S6l2(206)-2012 0i
10 NGONNGCrg. 061 S6NG
[NGOAI NGO vdl BANNGQ I
NGHIEN CCira P H ^ N LO0I DQNG TCT TRONG TIENG H^N
^ SURVEY ON VERB CflTEGORIZfrTION RESEHRCHES IN KOREfIN UlNGUflGE
TRAN TH! Hl/ONG (ThS, DNNN, DHQG Hi Noi) Abstract
The paper gives an overview of the researches and papers relating to verbs in Korean language and Korean word categorization according to syntactical function (transitive and intransitive verbs), primary-secondary relationship in language structure (main verb and auxiliary verb) and word meaning. In addition, the author also manages to identify the features of verbs in Korean language, and compare sub-branches of Korean verbs to Vietnamese ones.
. Md dau
Khdc vdi lifing Viet, vc mdt hinh Ihdi ddng tir lifing Hdn vdi ddc trung cua ngdn ngQ chdp dinh (Kiochako: agglutinating/
agglutinative language) de dang dupe nhdn ra khi chiing d dang nguyfin thfi, vl tSt ca cac duoi dpng t u (vd tinh tir) nguyen the tieng Han deu kel ihiic Id -Cl-[-da] vd chiing thudng nam d vi Irl cudi cau (theo trat tu SOV).
Theo each phdn loai dugc chap nhan rgng rai nhat (theo dfi dn thdng nhdt ngfl' phdp Nhd trudng nam 1963) thi trong sd 9 tir logi lifing Hdn (danh lir, dai lir, sd lir, dinh tir ( S Jf?|5l), phd tir, cam thdn tir, tifiu tir, ddng tir, tlnh tir), dfng tir dirpc coi Id mdt trong nhu:ng tir togi co ban, quan trgng, phuc tgp vd dupc quan tam nghifin ciiu nhifiu nhat tai Han Quoc,
CJ Viet Nam, linh dfin thdi difim hifn tai, chua cd mpt nghifin cim ndo vfi tir logi tifing
Hdn ndi chung vd dpng tir tieng Hdn noi rifing tgi Vift Nam.
d Hdn Qude cdc cdng trinh nghien cuu vfi dpng tflr cd the ndi rat phong phii va dat dupc nhieu thanh tyu ddng ke. Cdc nghifin ciiuve dgng tir lifing Han chu yeu Id nhiing nghifin cihl vfi phdn logi dgng tir theo y nghTa hodc phdn logi theo cii phap cd lifin quan den cdu tgo cdu. Nhdm dau chu yeu Id nghien ciiu ve cdc dpng tir ddc trung hay tifiu loai ddng tir, nhdm sau chu yfiu la cdc nghifin ciiu vfi dgng tir trong cdu tgo cau [8,95],
Trudc hfit la nhflng tranh lugn ve dgng tir xuat hifn trong ngii phdp qude ngii- thdi ki dau. Nhihig nghifin ciiu trong thdi gian nay chil yfiu Id nhihig lugn giai vfi ITnh vue tit logi trong ngQ- phdp qu6c ngii- tifing Hdn.
Nhung nghifin curu ve phdn loai dgng tir phdi kfi dfin la Yu Kil Joon (1897), Kim Doo Bong (1934). Park Seung Bin (1935), Choi Hyun Bae (1937). Nhung nha nghien curu thdi ki nay phdn lo^i d$ng tir thdnh ndi dpi^
S6l2(206)-2Q12 NGON NGJ/& DC)I S 6 N G
va ngoai dpng. chii ddng vd bj ddng, dgng tir sai khifin.
Nhihig nghien ciru sau ve ddng tir tifing Han dupc bat dau tir sau thdp nifin 70 cua thfi ki trudc. Cdc nghien ciru nay de cap chii yfiu dfin vifc phdn loai dgng ttr trong ngii phdp ph6 thong. Choi Hyun Bae (1985) dd chia dpng til' theo su khac nhau vfi tinh chdt.
thdnh ndi ddng lir (Jadongsa) va ngoai dpng tii (t'adongso). Heo-ung (1983) cho rdng nhirng ddng tir can "bd ngii-"
(mokjeoko/burimal) la ngoai dpng lir, nhQ:ng dpng lir khdng nhu vdy la ndi ddng lir. Nam Gi Shim - Go Yeong Geun (1985/1993) da phan loai ndi ddng tir vd ngoai ddng tir theo
"sy van dpng (umjikim) dnh hudng khdng chi dfin chu ngii nia cdn anh hudng dfin bd ngfl-". Ddy la cac phan logi lien quan den chiic nang chu yfiu ciia dpng lir trong cdu.
Tiep theo cdc nghifin ciiu ke tren, cdn cd nhieu nghien ciru ve ddc (rung y nghta. cu phdp cua .cdc dong lie cd biel. Tifiu bifiu cd nghifin ciru ve ddng tir ^it-da'^ (cd) cua cac lac gia Kim Cha Gyun (1982), Seo Jeong Su (1991), Seong Gwang Soo (1979). Hwang Byeong Sun (1982); ddng tir "j'li-da' (cho) cua Park Geum Vong (1986). Lee Gi Dong (1979). Park Hyung Ik (1989): 'bat-da. eot- da. bori-da. il-da' (nhdn. bd di. mat) ciia Shin Hyun Sook (1984); 'ho-dd. 'dae-da' (xem/nhin/dgc..,; sd/cham) cua Shin Hyun Sook (1991); 'o-da. ka-da" (den, di) cua Lee Gi Dong (1977), Jeon Su Dae (1986); 'pw/- da^ (cdi, go) cua Kim Song Won (1986);
'dam-da' (gidng) ciia Kang Jung Hee (1990); dgng tir 'toe-da' (trd thanh)'cLia Seo Jeong Su (1991); 'kionli-da' (chju dimg) cua Hong Jae Seong (1990); 'lol-da' (quay trdn) ciia Hong Jae Seong (1991), \sijakha-da' (bat ddu) cua Park Seung Yun (1984) v.v.
