TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 1*2 (257*258) 2020
TU" TU'dNG CAI CACH TRI^T HOC CClA LUDWIG FEUERBACH TRONG TAC P H A M - NHU'NG NGUYEN LY CUA TRiiT HOC TU'aNG LAI
VA Y NGHiA CUA N 6
NGUYiN TH! CAlM TU"
TrIet hoc Ludwig Feuerbach la mot san pham tat yeu ctja nhwng dieu kien mai, hinh thanh vao cuoi nhwng nam 30 - dau nhWng nam 40 cua the ky XIX. Danh gia ve nhiem vu cua triet hoe mai, L Feuerbach cho rSng, "Nhiem vu eua ky nguyen hien dai la hien thwc hoa va nhan dao hoa Chua ~ sw ehuyen doi va tan ra eua than hoc vao nhan loai hoe". Tinh than trong tac pham Nhung nguyen ly eua trilt hpe tugng lai (1843) ra dai dwa tren nhwng mong muon do. Tac pham la sw danh dau nhu'ng ehuyen doi tw twang trong nhan thwc cua L. Feuerbach ve gia tri. con ngwai - tw do, hanh phuc, khat vong dwoc yeu thwang va tran trong trong mot xa hoi con day ray bat cdng tal Owe dwang thai.
Twkhoa: eai each trilt hpc, Ludwig Feuerbach, tu tudng, y nghTa, Nhtrng nguyen ly eOa triet hqc twang iai
Nhan bai ngay: 15/11/2019; dwa vao bien tap: 19/11/2019; phan bi$n: 7/12/2019;
duyet dang: 10/2/2020
1 . D A T V A N D & cham true t i l p vdi e h l dp hien hanh Culi nhiing nam 30 - d l u nhCrng nam d i n g viee phe phan trilt hpe Kitd giao 40 cua t h i ky XIX, tai Due, eac cupe chinh t h i n g ; mpt bp phan khac theo d l u tranh t y tygng giu-a giai e l p t u khuynh hudng dan ehu tu san lai san va lye lugng phong k i l n ngay m u l n dua nude Oiic thoat khdi tinh cang len cao. Tinh trang chia c l t d l t trang hien c6. Trong s i nhO'ng dai nude da can trd s y phat triln cOa bleu tieu bleu CLia khuynh hudng dan eong nghiep va thugng nghiep. Ben ehii t u san noi bat la Ludwig canh dd, giai e l p t u san bay gid diing Feuerbach (L. Feuerbach). Trilt hpe L.
trudc hai lye lygng ma hp eho la d l u Feuerbach khdng n i m ngoai ddng dang ngai nhu nhau - lye lugng eiia chay cua trilt hpc ee dien Diie dugc
"qua khii" va lye lygng eua "tugng lai". hinh thanh vac c u l l nhCrng nam 30 - Trong b l i canh nay t i n g Idp t y san d l u nhCrng nam 40 cua t h i ky XIX.
trung lyu chpn giai phap dung hda vdi Tae pham Nhwng nguyen ly cua triet e h l dp quan chii ne tranh sy va hoc twang lai duge L. Feuerbach vilt va hoan chinh vao nam 1843, tae
• ^ ^ „ , . _. .,. .. . . pham la s y t i l p n i l eCa dng trong viee Trudng Bai hpc Cong nghiep thirc pham ^ ^ Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, phe phan C g Doe giao va nen ehuyen
NGUYgN TH! CAM TU - TU TU'ONG CAl CACH TR|gTHOC_i chinh tinh t h i n k i t hgp vdi che do
quan chu Pho lam m i t tu do, ca t y do ve tinh t h i n cua eon ngudi.
Tac phIm Nhwng nguyen ly cua triet hoc twang iai (tilng Dire: Grundsatze der Philosophie der Zukunft; tilng Anh;
Principles of Philosophy of the Future) g i m 65 nguyen ly dugc chia thanh ba phIn: phIn m d d l u d l i chilu, danh gia cae hpe thuylt duy tam can dai, bdi le, eng m u l n tren eg sd de giai thieh y nghTa hpc thuylt cua minh nhu budc tien mdi eua van hoa Chau Au;
phIn thii hai, tren eg s d k l thiia eo phe phan trilt hpc t u bien - he thong trilt hpc Hegel va chi ra nhCrng diem han e h l trcng t y tudng ciJa ngudi t h l y , L. Feuerbach di d i n quan diem nhan van, d i n g thdi muln cai each trilt hpe mdi; phIn ba xae nhan he thing khai niem mdi nhu: t u tudng nhan van, nhan ban, ehu nghTa t y nhien, chu nghTa thuc nghiem,,, vdi nhiing dae trung eua trilt hpc mdi d l giai phdng con ngudi thoat khdi trilt hpc duy tam t u bien va t h i n hpc Kitd giao, mang d i n eho con ngudi mpt khdng gian s i n g hanh phuc, t y do trong ca ddi sing hien thye Ian trong t u duy.
2. Npl DUNG TU" TU'DNG CAl CACH T R i i T HOC CUA L. FEUERBACH TRONG T A C P H A M NHLTNG NGUYEN LYCUA TRiiTHOC TWONG LAI 2.1. Tu" tydng cua L. Feuerbach v l ton giao
Trong npi dung nay, L. Feuerbach ehu y l u tap trung phan tich nhiing khai niem eua cae thupc tinh tdn giac nhu:
thuylt hiru t h i n , vp than, chu the va khach t h i , trilt hpe t u bien, nIn tang eua chii nghTa duy vat cung nhu sy
"thai nghen" eua n I n trilt hpe mdi.
Trpng npi dung d l cap d i n ten giao, L.
