(Xidg. dua^ fihdfi. luM 86 4(337)-2020
Sir THE HIEN CUA LY THUYET VAT QUYEN TRONG QUY DINH VE BAG DAM THUD HIEN NGHiA VU
• ThS. HUYNH ANH *
Tdm tat: Bdi viet phdn tich van de vgt quyen trong quan he bdo dam thi^c hiin nghia vu vd vi$c tiep nhgn iy thuyet vgt quyen trong cdc quy dinh bdo ddm thyrc hien nghia vu cua Bo luat Ddn sif nam 2015.
Abstract: The article analyzes the issue of rights to things in the relationship of guaranteeing the performance of obligations and the reception of rights to things theory in the provisions of the 2015 Civil
Code guaranteeing obligation performance.
1. V|it quy^n trong quan h$ bao dam thirc tii^n nghia vu
Trong quan niem Latinh, vat quyen (jus in re) dugc hiiu la quyen dugc chu the {nguai co quyen) thuc hien tivc tilp va tue thi tr6n mpt vat ma khong can vai tro trung gian cua mgt nguoi khac^. Tinh chit true tilp va tiic thi cua viec thuc hi$n vat quyen dugc thi hien ngay trong each thiic tac dgng bang hanh vi vat chit (va ca hanh vi phap ly) cua chu the len d6i tugng cua quyin. Quan he vat quyin dugc xac l?p tren nguySn tSc giai quylt mdi quan he giiia hai yiu t6: Chu thi cua quyin (con nguoi) va doi tirgng cua quyin (tai san).
Quan h? vat quyin trong quan he bao dam cho phep chu thi co quyin "ap dat" quyin cua minh len tai san, ma khong c k din sir ddng y hoac khong d6ng y cua chu thi khac. Day chinh la su khac bi?t CO ban giua vat quyin vci quan he trai quyen (trong quan he trai quyin thi quyin cua chu the nay dong tiioi la nghia vu cua chu the khac).
Trong quan he bao dam thuc hien nghla vu, quyin uu tien va quyin truy doi (quyen theo duoi) la hai vat quyin tieu biiu cua ben nhan bao dam doi voi vat bao dam (tai san bao dam). Quyin theo duoi
la quyin cua chu the co the tac dong vao tai san bao dam ngay ca khi tai san khong con nSm trong tay ben bao dam. Ching han, doi voi vat quyin la quyin theo du6i, chu sd hmi tai san the chap (ngay ca chu sd huu nay khong phai la ben thi chip) phai tdn trong quyin ke bi8n tai san cua chu ng nhan the ch4p2. Quyin uu tien la quyen dugc thanh toan truac cac chu ng khac, vi du, chu ng nhan the chap cd quyin nhan tiln thu dugc tu viec ban tai san the chip dl trir ng trudc cac chii ng thudng... Day la mdt dang quyin nang han chi ddi vdi vat, cac quyin nang nay chi phat huy tac dung trong nhung trudng hgp dugc ghi nhan trong luat va dugc thuc hien theo nhiing the thiic nghiem ngat.
Vat quyin trong quan he bao dam nghia vu cd nhihig dac diim cu the sau day:
Thu tthit, vat quyin trong quan he bao dam ludn xu4t hien song song vdi quan he nghTa vu bdi muc dich cua vat quyin dugc dat ra la nham bao dam thuc hien nghTa vu. Do dd, chii the cua vat quyin trong quan he bao dam cung chmh la ben cd quyin trong quan he bao dam. Trong trudng hgp ben cd nghla vu khong thuc hien hoac th\rc hien nghia vu khdng dung la dieu kien ben co vat quyen
\tjag, dung, fihofi Uigl
o o *> yan If ^ * * * ^ cd quyen tac ddng vao tai san bao dam dl thda man
lgi ich cho minh.