Khdng chi cd cdc nghien ciiu vfi ddng tir ca bift tren, trong Hdn ngir hpc cdn cd nhifiu nghifin ciiu ve cac loai dpng tir khdc cua tifing Hdn. NhiJng nghien ciiu nay dya vao tifiu chuan cu phdp. Nhiing nghifin ciiu ve
cdc logi dOng ttr Iheo chiic ndng cn Kim Yeong Hec (1977). Lee Gi Dong (1978).
Hong Jae Seong (1984). Nghifin ciru vfi dgng tir chuyfin dfng cd Hong Jae Seong (1986).
Kim Eung Mo (1989). Jeon Su Dae (1987).
Clieon Gi Scok (1985) nghifin ciru vfi logi dpng tir chi phirong liiidng. Kim Jae Bong (1988) vfi logi ddng lir \c dgi, mgc.
deo...c&c dd vdt len ngudi. Kim Hong Su (1989) thi nghifin cuu ve dgng tir chi tam li.
Park Hyung Ik (199!) nghifin cim ve loai dfng lir tdng cdcli (dative verb) v.v... Ngoai ra phai kfi dfin cdc nghifin ciru vfi phdn loai ddng tir todn difn nhu nghifin cim vfi ddc linh y nghTa vfi Thfi (sang:aspecl) ciia ddng tir nhu Yu Da Ni (1978). Jeong Moon Su (1984), Kim Yeong Hee(I974). Cheon Gi Seok (1984), Hwang Byeong Sun (1986).
Lee Pil Yeong (1989)...
Tifip theo Id nhiing nghifin ciiu vc ddng tir cd lien quan dfin cdu true cau. tifiu bifiu la Seo Jeong Su (1968). Park Man Su (1989).
Kim Dong Sik (1993), Yang Jeong Seok (1995), Woo Hyeong Sik (1996. 1998).
Hong Jae Seong (1996), Han Song Hwa (1998) V.V.. Nhihig nghifin ciru phdn loai vi tu: bao gdm khdng chi ddng tir ma ca linh lir, nhu cd Kwon Do Kyeong (1993). Kim Eun Yeong (2004).
Tir niia sau thdp nifin 80 ciia the ki XX trd lgi day, cdc nghifin ciiu ngdn ngiJ hgc ve khdi Iifu dan phat trifin d Hdn Qude, dem tai phuong phdp mdi trong viec ldm ro ddc tinh mang tinli cii phap cua vi tir tifing Han hien dai. Tren thye tfi, nd cung cd thfim cac phan loai ddng tir vdi cdc vi du da dang thfi hifin trong tdi Iifu ngdn ngu thuc te. dem lai sy li gidi hpp Ii hon vfi vifc phan loai tat ca cac dfng tir tifing Han [8].
2. M6t vai dac trung tieu bleu cua dpng tv tieng Han
Dgng tu ddm nhdn chirc nang vj ngii' trong ,c^u. Nhmig chirc ndng vj ngu' trong tifing Han cdn co cd d tinh tir va mdt bp phan
12 NGON NGi3r& o d i SONG $6l2(206)-2012 63
danh tir mang tinh vj ngfl" cung cd chirc ndng nay. Hien lupng nay co the quan sdt d nhieu ngdn ngfl' chir khdng rifing d licng Hdn. [10]
Dgng lir thudng dien la iianli vi (dfng tdc) cua chil ngO'. Ngoai ra dgng tir cdn cho thay d^c trung la trgng lam ciia c.iu vd quyel djnh cau lao ciia cdu.
Hong Jae Seong (2002) dd chi ra mgi each chi tiel ve ddc Irung hinh thai, cu phdp ciia dgng tir tifing 1 ldn nhu sau:
(D. Dgng lir mang chirc luing \j ngS vd difin la y nghTa hdnh vi. trang thai trong cdu.
®. iJpng tir tgo nen ihanh phan trgng tdm cua cau. hgn djnh vd quyel dinh logi danh tir vd tieu lir sd hfl-u dugc dimg a chii ngO:. bd ngii. tan ngit.
CD. Dac tinh ngii- phdp ciia mgt cau (seo beop: mood - dang thirc bifiu dat tinh thai, thfi hifin thdi dp tam li ciia ngudi ndi, each dien td su tdn kinh, phii djnh, thdi the.. .v.v.) dugc thfi hifn thdng qua vifc chia tir {hoal yong: conjugation)
®. Phgm trii thfi (aspecl) thfi hifn nhdn djnh chii quan ciia ngudi ndi dupc phdn dnh ve mat hinh thdi. thdng qua sy kfit hgp chap dinh cdc vT Id vdo phdn thdn lir ciia dpng lir.
