Nghien cufu thanh phan, tinh chat ca hoc cua be tong giau cat dam lan lam ldp mong niat dirdng
Be tong xi mang
TS. VO B(yC S?, TS. NGUYEN THANH SANG Trudng D^i hge giao thdng vdn tdi
Tdm tit: Bii viit nay trinh bay vS ket qui nghiin cCeu cic tinh chit ca hoc cua bi tdng giiu cit dim lin di lim Idp mdng mat dudng be tdng xi mang. Cic ket qui nghiin cdu ban diu dua ra duac lai Ich cua be tdng giiu cit dam lin cd nhO'ng dac tinh ca hpc thich hap lim Idp mdng mit dudng bi tdng xi ming vi lim giim ding ki gii thinh khi sd dijng loai be tdng niy d cic vCing giiu cit
Abstract: This paper presents an experimental research on several important properties of roller sand rich conscete road base of cement concrete pavement. The primeral results show that the potential usage of roller sand rich concrete reduce cement content in sand concrete and increase durability of road base concrete, and reduce significaly cost price when to use this material in sand abundant regions.
Key words: roller sandrich concrete, fly ash, cost price, emission, fine sand.
l.Ddtvlnilg
Bd tdng gidu cdt cd t h i su dyng cho kit d u m|t dudng dtd d ede vung khan hilm dd nhung lgi nhilu cdt Thdnh phin vgt lipu de ehi tgo bd tdng gidu cdt: xi mdng pooc Idng, dd ddm (khii lugng
<40% so vdi khii lugng d t lidu), cdt thd, cdt mjn, bdt dd vdi, nude vd ed t h i dQng tro bay thay t h i mdt phin xi mdng d i thidn tinh d i dim cho bd tdng. Bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn trong nghidn cdu ndy su dyng thay cho Idp mdng m|t dudng bd tdng nghdo xi mdng dim thdng thudng.
6/ trung tdm chdu Au (tu BI cho din thdnh phi St. Petersburg eua Nga) rit hilm sdi, vi vgy ehu ylu nhdp dd ddm td cdc nai khde (vl dy nhu vung Scandinivia), cho ndn nhilu nude d chdu Au dd nghidn cuu v l be tdng cdt [1,2] d l khic phyc nhung khd khdn v l nguin d t lidu Idn. Ddc nghidn cdu v l bd tdng gidu d t
td ndm 1971. O Vipt Nam dd ed cdc nghidn cdu v l bd tdng Idm dudng, bd tdng dim lan thdng thudng trong xdy dyng ddp Id chu ylu [4,5], cydng dd eua bd tdng trong ddp thuy didn td 20-25MPa, cudng dO kdo uln nhd chua ddp dng dugc ydu d u dung cho mdt dudng dtd. Cdng nghd dim Idn trong xdy dyng dydng dtd cQng Id hydng thi cdng tilt kipm ndng lygng. Trong khudn kho bdi vilt ndy trinh bdy nghidn cdu thyc nghipm mdt s i tinh chit eg hge cQa bd tdng gidu cat dim Idn d l Idm Idp mdng mdt dydng dtd:
cudng dd keo uin, dp che, md dun dan hii vd hp s i podt xdng.
2. Nghien ciiru thuc nghiem
2.1 Tint! chat cua c^G vat lieu ch^ tao 2.1.1 Cdt lipu Idn
Od ddm Id logi dd 5-20mm, ed nguIn gle dd vdi md d Phu Ly Hd Nam, dd dgt d e ydu d u chit
lugng theo TCVN 7570:2006. Dd ed khii lugng ridng Id 2,75g/cm', dd i m 0,7% dd hQt nude 0,5%.
1.1.2 Cot lieu nhd
Cdt thd Sdng Ld ed khii lugng ridng 2,65g/cm^ dd hQt nude 1,2%, tgp chit huu ea nhgt han mdu ehuin, hdm lugng bui biJn set 0,23%, md dun dd ldn 2,79.
Cdt mjn ed nguIn gie tu Ly Trgch (Quang Binh) cd lugng hgt <0.63mm chilm 99%, dd hut nude 0,5%, hdm lugng ion Cl- chilm 0.0088%, tgp chit hdu ca nhgt hgn mdu chuin. Ty Id trdn cdt thd/cdt min Id 6/4 theo khli lugng. Hon hgp hai logi cdt ed md dun dd mjn Id 2.23, vd thdnh phin hgt dgt ydu d u cip phii cho b6 tdng gidu cdt.