Thu hai, khi xac lap vat quyen ddi vdi tai san, muc dich chinh cua chu the cd quyin khong phai huang tdi thuc hien npi dung cua vat quyin ma la sir an toan lgi ich cua chinh minh trong quan he vdi chu the cd nghia vu khi bi vi pham. Ddi tugng ciia vat quyen trong quan he bao dam la cac tai san dugc phap luat cho phep la ddi tirgng bao dam thirc Men nghia vu dan sir. Ddi vdi cac vat quyin khac, su quan tam chinh yeu cua chii the mang quyin la ddi vdi tai san, ddi vdi chu the cd vat quyin ddi vdi tai san bao dam thi su quan tam chinh yeu la gia tri kinh te cua tai san.
Thu ba, vat quyen doi vdi tai san bao dam chi dugc thuc hien khi thda man nhung dieu kien nhat dinh. Bdi vat quyen ddi vdi tai san bao dam dugc sii dung de dam bao cho nghia vu nen viec tac dpng true tiep vao tai san (xu ly) chi dugc thuc hien khi thda man nhiing dieu kien nhat dinh nhu: Ben cd nghia vu khdng thuc hien hoac thuc hien khdng dling nghTa vu nhu da thda thuan... Do do, quy dinh vl bao dam quyen ciia chu the cd vat quyen cung nhu chii sd hiiu tai san nay dugc ghi nhan cu the va nghiem ngat nhu phai thdng qua ban dau gia tai san chang ban.
Thie tu, vat quyen ddi vdi tai san bao dam cho phep chii thi thuc hien quyen cua minh ddi vdi tai san ngay ca khi tai san dd dang thupc chu the khac chiim huu (gpi la quyen theo dudi), theo Dieu 297 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015, quyin nay dugc gpi la quyin truy ddi. Vi du, ben nhan the chip cd quyen ddi vdi tai san thi chip nhung ngudi giu tai san the chip lai chinh la chii sd huu tai san thi chip. Chu ng dugc phep thuc hien quyen ddi vdi gia tri tien te ciia tai san bao dam, chii khdng phai doi vdi quyin sd him tai san do. Chii thi cd vat quyin dugc phep
thuc hi$n quyin cua minh tren vat bat ke vat nam trong tay ai.
Thu nam, vat quyin ddi vdi tai san bao dam cho phep ben cd quyin "chdng lai" cac chii thi khac cd lien quan din tai san bao dam (gpi la quyen ddi khang). Dieu nay cd nghia, khi vat quyen ddi vdi tai san bao dam da dugc cdng khai vdi ben thii ba (thdng qua ca chi dang ky hoac chiem giii, nam giii tai san) thi quyin im tien chmh thiic dugc xac lap len tai san ma khdng phu thudc vao y chi ciia chii the nhan bao dam sau^.
2. Danh gia mgt s6 quy dinh v8 bao dam nghia vu dvol goc d^ v^t quyen
Vat quyen dugc xac lap tren tai san bao dam dua theo y chi ciia cac ben hoac theo quy dinh ciia phap luat. Trong sd cac bien phap bao dam doi vat nhu the chap, cam cd, cam giii tai san thi vat quyen ddi vdi tai san bao dam dugc xac lap la do su thda thuan cua cac ben thdng qua hgp ddng bao dam. Khac hon the chap, cam cd la nhiing bien phap bao dam dugc xac lap tren co sd thda thuan, bien phap cam giu tai san thi vat quyen dugc xac lap cho ben cam giir tai san tren ca sd la mpt dang dac quyen do luat dinh. Ddng thai, trong npi dung ciia mdi bien.phap bao dam ddi vat, quyen cua ben nhan bao dam ddi vdi tai san bao dam cd su khac nhau. Chang han, ddi vdi bien phap cam cd, hoac cSm giii tai san, tai san bao dam do ben nhan bao dam nam giu, tuy nhien, ddi vdi bien phap the chap, tai san thi chap van thudc sir chiem giu va khai thac ciia ben bao dam, bdi day la bien phap bao dam khdng chuyin giao tai san tu ben bao dam cho ben nhan bao dam.
