i \ n u A n y u - UUNU iNtjMt i
r d m (a^- Ba/ b^o nghidn cihi cdc ca che in mdn cua kit cau bd tdng cot thep trong mdi tnr&ng biin. TO' kit qui phdn tieh nwac biin tai quan dao Tnf&ng Sa di/ bdo khi ning in mon nguy hiim nhit doi vcri kit ciu bd tdng cit thep trong mdi tnr&ng biin quin dao Truang Sa.
Summary: The article presents studies on the mechanisms of the corrosion of steel reinforced concrete structure In the marine environment. Based on the results analyses of sea water in the Truong Sa archipelago and thereby, the prediction of the most dangerous corrosion state is deduced for the structure in
this region. i T'u' khoa: An mdn, kit ciu bd tdng cit thdp, dn
mdn cdt thep, quan ddo Trw&ng Sa i Keywords: corrosion; reinforced concrete structure; corrosive reinforced concrete, Truong Sa archipelago.
L D A T V A N D E
Hipn nay cae k i t eau BTCT edng trinh phdng thu va sinh hoat cua quan vd dan tren cae dao thupc quan dao T r u d n g Sa, t h u d n g x u l t hien cae hien tupng be tdng bj t r u a n g n d , ndt v d , c l t thep bj gi, t h i m mau vang gl thep tren b l mat be tdng, la nguyen nhan ehfnh lam suy giam c h i t lup'ng khai thac, giam tuot thp cdng trinh xay d y n g . Trong mdi trudng b i l n la mol t r u d n g r i t khac nghl$t, k i t eau BTCT thudng bj phd hogi do cdc ca c h l vgt ly, hda hpc, an mon dien hda va ea do cdc slnh vat b i l n , toe 66 an mdn trong mdi t r u d n g b i l n t h u d n g la r i t eao.Vi vay viee nghi&n cdu cde nguy&n nhdn ehinh an mdn k i t eau be tong cot thep trong mdi t r u d n g b i l n q u i n dao T r u d n g Sa Id r i t c i n t h i l t nham keo dai tuoi thp cua k i t c l u , phyc vy phat t r i l n kinh te, an ntnh quoc phdng.
2. P H A N TiCH CO C H £ A N M O N C O A K £ T C A U Be T O N G C 6 T T H § P TRONG M d i TRU'DNG N u ' d c B I ^ N
An mdn cua be tfing Id hi$n t u p n g bd tdng bj pha hogi t u t u do nhung tac dpng cua cdc yeu to hoa ly trong mdi t r u d n g . An mon b§ tdng thye chat la qua trinh dn mdn va pha hogi dd xi mang - thanh p h i n
NGHIEN C i m AN MON CUA KET CAu BE TONG COT THEP TRONG MOI TRU'DNG BIEN KHU VUC Q U A N DAO
TRUdNG SA
ThS. OANG THj THU H I S N Hpc vidn Ky thugt Qudn s y
kdm ben vung nhat trong be tong. Nguydn nhan ehfnh de phdt sinh an mdn la trong dd xi mang cd eae thdnh phan Ca(0H)2 va 3CaO.AiP3.6H2O (CjAHg) kdm ben. Cac thanh phdn ndy d i bi nude hda tan vd rua troi hoae k i t hpp vdi cdc chat khac cd trong mdi trudng tao ndn sdn pham tan mgnh han, khdng ed tinh dfnh k i t hogc k i t tinh n d t h l tich ndt nd;
a. A n nfidn loai 1
* Bdn chat: La an mon d i l n ra do s y hod tan mdt so thanh phan de tan trong khoang dd xi mang (Ca{0H)3, R(0H), CjAH^), dae biet Id s y hod tan Ca(0H)2. Ngodi ra khi C a p H ) ^ bl hod tan C a p H ) ^ trong dd xi mang giam lam cho cac thdnh p h i n on djnh khac trong da xi mang n h u CSH bj phan huy d l can b i n g Ca(0H)j.
* Cic yeu to anh hwong + Thdnh p h i n khodng da xi mang.
+ DO dac c h l e eua eau true da xi mang.
+ Tfnh c h i t mdi trudng nudc:
- N u d c b i l n do co C / ' v a S O / " nen dp hoa tan eua Ca(0H)2 Idn han so vdl n u d c ngpt {1,3g/lft). Dae bigt khi mdt trudng n u d c luon thay dot nhu ddng chay, thuy trieu... khi do an mdn hoa tan c6n k i t hpp rua troi Idm da xi mang bj rong xop r i t nhanh.
