Nghien cim khoa hgc
THAM VONG CUA DE CHE MONG NGUYEN
DOI Vdfl KHU VI/C DONG NAM A (THE KY XIII - DAU THE KY XIV)
B D I THI ANH VAN'
Tom tat: Sau khi tiiu diit Nam Tong, Mong Cd dd lap nin nhd Nguyin & Trung Qude (1271) vd tit do cdc cugc chiin tranh xdm luge thi gi&i dugc gdn lien v&i triiu dgi ndy v&i ten ggi^ "di chi Mdng Nguyin ". V&i Dong Nam A, tit rdt s&m, di chi Mdng Nguyen dd quan tdm din khu vifc ndy b&i Ddng Nam A s& hOu vi tri dia ly quan trgng tren con dudng glao thuang qudc te vd cung ndm giit vi tri chiin luge di tit dd cd thi vuan t&l bdnh tru&ng nhitng khu vuc khde (Nam A, Tdy A). V&l tham vgng dua Ddng Nam A veto he thdng cdng ngp - thdn thuge Idu ddi eiia de che, truac khi dung binh ddnh Ddng Nam A, cdc trieu dgi Mdng Cd dd Uin luc eho sii gtd den ehieu du nhitng qude gia Ddng Nam A hdng phuc.
Ttt khoa: DS chS Mdng NguySn, DSng Nam A, Tham vpng, ThS ky XIII 1. Am muu cua de chl Mdng Nguyen
doi vdi khu vu-c Dong Nam A
Ddi vdi sy phat triSn cfla mot qudc gia, ngudn tdi nguySn ddng vai trd vd ciing quan ttgng, ngay cd cdc dS chS vdn da rpng Idn Iai cdng cdn hon bao gid hSt ySu td ndy dS tdng cudng hon ntta sue mgnh cfla mmh. Sy thdnh Ifip vd phdt friSn cfla dS chS Mdng Cd Id mdt minh chttng sinh dOng cho van dS ndy. DS md rdng khdng gian sinh ton, nhung bp lgc du muc ngudi Mdng CS dd phai tiSn hdnh nhiSu cupc chinh chiSn vdi cac bd lgc khac vd dSn khi thdnh ldp dugc nhd nudc (1206), hp da xdm luge cdc qudc gia ldng giSng, sau dd phdt friSn thdnh nhttng cudc chiSn ttanh xdm lupc ttt Chdu A sang Chau Au trong sudt thS ky XIII dS tao thdnh mpt dS chS rpng ldn .
Tren ca sd phdn tich nhiing yeu cdu ma Mdng NguySn ddt ra ttong qud hinh chiSu dy cdc nudc Ddng Nam A hdng phuc, nhttng
nha nghiSn cttu Chdu Au dd dua ra cdc y kiSn binh lugn xdc dang vS muu dd cfla dS chS ndy. Dung d gdc dp tim hiSu y dd chmh trj - ngoai giao cua cac ttieu dgi phong kiSn Trung Hoa vdi khu vyc Ddng A, Gary Harbottle - Johnson ttong Lan Na in the Shadow ofthe Mongols Satellite Towns — an old system revived (Lan Na du&i cdi bdng bao phii eda Mdng Cd - mpt hi thdng cH dugc hii sinh) nhdn djnh, nhihig npi dung chiSu du md cdc stt gid Mongol dua ra vdi cdc nudc Ddng Nam A la nhdm xdc ldp mdi quan he chat che gitta dS chS ndy vdi cdc nudc thfin phuc, ttt dd nhdm rdng bupc hp vS chinh trj cflng nhu kinh tS vd dng gpi dd Id hS thdng Tusi hay Abariginal Pacificatian Commissions (Hi thong binh dinh thd ddn) : Tham vpng cfla Mdng Nguyen 14 I4m sao cho "cdi bdng bao phu" cua dS chS ndy dugc xdc lap tgi cdc qudc gia thdn thupc (In the Shadow of the Mongols Satellite Towns)
•TS,Tnr6ngB9ih(icNOiViiHdN0i ; ; ; ~7 ZZT, „ • .i. ou j ' Xem Uifim Bii Thi Anh VSn, 2011, "Cuoc chik tranh ' Gary Harbottle - Johnson, 2003, Lan Na m the Shadow xam luge th^ gifti cua ik qu6c Nguyfin Mong (thfi Icy ofthe Mongols Satelllle Towns - an old system revived, XIII)" Tap chi Nghien ciu Chdu Au. s6 5 (128)C011. Chiangmai, Thailand, tr. 53.