(D. Ddng tir mang dgc linh "bien ddi dgng thirc"' (kul jeol: Inflection) xel \e mat hinh ihdi.^
©. Ddng tir tifing Hdn phdt trifin mgnh cac cdu iriic lifin kfit dpng ttr nhu cdu triic dpng tir lien liep [yeonsok dongsa: serial verb) hay cdu triic trp ddng tir.
© Dpng lir cd npi ddng tir vd ngoai ddng tir, ngodi ra cdn cd dpng tir "ludng tinh" nfi, ngoai ddng.
3. Phan loai dpng tu- tieng Han Dgng tir tieng Hdn ndi rifing vd dpng tir trong cdc ngdn ngtr khac ndi chung, cd thfi phdn logi nhieu kifiu khdc nhau, ttiy theo tifiu chi phdn loai.
Xin ddn ra day hai tac gid tifiu bifiu cd nghien ciiu nhifiu vfi dpng tir tifing Hdn.
Theo Kang Hyeon Hwa [8:116], cd thfi phdn logi dfng lir theo loai hinh cu phdp thdnh dpng tir npi dfng, dpng tir ngogi dgng;
theo d^c Unh hinh thdi thdnh dgng tir cd quy tac, dfng tir b^t quy tdc; theo d$c tinh cdu tgo tir, cd the chia thdnh dgng tir don, dpng tir phdi sinh, dgng tir phiic (ghfip). Cflng co the dya vdo vai trd vd chirc ndng giOa cac dpng tir Irong cdu md chia thanh dpng tii chinh, trg dpng tir, dpng tir thay the (due- dongsa). dgng ttr chiic ndng v.v...
Theo Go Young Geun (7:93), ddng tir tifing Hdn cd the phdn logi theo cdc tifiu chi da dgng. Dya vdo tifiu chuan hinh thai cd the chia thdnh dgng tir cd quy tac vd dgng lir bdt quy tdc; dya vdo tieu chuan cii phdp cd the phdn logi thdnh ngi dgng tir vd ngoai dgng tir; dya vdo vai trd chinh phy md cd thfi chia thdnh dgng tir chinh vd trg ddng tir (dpng tir bd trg). Gan ddy theo tifiu chi cii phdp. y nghTa ngudi ta cdn chia dgng ttr thdnh dfng lir ldm li, dpng tu- tri nhgn, ddng lir chuyen dgng, dgng ttr phdn thdn (jaekui-dongsa:
reflexive verb), dpng tir ddi xung (teaching- dongsa: symmetric predicates) v.v...
Dya vdo diem ehung cua dgi da so cac nghifin cuu dang tin cay vfi phan logi dpng tir tifing Hdn, trong khudn khd bdi nghien ciJru ndy chiing tdi gidi hgn vifc phdn loai dpng tir tifing Han theo cdc tieu logi chinh nhir sau:
- Phdn logi dpng lir theo chiic ndng cu phdp (npi dpng tir vd ngoai ddng tir)
- Phdn logi dgng tir theo hinh thdi (dpng ttr cd quy tdc vd dgng ttr bit quy tdc)
- Phdn logi dpng tir theo quan hf chinh phy Irong cdu triic dpng ngir (dpng tir chinh vd trg dpng ttr)
- Phan loai dgng ttr theo y nghTa ttr vung.
Ngodi ra, cd quan difim chia ddng ttr tieng Han thdnh hai logi ldn: Ddng ttr hanh dpng (dongjak-dongsa) vd dpng ttr trgng th^
{sangdae-dongsa), nhung thuc tfi ddng tii trgng thdi chinh la tinh ttr nfin chiing toi khdng theo cdeh phan loai nay.
s o 12 (206)-2012 NGON NGCT & DOI SONG
3. L Phdn logi ddng fir Iheo chirc ndng cu phdp: Ngi dgng lie (jadongsa) vd ngogi dgng tie (t 'adongsa)
3.1.1. Ve dgc trung ciia niii dgng lir trong rieng Han
Trong tifing Han, ndi ddng ttr (jadongsa hay jetimjiks.si) dugc dinh nghTa Id dgng tir raa chuyfin ddng chiu dnh huong chi bdi chd ngCr. Do do cdc dgng lir nhu '.solneun-da' trong vi du (1) b. khdng cdn bd ngu:di kfim.
(1 ) Dongch'ok esco haeka sot neun da.
Mai trdi mgc d ddng ddng.
(2) a. A i ka un da.jBua. be khdc) b. Muri coreumi tue eoi da. (Nirdc bifin thanh dd)
c. Cheol.su neun naekc karako malhaet da. (Tdi da bao Cheol Su di )
CJ ddy cdc dgng tir "ul-da" (khdc), "/uc- da" (trd thdnh/bifin tiidnh). "-rako malha- da'"(hao) dugc coi Id ngi dgng ltr.[8 :l 16]
3.1.j2. Ve dgc irung cua ngogi dgng lie irong lieng Hdn
Ngogi ddng lir lifing Han (/ adongsa hay cdn gpi la namumjiks.si) dirge dinh nghTa la ddng tir khdng chi gay anh hudng dfin chu ngu: ma cdn anh hudng den bo ngii. Do do no bat budc phai cd bd ngiJ. [7:94]
Ngoai dpng lir thudng kfit hpfp vdi lieu tu 'eul.'reul^ tgo nfin cau tnic ngoai dgng.
