TRUONG DAI HOC PHU YEN
Y NGHIA VIEC XAY DUTVG VA HO AT DONG TUYEN PHONG THU VEN BIEN TINH PHU YEN THE KY XIX
Nguyen Van Thuang*
Tom tat
Viec xdy dung vd boat ddng phdng thu ven bien Phii Yin the ky XIX luon cd y nghia thiit thuc. OPhu Yen. tir the ky XIX viec phdng thii ven bien da cd mdi quan he gan kit doi vdi he thong phdng thii trong cd nude, cd vai trd Idn doi vdi viec phdt trien kinh te. dn dinh xa hgi, gin gia an ninh quoc phdng cita Phu Yen vd cita cd nude. Tie do, van di ndy gdp phdn vao cdng cudc xdy dung vd bdo ve Td qudc hien nay. bdo vi chu quyen biin ddo cda ddt nude
Tir khoa: phong thit ven biin, Phu Yen. bdo ve chu quyin biin ddo
1. Tu- tudng hudng bien gin giir chu quyen bien dao
The ky XIX, ke thua tu tudng hudng ra bien ciia dng cha, vira chinh phuc, khai thdc cdc ngudn tai nguyen tren biln, vira Idm nhiem vu bao ve vimg biln, chdng lai nguy CO xam luge tir ben ngodi. Thdi gian ndy tai Phil Yen, trieu Nguyen da cho xdy dyng mdt he thdng phdng thu ven biln va khdng ngimg boat ddng phdng thii ven bien, vira bdo ddm an ninh, qudc phdng, vira bdo ddm viec thu thu6 ddi vdi tdu thuyen boat ddng tren bien, phdt trien kinh tl, dn dinh xa hdi ddi vdi tinh Phii Yen ndi rieng, cung nhu ddi vdi khu vyc Nam Trang bg va cd nude ndi chimg.
v l quy md, trade 1858 vira ddm bdo an ninh, trat ty vung ven bien, vira bao v8 viing biln den khi thyc dan Phdp nd siing xdm luge, cung vdi cd nude, tinh Phii Yen dd tien hanh chudn bi ve mgi mat, khdng ngimg tdng cudng phdng thu ven bien, vua chdng lai su bin phd ciia thyc ddn Phap. Sau khi trilu dinh Hue dlu hang giac thi nhdn ddn van tiep tuc phdng thii ven bien de bdo ve va chdng lai sy binh dinh vl mat qudn su ciia thyc ddn Phap.
Ve luc lugng tham gia thi hi6n rIt ro net
* TS, Trudng D91 hpc Phii Yen
sy phdng thu toan dan, tit cd nhan ddn deu tham gia phdng thii ven biln t^i dia phuong.
Trudc het, dd Id quan lai trieu dinh dugc cir den cac dia phuang giii chiic Thii ngy, Hi?p thii cd nhiem vy ddng tai cdc hai tin, true tiep kiem tra xem xet doi vdi tdu thuyen ra vao cdc cira biln ndy, nhlt la ddi vdi tau thuyen phuang Tdy, nhd nude da cd nhung quy dinh rd rang ddi vdi viec xet hdi noi hai tdn, ddm bdo viec thu thue cho nhd nude.
Luc lugng thiiy binh kinh thdnh thudng xuyen tudn tra, canh phdng bdo ve mat bien, trieu dinh Hue chia cac dia phuang ven bien ra lam hai dao, tii Hue trd ra bac den Quang YSn Idm mdt dao, tir Hue trd vao Nam Idm mpt dao, cho thiiy binh kinh thdnh lien tuc tuin tham theo hai hudng ndy. Phii Yen nim trong tuyen tuan tra tii Hue trd vdo nam, day Id mdt dia bdn xung yeu, nhdt Id vao mua gid ygn biln lang tir thdng 2 den thdng 8, cung la thdi ky thuyin cdng nha nude di vdn tdi nhieu, thuong thuyen vd ngu thuyin boat ddng manh.