Feuerbach ehi ro ca hai d l u la tin do eua C g D i e giao, mac du v l hinh thCre ho khae nhau. Giao phai Tin Lanh thCra nhan Chua chi la mpt con ngudi. L. Feuerbach (2015: 7) md ta v l Chua; 'Ngdi la s y sdng cua d i n g t l i cao hay s u sdng dd se trd thanh d l i tugng cho loai ngudi tren thien dang kia". Trong khi Chua eua Thien Chua giap hoan toan trai nguge;
Thien Chua giao tach Thugng d l cila ho ra khdi ddi sdng eua loai ngudi, hinh thanh nen mot ly thuylt t u bien, tao cho ngai mot "v6 bpe" d l y phep mau va bi I n d l i vdi eon ngydi va xa hpi tran tuc, xa lanh hien thye va ehii bo nhdng b i t eong, mau thuln trong eupc sing cua eon ngudi, hinh anh eua Chiia hon ca nhiing gi tudng tugng, vugt qua ea ly thuylt thong thudng, ton kinh Chua "giong nhu mot su sing rieng biet tCr ly tri" (L.
Feuerbach, 2015; 8). Dua tren nhirng phan tich cua minh, eng eho rang, n l u chu nghTa duy ly biln mIt hoae ly thuylt v l than hoe tan ra thi con ngudi cc xu hudng nhan there ve Chua khdng gilng nhu mpt khach the ma chi la mot dilu bi I n , vugt lln tren t u nhien, dd la ly thuylt cua triet hpe tu bien, khdng phai triet hpc. Nhirvav xet v l ban chit, ca hai giao pha, a- ' tdn sung mot ddi tugng sieu tu nhien vugt xa nhung kha nang cua co
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 1*2 (257*258) 2020 ngudi. Cung quan d i l m nhu khi nhan djnh v l dao Cg Doc giao, L. Feuerbach eho ring, Chua thi khdng eo y nghTa gi ca nhung Chiia chinh la ban ehlt ly tri eua thuylt hu'u t h i n . Con ngydi trong xa hpi chua phat triln da "sang tao" ra t h i n cua ho bIng each xay dung nhCrng tinh each eho Chija va t u duy v l sy t h i n thanh eiJa hp.
Trang thai tan sung lye lugng sieu nhien, theo L. Feuerbach cung la mot tr?ng thai tinh than, t h i n linh - mpt doi tygng trCru tugng, v6 bien, khdng xae djnh va khdng nhan thiie ro. L.
Feuerbach cung ehi ra ring, gilng nhu ban c h i t cua ly tri, t h i n thanh ehi la mpt dang eua duy ly, trilt hpc t u bipn vi the "eung e l n dugc nghi nggi", can dugc thay t h i bdi mpt he thing trilt hoc khac hoan bj hgn. Ban ehlt cua t h i n thanh la ban ehlt phi ly tinh, y thCre d trang thai tinh t h i n , Chiia dugc hieu la sy thdng thai khdng xae djnh cua cae giac quan, mot s y tydng tugng the hien trong nang lue ciia ly tri. Ngay khi ndi v l d l i tygng cua nhan thiie, L. Feuerbach (2015: 8) ndi rd "Chua la s y s i n g khdng gidi han hoae khong cd b i t eCr gidi han nao"
Chua khdng phai la doi tugng tdn tai mpt each rd rang trong ddi sdng hien thuc, s y s i n g cua Chiia n I m ngoai sy ton tai cua eon ngudi, ma s y t i n tai dd khdng bao gdm trilt hpe, sy s i n g danh ehc mpt d i n g t l i cao d tren thien dang. Ngi dd ehi t i n tai trong duy ly, khdng thye, dd la tdn giao, trilt hoc t y bien. De minh chiing che nhiing nhan djnh cua minh, L.
Feuerbach nhan manh, con ngudi ed t h i nhan thCrc thuylt htiu t h i n bIng ly tri hay bIng ehinh giac quan cua hp, Chua cc t i n tai hay khcng d l u khdng anh hydng gl d i n eude s i n g eiJa con ngudi, nhung s y tygng tugng v l d i n g tdi cap iam cho ngai vugt len tren eon ngudi. Va trong thye t l , ngai t i n tai tCr mpt thuc the rieng biet, dpe lap hean tpan vdi ly tri. Tinh thin, mpt trang thai ben trpng ciia eon ngydi, mpt giac quan, la kha nang eua een ngugi nhung thuylt hu'u t h i n thi chp ring np la mpt sy tudng tugng, "...
ban ehlt t h i n thanh la ban chat eua ly tri hay sy thdng thai d l i tra trong sy that la sw xac nhan hay nang Iwc eua Chua, theo nhu ho thi ly tri hay sw thong thai va khong djnh nghTa eua cae giac quan hoae s y tudng tugng la nang Iwc cua ly trf (L. Feuerbach, 2015: 5). Nhu vay, nhCrng ngudi theo thuylt hyu t h i n da gian t i l p xae nhan ring, nang lye t u duy, kha nang nhan thire, hay ey the do la ly tri ehi la sy tudng tugng, ton tai tach biet mot eg the song. Va, n l u Chua ton tai nhu mpt sinh the blnh thudng thi Chua phai ed 1^ tri, eo giac quan nhu bao nhieu sinh the binh thudng khac.
Nhyng thee L. Feuerbach, Chila khcng cc mot eude song nhu nhirng sinh the binh thudng khae, Chua t i n tai vugt len tren cuoc s i n g binh thudng cua "loai". Ly tri, nhan thire eua con ngydi ludn bi gidi han bdi sy phat trien eua khoa hpe va eude song.