2.1. Ngi dung vg.t quyen trong bien phdp cam
CO
Vat quyen ddi vdi tai san cam cd dugc xac lap tren ca sd su thda thuan cua cac ben trong hgp ddng cSm cd tiii san. Theo Dieu 309 Bp luat Dan sir nam
I Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t
O^m dung, phdifi biM S6 4 (337) - 2020
2015, thi cam cd tai san la viec mdt ben (sau day gpi la ben cam cd) giao tai san thupc quyin sd huu cua minh cho ben Ida (sau day ggi la ben nhan cam cd) de bao dam thuc hien nghTa vu. Ben nhan cam cd la ben cd quyen trong quan he nghia vu chinh va bien phap cam cd la bien phap bao dam thuc hien nghia vu frong quan he nghia vu chinh nay. Khi thuc hien viec cam cd, ben cam cd phai giao tai san bao dam cho bdn nhan cam cd hoac cho ngudi thii ba theo thda thuan ciia cac ben. Do do, bien phap cSm cd tai san la bien phap tao ra vat quyen trpn ven cho ben nhan cam cd, bdi ben nhan cam cd dugc true tiep nam giii tai san cam cd va dugc quyen chi phdi true tiep ddi vdi tai san cam cd dd. Vat quyen trong cam cd CO the dugc xac lap tren ca tai san phai dang ky va tai san khdng phai dang ky, tren ca ddng san va bat dpng san. Thdi diem phat sinh vat quyen cua ben nhan cam cd phu thupc vao thdi diem cd hieu lire ciia hgp ddng va hieu lire ddi khang vdi ben thu ba. Khi hgp ddng cam cd cd hieu luc se phat sinh vat quyen ddi vdi tai san cam cd vdi ben cam cd, hoac phat sinh hieu luc ddi vdi mpi chu the khi hgp ddng cSm cd phat sinh hieu luc ddi khang vdi ben thii ba. Trong quan he cam cd, hieu luc ddi khang vdi ben thii ba phat sinh khi tir thdi diem ben nhan elm cd nim giii tai san, trong tnidng hgp tai san elm cd la bit ddng san thi hieu luc ddi khang phat sinh tii thdi diim dang ky (Diiu 310 Bd luat Dan su nam 2015). Nim giu tai san d day cin hiiu la nim giii thuc tl vat, khdng phai nim giii vl mat phap ly.
Bdi le, khi chuyin giao tai san elm cd la dpng san chinh la viec chuyin giao true tilp tai san, nen se hgp ly dl lam ca sd cho viec xac dinh hieu luc ddi khang. Su phan dinh giiia thdi diem giao dich cd hieu luc giua cac ben va thdi diem cd hieu lire ddi khang vdi ben thii ba la mdt diim rit tiln bd ciia Bd luat Dan su nam 2015, diiu nay cho phep xac dinh
vat rd vat quyen ddi vdi tai san bao dam cua bdn nhan bao dam trong nhiing trudng hgp cu the.
Xet ve vat quyen la quyen quan ly va su dung ddi vdi tai san cam cd, trong quan he cam cd, khi hgp ddng cam cd cd hieu luc, ben nhan cam cd cd quyen quan ly tai san cam cd, ddng thdi neu dugc ben cam cd ddng y, ben nhan cam cd cd quyen sir dung tai san cam cd. Cd the thiy, vat quyin quan ly dugc xac lap cho ben nhan cam cd, nhung quyin sii dung tai san lai mang yeu td trai quyen, bdi ben nhan bao dam chi dugc thuc hien quyen nay khi cd su ddng y cua ben bao dam.
