G i i o difc dSn tpc - -Khoa hQC Giao dgc
CAU NGHI VAN TIENG KHMER VA VIEC DAY HOC CAU NGHI VAN TIENG KHMER TRONG CHl/ONG TRINH GIAO DUC SONG NGU
ThS. CAO VI^T HA Trung tam Nghien cihi Giao due Dan toe
1. CSu nghi van tieng Khmer
Neu quan niem cau nghi van la cau bleu thj sa h6i va ket thijc b^ng dau ch^m hdi (?) thi khong dijng v6l cau nghi van Khmer hien nay. B6I vl, cau nghi van cilia tieng Khmer truyen thong khong ket thiJC bing dau h6l ma ket thijc bang dau khan (dau cham c3u). Ve sau, ngUdI Khmer khi tiep xuc vdi cac ngon ngijr hien dai mdi bo sung vao sau cau nghi van cija minh dau hdi. Cac phuong tien thi hien cau nghi van tieng Khmer cung la ngCf dieu hdi (nhan cao gjpng d tU nghi vanWa cac tCf nghi van: (UTKnoj, ^S\B (pon-manj, H8!(d-vdy kho-las...)...
1.1. Q u nghi van tieng Khmer cung dung cac til nghi van nhu tilng Wet- day \h mot siJ gan gul thuan loi cho ngudi day va ngudi hpc song ngO.
Glong nhu tieng Wet, tieng Khmer co day dCi cac cau nghi van ve ddi tupng, hoat dpng, noi chdn, so lupng, trang thai, sd hull, su hpan thanh, sirton tai, vj tri, each thufc... Loalcau nghi van nay chitiep nhan thdng tin ve mpt bd phan trong cau nen gpi l4caunghivanbdphan:Si[im (ndna-ai); HRIWI (ne na - ngudi nao) ;SIlun!31i _{nd na nil- ai dd);§o-vdy-cai gl);WlEiH tUlRH (.heto-vay, Wtdy-tai sao);H[im(ay na- dau); i9llim(tau na- i l aau);tSla(Un(ndu e na-d dau); 9(Un(ndu e-na - cho nao); ttltUOnKpen na- lijc naoAfnraiUll.f can na - khi nao);tit3XHB [dooch-mdec- nhuthe nJo);tffia[Un (dang-na - ra sao);UHlS (poan man - bao nhleu);tLjlEUH (da/o-vdy- bang gij.
TU nghi van tieng Khmer thudng dUng d cac vi trf kha glong tieng Wet. Vdi cau nghi van mudn tiep nhan thdng tin ve nguySn nhan^tU nghi Vein thudng dilng d dau cau nhu:!UIRH ( h i t o-vdy) iWlHH (hetay) rniHasiHS f W t
md-(J&W;itJiEi!HH!t3a L^iSaBtuiumniH
a R Ui (Hit nt6-dich dang to-rdu dang kun /ooc
c6-ru nee cd-m -vi sao ph^i biet on thay co giao).
Cau nghi van tiep nhan thdng tin ve chu ngU cd cac tU nghi van nhu fUTl {na - nao), H(o-vdy -gi) dUng ngay sau danh tU nhU:nSH(c6n o-vdy- con gi); SRH(vdt-t/io o-vdy -vSt gi)'HRam?(ne na -ngU^ nao);ltinJi1?(thngay na- ngay nao),i81un(ftfie na- thang nao); Slfim (chnam na -nam nao).
Khi muon bletve vj ngUihoatdpng ciJa ngudi va vat) ngudi Khmer cd each hdi gidng tieng Viet tUc la tUnghi van dat ngay sau ddng tU: ttiiS.tiiJtGH {Tho-ngaynis boong tho-vaay- Hdm nay anh lam gi).Vdi mau cau nay cd the hdi dn mon dn gt, hgc mon gl diddu, nhung can thdng tin cd tfnh chat Iiet ke (hdi ve sd nhilu ma ngUdi tra Idi ph^i Iiet ke cac thdng tin de tr^ Idi), thi cd mpt cap tU nghi van khae nhu IH...H8!(fd....o-vdy/(Wa;, hoac chi mdt tU Si {kho-las). TU Bi {kho-las) nay dUng d vi tri cudi cau:Sil3SH133i'lUnBi (Nha em cd nhOng ai). Neu djch sat tUng tU ra tieng Viet ta cd: Nha em cd ai nbCtngl
Khi can de hdi nhu the nao (hdi v l dae diem, tinh chit) thi ngUdI Khmer diJng cijm tU nghi van titJiHG([fdch-md-(fecW. Ciim tU nay thudng dUng'dcudi cau: Hfi[MnnaflHimlHSijltiBiHl!
