng ciing ddng hifn trdn bl mdt lan>
tdng vd d9p cho khdng gian kiln tiiic. Nhu v?y chdt lifu eiing vdi cdc mdtip trang tri dd ddnh dSu sy khac bift vdi cdc giai dogn trudc, ding thdi
M V T H U A T
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ndi ldn tidng ndi vd quan nifm, tu tudng, tdn giao cua con ngudi duong thdi bdng ngdn ngft cfta nghf thudt tao hinh truydn thdng.
M o t ^ trang tri bSt nguon tit truyin fli6ng Phan trang tri d vudng chft nhat trdn bd ndc cua cdc kiln true Hud nhu dd ndu eho thdy edeh bd cyc cac d trang tri thudng ddt dang ddi, hai hda vd kich thude vd mau sdc. Nhiing vi tri ndy thudng dupc ttang tri bdng cae mdtip nhu hoa mai, hoa cftc, phdt thu... Nhung ddn d hai ddu bd ndc la hinh tupng ddi ian dupc tao ddng vui, ddng, gdn khdm sdnh sft mdu, lam bdt di sftc ndng cfta luc ddc xudng. Phia dudi cfta bd mdi ciing dupc trang tri vdi dl tdi bdt bim nhu ddn nguyft, ty bd, sdeh kidm vd mdt sd mdtip hoa Id thieng.
Dieu ridng bift trong Idi tgo hinh Id tren cdc mdtip trMig tri ndy thudng dupc ttidt nut day lya mim mai. d phdn giiia hai ldp mdi trdn vd dudi (phdn cd diem) dupc g ^ khdm sdnh sft mau hinh nam rupu, khdnh thieng do may hda, van xoan, ddng tidn kep, dinh, chdu boa, dng but... nhu d mai difn Thai Hda. Hinh hd phu dupc ddp ndi, gdn sdnh su bdng ne ngda d phdn ddu hdi eua tudng, thudng mang iheo bieu tugng cua ngudn hgnh phftc. Mdtip trang tri ndy tftng thdy xuat bifn frdn chdt lieu go d ehua Keo (Thdi Bmh), TK XVm.
Nhiing mdtip trang tri ndu trdn dupc coi Id tidu bidu, thdy d nhidu cdng trinh kiln true ldng tdm va cung difn. Vifc chpn lya cac mdtip trdn ttong trang tri kiln true eiing la vi Idng sung tin eua con ngudi cftng udc mong b^ih phuc.
Mdtip tft linh bao gdm long, ly, quy, phyng (rdng, ian, rfta, phupng). Tren ddng chay cua lich sft my thugt Vift Nam tu thdi Ly, Trdn, Le, hdu nhu chua thdy hoac rdt hilm mpt do an trang tri ndo hifn difn ddy du mdtip tft Unh tten cftng mdt m ^ g chgm hoac eftng mpt hifn vgt. Vi vay, ddy Cling la net mdi ttong ttang tri my thudt thdi Nguydn. Mdtip rdng trang tri ttdn kidn tinic Nguyen d Hul dupc thd hifn kha da dgng, cd bd eye don hoac xudt hifn ciing nhilu mdtip khac.
Rdng la Imh vgt xudt hifn phd biln nhdt ttong kiln tiruc cung difn Hul. Rdng dupe thyc hien vdi nhidu chdt lieu khde nhau, nhilu vj tri vd kich thudc khde nhau. Tuy nhi6n, hhih rdng vd ca bdn mang net tao hinh cfta phong each thdi Nguydn: mieng rdng he md lp rang nhpn, tdc
xda hinh nan quat, than chgm vay don hogc kdp, chan rong cd 5 mdng, bilu tupng cho vua eiing nhu ngudn nude, vfta mang net dnh hudng Trung Hoa vua kd thfta net tao hinh rdng ttong my thudt TK XV, thdi L6 sa.
Mdtip phyng xuat hidn khdng nhieu bdng hinh tupng rdng nhung cung dupe ngudi ta tin rang nd mang bieu tupng cua hodng hgu, phy nft.