(3) a. Cheolsuka popeul meokneunda.
b. Cheolsuka naeke pyeonjireul honelda.
Mdt phdn trong sd dpng tii' tieng Hdn vira dimg trong cdu npi dgng vira dimg irong cdu ngogi ddrig, ddn dfin ragt sd irudng hgp rat khd phdn biet ranh gidi gifl-a hai tifiu loai ddng ttr nay. Tifiu bifiu cd cdc ddng lir "ka- da (d\)lki-da (bd)/naoal-da (ra khdi)/
kancheopha-da (can thifp) /dam-da {giong)/mui-da (cdn) (ddi vdi ngudi)".. .v v.^
(4) a. A i ka nunnml i keuchyeoldo. Dira be ngimg khdc.
b. Eomonika aki ui nunmiireul keuchveolda. Ngudi me lam diia be ngung khdc.
Trong vi du (4) a, "keuciiyeol-da" dugc dimg nhu nfi dpng tii' vi no khdng cd cau tnic bd ngu:. Ngugc lgi, trong vi dy 4 (b) dpng tir ndy dugc dimg nhu ngoai dpng lir vi nd cd bd ngQ' Id 'nunmuT. Nhii-ng dgng tii' kieu nay gdm cd 'umjiki-du.
meomiuda,dachida. hui-da'...(chuyen dpng.
dtmg lai. bj thuong. cong/gay) v.v. va Go Yeong Geun (2006) gpi chiing Id dgng tir chil cdeh (neungkyeok dongsu:ex%a\\ve verb)
Cflng theo [7:94]. cd nhQ-ng loai npi ddng tu- hodc ngogi dpng tir bat bugc can phd tir di kem. vi du nhu trong cac cau sau:
(5) a. Muti eoreiimi tue eoi da. Nudc bien thanh dd.
b. Nolo keu hoeeui e chamseokhayeotda. Tdi cung da iham dy hpi nghi do.
(6) a. Naneun kciileul chinkuio soma tda.
Tdi da coi anh ay nhu ban be.
b. Cheolsuka Yeonghee eke seonmureul jueolda. Cheol Su da tdng qua cho Yeong Hee.
Trong vi dy (5), cac ddng lir IIIL'- da/chamseokha-da dugc ggi la ngi ddng tir khdng hodn todn {hulwanjeon dongsa), trong vi du 6, cdc dfng tir sam-da/ju-da duoc ggi Id ngoai dgng ttr khdng hoan todn (bulwanjeon I 'adongsa) do chiing bat budc yfiu cau cdc phd tir di kem.
Ngodi ra. Choi Hyeon Bae (1937/1985) chia dgng tir theo sy khdc nhau y'e tinh chat ciia chiing, thdnh ndi dpng tir va ngoai ddng ttr. Cdc nghifin ciru ndy phdn loai ndi ddng tir gdm "•tue-da{xxd thdnh), na-da (xay ra.
nay sinh)jul-da (rut ngdn)" chifim sd lugng rat nhd va trong sd ndi dpng tir cung cd trudng hgp dimg nhu ngoai ddng ttr. vi thfi nghifin ciiu cho rang lat cd cdc ddng tii' dfiu Id ngoai dgng tir mang tinh chii quan.
Heo Ung (1983) quy dinh tdt cd nhung ddng tir cdn bd ngu' dugc ggi Id ngoai ddng tir, nfiu khdng nhu vay Id ndi ddng ttr.
NGON NGUT & Ddi SdNG S6l2(206)-2012
3.2. Phdn logi (fgng lit Iheo hinh thai (dgng lie co quy li'ic vit dting lie hdt quy ldc)
Mpt trong nhiing dac [nrng ciia tieng Hdn do la cdc vT to dinh kcni vao than dfng ttr hay linh ttr rat phdt trifin va chimg dupc chia vdi nhifiu hinh thai da diiiij.' Cac dudi dupc chia nay gdm dudi kel ihiic cdu. dudi lifin kci. dudi djnh ngit. dudi ihdi the. dudi chu dpng. hi dgng v v. NhQng dudi ndy the hifn dudi dang cd quy tdc vd bat quy tdc.
Lien quan dfin cdeh phdn loai dfng ttr theo hinh thdi thi dgng itr licng Hdn cd th^
chia thdnh hai lifiu logi chinh: dpng tir 66 quy ldc (kui chik dongsa) vd dgng ttr bat quy tdc (hui kui chik d(mg,va).
3 2. /. Diing tir cd quy tdc (kui chik dong.\a)
La nhimg ddng tir nia dti cd thfim cdc dudi lir vdo sau than lir thi thdn lir van khdng ihav ddi hinh thdi.
(7) a. meok-da : meok- eo, meok- eu ni, meok- eo .seo, meok- neun da
b. teul-da: leul-eo. leul-eu ni .teul-eo .seo. Ieut neun da.
Tuy nhifin, cd nipt loat cdc dgng ttr co hinh thdi gi6ng cdc tieu logi dgng tir b^t quy tac ph6 bi^n , nhung lgi Id dpng tir quy tdc.
chiing tdi sfi d^ c§p d phan kfi liep.