2.2. Ngi dung vat quyen trong bien phap the chap
Dieu 317 Bd luat Dan su nam 2015 quy dinh:
The chap tai san la viec mot ben (sau day gpi la ben the chap) diing tai san thudc sd hiiu ciia minh de bao dam thuc hien nghia vu va khdng giao tai san cho ben kia (sau day gpi la ben nhan the chap).
Cung nhu bien phap cam cd tai san, the chap tai san nham bao dam cho ben cd nghia vu trong nghTa vu chinh phai thuc hien nghia vu. Diem khac biet giiia the chap tai san vdi cam cd tai san chinh la khdng cd hanh vi giao tai san bao dam tii ben the chap sang ben nhan the chap.
Trong bien phap the chap, tai san van do ben the chap nam giii va khai thac ma khdng chuyen giao cho ben nhan the chap. Vdi quy dinh hien hanh, khi nghia vu chinh bi vi pham (nghia vu dugc bao dam bdi tai san), ben nhan the chap ciing khdng dugc phep tac dpng true tiep Ien tai san, khdng the thu giu tai san ma chi cd quyen yeu cau ben the chap hoac ben thir ba dang giii tai san giao tai san cho mmh xu ly. Tiic la niu ben the chap hoac ben thu ba khdng giao tai san cho minh xii ly thi chu the nay chi cd quyen khdi kien yeu cau Tda an bupc ben vi pham phai thuc hien nghia vu ma khdng the thirc
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hien cac quyen duang nhien ciia hp ddi vdi tai san bao dam (xem Dieu 323 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015).
Ndi each khac, ben nhan the chap khdng dugc phep tu cuang doat tai san the chap neu ben the chap hoac ngudi thii ba khdng giao tai san. Trudc dd, Nghi dinh sd 163/2006/ND-CP ngay 29/12/2006 ciia Chinh phii ve giao dich bao dam (Nghi dinh sd 163/2006/ND-CP) da timg cho phep ben nhan the chap cd quyen thu giir tai san sau khi thdng bao trudc cho ngudi giii tai san trong khoan thdi gian hgp Iy. Nghi dinh sd 163/2006/ND-CP ciing dua ra giai phap ve quyen yeu cau Uy ban nhan dan xa va co quan cdng an hd trg cho viec thu giii an toan va trat tu. Tuy nhien, co che nay ciing chua dugc thuc thi tren thuc te, bd may chinh quydn va an ninh dia phuang chua thd dugc huy ddng de can thiep vao quan he dan sir mang tinh binh dang, tu thda thuan va djnh doat giiia cac ben.
Chinh vi the, de true tiep thu giii tai san, rd rang ben nhan bao dam rat khd de tu minh thu giii tai san bdi tu hp khdng the cudng che de thu giu, vi vay, neu can diing siic manh cudng che cd kha nang dan den su lam dung diing xa hdi den de thu giii t^i san, anh hudng den an ninh trat tu. Cd le vi the ma Bd luat Dan su nam 2015 da khdng cdn ghi nhan quyen thu giii tai san cua ben nhin bao dam, theo dd, Dieu 301 quy dinh: Trudng hgp ngudi dang giii tai san khdng giao tai san thi ben nhan bao dam cd quyen yeu cau Tda an giai quyet, tni trudng hpp luat lien quan cd quy dinh khac. Tuy nhien, vdi tinh hinh ng xau gia tang, cpng them sir chay y cua ben bao dam trong viec giao tai san cho ben nhan bao dam de xir ly da gay rit nhieu khd khan cho cac ngan h^ng thuang mai trong thdi gian qua, vdi vi?c khdng ghi nhan quyen thu giii tai san thi kha nang thuc hien xu ly tai san doi vdi cac khoan ng xau cang khd