2.1.3 Xi mdng
Xi mdng BQt San PC40 ed khii lugng ridng la 3.1g/em', ty did"
tich b l mdt dgt: 3200 (emVg), thdnh phin hda hge vd khodng
b^\m\
S6 11*12 nam 2012 |KHOA HOC - C O N G NGHE ##i
vdt ghi trong Bang 1 vd Bang 2.
Xi mdng su dyng trong nghidn edu ndy tuong duang vdi xi mdng CEM I, hodcASTM C1157 logi I.
2.1.4 B$t dd vdi vd tro bay Bdt dd vdi sd dyng Id bdt dd vdi Phu Ly. Hdm lugng cdc tgp chit d hgi trong bdt dd vdi diu thda mdn ydu d u k9 thudt quy djnh bdt mjn cho bd tdng cdt theo tidu ehuin NF PI 8-508. BOt dd vdi ndy cd khii lugng t h i tich Id 1,3 g/em', khii lugng ridng Id 2,72 g/cm', dd mjn Blaine dgt 3210 cmVg. Tro bay Vina F&C (FA) cd cd hgt trung binh khoing 10|jm, khli lugng t h i tich Id 1,12g/em^
khli lugng ridng Id 2,26 g/cm^
Bdt dd vdi vd tro bay cd thdnh hda hpc dugc ghi trong Bdng 3.
2.1.5. Nu'dc
Nude sd dyng che bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn Id nude sgeh, dgt tidu ehuin TCXDVN 302 - 2004.
22 nimh ph Jn cdc ioal be lOng vd miu tlif nghiem
Thilt k l thdnh phin bd tdng dugc thyc hidn theo phygng phdp tinh todn kit hgp vdi thyc nghidm. Thilt k l thdnh phin bd tdng gidu d t dim Idn theo tidu chuinACI211.3[8].
Bin d p phii bd tdng dygc thilt k l : d p phii bd tdng thdng thudng (miu d i i ehdng-CO), edc d p phii bd ting gidu d t sd dyng vdi hdm lygng d t trong cit lidu chilm 60%, 80%, 100% ky hidu lin lugt Id SC64, SC82, SCI00.
Thdnh phin cua d p phii bd tdng gidu cdt d i m ldn dygc trinh bdy trong Bing 4.
Hin hgp bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn dugc trdn theo dung quy trinh thilt k l d l ddm bio dd cdng
B A N G 1. Thanh phin hoa hoc cua xi mang But San PC40
SiOj
23,19
A l A
5,42 Fe,03
3,30 CaO
60,11 MgO
1,2 SO3
1,9
Nap
0,12 K,0
0,30 CaO t u d o 0,19 B A N G 2. Thanh phdn khoang vat cua xi mang But San PC40
C3S 53,71
C2S 22,2
C3A 8,16
C4AF 10,35
Phu gia khodng 7,2
B A N G 3. K i t qua thd nghipm thdnh phin hda hpc cua bgt da vdi vd tro bay
BOt
Bdt dd vdi (%) Tro bay (%)
SiOj 0,17 51,74
Al,03 0,02 24,53
Fe,03 0,04 5,59
CaO 54,88
0,81 MgO 0,45 1,95
Na,0 0,02 0,11
K,0 0,04 4,42
MKN 43,46
8,98 B A N G 4- Bdng thanh phin c i p p h i i be tdng giau cdt, dg si^t
bdng 0.
TT
1 2
3 4 5 6
Thdnh phin vd cdc tInh chit.
Thdnh phin
Xi mdng BQt son PC40, kg/m^
Tro bay (30% khli lugng CKD), kg/m'
Dd ddm 5-20mm, kg/m^
Cdt hgt thd, kg/m^
Cdt mjn, kg/m' Lugng nude. Lit
Khli lugng the tich bd tdng
M i u b d tdng d l l chung
CO 280 0
1090 750
0 190 2310
Bd tdng gidu cdt d i m Idn, ty Id cdt/dd (bd tdng gidu cdt cd ty 1$ cdt chilm
>60% d t lidu) SC64
210 90
736 662 442 120 2260
SC82 210
90
368 883 589 120 2260
SC100 210
90
0 1020
680 120 2120
Vebe tu 15-25s dgt ydu d u thi cdng mdng dudng. Mdi cip phii bd tdng dugc c h l tgo 24 mau try (150x300mm) d l xdc djnh cudng dd chju ndn vd dp che d cdc tuli 7, 28 vd 56 ngdy; 06 mlu tnj (150x300mm) d l xdc djnh md dun ddn hii d 7, 28 ngdy vd 9 miu dim 100x100x400 d l xdc djnh cudng dO kdo uin d 7, 28,
56 ngay. Cac miu dugc d l trong khudn thep dudi nhipt dd khdng khi 27±2°C, sau 24 gid tiln hanh thdo khudn vd ngdm vdo b l nude vdi nhidt dd chuan trdn cho din ngdy thi nghidm.