3.2.2. Dgng tie hdl quy Idc (bui kuichik dongsa)
Ld nhQng dgng tir md luy theo dudi chap dinh phfa sau, hinh thdi ciia nd cd thfi duy tri hodc thay doi.,
Trong lieng Hdn. cd ba dang thay doi hlnh thdi ciia dudi dgng lir bdt quy tdc. dd la:
Dpng tur b^t quy tdc chi thay doi than dfng tir
Co the .sdp xep thdnh bang sau:
Bang 1 D9ng tu- bal quy t i c Doni: lit
Dong lir
D o n g t i r b a t q u y t j c t h a y d o i t h a n d p n g tir (0-l2.l-e.l- H j - T j t B i f * ) S S ) Cdc dang bien dfii
Phu am cuoi '\' ctia than dpng tir sS bj inut tieu khi ding sau la nguyen am
V i du: jit + CO -> ii-co nat + eunik'a -> nacunik'a
Phu am cuoi 'h' ciia tiian dpng tir sS doi thiinh 'o/u' khj dang sau \ii nguyen am
Vi du: top + a -> to oa Jeui kjop + eo seo -> jeulkioua seo
VI dv {>$ng tir h i n h a?ng
S c f (jit-da].
*Cf(but-dal, 2 n K k e u t - dal,5i:((jeot- da],?ii:l-[Jt-dal
Si:f(lop-da], SCKnup-da], a 4 [ k j p - d a ] , 5Cf[jup-dal
fi^ng tir tr^ng t h i i a a (nal-da)
oiaqiko-
map-da], S 4 ( c h u p . d a ] . W a - ^ f b a n - kap-da], acKtoep-da], acKkop-da),
;j|i:Kmep-da].
° 3 c ^ [ m u - keop-da].
Dpng lir c4 quy tfic
^Jct Ibeot- da], i 0 (ut- da). an (sit- da], 'Utit (bit- da(, * c H s o t - da].
WSfl^flpe-at- da]
iEfcHjap-da].
ScKbop-da], acKs'ip-da].
Si[>(ip-da], ac|-(jeop-da]
so 12 (206)-2012 NGON NGIT & DOI SONG 15
Dpng tir
. . ' . i ^ . ' ^ l l ^ f
• m . J f r ; , '
Dfng tir 'I'eu'
Dong tir
•h'
Phu am cuoi V cua ihfin tir s€ doi thanh U' khi d^ng sau \& nguyfin Sm, Vi d\i: leut+eo -> teu reo keot + eo -^ keot eo
. ( i
Nguyen am 'fn' ciia than dfng tir sS bj triel lieu d6ng tM] them "r" nlu dSng sau IA nguyen am.
Vi dy: bureu + eo -^ buleo Pareu -a-¥ palla
Phu am CUOI 7J' ciia than tir sg bj trie!
tieu. duoi tir "eo (a/yeo)' s€ chuyen thanh 'ae'
V i du: keu reot ^ yeoseo ->
Keu rae seo
P'ai kal 1- a seo -> p'al kae seo
a c l [keot-da].
^Ch[mut-dal.
^c!-[ieut-da].
^c:f[sit-da].
^Chtkii-daj.
^ffl&Cltk'e-dat- da|
¥MC|- [bu-reu- da], U ^ C l [na- reu-daj... a l ^ C f [go reu-da].
£Si:|.[o.reu.da],
•'f.^Cl[nu-reu- da], ^ s c : ^ [ h e u - reu-da]
7tHCt(ka byeop-da].
otaEWla-
reum-dap-daj
CfScKda-rcu- da].
Ilfa.c:](pa-rcu- da], A - ] * a c ( [ s e o - tu-reu-da].
OjSCKi-reu- da]
n a c ] [ k e u - r«ot-da].
• l i ' C K p a - k a l - da).
ta^CKno-rat- da], J^I-ScKka- mat-da], l U r c ] [pa-ral- da]
Sfcffbat-da].
i?C|-[dat-da], 'yc|--eot-da].
s e t |mul-da], acKmit-da],
«?i:Ksol-da]
iSlScKchJ- reu-da].
SS-CKteul- leu-da]
ScKcho-ta],
*CKno-ta].
y[;Kna-ta]...
Dong tir bat quy tac chi thay doi duoi d5ng tur
O Dgng tir bdt quy tdc "yeo" : ha-da .kongbuha-da.saengkakha-da. wonha-da...
O Ddng tir bat quy tac ''reo" : ireu-da.
O Chia ddng ttr bat quy tac '"nyora": Cac ddng tir logi "o-da".
O Chia dgng tir bat quy tdc "keo ra":
Dpng tir loai "ka-da".
3.2.2.3 Trudng hgp hien doi dgng thuc dp dmg vdi tdt ca dgng tic ciing logi dua vdo quy tdc dm van
O Ddng tir mat "eu" : seu-da. Idareu- da.
dadareu-da...
O Dpng tir mat "r": al-da, sal-da, ul- da... (Tat cd cdc ddng ttr kfit ihuc bang 'r').
3.3. Phdn logi dgng tie theo quan he chinh phu Irong cdu true dgng ngir: (dgng tic chinh vd trg dgng tir)
Dpng tir chinh la nhung ddng tir dimg trudc md trg ddng tir dya vdo.( Kang Hyeon Hwa, 2010)
Xet vi du (8):
a. Yeongpoka kongeul bonda.
16 NGON NGUT & 001 SONG S612(206)-2012
b. YeongpokLi kongeul kulio ho nda.