Trong thye t l , s y song ciJa eon ngudi ed gidi han v l mat khdng gian va thdi gian, eon ngudi khdng t h i ton tai
NGUYgN THI CAM TU - TUTlfpNG cAl CACH TRlgT HOS:;:
trong thdi gian va khdng gian khdng xae djnh. Nhung, trong tae phIm Ban chatKlto giao, L. Feuerbach (2012: 8) chi ro, theo Chua thi "Ly tri, theo Chua quan niem la su sing khong gidi han, hilu bilt... vd tan cua chinh no trong Thien Chiia". Ban than thuylt hiru t h i n dygc xay dung tren nhCrng lap luan d l y mau thuln. Mpt mat, hp ehp ring Chua t i n tai vinh vlln, vd dilu kien va ton tai xuyen qua ehinh ban than nd. Mat khac, hp lai tuyen b l Chua cp s y s i n g va t i n tai nhu mot ban the, ed the la mpt tu duy sing, eung cd t h i la mpt dilu xlu xa; va Chua la mot khach t h i sing thi ton tai ben ngoai giac quan, khdng phu thupc vao giac quan. D i l u nay da tae dpng d i n t u duy ciia L. Feuerbach, ong che ring: con ngudi khdng t h i t i n tai nlu tach khdi t y nhien, bdi mpt le gian don la "Tdi khdng t h i hilu sy song ma khdng ed khong khi, hpac la nhln t h l y sy s i n g ma khdng cc anh sang"
(L. Feuerbach, 2015: 10). Theo ong, cupe s i n g ciia een ngudi c l n cd sy tae dpng qua lai giira hp vdi tu nhien, hp khdng the ton tai ben ngoai ty nhien ma khdng e l n nhCfng dilu cg ban nhu khdng khi de thd, anh sang de nhln va nguIn thiie an d l duy tri sy trao doi ehlt trong co t h i . Trong quan d i l m v l thuylt t h i n hpe va trilt hpe t u bien, L. Feuerbach da ehi ra s y gilng nhau la thuylt thin hoc "xoay quanh quan d i l m cCia con ngudi di vap quan diem cua Chua", d i n g thdi, ly thuylt eua trilt hpe tu bien xoay quanh quan diem eua Chiia di vao quan d i l m eua con ngudi.
Theo each d i l n dat cua L. Feuerbach, ly thuylt t u bien ciia thuylt thin hpc chi xoay quanh quan diem ciia Chiia, tir dd d i l n dat lai thanh quan dilm eua con ngydi, cpn ngydi chi cd t h i cd nhan thirc khi da dugc Chua "ga" loe"
qua nhan thirc ciia Chiia ma khdng eo tu duy cua rieng minh. Con theo trilt hpe t u bien, Chua da ne lye d l trg thanh ngydi nhung khdng phai la eon ngydi blnh thudng vdi nhCrng cam xiie ddi thudng ma la mpt con ngudi sieu nhien, phi thuc t l , mpt eon ngydi tru'u tugng khd ly giai, Chiia v y g t qua mpi gidi han eiia sy s i n g , "la ranh gidi cua su tudng tygng, khong cu t h i , mil mit va tach biet" (L.
Feuerbach, 2012; 13). Va eau hdi ma L. Feuerbach dat ra: n l u Chiia eua thuylt t h i n hpe hay ly thuylt t u bien tap ra mpi vat thep yeu c l u va tieu chuan eho phep thi sy thdng minh, ban ehlt eua Chiia cd khac gl een ngudi khdng, va nhu vay, giu-a s y thong minh eiia Chiia va toan hpc ciia cpn ngydi cd s y than bi khdng, eai nao eg the va eai nao thin bi hon. Dd la nhiing nh$n djnh sac sap ban dau eiia L. Feuerbach khi ehi ra eai vc nguy tap eua triet hpc ty bien va thuylt t h i n hoc la tugng ding, va khdng khae gl hgn khi chinh nhCVng nhan thire dd Idm giam di kha nang nhan thirc eiia con ngudi v l hp va v l t h i gidi xung quanh hp.
Theo L. Feuerbach xet d i n cCing, thSn hpe la nhan hpc, vi nd tim hieu cai ma con ngudi suy tdn thanh ding sjn t h i , hgn niia thdng qua dd eon ngifQ., suy ton ehinh minh.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI so 1+2 (257*258) 2020 2.2. Tu- tu'O'ng cua L. Feuerbach ve t r i l t hoc t y bien cua G.W.F. Hegel Danh gia su ddng gdp cua Hegel eho nen trilt hoc Dwc, L. Feuerbach n h l n manh trilt hoe Hegel nhu su k i t thiie eiia n I n trilt hpe hien thdi, dinh eao cua trilt hpc hien dai, nen ong g i n k i t tinh t i t y l u va sy luan chirng eho hpe thuylt duy vat cua minh vdi viec phe phan hpe thuylt duy tam eCia Hegel.
Mot trong nhCrng npi dung d l u tien cua trilt hpc mdi, hay trilt hpe eai each, la vach ra nhCrng han che eCa trilt hpe tu bien - tire trilt hpc Hegel, d l tir dd xae lap nhu'ng nguyen t i e ciia trilt hpc dan than, hudng d i n con ngudi va eg sd t y nhien cua t i n tai ngudi. Trilt hpc d i n than dd phai tap hgp, lien k i t t i t ea nhu'ng gi tdt dep trong qua khii', tao nen sire manh thu hut con ngudi, vach eho hp met con dudng vugn tdi "vygng quoc ciia con ngudi", ngi ma een ngydi khdng con bj am anh bdi nhung xiing xich vd hinh va hO'u hinh. Tuy nhien, trilt hpe ciia Hegel eung la s y mau thuln cua thuylt philm t h i n tir quan diem than hpc hoae lap l^i chinh thuylt than hpc.
Hegel khang djnh, trcng trilt hpe hien dai, vat ehlt vd hinh, nhu mpt khach the thuln khilt ciia tri tue, mot sy t i n tai tuyet doi khdng gi khac hgn la Chiia, la Thugng d l . Khi ndi v l s y giai thoat, theo cae nha t h i n hoc da gan eho t h i n linh n i l m hanh phuc, dire hanh eua eon ngudi. Hegel biln hoat dpng cua chii the ea nhan thire thanh hoat ddng eiia t h i n linh, phep mau. v a nhu the, Chiia eung duge
Hegel xem nhu mpt ehu t h i ce dugc t u do tuyet ddi tCr vat chit. Bang each dd - vat ehlt khdng phai la su tugng phan vdi eai tdi va linh hon - vat ehlt mau thuln vdi linh h i n . Tuy nhien, Hegel cung dya ra nhiing nguyen ly trai ngygc la, ehinh vat ehlt I n djnh sy ton tai khdng thuc t l , vdi nhiing dilu hy vd, la di ehuyen vat ehlt va giai phdng sy duy cam tCr chinh nd, nghia la tdn tai ehi dugc hieu la dire tin. Ban the, vat c h i t va giac quan la nhu'ng y l u t l eua t i n tai nhung dugc Hegel nhan djnh la nhCrng y l u t l sieu giac quan. Giac quan va ly tri la hai y l u to tach rdi nhau, "phi ban nga trong ban nga" (L. Feuerbach, 2015: 36).