NGHIEN Cda OtiNG BflC ri.sti 9(175) 9-2015 71
Nghien cihi khoah£c^
phdi ttd thdnh hien thyc vd tdn tgi vhih viSn.
Thyc tS Aboriginal Pacification Commissions chinh la tinh chat cfla mgt he thdng nhdm cdt chat cdc nudc ndy frong mdi quan he thin thudc vd cdng ngp lau ddi vdi dS chS Mongol, md gido su Rossabi Morris cfla trudng Dgi hpc Califomia ggi do Id hi thing cdng ngp - thdn thudc ("system tribute and depends")'. Vd mgt ttong cdc khu vyc quan ttpng md Mdng Nguyen hudng sap nhdp vdo he thdng ndy 14 Ddng Nam A.
Vdi cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thi "trong mdty nghia rpng lan han, vi tri dia ly cua mpt vimg ddt, mpt qudc gia cUng phdi duac eoi Id nguon tdi nguyen gid trf^. David G. Marr and A.C. Milner frong Southeast Asia In Ihe 9lh to Mth Centuries (Ddng Nam A lit thi ky IXden the ky XTV) da dua ra phdn tich: d bdn khu vuc cua Chdu A thi Ddng Nam A Id vflng dja ly cd Index of Sea Coastal Line (ISCL) - chi sd duyen hdi cao nhat thS gitii^.
Ddy chmh la diSu kien thudn lpi dS cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A cd thS thiSt lap vd md rdng quan he giao thuang vdi thS gidi bSn ngodi ngay ttt thdi cd - trung dgi. Sy phdt triln cua vuong qudc Champa (thS ky II- XV), Dgi Viet (thS ky X-XVIII), Srivijaya (tiiS ky VII-XIII), Mojopahit (thS ky XIII- XVI) d Ddng Nam A Id nhOng tiirdng hgp tiSu biSu. Vd viec Ddng Nam A sd hiru vj tri dja ly quan ttgng cung chinh Id mdt trong nhthig nguyen nhdn khiSn khu vuc ndy ttd
^ Rossabi Morris, 1990, Khubilal Khan: His Life and Times. University of Califomia press, Califomia; p. 247.
* Nguyin v a n Kim, "Van minh vi de chg: Nhin lai con dudng phat trifin cua cic qu6c gia Dong A", Tap chi Nghien aiu Lich su, s6 2 (406), 2010; tr. 6.
* David G. Man- and A.C. Milner (Ed.), 1990, Southeast Asia in the 9lh to 14th Centuries, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, tr. 157 - 1 6 1 .
tiidnh ddi tugng hfip din ddi vdi Mdng Nguyen.
Nghien cuu d gdc dO dia ly hgc vd kinh tS hpc, hpc gid Luise Levathes ttong When China ruled the seas (Khi Trung Qudc cai trj nhiing viing biin) dd gdp thSm mdt quan diSm mdi khi cho rdng, mpt frong nhttng ly do khiSn dS chS MSng NguySn ddy mgnh ddnh chiSm vimg Ddng A (mdc du khdng gian sinh tdn cfla hp dd frdi rdng ttt A sang Au) Id dS khdng chS "Con dudng ta lua fren ddt liSn" (continental silk road) vd tten biSn (maritime silk road) thu^c tuySn giao thuang Ddng - Tay da dugc hinh thdnh ttt thdi co dgi'.
Thyc ts, d ntta cudi thS ky XIII, viSc Ddng Nam A dd ttmg tdn tgi nhttng thuong cdng cd tiSng (nhu ChiSm cang, Malacca...) v4 khu vyc ndy dd ndi ISn vdi vai frd trung chuySn hdng hda Tdy - DSng trSn tuySn giao thuong dudng biSn, thi y kiSn cfla Luise Levathes khdng hdn khdng cd eg sd. Ddng quan diSm nay, tac gid b4i viSt Quan he Dgi Viil - Champa: Mdt cdch tiep can m&i da khdng djnh, Dai Viet, Champa v4 cac nudc d khu vyc Ddng Nam A ndm d vi tri chiSn lupc quan ttgng d gitta BiSn Ddng, do dd dd
"ndm duge con du&ng thuang mgi quan trgng lit Trung Nguyin din khu vuc Nam A, md xa hem Id Tnmg Ddng vd Bdc Phi''.