0 vi du (8)a. dgng ttr "bo-da" cd the dimg mgt minh lam vi ngii- vd mang ngliTa hodn chinh (nhin, xem), cdn "bon-da" trong vi dy (8)b phai ket hgp vdi "kuli-da" mang ngliTa Id "thu" vd khdng ilic dirng nioi minh ldm vj ngu. Do dd. "bo-da" d vi di,i a Id dpng ttr chinh. cdn d \ i du b la tip ddng tir.j 12]
IChoi IKcon »ae \W. .186^598] chia tip dgng lir'' thanh 18 tifiu loai sau.
O I lp dpng tir phu djnh. anihada (khdng phai). mothada (khdng thfi). malda (dimg)
O Tip dgng tir vai sai khifin ha-da (di sau ' - kc' ) manlcul-da
O h g dgng tir kha ndng ji-da. luc-da O Trgdpngltr tien hanh ka-da. o-da O Trg dgng lir hodn thdnh na-da. nae-da.
beori-da
O Trg ddng lir ph^lng sy juda. teuri-da.
bachi-da. dal-da
O Tro dpng ttr thir bo-da (di sau "- eo/-a') O Trp ddng tir nhan manh dae-da, s 'al- da /aek i-da jaechi-du. chiu-da. leoreoji- da. I 'eojida. p 'aji-da jiik-da mol.sal-da.
O Trg ddng lir nghTa vu ha-da (di sau
• > ' ' • ' )
O Trg ddng tir duong nhien ha-da (di sau
•-kineun")
O Trg ddng lir gia thirc che (cheok)lui- da. yungha-da
O Trg dgng tir ( ^ # ) peonha-da (suyt niia. chiil nira)
O Tig ddng tir bao luu lu-da. not-da.
kaji-da
O Trp ddng ttr hi vgng sipeuha-da O Trgddng tir ludng linh ii-dci^
O Trg dgng tir doan hanh ( ^ ^ ) mul-da O Trg ddng lir lap ha-da
O Trg ddng ttr y dd ha-du
Cach chia tifiu loai trg ddng tir cung rdt da dang. Seo Jeong Soo (1980) cdng nhgn cd 17 loai trg ddng tir, Kim Ki Hyuk (1983) dfi xudt 25 logi, Kim Yong Seok (1983) chia thdnh 10 logi trg dgng tir, Lee Gwan
Kyu(1992) chia thdnh 22 loai. Kim Seok Dcuk(l992) vd Lee Cii Dong (1993) chia thdnh 31 va 13 logi trp dgng tir. Go Yeong Geun.Nam Gi Shim (1993) cdng nhgn c6 30 logi trg d^ng tir, Shonsemotol(1996) chia thdnh 12 logi vd gdn day Park Seon Og (2005) thira nhgn cd 19 logi trg dgng tir.
Chiing tdi ddng tinh vdi cdeh lifiu logi trg dpng tir ciia Choi Hyeon Bae(1959) vi dai da sd cac nghifin ciru trfin dfiu khdng the tdch rdi vdi phgm vi phan loai cua Choi Hyeon Bac (1937/1959).
Cdn cu de thifit lap ve khai ni?m cd sy Ifin tgi ciia trg dgng lir tifing Han dd Id :
1. Tinh I? thupc; 2. Khdng the diing thay : 3. Y nghia ngQ'phap"
Do trg ddng tir la sy ket hgp giua hai dpng lir vfi mdt hinh thirc, vi thfi d mpt mdt ndo dd nd cd cau tao gidng nhu ddng tir phirc hgp(bok-hap-dongsa: Cheolsuka toneul k'eo ne, teon jiot da.) hay ddng tii ghep (hapseong-dongsa: VD Cheolsuka lorakasiot-da). Nhimg khdc vdi ddng tir phiic hay dpng ttr ghep. cau tgo ciia Irg dpng lit mang ddc linh cu phdp. Difiu ndy da dugc nhieu nghifin ciiu Hdn ngu hgc chung minh.
Kim Ki Hyuk (1995) cho rdng phgm trii trp dgng ttr lifing Hdn Id cau triic hinh Ihai-cii phdp, dimg d giii-a cau triic cu phdp hinh thanh cdu phuc vd cau triic hinh thdi hinh thanh dgng ttr phuc hop."
Trdn Thj Lan Anh (2009) chi ra trong tifing Viet cQng cd nhOiig phu tir luong duong khi so sdnh trg dgng lir lifing Hdn voi lifing Viet, dd Id "mat, phai, dugc, chOfXong, ra /len" vd cho rdng cd thfi tim Ihdy difim gidng nhau thdng qua ddi chifiu trg dgng tir tifing Hdn vd phy lir trong tifing Vi?t. Difiu ndy thfi hifin ddc trung mang tinh phd qudt cua ngdn ngQ ndi chung.
J.-/. Phdn logi dgng lir theo y nghta lit vung
Do dgc difim hinh thdi vd cu phdp cua tifing Han vd tifing Vi?t gdn nhu hodn toan khdc nhau, nfin trfin quan diem ddi chifiu hai
S6l2(206)-2012 NGON NGOr&POl SONG 17
ngdn ngu Han -Vi^l, cd thfi tifin hdnh viec phdn loai ddng lir theo y nghTa tir vyng, khd ndng kfit hgp vd chirc vii cii phdp cua ddng ttr tifing Hdn. ddi chifiu vdi lieng Vi^t.