Theo L. Feuerbach (2015: 37), vat ehlt la mpt thupc tinh eiia t i n tai, chir khdng phai thude tinh eua Chiia, cai ma trong h l u h i t nguyen ly eg ban ciia trilt hpe Hegel la vugt qua nhCrng nguyen ly, nhO'ng nguyen t i c va k i t luan trilt ly ten giap eiia Hegel vdi sy tae dpng eua trilt hpc nay, than hpc bj bai bd, chi khdi phuc sy phu dinh eiia thuylt duy ly, "Bi mat eiia phep bien chirng la su doi tra, dd la nd phu djnh t h i n hpc xuyen qua trilt hpc d l ma sau da phu nhan triit hpc xuyen qua t h i n hpc". L. Feuerbach chi ra ring, trilt hpc mdi ma Hegel day edng tim k i l m ehi la s y "lap lai t h i n hpe". Hegel ddng nhIt giira linh hon va vat chit, vd han va hu'u han, thuylt hiru t h i n va loai ngudi de t i l n g i n vdi sieu hinh hoc. VI sieu hinh hoc mang tinh hai mat, s y thira nhan niem tin va khdng n i l m tin, t h i n hoe va trilt hpe, tdn
NGUYgN THl CAM TU - TU T U O N G CAI C A C H TRlgTHOfi:;
giap va vd t h i n , . , Hegel thira nhan Chua, nhung lai xem ehii nghTa vd t h i n la mpt thdi khic trcng qua trinh dd, Hegel hieu Thien Chiia xay dyng lai tir ehinh minh, la mpt Thien Chiia that s y hay diing hgn la mpt ngydi t y mau thuln, mpt vj than nhung vd than, Suy eho cung, ve mat nhan thirc luan, trilt hpe cua Hegel la nc lye c u l i cung d l khdi phuc Kitd giao thdng qua ly le eua trilt hoc vi chinh Hegel xem chii nghTa vd than la mpt khpanh khie treng qua trinh t i n tai eiia Chua, gian t i l p thCra nhan sy t i n tai ciia Chua.
Phe phan Hegel trcng quan niem v l quan he giCra t u duy va ton tai, L.
Feuerbach vilt: "Trilt hpe Hegel khdng vugt qua dygc s y mau thuln giu'a t u duy va t i n tai. T i n tai trong Hien twang hoc n I m trong t h i mau thuln trye tilp vdi thye t h i d mu'c dp gilng nhu t i n tai treng Logic" (L.
Feuerbach, 2015: 47). Trong Hien twang hoe eua Hegel, ong cho ring khdng cd s y phan biet giua cai ehung va eai rieng, ea hai hda l l n vao nhau.
Trong thuc t l , eai rieng la cai cu t h i , thupc v l ban the hoSc mpt ca nhan cu the. Nhung trong Hien twang hoe, nd la duy n h I t Ddi vdi Hegel, t i n tai khdng dugc nhln tir gee dp thye tiln, ma dygc cam nhan bIng giac quan, mpt s u t i n tai khdng t h i d i l n dat dygc, trCru tugng, phi thye t l . Khdng thira nhan quan diem cua Hegel v l t i n tai, Ludwig Feuerbach (2015: 48) chp ring, s y t i n tai, gilng nhu mot s u dlSn dat khdng Idi hoae cd the khdng dugc d i l n dat bIng Idi, nhung nd v l n
t i n tai, "mpt su t i n tai cd y nghTa va \)l tri trong chinh nd. Khong cd s y ton tal nao trCru tygng ea". Theo L. Feuerbach (2015: 76), Thien Chiia chi la "mot mong muon ciia con ngydi" thpat ra khdi ddi song t r i n tue de vuon d i n mpt trang thai khdc, ma ngi dd khdng t i n tai khach the t y duy, va ro rang, Chiia cung khdng phai trilt hpc; "Chua gilng nhy khach the ciia tdn giao - va chi nhy Chua Thidn Chiia trong y nghTa ciia mot thien hydng, khong phai la mpt thye the sieu hinh mg hd, v l ban c h i t , chi la mpt d l i tygng cua tdn giao, khdng phai la triet hpe - cua cam giac, khdng phai eua tri tue - v l sy c l n thilt cua trai tim, khdng phai la ty do eiia tam tri: ndi tdm lai, mpt d l i tugng la phan xa khdng phai eiia ly thuylt ma la xu hudng thuc t l d eon ngudi" (L. Feuerbach, 2012: 76). Lien he v l khia canh nay, trong Phe phan Met hoe phap quyen cua Heghen, C.
Mac v i l t v l ton giao nhy sau: "Sy ngheo nan ciia tdn giao vira la bilu hien eiia sy ngheo nan hldn thye, vera la sy phan khang chong s y ngheo nan hi#n thye l y . Ton giao'la tilng thd dai eiia ehiing sinh bj ap bire la trai tim eiia t h i gigi khong eo trai tim eung nhu nd la tinh thin cua nhu-ng trat^tu khdng cd tinh thin. Ton giap |a thuoc phien cua nhan dan" (C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, tap 3, 2002; 570) 2.3. Tu. t y d n g cua L. Feuerbach v l triet hoc m d i
2.3.1. Trao lwu d l cao con ngu'6,- n nen tang va diem xuat phat Theo L. Feuerbach, trilt hpc moi i j
TAP CHl KHOA HQC xA HQI so 1+2 (257*258) 2020 phu djnh ehu nghTa duy ly', chu nghTa t h i n bi, thuylt philm t h i n Ian ehu nghTa nhan vj, ca ehii nghTa vd t h i n l l n ehu nghTa hu'u t h i n . Nd la sy thing nhIt t i t ea chan ly d l i lap l y , trd thanh chan ly tuyet ddi dpc lap va hean bj. Cai each trilt hpe trude h i t the hipn d sy giai quylt mot each duy vat v l n d l eg ban ciia trilt hpe, thoat khol nhOng luan diem sal l l m ciia ehu nghTa duy tam.