khan ban. Gin day, Toa an nhan dan toi cao da hudng dan ve vin dl thuc hien thu giii tai san the chip dl xu ly, theo dd Tda an se thuc hien thu tyc xet xu nit gpn ddi vdi nhiing tranh chip lien quan den tai san b^o dam vdi ben nam giii tai san bao dam, qua dd phan nao giam dugc thdi gian cho ben nhan the chap thay vi xet xu theo thii ttic thdng thudng. Qua phan quyet cua Tda dn, ben nhan the chap thdng qua co che thi hdnh an de thu giii tai san va XII ly tai san bao dam"*. Cd the ndi, quy djnh nay nhat thdi cd the giai quyet dugc van de, nhung van chua bao ve tdt nhat quyen lgi ciia bdn nhSn bao dam. Quyen thu giii tai san bao dam dd xii ly la mpt vat quyen quan trpng, cd the ndi viec khdng the true tiep thu giu tai san bao dam ma phai thdng qua td tung anh hudng khdng nhd den ben nhan bao dam, tdn thdi gian va cdng siic cho hp. Do vay, nen chang chiing ta van cho phep thu giii tai san la ddng san vdi sir hd trg cua chinh quyen dia phuang ve an ninh, tr|t ty va dugc xem nhu la mdt dich vu cdng, cd chi phi cho dich vu nay. Chi phi nay dugc tinh vao chi phi thu giu tai san va dugc khSu trii vao tai san bao dam. Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 du khdng ghi nhan quyen true tiep thu giu tai san nhung ciing khdng cd quy dinh cam viec tryc tiep thu giu tai san, va giao tai san de xu: ly dugc quy dinh la nghia vu cua ben bao dam. Do vay, neu van ban hudng din theo quan diem tren ciing khdng the ndi la trai luat.
Ddi vdi quan he the chap ciing nhu cam cd tai san, trong sd cac vat quyen, viec ghi nhan va bao dam quyen truy ddi va quyen uu tien thanh toan la nhung quyen quan frgng, dugc xem quyen xuang sdng trong quan he bao dam. Tuy nhien, viec van dung ly thuyet vat quyen theo phap luat Viet Nam chua triet de. Neu nhu d nhieu nudc tren the gidi.
I Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t
^ag dunjg. phap, luM Sd 4 (337) - 2020
trong quan he bao dam, do tai san bao dam chua chuyen giao quyen sd huu cho ben nhan bao dam va tai san nay hoan toan cd the chuyen giao cho cac chii the khac, ngoai y chi ciia chu the nhan bao dam (vi dy, Bd luat Dan su Phap cho phep ben bao dam dugc chuyen nhugng tai san da su dung dl bao dam nghia vu). Bdi le, de bao dam quyin lgi, chu thi mang quyen trong quan he bao dam khdng thd trdng chd vao su hgp tac hay thien chi cua ben thii ba ma phai cd CO che viing ehac cho hg quyen ddi vdi tai san bao dam, bat ke tai san do d dau va thudc quan ly cua chu the nay^. Tuy nhien, Viet Nam cd quy dinh khac han, thay vi cho phep ben nhan bao dam ty do chuyen nhugng tai san thi luat lai han che quyen dinh doat cua chii the bao dam^ va mdt khi chu the bao dam dinh doat tai san trai quy dinh phap luat, liic bay gid quyen theo dudi cua ben nhan bao dam cdn hi chi phdi bdi cac quy dinh ve ddi lai san hen quan din giao dich vd hieu, dieu nay ddi khi tao nen sy phiic tap khi giai quyet quyen lgi lien quan den cac chu the.
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi cac quydn khac ddi vdi tai san, Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 da ghi nhan quyen dugc chuyin giao ddi vdi quyen be mat, cd nghia chu the cd quyen be mat ciing cd the cam cd, the chap quyin b l mat d l bao dam nghTa vu, cd the hieu day la mot quy dinh ngoai le hen quan den bao dam nghTa vu, bdi quyin be mat vdn la mdt quyen ddi vdi tai san, khdng la mdt dang tai san. Tuy nhien, Bp luat Dan su khdng cd quy dinh nao lien quan din giao dich bao dam cd ddi tugng la quyen be mat. Quyin va nghia vu cac ben trong quan he bao dam, dac biet la vin d l xii ly ddi tugng bao dam khi ben bao dam khdng thyc hien hoac thyc hien khdng dly du nghia vu. Thilt nghi, trong thdi gian tdi can cd hudng dan cu thi cac vin de tren.