Theo cdeh nay. cd the phan loai dgng ttr lifing Hdn theo tifiu loai "nhdm dpng ttr chi tdm li" nhu "chongahada : thich, sireohada:
ghet. "nhdm ddng ttr cho nhan" nhu bal-da.
eoi-da bori-da. il-da\ "nhdni dpng lir chi su chuyen dpng. phuong hudng'" nhu o-da :den. ka-da: di. teonada: riii di. dadareuda:
dfin dugc v.v...
Van dfi ndy cd lifin quan dfin khdi nifim
"yeon-eo" (Collocaton. lam djch: ngu hgn dinh) trong tifing Han do khd nang kfit hpp cua timg lifiu loai ddng tir trong ngu ddng Id khdc nhau, lir dd nd quy dinh ddc trung ve mat hinh thdi cua ddng tir. Vi du: Cimg mgi dgng tir "meok-da mang nghTa gdc la "dn"
hay "ha-da" mang nghTa "ldm" nhung nghTa nay se dugc ldm gidu ifin rdt phong phu tuy vao sy kfit hgp ciia dgng ttr gdc nay vdi cdc thdnh phdn phu md nd kfit hgp dfi tao thdnh ngfr cd dinh. Vi du khi ndi "papeul meok- da" thi cd nghTa "An com"", nhung khi ndi
"maeumeul meok-da" thi lai mang nghTa
"quyfit tdm". "toneul meokda" thi mang nghTa "lay tifin (an chdn lien)...v.\.
Khi di vao phdn tich sdu se thay nhuiig sy kfit hgp tinh tfi hay md nhat. kha nang hoat ddng ty do hay hgn chfi. sy tuan thu theo quy tdc hay tiiy tifin theo th()i quen (ddn dfin cai quan ngii) cua ddng tir trong ngu cd dinh.
4. Ldi kfit
Dgng ttr trong tieng Hdn thudng ndm d vi tri cudi cdu hay menh dfi vd cd ddu hieu hinh thai khd rd khi phdn biel vdi cac tir logi khac. nhu danh tir chdng hgn.
Cach phdn loai dgng lir trong tifing Hdn rdt da dang, tuy thudc vdo lieu chi phdn logi, hdu hfit cdc tdc gid dfiu tifip hanh theo 3 tifiu chi chil yfiu: phdn logi dpng,tir theo chirc nang cii phdp thanh ndi dgng tir vd ngoai
dgng lir, phdn loai dgng lii' theo hinh thdi thdnh ddng tir cd quy tdc vd dgng tir bat quy ldc; phan logi dgng tir theo quan he chinh phy trong cdu Iriic ddng ngQ thanh dgng tir chinh vd trp dpng ttr. CQng cd thfi phdn loai ddng tu Han Quoc theo y nghTa lir vyng.
Do ddc difim khdc nhau ve logi hinh, ddng lir tifing Hdn vd ddng tir lifing Vigt thfi hi?n sy khac biet ve hinh thai vd cii phap nhung chung lgi cd nh&ng tuong dong vfi mdt y nghTa tir vvnig, khd ndng kfit hgp ciia cdc thdnh td trudc. sau dpng tir cung nhu chirc ndng cii phdp ciia nd.Vdn dfi ndy chiing tdi sfi nghien cim kT hon trong mgt djp khdc.
Chu thich:
' ILee Ik Seop 2005:17] khang djnh "Dpng lir va Hinh dung tir (tinh tir) la nhung tir togi duyc phan biet vdi cac tir loai khac nhir danh tir chinh la a diem dugc chia tir (hoalyong) nay.
" Hien tirgng ket hgp thay doi. chap dinh cac bien to ngii" phap vao than tir.
Xet ve mat hinh thai co the chia dong tir lieng Han thdnh than tir (eo-kan) va duoi tir (ea-mi). CJ than tir c6 thfi ket hgp vdi yeu t6 chi bj dong hay sai khien.
tiep tir phai sinh chi mCrc do nhan manh. Duoi tir ta thanh phan tao nen bo phan dpng tir. co the chia thanh cac duoi tir tliuoc hang tnrdc {bieomal- eomi/seoneoinal-eomi: Pretlnat ending) va cac duoi tir thuoc hang sau (i:omal-enmi:V\r\a\ ending).
* Con gpi ta tieu tir bo ngCr (mokjeokhf^eok jo,sa)Dugc them vao sau danh tir hoSc danh iigO
bilu thj danh tir hay danh ngiJ d6 la b6 ngit ciia cau.
Neu danh tir dirng trtrac ket thiic bang phu am thi thfim eul, neu ket thiic bSng nguyen am ihi thfim reuHX\n tham kliao Trdn Thi Huong. Cam nang sir dyng ngLr phap tifing Han, NXB Tir dien Hitch khou.
2010).
' Tham khao them ve cac trucmg ln^p kho phan biet ranh gidi giihi hai tifiu loai npi. ngoai d^ng tir trong nghien ciru cua Kwon Do Kyung (1993). Park Soon Nam (1997), Yeon Jae Hoon (1989), Hong Jae Seong(l989). Ko Chang Un (2006).