L. Feuerbach xem een ngudi la n I n tang xult phat cua trilt hpe mdi, eng (2015: 72) tuyen bd: "Trilt hpc mdi biln eon ngudi va thien nhien vdi vai trd la n I n tang eua eon ngydi thanh khach the dpc nhIt, tdi cap, ehung nhIt eiia triet hpc, qua dd biln nhan hoc, kem vdi sinh ly hpe, thanh mdn khoa hoc ehung nhlt". Nhu vay, khae vdi Hegel, L. Feuertsach loai bd Thugng d l khdi doi tugng nghien ciru. Ddi vdi ong, chi co t y nhien va eon ngydi - san pham yu tu va hoan thien nhlt eua nd - mdi la d l i tygng nghien ciru eiia trilt hpc.
Con ngydi d l i vdi L. Feuerbach khdng ehi la ddi tugng chu y l u va myc dich c u l i cung eiia trilt hpe, ma edn la hinh mau va thude do cua t i t ea. Ly tri, y ehi va tinh cam la nhu'ng to ehlt dac trung ciia con ngydi "bIng xugng bIng thjf. D i l u nay d y g c ong khIng djnh trong Ban chat Kitd giao va nhilu bai v i l t khac. Trong NhO'ng nguyen ly triet hoe twang lai, L.
Feuerbach (2015; 58) vilt: "Trilt hpc mgi d y g c xay dyng tren chan ly cua tinh yeu va cam xiic... Ban than trilt
hpc mdi khong la gi khae ngoai ban e h l t ciia cam xiie duge nang len thanh y thire, nd chi khang djnh bIng ly tinh va theo ly tinh nhiing gl con ngydi dieh thye bay to trong tim ho.
Nd chinh la con tim dugc dya vap k h i i de. Con tim khdng c l n vat the trCru tugng, sieu hinh hay t u bien, nd c l n vat the thye sy t i n tai trong giac quan". Ong che r i n g , ehinh cam xue thuc day con ngydi nhan thirc bIng ly tinh ciia minh, "nhan thire - nd chi xac nhan trong hinh thu'c va xuyen suot phwang tien eua ly tinh nhwng gl ma moi ngwai - moi con ngwai that sw - nhan vao tim cua anh ta" (L. Feuerbach, 2015; 58).
Trilt hpc mdi la s y phu djnh chii nghTa duy ly, chii nghTa than bi, thuylt philm t h i n Ian chii nghTa nhan vj, ca ehu nghTa vd t h i n l l n ehu nghTa hCru t h i n . Nd la sy thing nhlt t i t ca chan ly ddi lap l y , trd thanh ehan ly tuyet doi doc lap va hoan bj. Cai each trilt hpe d L. Feuerbach trudc h i t t h i hien giai quylt mot each duy vat v l n d l eg ban eiia trilt hgc, thoat khdi nhu'ng luan d i l m sal lam cua ehu nghTa duy tam, d i n g thdi dem d i n each hieu mdi v l con ngudi, khae vgi chu nghTa duy vat t h i ky XVII - XVIII, khi cdng thirc "con ngydi - eo may" trd thanh diem n h l n trong nhan sinh quan eiia R. Descartes, T. Hobbes, La Mettrie...
L. Feuerbach (2015; 60) ehii'ng minh r i n g , trilt hpe mdi "ehl dirng ciia nd mang tinh duy ly, ban nga, y thire treng tam tri hp duge hilu mpt each dgn gian hoae treng Chua, np eao
NGUYgN THl CAM TU - TU TU'O'NG CAl CACH TRigT HPC:^
nhlt va c u l i cung ciia ea nen triet hoe kinh vien",
Hpc thuylt trilt hpe v l con ngudi can cir vao c h i t lieu cua cae khoa hpe khae nhau de hinh thanh each tilp can phii hop, giai thieh xae dang eai can ban nhlt trcng quan he giira ngudi vdi ngudi, khae hoan toan vdi i l l giai thieh t u bien va t h i n bi v l cai gpi la chilu sau tam hon con ngudi. T u tudng nhan van eiia L. Feuerbach g i n k i t hCru eg vdi khoa hoc t y nhien, tham ehi ong eon xem thuylt nhan ban nhu dinh eao eiia khoa hpe t y nhien. Khoa hpe trilt hpc mdi thee L. Feuerbach thoat khdi each tilp can t u bien, e l gIng ly giai m l i quan he lien tue giiia t y duy vdi eac qua trinh vat chat dugc thye hipn trong eg t h i con ngydi, vdi tri giac cam tinh. Ddi vdi L. Feuerbach, sy t i n tai la mpt nhan thirc, cam xue va tinh yeu. Ong ehi ra, ban than Thien Chiia Kitd cung chi la mpt su triru tugng tir tinh yeu cua eon ngudi.
2.3.2. Yeu thwomg va quy trong con ngwoi
The nao la trilt hoc mdi? Theo L.
Feuerbach, trilt hpc mdi phai khae v l can ban vdi trilt hoc cQ bIng viee dem den cau tra Idi hoan bi v l ban ehlt ehan chinh, hien thye va toan dien v l eon ngudi, d l i lap vdi quan diem cua tdn giao va trilt hpe t u bien, la quan niem phi nhan, sieu t y nhien ve eon ngudi. Trilt hoc chan ehinh e l n phai tuyet giao vdi eac nguyen t i c t u bien, vdi cae nguyen ly eiia ehii nghTa duy tam tuyet ddi. O l d i l u dd dygc thye hien, c l n xem xet ban c h i t
thye su eua con ngudi la nguyen tac ehu dao. Ong (2015: 167) noi: •Trilt ly mdi nhu s y phu djnh eiia thin hoc, phu nhan s y that eua ton giao... Nhan ehiing hpc la tdn giap cua chinh ne".