23. Npi dung vdt quyen trong bien phdp cdm giir tdi sdn
Cam giu la mdt dang vat quyen trong quan he bao dam dugc ghi nhan tai Diiu 346 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015: "Cam giu tai san la vi?c ben cd quyen (sau day ggi la ben cam giii) dang nam giii hgp phap tai san la ddi tugng ciia hpp ddng song vu dugc chiem giu tai san trong trudng hpp ben cd nghia vu khdng thyc hien hoac thuc hien khdng dling nghTa vu". Theo quy dinh nay, thi cam giii la quyen ciia ben mang quyen trong hgp ddng song vu. Quyen cam giii tai san phat sinh khi cd hanh vi vi pham nghia vy cua ben cd nghla vy. Do dd, cd the thay quyen cam giii la quyen phat sinh tren ca sd luat dinh ma khdng ttr su thda thuan ciia cac ben.
Theo Dieu 346 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015, ddi tugng cua cam giu tai san phai la tai san va la ddi tugng cua hgp ddng song vy. Tuy nhien, luat chuyen nganh cd mdt sd quy dinh khac, khdng chi la ddi tugng cua hgp ddng song vu ma cd the la bat ky tai san nao cd the cam giu. Ben canh do, tai san elm giii cd thi la tai san thudc sd hiiu cua ben vi pham khac, ciing cd the la tai san ciia ngudi khac'^.
Bd Iuat Dan su nam 2015 ciing khdng khang dinh nhung ciing khdng bupc tai san hi cam giir la tai san cua ben cd nghia vu vi pham, ddng thdi cac luat chuyen nganh ciing cd nhiing quy dinh cy the ve van de nay, tham chi tai san dd cd the la ddi tugng cua bien phap bao dam^.
Xet vl ban chit, cim giii tai san theo Bd luat Dan su nam 2015 mang cac dac frung quan trpng ciia mdt bien phap bao dam. Bdi vi ben cam giii tai san cd quyin nim giii tai san ciia ben cd nghTa vy de bupc ben cd nghia vu thanh toan cac nghia vy da din han. Tuy nhien, quyin chi phdi va cac quyen khac ddi vdi tai san lai khdng dly du. Cu thi, quyen
%Ag diing phdp, luM g^ ^ ^33^^, 2020
khai thac tai san cam giii dl thu hoa lgi, lgi tiic lai tai san cam giii ddi vdi ben cd quyin. Ddng thdi, phu thudc vao ben cd nghia vu. Do do, d khia canh eln quy dinh thdi han elm giu cho phep ben elm nay, quyen khai thac tai san bi cam giii cd the ndi la giii bao dam viec thanh toan nghia vu.