Lyc lugng tilp theo la thuy qudn dia phuang, ddy Id lyc lugng thuy quan dugc trilu Nguyin xay dyng ngay tai cae dia phuang ven bien, tai Phu Yen din nam Minh Menh thii 15 deu dugc thang len 1dm thuy
TAPCHIKHOAHQCSO 13*2016 59 v6, luc lugng ndy cbii ylu la md ddn ven bien
trong hat, d^ cd thi dilu ddng khi cdn thiet, day Id mdt lugng phdng thd quan trpng ciia dia phuang, khi cd su biln xay ra tren mat bien, lyc lugng cua kmh thdnh chua tdi dugc thi day la lyc lugng chinh bao ve mat bien cua tinh Phii Yen.
Sy tham gia boat ddng phdng thii ciia nhan ddn ven bien, vira lam an sinh sdng vira tham gia bdo ve mat bien, sy boat ddng cua thuang thuyen, ngu thuyen tren mat bien se bdo cdc thdng tin cdn thiet cho viec bdo ve mat bien. Ben canh dd, cac thuang thuyen ra nude ngoai budn bdn, cdn cd the tim hieu nhiing van den bien ddng cua the gidi. TriSu Nguyen da biet cdch phat huy lgi the ndy dS bdo ve mat bien: "3 tinh Binh Djnh, Phu Y6n, Khdnh Hda deu xet xem cu dan ven bien thudc dia hat minh, chd nao bpn giac cd the dau thuyen de xdm lan cudp bdc dugc, thi lieu luang d p eho mdi xa thdn 3 hay 5 cay Sling dieu sang, mdi cdy siing dugc 30 phdt dan; lai phat cho 20 hay 30 cay gido tmdng de diing vao viec phdng bi chdng giii... Hangndm cii 1dm theo lendy"[l].
Hdng nam tir nhung thang miia xudn den miia thu, chinh Id khi thuyen cdng di van tdi vd thuyin budn qua lai thi thuyen cdng nha nude thyc hien min tra, canh phdng. Nhiing thang cdn lai cho vien ddn biln trich Idy 1, 2 chiec thuyen cua ddn danh ca, sd phu 5 - 3 ngudi dii de keo budm be Idi. Khi gap viec quan trgng thi lap tire chay bdo cho viec tudn tra, canh phdng nen ngodi bien dugc nghiem.
Sy chi dao ciia trieu dinh Hue Id da chii ddng trong viec phdng thii ven bien, da cho xay dung tai Phii Yen mdt he thdng phdng thii, tai nhimg ciia biln xung yeu nhu Vung Ldm, Xuan Ddi, lien tuc dua ra nhiing quy dinh ve phdng thu ven bien de cac dia phuang thyc hien, tir viec kiem tra xet hdi
noi hai tdn ddi vdi tau thuyen, de ra chuong trinh man bien, ddc thiic va chii y tdi tuan tra, canh phdng bdo ve mat bien, quy dinh vi6c thudng phat ddi vdi viec boat dgng phong thu ven bi8n. Tir dd, trieu dinh cit cii cdc quan l^i dia phuong d l true tilp ehi dao ddi vdi viec boat ddng phdng thu ven bien.
2. Vi tri boat dong phdng thu ven bien
Trong cdi nhin ciia cdc vi vua trieu Nguyin nhlt Id cac vi vua dau trieu Nguyin, vi the eiia hien ddo vd viec phdng thii ven bien dugc ddnh gid cao, thi hien cai nhin hudng ra bien diing dan, dd Id co sd de cac VI vua trieu Nguyen td chiic va tien hanh cdc boat ddng bdo ve chii quyen bien.