Quan diem dae dire chiem vj tri dang k l trong trilt hpe L. Feuerbach noi ehung, tac p h I m Nhwng nguyen ly triet hoc twang lai nei rieng, va dugc d l cap nhu phIn sdng ddng cua t u tugng nhan van, vdi nhung net dac trung dugc trau chuot eho thieh irng vdi xa hdi thdi dng. Trilt ly tinh ydu, hanh phuc, t y do dugc Feuerbach g i n k i t vdi quan niem v l muc tieu tinh t h i n ciia nhan loai - tdn giao cua tinh yeu, tugng t y nhy "nhan dao giao" eiia Auguste Comte.
Con ngudi trong quan diem eua L.
Feuerbach khae vdi cae nha triet hpe trude la eon ngydi "bang xygng bIng thjt", khdng phai eon ngydi ehi cd y thire ma con ngudi t i n tai, la khach the CLia sy song, khach t h i cCa chinh hp; con ngudi vdi nhiing giac quan ciia hp, bap ham trpng do la nhan thirc, cam xue va tinh yeu. Chi trong cam xiie, eon ngudi la tuyet d l i , rieng biet. De ly giai v l tinh yeu vdi eon ngudi la mpt su me hpac, rieng biet, mpt d l u hieu de phan biet vdi "Ipai'' ndi ehung, treng tac pham Ban chat cua Kitd giao, L. Feuerbach (2012- 8) da tCrng dat eau hoi: "BIng each nap con ngudi ed the ehing lai cam xiie yeu thugng trong yeu thugng, mpt ly tri sang suit?". Ong tra Idi: cam xiic I d l u hieu dac biet cua sy t i n tai g ngudi, chi d trong cam xiie, tinh ye
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*258) 2020 mdi la khach the eiia s y dam me, thye t i l n . Tinh yeu, ndi dau, cam xiie la nhO'ng thupc tinh v l n ehi ton tai d eon ngydi, con ngudi trIn trui d y g c nhan thly ro rang, khdng triru tygng, bi I n . Cam xiic, su chira dyng do sau ehan thanh nhlt, eai gi v l n ed d eon ngudi, t y nd da la t h i n thanh. Yeu con ngudi, yeu chinh minh la d i l m b i t d l u eiia qua trinh vugn ra edng d i n g . Ydu ban than khdng co nghTa la chi yeu ban than minh. Noi yeu ban than ehi dgn gian la khang djnh cai Tdi trudc cai khac. Yeu - dd khdng phai la chu nghTa vj ky ma la khIc phuc nd.
Con ngudi iam chu tinh yeu, hay tinh yeu lam ehii eon ngydi? L. Feuerbach tirng hdi nhu t h i . Va dng n h l n manh:
khi tinh yeu kich thieh con ngudi vdi nilm vui, tham ehi di tdi eai ehlt vi ngudi minh yeu, thi dd ehinh la sire manh ea nhan t y tai hay dung hgn, sire manh ciia tinh yeu. Khat vong hanh phuc ea nhan g i n lien vdi khat vpng hanh phuc eiia mpi ngudi - y tudng l y can trd thanh menh lenh eiia eupc s i n g , thanh thdng diep xa hpi.
Khi anh yeu ngudi khac, anh hda than thanh ngydi khac bIng tinh yeu ciia minh. Vay yeu ngudi khac eung la yeu ehinh anh. Tinh yeu thee L.
Feuerbach - mdi la gia trj tuyet d l i , ngi bi mat eude s i n g dugc t i l t Id, tinh yeu la s y dam me, t i n tai, thye t l . Ndi dau eua tinh yeu la nhiJ'ng cam xiic ehan that n h l t chir khdng sieu hinh triru tygng nhy trong trilt hpc cu. Triet hpe mdi, theo L. Feuerbach b i t nguon tir Tdi - mpt thye the ed thye - t i n tai va cd giac quan, cd ban
nga va nhan thirc ve ehinh minh. Trilt hpe mdi khdng tach rdi tri tue khdi eac giae quan d l tim ra sieu nang lye ma tinh than va ly tri la nhCrng y l u t l eua giac quan, thude tinh cua giac quan.
v l n d l khat vpng hanh phuc dugc L.
Feuerbach xem nhu phan t i t y l u trong cuoc song eon ngydi. Moi ea nhan d l u eo quyIn song hanh phiie va hudng tdi hanh phiie. "Khat vpng hanh phiie dd la khat vong cua nhCrng khat vpng... 'Tdi muln' ed nghTa la 'toi khdng m u l n rgi vao b i t hanh, tdi m u l n hanh phiie'" (L.
Feuerbach, 2015: 38). Y ehi va "y ehi hudng d i n hanh phuc" d Feuerbach ddng nghTa vdi nhau. Khai niem hanh phiie d y g c hilu kha rpng, nhung y nghTa, tinh ehlt eiia nd chi cc mpt - tinh ca t h i , Dinh nghTa hanh phuc nhu trang thai ma d dd "thuc t h i co thda man va thda man thye su nhu c l u ca nhan dae trung eua minh, lien quan d i n ban ehlt va eude s i n g ciia minh"
(L. Feuerbach, 2015: 49), dng nhan t h l y ed nhilu each hilu v l khai niem nay vira da nghTa, vu'a ed tinh ea the.
Con ngydi ed the muon eai ma trong hien thuc khdng dem d i n hanh phiie nhu he qua eiia quan niem xuyen tac v l hanh phuc, eQng nhu he qua eiia quan niem sal l l m v l phugng thirc d i n d i n mue tieu. "Chle hIn hanh phuc mang tinh chii quan, nhu qua nhilu nha dao dire hpe biet va ban d i n , va qua nhien nd la nhu t h i . Hanh phuc ciia toi khdng tach khdi ea the tinh eua toi" (L. Feuerbach, 2015:
52).