mdt loai trai quyen chii khdng phai vat quyen. Hon Tdm lai, xtt dudi khia canh vat quyin ndi nua, Bd luat Dan su nam 2015 ciing khdng cd quy chung, Vat quyin trong quan he bao dam ndi rieng, dinh cho phep ben cam giii tai san dugc quyen xu ly ddi chieu vdi nhiing quy dinh ttong Bd luat Dan su tai san cam giir de thanh toan nghia vu, nen trong nam 2015, chiing ta nhan thay ben canh nhiing mat nhieu trudng hpp, ben thanh toan khdng thanh toan tich cue, hien dai, Bd luSt nay chua thi hien manh nghia vy ma ben cam giii ciing chi dugc cam giii tai me tinh chat vat quyen ddi vdi mdt sd quy dinh Hgn san ma khdng dugc xu ly, khien cho viec cam giii quan ddn bao dam nghia vu nhu da neu tren. Do trd nen vd nghTa. Do vay, de dam bao cam giii la vay, viec tiep tyc nghien ciiu va van dung ly thuyet mdt bien phap bao dam diing ban chat ciia nd, de vat quyen trong cac quy dinh lidn quan den giao ben cam giii that su cd vat quyen ddi vdi tai san cam dich bao dam can tiep tyc thuc hien nham t|n dung giii la tai san bao dam, theo dd nen sira ddi, bd sung uu diem ciia hpc thuyet, bao ve tdt hem quyen cua quy dinh theo hudng xac dinh quyen dugc khai thac cac ben trong quan he bao dam Q
1. Nguyen Nggc Bien (2010), "Su cdn thiet ciia viec xdy dung cdc che dinh vdt quyen vd trdi quyen trong ludt ddn su", Tgp chi Nghien cuu lap phdp (23) (184), tr. 56.
2. Dieu 297 Bo ludt Ddn su ndm 2015 Icfiong su dung thuat ngir "quyen theo duoi" md su d\ing thuat ngU
"quyen truy doi", quyen truy doi ndy phdt sinh khi bien phdp bdo ddm phdt sinh hieu luc doi khdng vdi bin thir ba. Khdc v&i quyen cua chu the co quyin doi vdi tdi sdn bdo ddm trong moi quan he v&i ben bdo ddm duac dp dung theo quy che hap dong cUng nhu cdc quy dinh tuang ung ve quyin vd nghia vu cua cdc chu the trong trdi quyin de diiu chinh.
3. Xem them: Nguyin Minh Oanh vd cdc tdc gid (2018), Vdt quyin trong phdp ludt ddn su Viet Nam hi$n dg.i, Nxb. Cong an Nhdn ddn, Hd Noi. tr. 323 vd Hip theo.
4. Nghi quyet so 03/201S/NQ-HBTP ngdy 15/5/2018 ciia Hgi dong Thdm phdn Toa dn nhdn ddn toi cao huang ddn dp dung mot so quy dinh ciia phdp ludt trong gidi quyet tranh chdp vi xir ly na xdu. tdi sdn bdo dam cda khodn na xdu tgi Toa dn nhdn ddn.
5. Xem them: Nguyen Thi Oanh vd cdc tdc gid (2018), Vgt quyin trong phdp ludt ddn s^ Viet Nam hiin dgi.
Nxb. Cong an Nhdn ddn, Hd Noi
6. Khodn 8 Dieu 320 Bg ludt Ddn su ndm 2015 quy dinh: "Khong duac bdn, thay thi, trao doi, tgng cho tdi sdn the chdp. trie truang hop quy dinh tgi Ichodn 4 vd khodn 5 Dieu 321 cua Bg lugt ndy"; khodn 2 Dieu 313 Bo lugt Ddn sif ndm 2015 quy dinh: "Khong duo'c bdn. trao doi. tgng cho, su dung tdi sdn cdm co di bdo ddm thuc hien nghia vu khdc".
7. Xem khodn 1 Dieu 40 Bg ludt Hdng hdi ndm 2015, theo do co the thdy ngu&i boi thuang co the la chu tau, nguai thue tdu, nguai khai thdc tau, trong khi tdu bi cdm giu co the khong thugc quyen s& hiiu ciia ho.
8. Theo khodn 4 Diiu 40 Bg lugt Hdng hdi ndm 2015. thi ngu&i co khieu ngi hdng hdi co quyin cdm giie hdng hdi doi v&i tdu biin de bdo ddm cho cdc khieu ngi hdng hdi, mac dd tdu biin do da duac thi chdp hogc chu tdu dd thuc hien giao dich bdo ddm khdc de bdo ddm thuc hiin nghia vu khdc trin ca sa hgp dong.