(We so-roc co-nong phum' hau M6-ni tha doch- md-dich. Dan lang gpi IWd-nl vdi cai ten nhuthe nao).
Trong tieng Khmer, tU nghi van Wdna - nao) cd tan sd sU dung Idn, ddng de bieu thj y hdi tuong doi rd.
1.2. Vdi nghi van gIS dinh khung tra Idl, ngUdi Khmer thudng sil dijng cac tU ddl lap: HlS-ffiS (mien-co-miin - cd- khdngA l i f i m - n s l (hai -as ndu- da- chua) va mdt sd tU nghi van khae. Dang cau nghi van nay trong tieng Khmer dupe cau tao bSng nhUng phuong tien rieng, ed cau tao KHGD so 67, th4ng 4-2011
Khoa h9C Giao due -
rieng cd phan gidng vdi tilng Viet lai cd phan khdng gidng vdi tilng Viet. DUdi diy la mdt sd dangilSfltS (ndurUti-cdnkh6ng);m3^X9(miin ru te- cd hay khdng).
Td ru (cd t h i viit bdi mot nguyen i m doe lip, lai cd t h i viet nhU mot td Khmer thdng thudng, tde la viet mdt phu i m vdi mdt dau nguyen am ed the dinh van), ddng d gida hai trang trai, hanh dpng trii ngUpe nhau;
til3tnutnEUtt^m1tSl(fioong hop bai hai rUndu- A n h " i n cPm chua);tJi3nJSfnei]1l8ntjimriSi {Boong riin ph'ia-sa Khmer hai rU ndu-Anh hpc tieng Khmer ehUa);mfi{rintTISJ[Unt!?im1tsi (Qudt so-rd-lanh nd na hai rU ndu-Anh ay yeu ai^hua). Khi duac hdi, ngUdi t r i Idi chi can ndi:
tUltII{/7p/- rdi) hay tSl (ndu - ehUa) m i van dam bio su lich su khdng can phii tri Idi diy dii eiu.
VI cau tao ciu nghi van, nhU da khio sit, eie td nghi vin ngoai viee ed J (rU) ddng gida hai trang thai, hoat ddng thi ea bd phin nay ddng sau ndng cot ehu+vj. Dilu lUu y d day la vdi dang eiu nghi van nay, ngUdi Khmer edn ed each ndi khdng ein sU can xdng cd hay /thdng nhU trIn m i cht can ndi tit, tde la ehi can dung mdt ve:
tiauiUtntmtSl {Boong hop- bai rUndu-^x\h an cPmchUa); Ut3fi3UJ1EUt4l1tg(Sooc-5bfl/ch/arUfe- Anh cd khol khdng).
1.3. Vdi eau nghi van toin bp l i nhdng cau nghi van dupe eau tao bang eieh sd dung mdt sd ylu td tinh thii ddng d cudi eiu. Vl ndi dung, nhdng ciu nghi van dang niy duac dat ra nham tim kilm eiu t r i Idi cho biet tinh chin xic, hoie sU ddng thuin td phia ngudi ddi thoai vdi dilu ngUdi ndi da phdnqdoin hay d l xuat vdi it nhilu de dat:mRtjltiStjlRtSnHSnS?(Qudf chia chun chiet Khmer men-rU-ti- Cng ta li ngUdi Khmer phai khdng);EnKni4lHfimsmtRftg?(Qudf cU chia ne miin ta trdu te- dng ta la ngudi giiu ed phii khdng).
Vcri loai eiu nghi van toan bd ed eiu t r i Idi dinh sin mang tinh lUa chpn (dung hoac khdng dung, phii hoie khdng phai), ngudi Khmer chi can them vao cudi eiu cum td: tRTRftG (tato-rdu ti)r tHStg (men te), \p\Q (to-rdu te).