^ Khai nifim M i § A | - [ b o j o d o i i g s a ] xuat hien tir sau nghien ciru cua Choi Hyeon Bac (1937). theo do Choi Hyeoti Bae cho rSng Bojodongsa khong phai la mpt tir logi dpc ,lgp ma ia tieu logi cCia vi ngu'
18 NGON NGJJr & c d l SdNG S612(206)-2012'
CS?d[)'ong eon]). Nhi~mg nhJ nghJiiii ci'ru tlieo quan diem niy c6n c6 Jeong Ryol Mo (1948). Lcc Hee Seung (1956), Kim Min Soo (I9(i0), Heo Ung (1975). Go Yeong Geun. Nam Gi SIlim (1985)...Trirdc (ItS. * l l i ( r i kl dSu, Yu Kil Joon (1909) vJ Choi Gwiing Og (1909) da dimg kliai ni^m
^ S • * • ^ (iru dOng tir)-
' it-da (c6, d) ciing dir(?c dimg viii ttr c^ch vira Itk dpng tir vira la tinli lir, con gpi lii "ton t^j tir". N6 c6 t i l l dupc cilia cii 6 d(mg m^nh Icnii V.T lliay d6i lllnh tliii 6 dgng kinli ngit. too nen hai Iririnig hpp "il-seu- sj-da" vS "kie-si-do". Tlico Ko Cliang Un (2006):
Lifin quan d^n "it-da, kJc-sJ-da. cop-d.n" plian lopi ctia cic hpc RJA nhtr sau:
Hpc giii
Heo Ung Kim Seung Gon Park Ji HonR Ha Chi Geun Go Yeong Geun.Nam Gi Shim
SJcHii- dul Dpng lir Dpiig lir
Dpng tir Dpng tir Tinh tir
kyc-si- 1 'li'l
Tinh lir Dpng lir
Dpng tir Dgng lir Tinh tir
SJCl-lcop- dal Tinh tir Tlnh lir
Tinh tir Tinh tir Tinh tir
"Trdn Thi Lan Anh (2009).
'' Theo : [9 ] (I) Cau triic dpng tir phirc hpp (Cdu true cu phap): [ VI] +[ V2]
Cheolsuka toneul k'eoiiae. teonjieotda : Cheolsu riil hon da. nem.
(2) Cau triic dpng tir ghep ( Cau iriic hinh thai): [V i + V2] -> [V]
Cheolsuka lorakasiotda : Cheolsu qua ddi.
(3) Cau true trp dpng tir (Cau true hinh thdi. cii phap): IVl-i-VAii.\]V
Cheolsuka sakwareul mokoboalda. Ctieolsu an thOr tao.
Do cau triic "meokeo boat-da" khong the tach thanh
"Cheolsuka sakwareul iiieokeotda,cheolsuka sakwareul boatda" nfin khong thfi noi cau true cua trg dpng tir la cdu triic cii pliap, ilifi nhimg do c^u triic trp dpng lir dupc tgo ihanh bdi sy ket hgp giiTa dpng tir g6c va dpng tir b6 trg d\ra vao cii (phrase) nen cung c6 the cho day la cau triic cii phap. M$c dii no khong tgo thanh inpt dpng tir co lien ket ch$t ch5 nhimg no dugc bifiu thj la [V] vi thfi no dong thdi Id cau true hinh thai.
Tiki li^u t h a m k h a o Tieng Vi?*
1. Trail Thj Ldn Anh (2009). Nghien cuu .so .sdnh trg ddng lir tieng Hdn vd phg tic lieng Vi('(. Lugn vdn thgc .st DH kyunghee.
2. Di$p Quang Ban (1998), Ngic phdp liing ViC'l (Hip I), NXB Gido dye.
3. Le Bifin (1999), Tic logi tiing Vi^t hi^n dgi, NXB Gido dye.
4. Dinh Vfln Dire (2001). NgCc phdp lieng Vitft - Tic loai, NXB Dgi hpc Qude gia Ha Npi.
5. NguySn Kim Thdn (1977). lX>ng lie tiing ViC-l, NXB Khoa hgc Xd hpi.
6. Tran Trpng Kim (1940), \'iC-i Nam van phgm.
Tieng Hdn
7. Choi Hyeon Bae (1959), Tiing cua chimg da, NXB Jung Eum Sa.
8. Go Young Geun. Gu Bon Gwan (2010), NgCcphup tiing Hdn, NXB Jlpmundahg:
9. Nam Gi Shim vd cdc cpng sy (2006), Tgi sao phdi bdn lgi ve lie logi hgc? NXB Communication Books.
10. Kim Gi Hyuk (1995), Nghien cim ngU phdp quoc ngu -Hinh thdi. Cii phdp ludn, NXB Park Yi Jeong.
11. Hong Jae Seong, Dgng lie L Tap chi
"Ddi sdng quoc ngfr mdi". sd Miia Thu 12-3.
Vifin Ngdn ngQ- quoc gia.
12. Lee Ik Scop (2006), Ngu phdp ttC-n^
Hdn, NXB Trudng Dgi hgc Seoul.
13. Go Chang-Un (2006), The elements of Korean Morphology.
Tir dien
Vign ngdn ngu quoc gia (1999), Dgi tic dien quoc ngu chudn.
Vi?n nghifin cim thdng tin ngon ngfi Trudng Dgi hpc Yonsei (1998), Tic dien tiing Hdn Yonsei. ^ _ ^
Trang mgng ' S hltn://stdweb2.korean.^o.kr/segrch/Liif^^^^
p (Dai tir dien Qu6c tigff'cHoIri- K r ^ l ' ^ H ngit qudcgia) '• '0* t^'f[^fVi i(i.= ' ^ ^
(Ban Bi&n liip nhfin bdi ngdy 05-11-2012)