Nhirng phdn tich cua cdc hgc gid ttSn hodn todn xac dang vS vj tri vd vai ttd dja ly ddi vdi su phdt triSn cua cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A ttong Ijch stt.
' Luise Uvathes, 1994, When China ruled the seas. New York: Simon & Schster, tr. 53.
' Quan he Dgi Viet - Chgmpa - mat cdch Ilip cgn mil, theojashakIikei.wordpress.com, posted on 1/4/2014, phSn
72
NGHIEN Cda l>tiNaBSrtlti9{Si7^^^Nghien cihi khoa hgc
Viec thon tinh dugc Ddng Nam A cdng cd y nghia vdi Mdng NguySn khi dS chS n4y chua chiSm dugc An Dp - mdt nudc cd dien tich rdng Idn, sd huu ngudn tdi nguySn gidu cd vd nSn vdn minh rye rd, Idu ddi. Ttt Trung Qudc, qudn Mongol cd thS tiSn thdng xudng phia Nam dS ddnh An Do, nhung cupc tdn cdng theo hudng ndy se khdng tiiudn Igi. Ddt nudc An Dp dugc bao ve bdi biSn gidi tu nhiSn rdt vung chdc khiSn lyc lugng Mongol khd cd the dot nhdp vdo qudc gia n4y: phia Bdc v4 Ddng Bdc cfla An Dp gidp Trung Qudc la day nui Himalaya hiem ttd vd cao nhdt hdnh tinh, cdn phia Tdy Id hoang mac Thar vd sau hoang mac ndy 14 day nui cd Aravali rdi mdi dSn ddng bang An - Hdng . YSu td dja ly cua An Dp cho thdy, viec xdm luge quoc gia ndy thyc sy khd khdn ddi vdi Mdng Nguyen. Do dd, nSu chiem dugc DSng Nam A, qudn Mongol s6 Idy day Id bdn dgp, tdn cdng An Dp ttt phia DSng vd Ddng Nam.
Nhu vdy, vS mat dja ly hpc vd kinh tS hgc, da cd nhiSu dieu ly gidi cho sy quan tdm cfla Mong NguySn dSn Dong Nam A. Su gidu cd vS tdi nguyen, su phdn thjnh do kmh tS ndng nghiSp v4 thuang mgi dem Igi cho cac nudc DSng Nam A chinh 14 mdt ttong nhimg diSu hdp din dS chS ndy. DSng thdi, Mdng NguySn cd thS lay Ddng Nam A lam vimg dem, ket ndi Trung Qudc vdi An Dp. Viec danh chiSm khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd kSt qud se giup qudn dpi xdm luge tdn cong ddt nudc Nam A rdng ldn nay dl dang hon.
R6 rdng muu, dd thdn tinh Ddng Nam A cfla Mdng Nguyen khong don thudn chi Id dp
dgt su nd djch cua mgt dS chS len mpt khu vuc, md nd mang tdm chiSn luge cd tmh todn edu. Vi vdy, viec chmh phuc vd thdu tdm ttpn -viing DSng Nam A Id mdt ttong nhfing diSu md hodng dS Mdng NguySn nhdn thttc cdn phdi hodn tiidnh tren con dudng thyc hiSn tham vpng thdng tri thS gidi.