2. Day hpc cau nghi van tieng Khmer trong chUomg trinh gido due song nguT
Gido dye ddn t^c ^ ^ g 2.1. Nhuda khio satdtren, Idi dat cau nghi van cCia ngudi Khmer kha gidng Idl dat ciu nghi van cOa ngudi Viet. Viec day tieng Viet dUa tren nin ting tilng Khmer hoan toin ed thuin Ipi, tde l i ed su chuyen di tieh cue trong trUdng hpp day eiu nghi van. NgUdi bien soan v i ngUdi ddng Idp ed the tham khio ndi dung va eieh day ciu nghi van trong tilng Viet. Tuy nhien, khi day hpe eiu nghi van Khmer khdng t h i xem nhe vile nghien cdu tim ra nhdng dau hieu die thu de tim ra ndi dung v i phuong phap day hpe phu hpp. Vdi ngdn ngd nhU ngdn ngd Khmer, eiu nghi van dung phuong thdc tdva cum td nghi vin (khic vdi loai ngdn ngd dCing phuong thdc dio trit tU eiu khing djnh de biln thinh cau nghi van) thi viee day sd dung td, cum td nghi van nen dupc coi trpng. Mdi td, cum td nghi vin cd mdt vai trd rieng, day chinh la npi dung nin day. V l cich day, nen cd sU kit hpp day cau true ciu vdi day thUe hinh ngdn ngd. Do die dilm chd viet Khmer khdng cd su phin djnh ranh gidi gida cic td, khi viit, giio vien nen tim cich viit but hay phan khie mau giup hpc sinh nhin ra td, cum td nghi van trong dOn vj ciu. Va khi dpe cac ciu nghi van niy, giio vien nen dpc dung ngd dieu.
2. 2. Vdi ba dang thde ndi tren, khi dung eiu nghi van de giup hpc sinh tim hieu bai, ngUdi biln soan hay giao vien khdng nen sd dung loai ciu nghi van cd khung t r i Idi H13-R1S (mien, cdm/en-cd, khdngj, nen sddung eduhdibgphdn.
Tuy viy, eiu nghi van cd san khung t r i Idi nen duac sd dung trong cic bai t i p kiem tra, dinh gii dudi dang trie nghiem. Kiem tra bang loai eau nghi van nay rat thuan tien cho viec lip bing thdng ke, tfnh phan tram.Va nhuthi, trong danh gii, tinh chinh xic va khich quan cao. Ciu nghi van bd phin mang tinh md, de thay dupe nang lue cCia tdng hpe sinh nhUng khdng thuin eho vile lip bing tdng hpp. Viec danh gii ciJa giio viln cung de mang mau sic chD quan. Trong giing day, giio vien nen han chi sddung cac ciu nghi van khiln hpe sinh phii suy luin nhieu nhat la cac eiu nghi van ma ndi dung tra Idi nim ngoai sach giao khoa. Dd lijihdng ciu nghi van ed cac dai tdnghi van: ttfl?iH(/ieto-vdy-vi sao? J, tUl?iH(
hefdy-taisao).
KHGD so 67, thdng 4 - 2011
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2.3. Cau nghi van xuat hien d nhilu phin mdn, eho nen khdng nhat thilt phii chd din phin mdn Luyen td va ciu mdi day ciu nghi van. Trong phan mdn Luyen t d v i eiu, eiu nghi van trd thanh ddi tUpng hpc. Hpe sinh qua khio sit ngd lieu rut ra nhdng kien thde v l tdng loai ciu nghi van. Rdi tren ca sd nim vdng cau true tien hanh cic bai t i p thue hanh luyen tap. Trong phan mdn tap dpc, cac ciu nghi van tim hiiu bai ehinh la eie cau nghi van dat tdi dp chuan mUe lai cd eho dUa vdng chae cua ngdcinh. Cic ciu nghi van nay trd thanh phUOng tiin quan trpng trong day va hpe.
Trong phin mdn ke chuyen, ciu nghi van cd vai trd nhu mot dilm tua tu duy, giup hpe sinh djnh hudng eae chi t i l t va ndi dung can phii kl.Tuy nhiln, de giup hpc sinh khai thic bai hay cung cap dilm tUa tUduy, giao vien nin trinh sd dung loai eiu nghi van kep ddi vdi hpe sinh nhat la hpc sinh tilu hpc. Tdt hon la nin chia nhd ndi dung mudn hdi, hpc sinh t r i Idi h i t ndi dung nay mdi chuyin sang ndi dung khic.