Dgng an m l n ndy thudng gay ra hidn t u p n g xdi mdn b l mgt bd tdng, b l mgt bd tdng bj bong t r i e , bj nut thgm chf ldm bong trde mang be mgt bd t6ng, n l u Id k i t e l u BTCT, thi thep se bj an mdn do s y tde dpng eua m u l l tan nay (chu y l u la cae muoi goc Cl ).
Dang an mdn nay lam eho eac k i t c l u ndm trong khu v y c thuy t r i l u Idn xuong, cd sdng v6 vao va ed hai n u d c b i l n bam vao bi pha hoai nhanh han la cae k i t e l u be tong n i m nggp trong n u d e b i l n .
isiiiriSiiM
'aaa KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE
b. A n m d n loai 2
* S a n chit: Do cac muoi, axit trong mot trudng t u a n g tae vdl ede khoang da xl mang tgo cdc c h i t mdi d l tan han, kem keo k i t hoac rdi rae.
* Mpt s l tac nhan gay an mdn logi 2:
+ Do axit cacbonie, CO^ (thudng eo trong nude n g l m ; khi [HfiO^ > 15 - 20mg/l).
Ca(0H)2 + H p + COj"" = Ca (HCOj)^ ( d l tan han) + Do eac axit khae (HCI, HNO3.... trong nude thai cong nghipp)
2HC1 + Ca(OH)j = CaClj (tan mgnh) + 2 H p 2HNO3+ Ca(OH), = Ca(N03), (tan mgnh) + 2 H p + Do cac muoi manhe trong moi trudng (nudc bien, nude n g l m )
MgCl^ + Ca{pH\ = CaCI^ (tan manh) + Ug{OH)^
(khdng dfnh k i t )
MgSO^ + Ca(0H)2 + 2 H p = CaS0^.2HjO + Mg(0H)3 (lam giam PH)
Mg(0H)2 khong ch? khong dinh k i t ma con cd dp tan nhd ^> ndn Idm giam dd baza trong dd XM ^> CSH phan huy, giam kha nang bao ve c l t thep.
C a e h l an mdn nay tgo ra san pham d l tan n h u Ca (HC03)2, CaClj, Ca(N03)2, n l u k i t cau nam d khu v u e ed sdng b i l n thi cde san p h i m ndy d i ddng bj taeh ra khdl be tdng do lye ea hoe cua n u d c b i l n tac dpng va bj cudn troi, vi vgy k i t cau be tdng se b| bdo mdn di. S y hda tan da xl mang lam tang dp r i n g trong k i t e l u bd tdng vd dan den suy gidm c u d n g dp.
c. A n m d n loai 3
* Bin chat: Do t u a n g tac giua cae khoang da xi mang vdl cac hpp e h i t trong mot trudng tao ede sdn pham tang t h l tieh n h i l u lan gay ndt n l k i t cau dd XI mang.
* Cdc tdc nhdn chfnh gay an mon lo^i 3:
+ Do SO^^' trong mol trudng ( n u d c b i l n , nude ngam, nude that.,.)
S O / - + Ca(OH)j + 2 H p = C a S 0 ^ . 2 H p ( n d the tfeh 2.4 tan) + 20H-
3(CaSO,.2H,0) + C3AHg + 1 9 H p 3CaO, A l 2 0 3 . 3 ( C a S 0 J . 3 1 H p
( 3 C a 0 . A l j 0 3 . 3 ( C a S 0 , ) . 3 1 H p n d t h l tfeh 4.8 l l n )
+ Do C O ; trong n u d c
C O j + Rp + Hp => R p O g (nd the tich) + Do SiOj"""""" trong cot lieu khoang (phan d n g kiem cot lieu)
SiOj + R p + H p = * R p . S l O j . m H p ( n d t h l tfch eye bp)
C a c h l an mdn nay tao ra cae s§n pham n d the tich gay nut v d be mat k i t cdu bd tdng, bd tdng bj gay ndt hoge bi bong trdc be mgt.
d. Co> che an m d n cot t h e p d o cacbonat hoa DO PH eOa dung djch l§ rdng cua be tdng tuoi la khoang 12,5 - 13,0. Ban c h i t k i l m cua be tdng chO y l u Id do s y hien dien cCia eanxl hydroxit Ca(OH)j, hinh thanh trong qud trinh thuy hda cCia xl mang. Sy hda tan Ca(0H)2 dan den s u hign dien cua cae ton hydroxyl (OHO trong n u d c Id rong vd d i l u ndy mang Igt cho hd tong dp PH eao, hinh thanh mOt mang thg ddng (mpt Idp oxit mong phu tren b l mat thep).