2. Be ehe MSng Nguyen chiiu du cdc nu-dc Sdng Nam A thdn phue
Trong ljch su, con dudng dS chiSm dogt ngudn tai nguySn d nhttng qudc gia khde cfla cdc dS chS cd nhiSu cdch khde nhau. Nhung thOng thudng, cdc cudng qudc vd dS chS thudng hay "tien hdnh chien tranh de cu&p dogt; ngogi giao de chinh phuc, thdu ngp vd xde lap quan hi giao thugng de trao ddi, mua bdn sdn phdm"^. Mdng NguySn da dp dung cd hai biSn phdp ttong qud trinh xdm luge thS gidi: du hdng (con dudng ngogi giao) vd chiSn tranh. Tuy nhiSn, trudc khi stt dung dSn sue mgnh qudn sy, Iuc lugng thdng ttj Mongol da cd gdng thuc hipn mpi thu doan ngogi giao. Cung vdi nhttng- Iudn dieu vd vS, Id Idi de dpa cfla hodng dS MSng CS ddi vdi qudc vuong cdc nudc Ddng Nam A, hdng bupc hp phdi hdng phuc: "Cdn nhu viic dimg va luc Ihl ai lgl mudn ldm dieu dd. Qudc vuang nen nghi ky" -
DSn nam 1257, vflng Vdn Nam (Trung Qudc) vS ca bdn dd ndm dudi quySn thdng trj cfla dS chS Mon gol. DS thudn Igi cho viec tdn cdng nhd Tdng ttt phia Nam, ngay frong ndm dd, tudng Mong Cd 14 Uriang Kha dai (Nggt Luang Hgp Thai) da ctt stt
* K. R. Dikshit, Schwattzberg, Joseph E. Land, India - Encycioptxdia Brilannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, tr. I - 29.
' Nguyin v a n Kim, 2010, Sdd, a. 6.
'" T6ng Lifim, Vuong Vt vi mOt s6 hijc gii diri Minh (1370), Nguyen sit, Nam man di, quyin 3 (Bin dich, Nguyen Gia Phu) - Trudng Dai hoc Tdng hc^p H i N0i); tr.
2.
NGHIEN Cda OtiNG BflC fl. sti 9a75) M015
73
Nghien cim khoa hgc
gid dSn hgch sach nhd Trdn va de dpa chuan hi tiSn cong Dgi Viet Sach Dgi Viet su ky todn thu cho biSt "Thdng Tdm ndm Dinh Ty (khodng thdng 9. 1257), chu trgi Quy Hda Id Hd Khudt eho chgy trgm ve trieu tdu Id ed sU Nguyen t&f " . Tuy nhiSn, viec dy hdng ddi vdi Dgi Viet da khdng dat kSt qua. Stt thdn Mong CS lgi tiSp tyc dSn thuySt phuc hai Idn ntta (vdo thang 10 vd thang 12 nam 1257)'^
nhung cung bj thdt bai.
Sau mpt thdi gian ddi tap trung lyc lupng cho cupc chinh phuc Nam Tdng, cdc nudc d Tdy A vd Chdu Au, dSn nhiing ndm 70 cua thS ky x m , dS chS Mongol da quySt djnh thyc hien y dd thdn tinh khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Hdng loat nhiing dodn stt gid cfla dS chS n4y vdng menh triSu dinh mang chiSu thu di chiSu du qudc vuong cdc nudc Ddng Nam A hdng phuc. Khai thdc su lieu cu, cd the thdy rdt rd net tham vpng cfla hodng dS Hdt Tdt List, ndi bat 14 sdu ySu cdu ddi hdi cdc nudc nay phdi thuc Men: "Vuaphdi thdn hdnh din chdu, cho con em a tgi Trung Qudc ldm tin, bien ngp ddn so, cung iing qudn dich, ngp thue khda vd dgt quan Dgt Ld Hoa Xich cai tri" de "td ro Idng trung thdnh ldm nu&c chu hdu"". Ddng thdi, cdc nudc chdp nhgn quy phuc phdi coi hodng dS nhd NguySn nhu 14 Thien lit nudc minh, gidng nhu quan he vua/cha (hodng dS nhd NguySn) - tdi/con (qudc vuong cac nudc than phuc): "Nghia
•vua tdi cOng nhu tinh phu tie, ed le gi tdi lgi
Ngo ST Lien, 1272 - 1697 (Tai ban: 1993), Dgi Viet si iy loan thtt. Tap II, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hpi. Ha Npi; tt. 27.
" Lc Tiic, Thi ky XrV (in tai: 2002), An Nam chl Iuac, Nxb Thu|n Hoa; tr. 93 - 94.