Trilu Nguyin da cho xay dyng mdt h6 thdng phdng thii ven bien d cdc ciia bien dlu phdng bi de giii chd hiem yeu va phdi linh thu tuIn phdng de ngan ngiia sy lo bdt ngd, nhu vua Minh Mang ndi ve viec phdng giO cua bien Id de: "hgn giac du mudn ddm nom eung khdng thi thiia dugc sa hd cua ta. Dd Id kl hoach Idn, rang rit cira td ngay tii liic chua mua, de giir viing bd cdi ciia minh [2], Vay thi viec ngan giii bd bien cd cdi thi dang sg ma khdng the xdm pham dugc, the hien cdi nhin hudng bien diing dan, do la eo sd de cdc vua Nguyin td chiic vd tien hanh cae boat dpng bao ve vimg bien, cd phdng hi tmdc nguy CO xdm luge tir ben ngoai. Nhung cai nhin cua Trieu Nguyin chi dung lai d miic dO bd phdng, the hien rd net tinh chat phdng dl thu, thu Id chii yeu, chua cd tu tudng tien cdng, xdy dyng ham dgi thiiy binh manh vd be thdng phdng thu ven bien la dl phdng ngy t^ xa, chua cd tu tudng hudng ra ngodi md cua giao luu vdi ben ngodi phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi dat nude.
Bd bien Phii Yen ket ndi ra ciing vdi Binh Dinh - Nam - Ngai va vao phia nam edc tinh
60 TRUONG DAI HOC PHU YEN Thuan - Khdnh, Id noi nhd ra xa nhlt ve phia
ddng, tir day xudt phat ra biln ddng rdt thuan tien, nhanh chdng, cd the tien ra cdc hdn ddo ngoai bien ddng mdt cdch thuan lgi, de bdo ve chii quyln biln ddo. Tu Phii Yen cd thi tdi Hodng Sa va Tmdng Sa rdt dl ddng, chinh vi thi trong cdc chuyen cdng cdn vao nam 1835 vd 1837 ra dung bia, vang thdmvd ve bdn dd d Hodng Sa ed sy tham gia ciia dan binh dia phuang miln Tmng.
Khi trieu Nguyen xdy dyng luc lugng thiiy qudn dia phuang, hdu bet dlu dugc thang len lam thiiy ve vdo nam Minh Menh thir 15, sd lugng thuy binh ciia Binh Dinh la 1 thiiy ve, Pbu Yen Id 1 thiiy ve, thi Quang Nam cd 2 thiiy ve Id Td, Him thiiy vS, Quang Ngai cd 1 thuy ve, Binh Thuan cd 2 Td, Hiiu thiiy ve, Khdnh Hod cd 1 thuy ve. Tuy rang lye lyc lugng thuy qudn dia phuang ciia Phii Yen it hem hoac bang cac dia phuang khdc d Nam Trung ky, nhung boat ddng phdng thii ven bien tai Phii Yen vdn dugc thyc hien tdt vd linh boat, cdc boat ddng phdng thu dugc thyc hien mgt cdch ddy dii, nhanh chdng khdng ngdi dgi hay y lai.
Ve dinh ngacb edc hang thuyen cho vice cdng d cdc dia phuong trong dd cd viec man bien, thi Quang Nam tdi 44 chiec, Binh Thuan 26 chiec, Gia Dinh 41 chiec, trong khi dd thi Binh Dinh chi 26 chiec, Phu Yen la 23 chile. Tai Phii Yen, khdng nhilu thuyen cdng bang cac dia phuang ven bien khac nen da dem thuyen dai dich di tuan bien: ".. .xin cho cac tinh ven bien chilu theo each thiic thuyen dai dich siia ddng 2 den 3 chiec, de di tuIn trad bien [3].
Nhu vay vi tri ciia Phii Yen Id rdt thuan Igi cho cd xay dung vd boat ddng phdng thii ven bien, la Id chan ciia Ta ky, bdo ve kinh thdnh Hue tir phia nam. Bao ve viing bien giira hai huy8n dao Trudng Sa vd Hoang
Sa, tri6u Nguyin ludn quan tdm den phdng thu ven biln tai Pbii Yen cd trong thdi binh lan thdi chien, chinh vi tri ndy vd sy quan tam ciia trieu Nguyen lain cho phdng thu ven biSn Phii Y6n ludn vimg chic, day la su chuan bi cho cudc ddi dlu vdi thuc ddn Phdp vdo cudi the ky XIX cua nhan ddn Phii Yen.