2.4. De giup hpc sinh giao t i i p ed hieu qui, giao viln nen cung cap cho hpc sinh mot sd td nghi van cd t i n sd xuat hien eao. Ddng thdi vdi vile cung cap td nghi van can giup eho hpe sinh biit vj tri cua cac t d nghi van ay trong cau nghi van. Bdi vi nlu dat sai vj tri td, cum nghi van thi ngUdi sd dung se khdng dat duac mue dich giao tiip. Mac dij, vdi hpc sinh ngUdi Khmer hpe tilng Khmer la hpc tilng me de, nhUng vile day eau nghi van thdng qua mau ciu van la viec lam can thilt.
TAILIIUTHAMKHAO 1. Lam Xai, Thach Xarat, Thach Sieng, Ngd phdp tieng Khmer- Bin tieng Khmer, NXB Van hoa dan tpc, 1995.
2. Lim Xai, Thach Xarat, Tran Thanh Pdn, Ngd phdp tieng Khmer- Bin tieng Khmer cd chu tieng Viet, NXB Van hoa din tpc, 1998.
SUMMARY
This article addresses the teaching of Khmer language questions in the current bilingual program.
-Khoa hoe Gido due
NHONG NET SAC TRUNG...
(Tii'p theo trang 56) hudng den nang lUe linh dao, quin If. Giii phip khic phuc han ehi nay la sU ddng bp, hai hda, sU tre trung, ning ddng hpn trong CP cau lanh dao, quin If nha trudng
Theo bing sd lieu, sd lupng GV cd dp tudi tren 55 la 416, ehilm ti le 1,8%. GV trong dp tudi nay la nhdng ngUdi tdt nghiep su pham each nay tren 33 nim, tde la trong khoing td nam 1975 trd ve trUde (d miln Nam l i chi dp eu). Sd GV nay ehilm ti le rat thap, trIn thue t l la so it cdn cdng tie tai mdt sd trUdng THPT d khu vUe. Nhdng ngudi cung Ida vdi hp da xin nghi huu hay ehuyin nganh do nhilu li do khie nhau. Vl die trung hoat ddng nghi nghiep, GV trong dp tuoi niy ed nhieu kinh nghiem nghi nghiep nhit, am hieu hpc sinh, qui trinh day hpc, thanh thao trong cdng tic chuyen mdn, nghiep vu. Han che cua dpi ngu nay la tinh trang khdng on djnh v l sdc khde, khdng tham gia hoat ddng nhieu.Tim trang chung la lim viec chd den tudi nghi hUu
Nhin ehung, n i t die trung noi bit thd nhat trong eP cau dp tuoi cua GVTHPT cua vung DBSCL la sutre trung, nang ddng, giiu nhiet huylt nghe nghiep, trinh dp chuyen mdn khi vdng v i mdi.
Diy la yeu td eP sd eho viee hoaeh djnh cac chinh sach, chu trUong, k l hoach phit trien giio due d khu vUe tdcic cap quin If. Hiln nhien la can thilt ed eie bien phip khic phuc nhdng han ehi vdn ed gin liln vdi dp tuoi nay. Net die trUng ndi bit thd hai la sU chenh lech khi Idn v l $6 lupng gida luc lupng GV t r i (dUdi 36 tuoi) vdi phan edn lai, dilu nay inh hudng khdng tdt tdi tfnh k l thda gida cac t h i he. Do viy, can cd nhilu chinh sach tao dieu kiln cho lUc lupng t r i ren luyen, bdi dudng, ep xit, va cham thUe tien nghi nghiep thudng xuyIn, diu din de hp nhanh ehdng trd nen trudng thanh hun, chin chin hPn, bin ITnh hPn, thanh thao, gidi giang hon, sin sang nam bit trich nhiem do t h i he trUde trao lai va ed khi nang hoin thinh chung mpt eieh hieu qui.
SUMMARY
The author presents his comments and proposals basedontheagesurveybyuppersecondaryteachers in the Mekong delta, v\/hich form the foundation for the policy making in education development.
KHGD so 67, thdng 4 - 2011 59