" Le Tic, Thfi ky XIV (ta lai: 2002), An Nam chi luge, Sdd, a. 76.
phdn vua, con lai phdn eha sao" -
Trong lich su cac triSu dai phong kiSn Trung Qudc trudc day, viec tiSn ddnh cdc nudc Idng gieng xung quanh chi Id nhdm budc hg thyc hien nghia vu cdng ngp djnh ky v4 cdng nhan vai frd "thien triSu" cua minh, cdn nSn dpc lap cua nhttng tiSu qudc quy phuc vdn dugc duy tri vd qudc vuang cdc nudc bdn dja vdn dugc Idm "chit mpt phugng"^^. Tuy nhiSn, yeu cdu cfla Mongol vdi cdc nudc thfin phyc hodn todn khde vdi triSu duih phong kiSn Trung Qudc trudc do.
Khi stt gid cfla Mongol yeu cdu cdc nudc thdn phuc phai "biin ngp ddn sd, eung teng qudn dich, nap thue khda, ddt quan Dgt Ld Hoa Xich cai tri" thi ban chdt cfla su viec Igi hodn todn khde. NSu cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A chdp nhdn thyc hien sdu ySu cdu ndy, cd nghia Id hg da ty ddnh mfit ddc lap - chu quySn vd ddng y la mdt phdn ttSn bdn do dja - chinh trj ciia dS chS MSng NguySn.
Cd thS thdy, nhirng ySu sdch md dS chS Mdng Nguyen dua ra, ddi hdi cac nudc Ddng Nam A thyc hien la mot frong nhttng minh chflng rd rang nhfit vS tham vgng to ldn cfla chung ddi vdi khu vyc. Ngay ndm 1271, Uriang Khadai da nhdn danh triSu dmh nhd NguySn, gtti mgt stt bd sang Pagan yeu can qudc gia ndy triSu cong. Nhitng sy kipn ndy dugc Nguyen sii ghi chep rdt ddy dfl: "Ndm Chi nguyen thU 8 (1271), d&i vua The td, Bgt Ly Thdn Xiiu Ddng L§ Tuyin Uy ty Dd nguyen sdy phdi sal Khdt Bdi Thodt Nhdn sang sd nu&c Miin chieu dii quoc
" Lfi Tic, Thfi ky Xrv (in Iai: 2002), An Nam chi Iuac Sad,tr.76.
'* Ng6 ST Lifin, Dgi Viet si ky logn thr. Tip II Sdd. U 282. r , " , .
74
NGHIEN Cda OONG B ^ X s t i s i S ^ j l ^ ^Nghien cim khoajtoc^
vuang vdo not phu. Thdng 4 ndm dy, bgn Khdt Dal Ihoat Nhdn dua sii gtd cua Mien Id Gi&i Bdc vdo yit kiin vua" -
Nhung yeu cdu ma Mong Nguyen dua ra dd khdng dugc tiiSu dinh Pagan chdp thudn, nhung dS chS ndy khdng chiu bd cuOc. Sang ndm sau - ndm 1272, mdt dodn stt khde Igi dugc ctt dSn qudc gia cfla ngudi MiSn: "Ndm Chi nguyen thii 9 (1272), thdng 2 vua sai Khdm Md Lgt Thdt Ly vd Khdt Ddi Thodt Nhdn dem chiiu sang sii Miin" . Trong ndi dung btte thu chiSu du Pagan, Hdt Tdt Liet dd nhdc nhd:
"Vita rii Dgi Ly Thiin Xiin Ddng Ld Tuyin Uy ty Dd nguyen sicy phdi sai Khdt Bdi Thodt Nhdn dua sie gid cita quy qudc la Gi&i Bdc vdo kinh su vd Idu rdng: tru&c kia Bai Thodt Nhdn din quy quic chi dugc ggp cdc quan dinh tudn, chti chua dugc be kien qudc vugng. Gi&i Bdc lgi mudn xin xd lgi a nudc Trdm. Trdm di nggi Gi&i Bdc tie phuang xa din, ben cho y vdo be kiin vd cho di xem cdc xd lgl Trdm ggi Gl&i Bdc vd bdo ring qudc vuang mong mudn ngi phu. Hai nu&c cdch nhau tuy xa nhung trdm diu^ coi nhu nhau. Nay lgi sai Khdm Md Lgt That Ly cUng Li Bp lang Trung quoc tin sie Khdt Bdi Thodt Nhdn vd Cdng bd lang Trung Qudc tiec phu sie Bdc Ndu Tudt sang hiiu du. Neu qudc vuang mudn giie li thd nu&c l&n thi cho con em vdo chdu... di td rd long trdm khong phdn btit trong ngodi vd di cho tinh thdn mat ngdy edng bin chdt"