3. Vai trd doi vdi viec phat trien kinh tl - xa hpi
Dudi trieu Nguyen, ngoai thuang cung cd budc phdt trien ddng ke, sy quan tam ciia nhd nude trong viec xdy dyng cdc ddn bao, kho thdc dy trii luang thyc, ciing cdc bdo cao cua cac quan dau tinh vl tinh hinh thuang thuyin cua cdc nude din Pbii Yen budn ban vd tdu bdo gid gao hdng thang. Do quy dinh ciia trieu Nguyin nen tau thuyin phuong Tay khdng cd co hdi vao Phii Yen, nhung tdu cua phuang Ddng vdo thi rdt nhieu. Di lai thdng thuang, chiia nhieu hang hda, lau ngay tin nhau, tinh trang nude ngodi nhdn do cd thi do thdm bilt dugc, tham dd tinh hinh biln ddng cua thi gidi.
Nhd cd boat ddng min tra bdo ve mat bien dam bdo cho ngu ddn danh bit tren biln dugc an todn. Khi ngu ddn thyc hien khai thdc thiiy sdn ngodi khoi ddng thdi lam ludn nhiem vu tuIn tra, mdi khi tren bien cd vln de thi l^p tiic bao cao dl phdng thii: cho cdc tdng d6c, tudn pbu, bd chinh, an sat d cac dia phuong ven bien, deu nen xet cdc ddo d hai phdn trong hat hien cd dan cu, thi dlu siie cho ddn d day dem thuyin danh ca nhanh chong sira chira cho nhanh nhe han. Nai dan sd nhiSu thi 3 chile, ddn sd it thi 2 chile, mdi chiec cd the ngdi dupe tren dudi 20 ngudi. V6 phi tdn sira chua bet bao nhiSu, thi nhd nude cap tiln. Lai lieu cdp cho giao ddi, siing tmdng thudc dan, giao cbo dan nai dy nhdn ITnh, dl diing di mdn tham. Khi gap giac biln, thi mgt mat ciing nhau chdng ddnh, mdt mat chay
TAPCHI KHOA HOC SO 13 * 2016 61 bdo, cho khdi bj cham tri khdng kip viec [4],
Cac vua trieu Nguyin cdn quy dinh vdo cdc chii thuyen ddnh cd va cho mien chuyen chd cdng ich, nblm thuc ddy viec ddnh bit thiiy sdn ngoai bien, de khai thdc ngudn hdi sdn ngodi khoi, dn dinh ddi sdng nhdn ddn ven bien, day Id ca sd de giup ebo viec phdng thu ven bien dat bieu qud cao: "Thuyen cd nao bl ngang 7 thudc trd xudng qud ldm nghe danh cd, cd mang tradng nhan lenh thi cho lam nghi danh cd, theo le tmdc cho nop tiln tbul, cho miln van tdi eiia cdng"[5].
Giao thdng dudng bien Id mdt trong nhiing he thdng giao thdng quan trgng nhdt d thi ky XIX, bdi liic ndy giao thong dudng bd chua phdt trien, cac phuang tien giao thdng c6n tho so, giao thdng dudng biln chilm ty trong Idn trong van cbuySn bang hda de giao luu giiia cdc viing ciia Phii Y6n vdi cac tinh trong nude va nude ngodi. Giao tbdng dudng thiiy d Phii Y8n thudng diln ra theo bai miia:
miia gid bae, thudng cd thuyin di vao nam, miia gid ndm lai cd thuyen di ra Thira Thien, tuy vay hudng di chinh la ra kinh dd. Dac biet vao nam 1834, cdc con thuyen ciia Phu Yen nhan nhiem vu quan trpng la hd tdng sii gia Hda Xd theo dudng thuy ra kinh dd theo lenh cua vua Minh Menh khi sii thdn din trieu cdng, ddm bdo giao thdng dudng thiiy la rdt quan trpng, gdp phdn van tai dudng biln dugc thdng sudt.
Tai Phii Yen, vice khai thac danh bat thuy hai sdn Id mgt nghi quan trgng cua nhdn ddn viing ven biln, tu hgp nhan ddn d ven biln ldm cho bd cdi ta dugc vimg, tap trung ngudi budn bdn, chira de hang hda, tat phai dat quan linh bdo ve, Idm cho nhan ddn dugc yen dn lam an, cung cd the de y viing ven biln trong viec budn bdn.