NGUYgN THI CAM TU - TU T U O N G CAI C A C H TRigT HOS:^
2.3.3. Quan tam den d&i song con ngwoi
L. Feuerbach hoan toan khdng m u l n xoa bo tdn giae, ban than triet hoe eiia dng cung hoa vao ton giao. Theo L.
Feuerbach, tdn giao ma dng d l x u l t la quan he yeu thugng giira ngydi vol ngydi; m l i quan he nay, cho d i n nay v l n di tim ehan ly eua nd d s u phan anh huyin ae eiia hien thye - g s y trung gian cua mpt hay nhilu dng t h i n , tire la nhCrng hinh anh huyIn ao ciia eae thude tinh con ngudi - nhung ngay nay da tim thly chan ly l y , mpt each trye tilp khdng can ed trung gian, trcng tinh yeu thugng giu'a "Tdi" va
"Anh". Vi t h i ma theo L. Feuerbach tinh yeu cuoi eung la tinh yeu nam nii la mot trong nhung hinh thirc cao nhlt eua viec thye hanh tdn giao mdi ciia dng, Xem xet Kitd giao d y a tren nhiing c h i t lieu thye tiln va s y trai nghiem ca nhan, thdng qua bilu hien cu t h i ciia tdn giao tai Dire va Tay Au trong thdi ky d l y mau thuln mot each phe phan, L. Feuerbach mong muon thay Kitd giao bIng tdn giao khdng ed Thugng de, tdn giae tinh yeu vTnh ciru.
Tinh yeu la quy luat p h i quat eiia ly tinh va t y nhien. Ong thira nhan; "Trilt hpc mdi mang d i n khdng gian ciia ton giao; nd mang ban c h i t cija tdn giao;
trong thye te, nd la ton giae" (L.
Feuerbach, 2015: 77). Vi t h i , nd e l n phai la quy luat cao nhlt va trude nhlt eiia eon ngydi. Tinh yeu la m i l lien he, la ban nguyen k i t ndi giiia cai hean thien va khong hoan thien, giiia eai tpi III va eai v6 tpi, giira cai pho bien va
cai ca the, giu'a luat le va con tim, giira t h i n va ngudi. Tinh yeu t y no la Thugng d l , ben ngoai tinh yeu khong cd Thugng d l . Tinh yeu iam che con ngydi t r d thanh Thugng d l va Thygng d l trg thanh eon ngudi. Tinh yeu la s y thing nhlt ehan chinh Thugng d l va con ngudi, tinh t h i n va t y nhien. Vdi each hieu ndy, dng dem y nghTa tdn giao gan cho ca quan he lira ddi va hon nhan. Trong Ban chat Kitd giao (2012: 98) dng ndi cu the v l tinh yeu bIng quan d i l m : " . . . Tinh ydu (eua ngydi dan dng) danh cho phu nu' la eg s d eiia tinh yeu pho quat. Ai khdng yeu phu nir, ke dd khdng yeu eon ngydi" Nhu t h i la, do chd tinh yeu duge tuyen bo n h y la ban ehlt chan ehinh cua tdn giao, ehu nghTa v6 than cua Feuerbach hien ra g day vdi tinh each la tdn giao chan chinh, tdn giao khong eo Thwang de.
D i n g thdi, png cung nhan djnh, trilt hpc mdi khcng hda tan vao nhan chiing hoe, vao ly tri, hay tinh cam ma no la s u that v l cupe s i n g eiia can ngudi. Tire la nhung cai dang dien ra trong ddi sdng con ngudi, khdng triru tugng, t h i n bl ma trIn trui nhy ban c h i t eua hp, Q mpt e h l khae dng nhan manh; "Nghe thuat, ton giao trilt hpc va khca hpc ehi la sy bilu hien s y t i n tai that ciia een ngudi. Con ngudi la that va een ngudi hpan hao chi khi anh ta sd hu'u 6c t h i m my hoae nqhe thuat, tdn giao hoae pham hanh t r ' t hpe hpac khpa hpe giac quan r Idng nhan dao" (L. Feuerbach, 2015^
76). N i n tang ciia trilt hpc mdi, th
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 1+2(257*258)2020 Feuerbach, eOng la ban chat trilt hpc eua eon ngudi, no phii hgp vdi thye t l khach quan.
3. TAM K 6 T
Mae dii, thuylt hu'u t h i n va Thien Chiia giao ed nhiing quan diem khac nhau v l Chiia, nhung quan diem ehung hp van thira nhan s y t i n tai cua Thygng d l - d l i tygng ed ly tri vygt len tren con ngydi va t i n tai ben ngoai sy t i n tai cua con ngydi. Khdng thira nhan quan d i l m dd eua thuylt hiiu t h i n eung nhu Thien Chiia giao, L. Feuerbach phan biet ton giao va t h i n hpc. T h i n hpc, thuylt hiru t h i n , trilt hpe duy tam, d l u la s y t y bien ddi vdi tdn giao, ehung ehju sy phe phan mpt each ngau nhien. Thugng d l la sy mac khai ban ehlt ben treng cua een ngudi, sy the hien cai Tdi ciia con ngudi. Ban ehlt eua Thugng d l khong cd gi khae hgn la ban ehlt con ngydi, khat vpng d y g c thoat khdi nhiing gidi han ea t h i . Do dd, L, Feuerbach (2015: 35) n h l n manh:
"Chiia la khach t h i gilng nhu b i t cu khach the nao ed giac quan; nhung, tai thdi diem gidng nhau, ngai cung la chii t h i ciia chinh nd, va, thay vao dd gilng nhu ehii the eiia con ngydi.
Chua sang tap ra mpi sy vat ring la mot phIn tir ehinh ngai, ngai quay trd lai ehinh minh trong ehinh m l i quan he eua minh va cd lien quan d i n nhyng sy vat khae t i n tai mpt phIn tir ehinh ngai; ngai ed ea tinh yeu va s y thugng ngean xay ra eiing lue va vdi nhCrng cdi khac" (L. Feuerbach, 2015:
13).