Ca(OH)2 d i bj phan d n g vdi dioxit (CO^) t u khong khi (phan dng t i l n hdnh trong s y hign dign cua dp am nhu nudc cung cap mpt dung moi d l phan dng). Cdc cong trinh be tdng hau nhu se luon ludn cd dCi dp am cho eac phan ung tien hanh. Phan ung ndy ldm giam tupng ion OH' trong dung djch lo rong cua be t6ng do dd lam giam dp PH eCia dung djch I6 rong xuing d u d i 12,5 vd cd the giam d i n 8,0. K i t qua giam d6 PH nay d mat trude b| cacbonat hda ehia thanh cdc vung cacbonat hda vd ehua bj cacbonat hoa. Trong khi cacbonat hda khdng anh hudng x l u den bdn than be tdng nhung dp ben eua e l t thdp eo the bl ton hgi.
Dieu nay la bdi vi Idp oxit sat thg ddng tren eot thep bj phd v d khi dp PH xung quanh giam xuong dudi 9.
Sang 1, Trang thai in mon cua cdt thep a cdc mtk:
do PH khdc nhau D$ PH cOa
be tong
<9.5 8,0
<7,0
Trang thai an mon c6t thep B§t dhu an mon c6t thep
Mkng bSo v? thy d^ng tr&n be mat thep bien mSt An mon r^t manh xay ra
DUMKI©
Cae phuang trinh phan ung cacbonat hoa
Ca(OH] +C0 =CaCO +H O
\ h 2 I ^ Ca{0H)^->'Ca^'+20H'
Ca'"+20H' + C0^^CaC0^ + H0 (PT1) Khi mat trude cua bd tong bj cacbonat hda dat dupc
S6 9 nam 2017 1
KHOA HOC - CONG NGH^ aaaak
eot thep mang thu dpng bj pha huy cue bO, s i t oxl hoa de hinh thdnh cdc ion sat (Fe^*) vdi cac phdn dng S3.\.i:2Fe^2Fe ^^Ae . Cde Ion s i t t r u y l n vao dung djch. Cde electron di e h u y i n qua e l t thdp den cue am, nai ma chung d u p c h i p thy bdi c h i t didn phan. Phan d n g eye dm tao ra ion hydroxyl (OH): 2 / / 0 + 0^+Ae~ ^ 40H'. Cde ion hydroxyl di c h u y i n t u c h l eye dm thong qua be tdng I m u d t , chat dien phan ve phia c y c duang nai hydroxit s i t (Fe(OH)j) dupe hinh thdnh. Kht dd phan ung d eye duang d i l n ra nhu sau:
2Fe'" +40H'' ^2Fe[0H)^
Hydroxit s i t khdng on dlnh trong s y hien dien cua oxy va phan ung tao ra gf sdt:
2Fe(OH\+0^^2Fe(OH)^
4Fe(OH)\2H/)+0^^4Fe[OH)^ (PT2)
Phan ung t i l p tue se Idm tang dien tieh k h u thu dOng, an mdn lan rpng sau dd ed t h l keo theo s y phat then cua ndt dpc theo dudng eot thdp;
* Qua trinh an mdn cacbonat hoa b i t dau kht gi thdp x u l t hten va phat t r i l n trdn b l mat cot thep va gay ndt tai nhung vj trf t i l p giap vdl bd tdng, S y phat triln cua v l t nut phat t r i l n dan d u d i s y t i n edng eua ede tdc nhan an mon cho den kht pha v d hoan toan sy k i t dfnh giua be tong va cot thep.