Phat triln kinh te bien tbiie day nhdn dan ra biln, ra edc ddo dl ldm dn sinh sdng, khai
thdc tdi nguyen, ddy Id bd phan rat quan trgng tham gia vdo hgat ddng phdng thii ven bien, tao ra edc true ddo ven bien de bdo ve viing bien, dd chinh la nhimg cot mde ehii quyen khdng thi phd huy, ddy Id bd phan thdng tin nhanh nhay tren bien mdi khi cd vdn de tren bien xdy ra.
Trade nhiing thay ddi ciia the gidi, nguy CO xam luge cua cdc nude tu bdn phuong Tdy den nude ta, tir nam 1843 trd di, hai thuyen cua Phap den Viet Nam ngay mgt nbieu ban, trong khoang cdc ndm (1843 -
1847) chien ham Phap da thi uy 3 lln d ciia bien Dd Nang, thi be thdng phong thu ven bien tai Phii Yen cimg vdi be thdng phdng tbu trong ca nude lam nhiem vu chdng lai sy do tham ciia phuong Tay d ven bien. Den khi tbuc dan Phdp xdm luge nude ta, thi he thdng phdng thii ven bien ldm nhiem vu bdo ve dat nude, giu gin lanh hdi quic phdng cho ddt nude, chdng lai sy tdn cdng cua thyc ddn Phdp.
Chdng xam luge, nhan ddn vimg ven bien Pbii Yen da khdng ngung tdng cudng xdy dyng va boat ddng d cdc tuyen phdng thii ven bien, nhdm chuan bi ddi phd vdi cudc chien tranh xdm luge cua thuc ddn Phdp.
Thyc ddn Phdp khi dd bd vdo Phii Yen da gap su khdng cu quyet liet eiia nhdn ddn hai tinh ngay tir ven bien, he thdng phdng thii ven bien Phu Yen ed nhung tac dung miic dp nhat dinh, lam cham budc tien trong cdng cudc binh dinh bang qudn su ciia thyc dan Phap, tao dieu kien xdy dung cac can cii tai viing rimg nui de chien dau Idu ddi. Nhu d Phii Yen, Vung Lam ndm trong vinh Xudn Dai, Id qudn cang, thuang cdng quan trpng d Viet Nam vao the ky XIX, nai ddy cd cira thdng ra bien rdng 318 tragng (1348,32m) chay tir miii Hon Ddn sang Tan Thanh, do sdu liic thiiy trieu len la 1 tragng 5 thudc
T R U 6 N G DAI HOC PHU YEN
(6,36m), tdu thuyin cd the ra vdo vdi sd lugng Idn, dac biet la loai tdu trgng tdi Idn vd tau quan sy.
Vao nam 1832 (Nhdm Thin), Minh Mang thii 13, phdi dodn ngoai giao Hoa Ky do Edmund Robert din dlu da vao Vung Lam, vua Minh Mang cir Vien ngoai lang Nguyin Tri Pbucmg vd Tu vu Ly Van Phuc den hdi vdi quan TuIn vu Pbii Yen len thuyin thiet tiee, nhung do chii tmang "bdt hao" vdi lai budn nude ngodi ciia vua Minh Mang, nen khdng cd thda thuan ngoai thuang nao trong cupc gap phai dodn My [6], Ve phia Tdy Vung Ldm giap vdi con dudng thien ly, an ngu trgng diem ciia tinh gidng nhu tam diem cua true tung, hoanh vdi 4 hudng Ddng, Tay, Nam, Bdc, tir day viec tilp ung cung nhu nit lui cua chinh quyln bdo hd nhanh chdng khi cd nhiing cudc ndi loan ddn ban xii.