ViSc chiSu du Champa cung dugc nhd
NguySn ttiSn khai ngay tu cudi nhtlng ndm 70 cfla thS ky XIII. Nguyin su cd chep: "D&i vua Thi Td, trong khodng nien hiiu Chi Nguyen 14 (1277), Qudng Nam Tdy dgo
Tuyen Uy Sii la Md Thdnh Vugng dd timg xin 3000 qudn, 300 con ngifa de ddnh Chiem r/tan/t"". Nhung khi dd, Mdng Cd dang phdi ddn lyc lugng vdo viSc hodn thdnh binh djnh Nam TSng, nSn dS nghj cua Md Thanh Vugng khdng dupc quan tam dSn. Nam 1278, khi da budc ddu dn djnh sy thdng tti d Nam TSng, triSu dinh Mdng NguySn da ctt Toa Dd tiSp tuc di "chieu du" cdc nudc phuong Nam. Gidi thich vS hdnh ddng ndy, Nguyin sic phdn Toa Dd tniyen cho biet: vi
"miin Giang Nam dd binh dinh xong" vd
„ .: . . . . .,,20 sap CO vifc g hai ngogi
BiSt dugc dd tdm cfla qudn xdm luge, nSn ngay khi HSt Tdt LiSt len ngdi Dgi Han, de ttanh binh dao khdi Itta, Champa yd ttiSu dinh Angco cua Campuchia dd dSn dang biSu ximg phiSn: "Hdnh Trung Thu Sdnh Td Thiea Toa Bd (dd) dem thu di chieu du cde nudc phien. Dugc it lau thi Chiim Thdnh vd Md Bdt Nhi (Campuchia - TG) ddng biiu xung phtin"^'. Nhung diSu dd chua ldm Hodng dS Mongol hdi long, bdi muc tiSu cfla chung 14 s4p nhgp nhung nudc n4y v4o bdn dd cua dS chS.
Ndm Mdu Ddn (1278), Toa Dd dupc ttidng chttc ldm Td thtta TuySn Chdu, nhgn nhipm vy chiSu du cdc nudc phuang Nam.
Lap ttte, viSn tiidng ndy sai stt dSn Champa
" T6ng Lifim, Vuong VT vi mOt s6 hijc gii diri Minh (1370), Nguyen si. Nam man di. quyin 3, Sdd, tt. I.
" T6ng Lilm, Vumg VT, Nguyen si. Nam man di, quyen J,Sdd,tt. 1.
" T6ng Lilm, Vuong VT, Nguyen si, Nam man dt. quyen 3, Sdd, tt. 1-2.
" T6ng Lilm, Vuong VI, Nguyen si. Nam man dl, quyin 3, Sdd, tr. 12. , .
" TSng Lifim, Vuong VT vi mpt so hpc gia din Minh (1370), Nguyen sit, q. 129, Toa Dd truyen (Bin tifing Hin), Tii lieu Thu vi?n Quoc gia Viet Nam, Hi Npi, tr.
7b.
" T6ng Lifim, Vuong VT, Nguyen si. Nam man di. quyen 3, Sdd, t!. 29.
NGHIEN Cdu OtiNG B^C A sti 9(175) 9-2015 75
Nghien cihikhoahSL
vd cdc nudc phiSn thupc trudc ddy cfla nhd TSng dS thua hdnh nhiem -vu cfla nhd NguySn giao cho: "Ndm Chi Nguyen 16 (1279), thdng 12, vua sai Binh bd Thi Lang Gia Hda Dinh, Tdng qudn Mgnh Khodt Nguyin vd Vgn hg Tdn Thdng Phu ciing bgn
Toa Bo sang sir Chiem Thdnh du qudc vuang vdo chdu" .