Dudi chd dp Nho gido, nhd Nguydn khdng dd eao vai ttd cua ngudi phy nft ndn hinh tupng phung cung dupe ttang tri mpt each khidm tdn ttdn kiln true, thudng xudt hifn trong dang ngdm hdm thu dang bay, nam ttong bi6u tupng cua hf thdng bdt buu ma thdi. Mdtip ldn hogc long ma dupe sdng tgo, ttang tri chu ydu ttdn eac bftc binh phong dupc ldm tft ggeh, xi mang, vdi viia rdi gdn kham sanh sft mang tinh bilu tupng vd Djch hpc, de cao Nho gido, eung nhu de cao chi khi dpe ngang cua ngudi anh hftng. Chinh vi vdy dft ttang tri hinh ldn hay long md, ngudi nghf nhdn duong thai ludn tgo dang cho chftng nhu dang chay ttdn mgt nudc, the hifn bilu edm cua con vat Iinh.
Mdtip rua khdng gidng nhu nhung hinh rua dpi bia da tten Van Mieu TK XV. Hmh rdng tt6n ngogi that kien true cung dinh Hud xudt hien it, nhung d cdc vj tri khac nhau, ehung dupc tgo dang khde nhau. Lftc thi ttdn lung rua ddi hdm sach hoac cudn thu, thanh guom, cay bdt... Ddi khi riia dupe tao ddng dpi hinh bat quai theo quan nifm vu try quan Ddng phuang. Thdm vdo do, ttong kidn true ngogi thdt thdi Nguyen d Hud, cy thd la d lang Gia Long, hinh hd phft ciing dupc dap ndi d dau hdi phia ngodi, nd dupc tao binb cftng vdi may xoan mang ddn bidu tupng cho tdng frdn Id bdu ttdi.
Motip mdt trM, m|it trang, may, hoa la, b^tbuu
Trong tdng th6 kidn true eung dinh Hul, mdtip mat ttdi, mgt ttdng dupe sft dyng ttdn ehinh giua mdi edng trinh, ttdn binh phong, bd mai... Dd Id sy ket hop ludng long chdu nhdt, luang long chdu nguyft di cftng vdi mdtip mdy, thude kidu thfte ttang tri tidu bidu trdn kiln true dinh lang cua ngudi Viet TKXVI, XVII, XVIII.
Vdi kiln true cung dinh Hud, hinh tupng rdng, mat ttang, mgt trdi, may la nhtmg bidu tupng
So 3861 Thdng 8-20161
gdn vdi tdng tt6n, hogt ddng cua ttdi. Vifc ttang fri frdn kiln trftc nhiing mdtip ndy cung Id thd hifn mong udc cua eon ngudi cd cufc sdng mua thudn gid hda, ddm bdo cho sy ton tai vd sinh trudng cua cu dan ttdng Ida nudc cd ddi song gdn liln vdi thidn nhidn.
Trong khu vyc Dgi Npi, kiln true ed sft dyng nhftng mdtip mat ttdi dupc tich hpp eftng hoa vdn hoa cue vd mdy xodn nhu mang din bi6u tupng dd cao Nho gido, it nhidu dnh hudng tu nghf thuat Trung Hoa. Tuy nhidn, sy phdi hop ede mdtip trang tri ndy ehi eho ehiing ta thdy cdch tao bidu tupng cho ngudn sdng, dupc khdi quat bda bang hinh tupng nghf thudt cd sy kl thfta tft tmyln ttidng dan tfe: ky ttiudt xodn dao sdng d TK XVI, XVII vdi quan nifm ddi mdy nhu nhftng vft sdm chdp edu mfta mdng phong ddng.
Mdtip bdt bftu dupc di theo bf vdi tdm dd quy cd tmh chdt tupng trung, mang theo nhftng bidu tupng y nghia ridng. Trdn kiln true ngogi thdt cung dinh Hud, mdng mdtip ndy dupc eham bdng nd ngda, bang ky thudt dap, v6, tuy thudc vao mdi vj tri cdng trinh. Tuy dupc cdch difu bdng nghe thudt tgo hinh nhung hinh bdt buu Id hinh anh cua cdc vdt cu thd nhu ddng tiln, d ttdm, guong dan, sdo sdeh, tft vd, hinh qugt. Id, khdnh, mang y nghTa gdn vdi sy giau sang. Bdn cgnh do edn nhiing nhdm bdt bftu khde, tupng trung cho nhung gido ly hodc y tudng khde. Vi dy, nhdm bdt bftu gdm hinh quat, kilm, bdu rupu, phdch, ldng hoa, dng hftt, dng tidu, hoa sen gdn vdi dao Ldo; nhdm gdm tft vd, la dl, tdn lpng, ed, hoa sen, ndm rupu, ed, day kit nftt gdn nhidu vdi Phat gido. Nhung loai hinh cua bf bdt bftu ndu frdn ddu dupe tgo binh bdng ky thugt didm ddi lya udn lupn bay bdng ttong khdng gian, ldm gidm di sy khd cftng. Mdtip bdt bun dupc frang tri phd biln d mft sd cdng trinh nhu lang Thdnh Thdi, lang Khdi Djnh...