e. An mon c l t thep do s ^ xam nhap Cio Khi nong dp ion Cl dgt tdi ngudng n i n g dp an mdn, no lam thay doi mdi trudng dign hda va gay ra phd v d mang thu dong. Mdt khi cac ldp thu dpng bj pha v d do k i t qua cCia s y xdm nhgp ion Cl', eot thep ed t h l bj an mdn n l u ed s y eung e l p dp am va oxy. Qua trinh nay Id mpt qua trinh dign hoa vdi eac phdn dng hoa hpe d i l n ra trong hai vung cue d u a n g va cue dm. Qua trinh nay d u a c Strehblow (2002) t h l hIen trong hinh 1:
Theo dd ea e h l pha huy Idp thu ddng do s y thdm nhgp cua Ion d o do 2 qua trinh sau:
D i u tien, cdc ton cio kieh hoat eae b l mgt cua thep d l tao thanh mpt eye duang, b l mat thy ddng la eye am. Richardson nam 2002 da md ta cac phan dng n h u s a u :
Fe** + 2Cr^FeCl^
FeCl^ + HO -^ Fe(pH] ^ + HCI
FeCl^+Hfi^Fe[OH)^+4H'+4Cl' (PT3)
T i l p theo kht ldp thu dpng bj phd v d thl cac khu v y c cua gf s i t se bat dau x u l t hipn tren b l mgt thep vdl s y ed mgt eua oxy va nudc. Qua trinh nay d u a c md ta nhu sau:
Khi thdp trong be tdng an mdn no hda tan trong n u d c 16 r i n g va cho electron
Phdn dng c y c d u a n g : Fe-* Fe** +2e Cde electron di qua thep vao cue dm nat chung k i t hpp vdi nude vd oxy de tgo thanh eac ion OH"
4e' +0^+2Hp^4i0H']
Cic phdn ung cue d u a n g va eye dm Id nhung bude dau ttdn trong qua trinh tgo gl. Trong glai doan t i l p theo qua trinh dup'c d i i n ra nhu sau:
Fe** + OH'^Fe[OH)^
AFeiOH] +2H 0 + 0^^4Fe(0H]
2Fe\0H
(PT4)Hinh 1. So di in mdn cit thdp do Cio
Kht oxit sat nggm n u d c no n d nhieu han va t r d ten x l p vd do dd Idm tang the tfeh tai giao di$n bd tong - thep len d i n 6 lan. Dieu nay dan d i n nut, ndt v d vd tdch t i m be tdng. Kht dd eae e h i t xdm thye de dang t i l p xCie vdl thep trong be tdng va k i t qud Id gia tang toe dp an mdn.
* Qua trinh an mdn cot thep do s u xdm nhgp Cio lam cho be tdng ndt, nut v d vd tach t i m be tdng, cac e h i t xdm t h y c d i dang di chuyen d i n vj tri cot thdp vd k i t qua la thep bj gi gay truang n d , gl sat co mau vang, t h i m qua be tong ldm b l mat bj I vdng. Hign t u p n g ndy la chu y l u tren eae k i t c l u BTCT trdn q u i n ddo Trudng Sa hien nay.
3. PHAN TICH THANH PHAN H6AHQC C6 TRONG
NU'6'C B | £ N K H U VLfC Q U A N D A O TRU'd^NG SA L l y vf dy khao sat nguon n u d c trdn ddo Trudng Sa t h e o d y d n § , T B . 1 1 - 3
Khi trpn xl mang vdi n u d e se xay ra cae phdn ung gii>a cdc thanh phan khoang eua xi mang vdi n u d e trdn be mgt t i l p xuc giua hat xi mang vd nude.
nnw/A n v o - O I ^ I N U Hionc
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Bing 2. Ntr&c biin mi
C h i t i e u x e t nghi&m
Mau Mui V|
D o d g e pH Amoni Nitrit Sat D p ciJng Cloaia NaCI HO'U CO Coliforms
J Nc.B PV (nwac bien quan dao Trw&ng Sa) Ket quS XN t r § n h i ^ n t r u i n g
D a n vj
NTU
mg/ljh mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l VK/IOOmI
T h & i d l ^ m XN NL
0 M|ln
6 7,6 1,2 0,20 0,20 1120 21352 35260 12,76
>1,100 NR
0 M | n