Thdm chi, HSt Tdt Liet cdn phong cho vua Champa Id Chiem Thdnh qugn vuang, hdm Vinh ldc Bgi phu vd cho hS phu. Sy kien nay dd dugc viSt Iai ttong Nguyin sii:
"Nam Chi Nguyen 15 (1278), nhd Nguyen da binh dinh dugc nu&c Tdng, Hieu Thiea Toa Bd sai ngu&l sang sie Chiim Thdnh ve nol rdng vua Chiem Thdnh Id Thdt Ly Cha Nha Tin Hgp Bdt Thich Cdp Biin ngd cd y mudn npi phu. Vua ben xudng chiiu phong cho ldm Vinh ldc Bgi phu Chiem Thdnh qudn vuang vd ban cho mpt edl dnhdphii" . Mac du vdy, mpi cS gdng cfla Mdng NguySn vdn khdng mua chudc dugc qudc vuong Indravarman V.
Cflng vdi viec chieu dy Champa, cdc su dodn dugc cfl dSn Campuchia. Viec keu gpi Campuchia hdng phuc dugc xdc djnh Id rdt quan trpng, bdi Ie "Neu Md Bdt Nhi (Chan Lgp - tdc gid) hdng phuc, (...) thi cdc nu&c se hdng phuc het". Do do, "Ndm Chl Nguyen 18 (1281), (...) Thdng 4, bpn Binh Bieh din Md Bdt Nhi do bd len ben Tdn Tudn"^^. Hdt Tat List mudn Campuchia phdi quy phuc vd dl chl MSng Nguyen se Idy ddy Id cdn ctt md rgng dnh hudng xudng phia Nam vd phia
Tdy Nam cfla Chdu A.
Vdo ndm 1279, stt gid ttiSu NguySn da din Java. Nhttng phai dodn cfla MSng NguySn dd ldn lupt dupe diSu ddng xudng vflng biln Nam Duong vd nd luc thuySt phuc quSc vuong cac nudc d Dong Nam A hdi ddo thugn nhgp vdo he thong cdng ngp vd thdn thudc cfla triSu dinh. Ddng thdi "nhd Nguyen ludn luon dot vuang quoc Java phdi phdi t&l Yen Kinh mpt hodng tie eiia hodng gia di ldm con tin"" ViSc chieu dy Java khdng thdnh cong, nhung Hdt Tdt Lipt vdn khong ttt bd y djnh cfla minh. Trong sudt thdp niSn 80 cfla thi ky XIII, rdt nhilu stt dodn dd dugc ctt din Java (1280, 1281, 1289). Nam 1289, hodng dl Nguyen ttilu tilp tuc giri mpt phdi bp sang thuySt phuc Singosari (ttSn ddo Java) ldn ntta, nhung dd bj qudc vuang nudc ndy cho thich chtt vdo mdt vd dudi vS nudc.
Vdi mpt sd ket qud thu dugc trong lan chiSn ttanh xam luge ldn dau tiSn d Pagan (ndm 1277), de che Mdng Nguyen hy vpng chi cdn du hang chu khdng phdi su dyng den sue manh qudn sy vdi ngudi MiSn. Vi vdy, vdo ndm 1282, khi dang rdo riSt chuan bj cdc hogt dpng qudn sy dl xdm lupc Champa, HSt Tdt Liet da ctt cdc dodn su gid xudng Pagan. Theo do, "ndm 1282, mgt dadn sic Nguyen gdm 10 ngudi cimg dodn hp ldng himg hdu xudng Pagan ddi cdng ngp... "^^
DSng thdi, cdc stt thdn cua Hdt Tfit LiSt cung tdi cdc tiSu qudc cfla ngudi Thdi 14 Sukhothai va LavS, vdi ySu cdu phai thtta nhdn quySn lyc cfla dl chl Mdng Nguyen vd
" T6ng Lifim, Vuong VT, Nguyen si, q. 129, Toa Do truyen, Sdd, t. 7b.
Tong Lifim, Vuong VT, Nguyen si, Nam man di, quyen 3. Sdd, tr. 12.
* Tong Lifim, Vuong VT, Nguyen si, Nam man dl, quyen 3, Sdd, tr. 29.
" Nguyin The Anh, 1972, Lich si cdc qudc gig Ddng Nam A tri Viel Nam: lu nguyen sa den Ihl ky XVI, LlTa thifing, Sii G6n, tt. 120.
" v a Quang Thi^n, 2005, Lich si Myanma, Nxb Khoa hpc xahpi. Ha Npi, tt. 130.