Tren eg sd k l thira trilt hpe cua Hegel, L. Feuerbach eung thira nhan nhyng ddng gdp ciia Hegel eho trilt hpe hien dai, dong thdi, dng eung chi ra rang, Hegel "bien heat ddng ehii t h i nay thanh chinh hoat dpng eua t h i n thanh". Hegel ehp rang, tpan bp gidi t u nhien, t h i gidi vat ehlt ehi la t i n tai khac ciia y niem, b i l n t h i eua tinh t h i n ma khdng cd s y hien dien cua y thirc, va ehi la sy chuan bj eho qua trinh chuyin hda eua t y nhien, Phe phan Hegel, L. Feuerbach chi ra ring ehinh Hegel da khdi phuc va iam trung gian cho t h i n hoc thdng qua sy phii djnh eua ehii nghTa duy ly.
KhIng djnh trilt hpc mdi la trilt hpe eua eon ngudi, n I n tang eiia trilt hpc phai b i t d l u tir con ngudi va vi con ngudi (nhan hgc), L. Feuerbach nhan djnh, triet hpc mdi la nhirng nguyen ly nhan thire, la chii the, khong phai ban nga, eon ngudi ea nhan mdi la chu the eua ly tri, la nhung con ngudi ed t u duy. L. Feuerbach mong m u l n xay dyng la mot xa hpi eo sy dpe lap, ty dp danh ehp een ngudi khong bj
"giam e l m " bdi nha thd Kite giao hay Thugng d l eiia ehii nghTa duy tam.
Mac dti cd nhCrng t u tudng eai each trilt hpe mang tinh nhan van, hudng d i n giai phdng con ngudi nhung do nhung han e h l eiia d i l u kien Ijch sir cung nhu trong tu duy nen L.
Feuerbach ehi xem con ngudi mot each triru tugng, phi Ijch sir, een ngudi t y nhien, sinh hpe ma ehua gan vdi nhCrng d i l u kien hien thye eua xa hpi loai ngudi, nhCrng quan he phirc
NGUYgN THI CAM T U - TU T U O N G CAI C A C H TRIgT HOS::.
tap trong d i l u kien doi khang giai e l p nen L. Feuerbach v l n chua v y g t qua dygc. Treng khi dd, C. Mae - bIng nhirng nghien ciru thye tien - da ehi ra ring, con ngudi khae r l t nhilu vdi con vat, ngoai nhiing ban nang t u nhien, con ngudi ed y thire, eon ngudi eon CO ca hanh dpng ma een vat khdng the nap ed la san xult vat ehlt:
"Ban than con ngudi b i t d l u t y phan biet vdi sue vat ngay khi con ngydi b i t dau san xult ra nhCrng t u lieu sinh hoat eiia minh" (C. Mae va Ph, Angghen, 2004; 66).
Minh chirng oho nhan djnh ciia minh, C. Mac da phan tich eae hinh thirc sd hCru ciia loai ngygi, nhd co tai san xult ma con ngudi trai qua nhilu loai hinh so hCru khac nhau trong lich sir;
tir "sd huu bd lac" d i n "sd hCiu cdng xS va sd huu nha nude thdi co" de d i n "hinh thire sd hiiu thir ba la sd hiru phong kiln" (C. Mac va Ph.
Angghen, 2004; 68, 69, 71), Trong qua trinh ehuyin tCr hinh thai sd Um nay sang hinh thai sd hiru tiln bp hgn, cpn ngydi cc y thire ve chinh hp va v l xa hpi hp dang sing, hp y thirc duge
eac m l i quan he giiia minh va ngudi khac, trong khi dd, toai vat khdng iam dugc viec nay. Theo phan tich cua C.
Mac, eon ngygi mpt mat eo quan hd vdi ddi sdng t y nhien, mpt mat hp "ty tap ra chinh hp", dp la quan h§ xa hdi - treng dd cd tinh yeu gia dinh - d i l u ma trudc dd, L. Feuerbach ehua nhin t h l y d y g c hoae chua duge nhle tdi.
Be nghien ciru eon ngudi, C. Mac ndi;
ngudi ta khdng ehi nghien ciru mat t y nhien hay ehi mat xa hgi ma la s y k i t hop ea hai. D i l u nay thi ngygi Biic ndi ehung, L. Feuerbach ndi rieng van chua iam dugc, vl "ngudi Dire khong nhiing t h i l u nang lye hieu bilt va thilu tai lipu ma thilu ca 'sy xac thye eua cam giac'" (C. Mac va Ph.
Angghen, 2004; 82), hp chi iam each m?ng bang ly lu?n, chua tham nh^p vac ddi s i n g thye tien. L. Feuerbach mudn eai each xa hpi, nhyng dng ehi nghien ciru mat t y nhidn ciia eon ngudi, lam mpi bien phap de con ngydi dygc t y do ve m j t tinh t h i n nhy ong ndi trilt ly mdi mang mau s i c
"tdn giao ciia tinh yeu". •
TAI LI|U TRiCH D A N
1. Dinh Ngpc Thach, DoSn Chinh (dong chu bien), 2018, Lich sw triM hgc phuona TSv T§p1.HaN5i:Nxb. ChlnhtriQulcgia. ^ ' ' 2. L. Feuerbach, 2012. The Essence of Christianity. General Book LLC Mem h' Printed in the USA. ' '""^' 3 L Feuerbach, 2015, Princ()3te5 of the PMosophy of (to Future. New York'Pri Press. US. • " ^ ' ^ ^ y
aia - Sy 4. C, Mic va Ph. Angghen toin tip. 2002, tap 3. Ha NOi: Nxb. Chlnh trj QuJc that.
5. C. Mac va Ph,Angghen. 2004. H# tw twdng Bdc (tai ban). Ha NJi: Nxb. Chlnh trj Q <
gia. """^