6 7,8 0,75 0,20 0,25 1134 21234 34869 14,05
>1.100 TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
C h i tieu x6t n g h i f m
BOD, Ham l u g n g xang dau l o n g ch^t ran h6a tan Dong (Cu) Kem (Zn) Thuy ngSn (Hg) Asen (As) Cadimi (Cd) Chi (Pb) Crom (Cr) Phenol
Ket q u i X N t r o n g p h d n g Oo-n vj
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
t h i nghi?m T h 6 i d i e m XN NL 77 0,5 0,28 0,005 0,005 0,0004 0.006 0,0004 0,006 0,027 0,0006
NR 76 0,53 0,32 0,006 0.005 0,0004 0.007 O.00Q5 0,008 0.025 0.0005
Ghi chu; + NL; (NtrOc l&n); + NR: (Nu&c ronjj Bing 3. Thinh phin hda hgc cua nw&c biin Vidt Nam vd thi gi&i
C h i t i e u pH ci- Na*
SO,'- Mg2*
Doin v i
g/i g/i g/i g/i
VCing bien H d n Gai 7 , 8 - 8 , 4 6 , 5 - 1 8
1 . 4 - 2 . 5 0 . 2 - 1 . 2
VClng b i e n Hai P h o n g 7,5 - 8,3 9 - 1 8 , 0
0.002 - 2.2 0 , 0 0 2 - 1 , 1
B i e n B a c M y 7,5 18,0 12,0 2,6 1.4
B i e n Bantlc 8,0 19,0 10,5 2,6 1,3 fiang 4. Kit qua phdn tich cdc miu num; tren quin dio Trw&ng Sa TT
1 2 3 4 5
Ten dSo Dcio Tru'O'ng Sa - Nu'O'c bien D^o 0 ^ TSy - N u d c bien DSo S o n Ca - Nu-frc b i l n BSo Song Ti> T§y - Nu'dc bien DSo Sinh T i n - Nu'dc bien
D o p H 7.7 7 8 8,0 8 0 8 0
D o k h o a n g h o ^ , g/l 37 01 30.07 38 63 34,54 32,09
C O j tiF d o C O , an m o n Tdn gpi Clorua-Kalinatri
Clorua-Natn Clorua-Natn Clonja-Natri Clorua-Natri
2(038) + mp -* C3S2H3 + 3 C a ( 0 H ) . (tan) + Q I 2(CjS) + 4HjO -^ C3S2H3 + CafOH). + Q2 C3A + 6 H p -^ C^AH,. (tan) + Q3 4(C4AF) + mHjO - ^ C.AH^ + CFH^ + 0 4 Ta t h i y cdc sdn p h i m d l tan n h u Ca(0H)2 vd CgAHg khong b i n nude se tan khi gap dieu kign thugn Ipl nhu trong mdi trudng nude bien c6 C / ' v a SO ^~
nen dp hda tan cua Ca(0H)2 Idn han, dae bi^t trong moi trudng nude ludn thay d l i (nude rdng) khi do an mdn hda tan cdn k i t hpp rda troi lam be tong bj r i n g xop r i t nhanh.
Theo phdn tfch thdnh phan n u d e b i l n tgi quan dac Trudng Sa ham lupng Cl ~ (34,5 g/l) ldn g l p 2 l l n st vdi ham lupng Cl c d tnang n u d c bien g i n bd (18,(
g/l), dieu ndy Idm tang dd tan cua Ca^* vd CjAHg vi qua trinh an mdn cot thdp do Ion Cl xiy ra mgnt theo c a c h l da phan tich tgi mye I.e.
Mat khae ham lupng m u l l chi'nh trong n u d e biln t?
q u i n ddo Trudng Sa Id m u l l NaCI (NaCI - • Na'- Cl ~) cang lam tang hdm luang Cio trong nude biln m u l l NaCI trong nude b i l n t u a n g tac vdl khoani da xi mang tgo cdc c h i t mdi de tan han (NaOH vi
f^DJJ@n!k5^ S o 9 n a m 9 n i 7
KHOA HOC - CONG NGH? aaaak
CaCg: NaCl + Ca{OH) ^ -* CaCl^ + NaOH . D i n g thdi trong n u d e bien cd thanh p h i n n u d e cdng (chua lup-ng ldn ham l u a n g M g ^ va Ca^*) khi dd phan u n g lam giam dp PH cua be tdng va Idm tang dp tan cua Ca(OH)2.
2Cl~+ Ca(0H)3 = CaCI^ (tan manh^ + 2 ( O H ) ~ Mg2* + 2 (OH) ~ = Mg(OH)2( lam giam PH) Theo phdn tfch d tren k i t e l u be tdng cot thdp tai quan dao T r u d n g Sa bj an mdn eot thep chu y l u do sy xam nhgp Cio theo 2 c a che da phan tfch trong mue 1,e.