Trang tii d Hul ndi chung, ttang tii fr^n ngoai tiidt kidn tnie ndi ridng cdn khd nhidu mdtip tiang tri khac nhau. Mdi ehu dd, mdtip dupc nghf nhdn duong thdi lya chpn diu ehua dyng y nghia bidu tupng rieng. Trong thyc tl, xd hfi dudi trilu Nguyin cd nhilu biln ddng, vi thi mJ tiiuat cung didn ra dudi hinh ttiftc ed phdn phftc tgp, ddu do nhu thi hifn sy khung hodng. Id rd ndt k l thira,
IIIS6386 i m Thdng 8-2016
phdt huy tft nghf tiiugt tiuyin th6ng nhimg b6n canh Id sy dnh hudng efta nghf thugt Trung Hoa vd phuang Tay. Sy dnh hudng dd Id le dT nhien dl tgo tiidnh phong cdch ridng cua mdt giai doan thdi Nguyen d Hul. Ndt ridng dd ddn ttd thanh ndt d?p tft binh thftc, ky thudt the bifn din y nghTa bilu tupng phft hpp vdi quan nifm vd tin nguong cfta con ngudi duang thdi.
Kiln true cung ^ n h Hue ttong ddi^ chay chung eiia kiln true truyin thdng ^^ft khdng £nh mpt phong cdch nghf thudt ed sy dung hfi vl t&i, gido, nhung ndt n6i bat Id ddi sdng tinh thdnN%.
gido. Cdc mdtip frang tri frdn mpi chdt lifu noi chung, frdn nd ngda, khdm sdnh sft ndi ridng cE dat den cdi bay, edi dep trong ddng chay cua my cdm dan tpc Vift Nam. D I ldm tdng them gia tri thdm m5' cho cdc kiln true eung difn, ldng tam, nghf nhdn duong thdi dd sft dyng k^ thudt, cam xfte ridng bift vd sy chpn lpc gdn ghep, ddp n6i trdn ede hdi nhd, bd ndc, bd mdi, bd ddi. I H | | mao my thuat Hul la hinh dnh efta Ngp Mdn, 1 ^ Ngu Phyng, difn Thai Hda... Tat ed nhu khi^f djnh phong each kien true Hul, mdt eai kit dgi eho ngan nam my thudt phong kiln ^^et Nam. E|;
tft day my thudt Vift Nam hifn dai dupc lunh thdnh, phat triln vd khdng thd khdng ty hao vi dupc thfta hudng net d?p tu ndn tang vdn hoa fruydn thdng ddm da bdn sdc Vift Nam •
P.Q.T
1. Nguyen Tiln Cknb (chii biSn), Mp Otu^Hui,^
My thuat, Trung tdm bSo tin di tich Hul xb, 1992, 2. Ne ng5a la ky thu^t xSy dung co, sii dung c ^ ngiQi^
vat lieu truyen thong nhir v6i v&a, ba miu, sinh sii... de xay dvmg \k tao nSn nhiing trang trf nOi, ngo?i th^t hay nhihig phu di€u khim ddp nli 6 cdc cdng trinh ling tam, d^n dii, phli d? trong thdi phong kiln. KJ thuat n^:
ngudn tli cuoi th£ri h§u Le v i g&n b6 vdi si^ hlnh tbl phit trien cila nhi Nguyin. Khi ly, vio nSm 1558, chiia Nguyin Hoing ciing toin thi gia quyln bit ddu Nam tien, thoit khdi s^ kim kq) oia Chiia Tiinh d Ding Ngoiki, nhfin nhyc, chd thdi co gay dyng si^ nghifp. Liic d6,6iig.
chi€u m$ nhilu thcr n l gidi cd tilng tii khip cic viing mi^
de bit dau xfiy di^g nln mdng cho mOt vucmg trilu riSog.
Nghl nl ngda bit &hx tir diy (theo wikipedia).
3. Nguyen Du Chi, TVcn Ar&ng6m vi caidppcuadii ong, Nxb My thupl. Hi N<ii, 2001, tr.323.