Mat khac, Viing Lam nam ben canh thdnh An Thd, phii ly chinh quyen Nam trieu xay dyng tir thdi Minh Mang, cua ddng thanh An Thd thdng ra vinh Xudn Dai, sd him cira bien Tien Chau, noi diln ra boat ddng trao ddi, budn bdn tdp nap giiia ngudi ban xu vdi edc Idi budn ngoai qudc Ha Lan, Phdp, Hoa Ky, Bd Dao Nha,... Nhung phd budn bdn ciia ngudi Hoa, ddn ban xii gpi la khdch tni dyng len khap luu vyc vinh Xuan Dai (tap tmng nhieu d Viing Ldm, Tien Chau).
Cimg vdi boat ddng td chiic bd phdng vl qudn sy ciia trieu Nguyin (cdc hai tdn), tau thuyen cdc nude Idng gilng, cac thuang thuyen eiia cdc nude tren the gidi, nhieu Idn bi bao danh dat vdo bd bien Binh Dinh - Phii
Yen, dugc ddn chiing, cdc lyc lugng phdng thu ven bien ciiu giiip vd dugc trieu dinh cdp vdt pham mang ve nude, da thiic ddy quan h£ ngoai giao tdt dep giua Viet Nam vdi cdc nude tren the gidi.
Tir y nghTa ciia vice xay dung va boat dpng bao ve vimg biln tii the ky XIX, chiing ta ngay nay can tang cudng tuyen tmyen vl tam quan trpng ciia bien ddo ddi vdi dia phuang va dlt nude, de mpi ngudi cd y thiic trong viec bao ve chii quyen bien ddo ddt nude. Ddng thdi, tang cudng hpc tdp, tim bilu vl biln ddo Viet Nam, vl viec cdn thiet ciia viec phdng thu ven bien trong edc tmdng hpc, dl gido due cho edc thi he tre ve trayen thdng chinh pbyc va giii chii quyln biln dao cua cha dng ta.
Y thiic xdy dyng phdng myen ven bien cdc tinh miln Trang ndi chung va tinh Phii Yen ndi riSng giiip chung ta cd cdch nhin diing din ban ve vai trd, tracb nhiem cua trilu Nguyen ddi vdi viec bdo vc chii quyen lanh thd, lanh hai cua qudc gia. Day Id bai hpc quan trgng trong bdi canh hien nay, tra'dc tinh hinh tranh chap, xam pham ciia Trang Qudc d biln Ddng, nhilu mdi de dga den chii quyln va an ninh qudc gia, khu vuc, can tang cudng he thdng phdng thu hien dai, . luc lugng thiiy qudn ngdy cdng tinh nhue, hgp tac qudc tl ludn dugc ddy manh trong xu the hda binh, hiiu nghi trdnh xung ddt, tuan thii luat phdp qudc gia, cdng udc qudc tl ve bien: 1
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[ I ] Qudc Sir qudn trieu Nguyin (2^04), Dgi Nam thuc luc, tap 3, Bdn dich cua Vien Su hgc, Nxb Gido due, Hd Ngi, tr,688.
[2] Phan Huy Chu (1997), Hodng Viet du dja chi, Nxb Thuan Hda, y.275.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC S6 13*2016 63 [3] Qudc Sir qudn trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc luc, ta.p 5, Ban dich ciia Vien Sir hgc,
Nxb Gido due. Ha Ngi, tr. 159.
[4], [5] Ndi cac tri&u Nguyen (1993), Kham djnh Dgi Nam hgi diin sy le, Bdn dich, Vien Sii hgc, tap 9, Nxb Thuan Hod, Hul, tr.683-684; tr.300.
[6] Sogny.L (1937), Notulettes I 'une mission American en Annam sous Minh Mgng, B AVH, N n , Hue. TVHP/VV 713, tr.64.
Abstract
Significance the construction and operation of coastal defenses along Phu Yen province in the 19"" century
The construction and operation of Phu Yen coastal defenses in the 19"" century always had practical significances. InPku Yen, sincethe 19"' century, the coastal defenses had strong links with the national defense system of the country, playing an important role in the economic development, social stability, security and defense maintenance for Phu Yen province and the whole country. From such foundations, this issue has contributed to the cause of constructing and protecting the country at present, as well as protecting the sovereignty over the sea and all the islands of the country.
Key words: Coastal defense, Phu Yen, protect the sovereignty over the sea and islands