Nhu v | y cd t h l t h i y , n l u cd day du s l lieu thanh phan be tdng, logi xi mang s d dyng, dieu kl^n tiep xuc vdi mdi t r u d n g b i l n khu v u e quan dao T r u d n g Sa, ehieu day Idp be tdng bao ve cot thdp, hg s l khuylch tan ion d o cua t d n g loai be tdng va eac tham so khac, cd t h l tfnh toan xdc dfnh d u p e t u l t thp cua k i t c l u BTCT trong mdi t r u d n g b i l n quan dao Trudng Sa. T u 36 lya ehpn cac thanh phan vdt lieu e l u tao be tdng, chieu day Idp bao ve cot thep vd logi phu gta phu hp'p v d i dfeu kien an mdn eua khu vye q u i n dao T r u d n g Sa, lam tang tuoi thp cQa k i t e l u BTCT.
4. K £ T L U A N V A K I ^ N NGHj
- Dya vao k i t qua phan ti'ch thanh phan n u d c b i l n khu vye q u i n dao T r u d n g Sa, trong thanh p h i n nude bien chua ham lup'ng Idn ion Cio vd lup'ng muoi natriclorua, ndng dp Cio vwgl n g u d n g cho phdp nong dp an mdn, do dd nd lam thay d i l mdi trudng didn hda vd gay ra pha v a mang thy ddng bao vp c l t thep. Cot thdp co kha nang bj an mon cao do s y xam nhdp cua Cio;
- Vdi nhung k i t c l u be tong e l t thdp trong mdi t r u d n g bien q u i n dao T r u d n g Sa, hien tup'ng an mdn cot thdp va be tong dan d i n Idm ndt v d va pha hCiy k i t c l u bd tong cot thep, kha nang Idm be tdng bj h u hong s d m khdng dam bao tuoi thp edng trinh ngodi cde nguyen nhan do s y hda tan mpt so thanh p h i n de tan trong khoang da xi mang (Ca(OH)2, CgAHg) thi chd yeu la do s y xam n h | p cua ion Clo trong n u d c b i l n cd nong da v u a t n g u d n g cho phep tgo ra mpt qua trinh dign hda v d i eac phan d n g hda hpe dien ra
trong hai vung c y c am vd cue d u a n g , ddn d i n nut, nut v d va tdch tam bd tdng.
- T u eae phdn tieh trdn cho t h i y dp ben t h y c te cua k i t c l u BTCT phu thupc vao m d c dd xdm t h y c cua mdi tnj'dng vd c h i t l u p n g vgt Iigu s u dung (cudng dp be tdng, mac c h l n g tham, khd nang chong an mdn, chung loai xl mang, phu gia, logt e l t thep...).
- Ddy la djnh h u d n g nghien c d u ban d i u v l kha nang bj an mdn cua k i t c l u bd tdng c l t thep trong moi t r u d n g b i l n quan dao T o f d n g Sa, do dd e i n ed cdc dieu tra khao sat thanh p h i n n u d c bien khu v y c q u i n dao T r u d n g Sa, nghidn c d u thi nghidm xac djnh cdc dgc trung ea ly hda cua eac loai vgt lieu bd tdng, thep s u dung, he so k h u l e h tan clo cua ket c l u be tdng eot thep trong ede dieu kien tiep xuc khac nhau v d i n u d c bien, phdn tfch sau h a n de xac dinh ea c h l an mdn nao Id nguy h i l m n h i t , toe dp an mdn vd d y doan thdi gian b i t d i u an mdn e l t thep d l t u do ed glai phdp chong an mdn vd nang eao tuoi thp cdng trtnh tgi khu v y e q u i n dao T r u d n g Sa •
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Bdo cdo tong k i t de tal d p nhd n u d c :
"Nghien c d u bdo vd catot eho cot thep trong bd tfing cua eac cdng trinh bien". Dal Hpc Bach Khoa Hd Nfii;
2. T S . Le Van Dung. Vat [)#u xdy d y n g tdp I.
Nha x u l t bdn quan dpi nhan dan 2 0 0 1 ; 3. GS. TS Phgm Duy H u u , Ngfi Xuan Quang, Mai Dlnh L$c, Vdt lldu xay d y n g - NXB Giao thong V^n tai 2008;
4. PGS.TS. Phgm Huu Hanh, TS. Le Tmng Thanh, TS. N g u y l n Van T u i n , Bd tdng eho edng trinh b i l n - NXB Xay d y n g 2013;
5. TS. Thdi Doan Hoa . Bao edo k i t qua khao sat mfii t r u d n g ta dao T r u d n g Sa ldn va Phan Vinh thuOc d y an D.T.B 11- 3; nam 2010;
6. Strehblow H-H (2002) Mechanisms of Pitting Corrosion, in Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, 2"" edition. Marcel Dekker Inc., New Yori(, USA.