76 NGHIlN Cda OtiNG B ^ C A l t i i j ^ ^ f i ^ ^
Nghien cihi khoahoc_
phdi chip nhdn ndp cSng vdt cho Thien trilu.
Tuy nhiSn, mpi hogt dSng ngogi giao cfla chflng dSu khdng mang lgi kit qua.
Dd cd y kiln cho rdng: "Mong Cd Id nhd nu&c dugc hinh thdnh bdng eon du&ng chiin tranh" v4 gpi day 14 "Be ehe cua ehien tranh"^^. Nhttng din gidi d ttSn vS dm muu vd thu dogn cfla cdc hodng dl Mong CS qua cdc tiidi ky ddi vdi Ddng Nam A, chinh la mpt ttong nhttng minh chiing cho nhdn djnh ndy. MJe du ttong sudt ntta cudi cua thi ky XIII, cdng cugc dy hdng ddi vdi tfit ca cdc nudc d phia Nam Trung QuSc dd dugc lyc lugng thing tri Mongol day mgnh, nhung su kien cudng cua cac ddn tdc DSng Nam A dd khiln cho nhttng ke hogch cfla dS chS Bdc A dSi vdi khu vyc ndy cudi cimg da bj thdt bai.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO 1. Nguyin Thi Anh, 1972, Lfch sie cdc quoc gia Dong Nam A trie Viit Nam: tic nguyen so din thi 1^ XVI, Nxb Ltta thiSng, Sdi Gon.
2. Nguyen Vdn Kim, 2010, "Van minh vd dl chS: Nhin lgi con dudng phdt triSn cua cdc quoc gia Dong A", Tgp chi NghiSn deu Lich sie, so 2 (406), 2010.
3. NgS SI LiSn, 1272 - 1697 (Tdi ban: 1993), Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu. Tap II, Nxb Khoa hoc Xahpi, Ha N6i.
4. Tdng Liem, Vuong VI vd mot s5 hpc gia ddi Minh (1370), Nguyen sd. Nam man di.
quyin 3 (Ban djch:Nguyen Gia Phu), Trudng Dai hpc Tdng Hpp H4 Npi.
5. Tdng Liem, Vuong VT va mpt sd hpc gid ddi Minh (1370), Nguyen sie, q.l29, Toa Bo
truyin (Ban tilng Han), Tdi lieu Thu vipn CJulc gia Viet Nam, Hd Npi.
6. Quan he Bgi Viet - Champa - mpt cdch tiep can mdi, theo jashaklikei.wordpress.com., posted on 1.4. 2014.
7. Le Tie, ThS ky XrV (in lai: 2002), An Nam chi luge, Nxb Thuan H6a.
8. Vu Quang Thien, 2005, Lich sic Myanma, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hd Npi.
9. Bui Thi Anh Van, 2011, "Cupc chiln ttanh xam lupc the gidi ciia dS quSc NguySn Mdng (till ky XIII) ", Tgp chi Nghien cdu Chdu Au, S6 5(128)/2011.
10. Gary Harbottie - Johnson, 2003, Lan Na in the Shadow ofthe Mongols Satellite Towns - an old system revived, Chiangmai, Thailand.
11. David G. Mart and A.C. Milner (Ed.), 1990, Southeast Asia in the 9th to Mth Centuries, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
12. K. R Dikshit, Schwattzberg, Joseph E.
Land, India Encyclopcedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc, Scotiand.
13. Luise Levathes, 1994, When China ruled the seas. New York: Simon & Schster.
14. Rossabi Morris, 1990, Khubilal Khan:
His Life and Times, University of Califomia press, California.
15. P. 6. PbiBaKOB (npefl.), 2002, Hcmopux BocmoKa, moM 2: BocmoK b cpeghue beka, HsaaxejiiCTBaa ^wpua "BOCTOinair jiHxepaTypa" PAH, MocKsa.
" P. 6. PblSaKOB (npefl.), 2002, Hcmopua BocmoKO, moM 2: BocmoK b cpeghue beka. HinaTejibcxBas ^wptsa
"Boc-rOHHaa jiMTCpaTypa" PAH, MocKBa, tr. 375.
NGHIEN Cda OtiNG B^C fl. sti 9(175) 9-2015