2.3 K^t qui Ihuc nghiem vi thao luin Cdc tinh chat ca hpc thudng dung cho thilt k l mdng mdt dudng
I s l l l + I Z ndm 2012
'm.
dugc do d Bang 5: cudng dd chju nen, cudng dd chju keo uin, cudng dd chju dp che vd md dun ddn hoi cua be tdng gidu cdt vdi ede thdnh phin da thilt k l d trdn.
2.3.1. CiFdng do chju ndn Cudng dd chju nen eua bd tdng gidu cdt vdi ede ty Ip thay t h i cdt khde nhau d Bang 5 dugc minh hga trong Hinh 1.
Vdi cung ty Id chit kit dinh nhu nhau, bd tdng dung sd dyng cdt vdi cdc ty Id ldn cudng dd se gidm ddng k l . Ty Id cudng dd chju ndn eua miu bd tdng gidu cdt SC64, SC82, SC100 so vdi cudng dd chju ndn miu bd tdng dii chdng dii Chung (CO) lin lugt Id 109%, 81%, 62% d tuli 28 ngdy. Nhu vdy, cudng dO eua be tdng gidu cdt dim Idn it thay dll khi ty Id cdt so vdi d t lidu Idn <60%, vd giam khi ty Id cdt so vdi d t lidu Idn chilm td 80-100%. Cf day cd thi gidi thich ring cudng dp eua be tdng gidu cdt dim lan giam khdng ddng k l khi thay thi d ty Id <60%
Id cdt Id bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn dugc thilt k l vdi lugng nude nhd dung cho dim Idn do dd cudng dd dgt bing bd tdng dii chdng thdng thudng mde 20Mpa. Nhu vgy bd tdng gidu cdt cd dd syt bing 0, dim bing lu vdi lugng chit kit dinh nhd ed cudng dd chju ndn dgt td 15MPa ed t h i dung d l Idm mdng mdt dudng d td.
Ty Id cudng dd chju ndn d tuli 7 ngdy so vdi cudng dd chju nen g tuli 28 ngdy eua mau bd tdng dii chdng CO: 71%, eua bd tdng gidu d t SC64: 67%, SC82: 64%, SCI00: 57%.
2.3.3. Cirdng dO keo udn vd dp chd
Cudng dO kdo uin vd dp che Id mdt chi tidu gidn tilp de xdc djnh sde khdng kdo cOa vdt lipu
Bang 5- Bang edc tinh chit co hpc cua bd tdng gidu eat dim Idn.
Tinh chit be tdng ddng cirng 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cudng dd ndn 7n, MPa Cudng dd ndn 28n, MPa Cudng dd ndn 56n, MPa Cudng dd kdo u l n 7n, MPa Cudng dO keo uon 28n, MPa Cudng dp kdo u l n 56n, MPa Cudng dd dp che 7n, MPa Cudng dO dp che 28n, MPa Cudng dd dp che 56n, MPa M6 dun ddn h i i 7n, MPa Md dun ddn h i i 28n, Mpa
CO 15,2 21,3 23,7 1,75 2,5 2,7 1,47 1,99 2,25 27.620 28.952
SC64 15,5 23,3 27,7 1,71 2,41 2,81 1,35 1,74 2,1 21.325 23.125
SC82 11,0 17,2 19,8 1,54 2,15 2,6 1,15 1,45 1,7 17.152 19.124
SCI 00 7,5 13,2 16,5 0,8 1,24 1,51 0,60 1,01 1,25 11.521 14.321
tr^"
^ - • - I > V * y
-.«,
ten tciM
Hinh 1- Mil quan h$ giOa cudng 66 chiu n^n va cdc ty 1$ thay thi cdt
Hinh 2- Moi quan h$ giO'a cudng 66 chju n6n vd tuli cua b6 tdng gidu cdt.
Hinh 3- Mii quan h$ giOa cudng 66 k6o uln vd logi bS tdng
•IbZ
m 2,00
S 1.M
i
S 0.60 aoo
— — — ^ i
" —-*-^;ir~---^ 1 '—~~-^"^~~-^ -•-2ln»#C
c» tctt • € « • e i * LfltfMMi
Hinh 4- Mil quan h$ gida cudng dd ep ch§ va logi bS tdng
§)fJJi(§ sd 11*12 nam 2012 I
KHOA HOC - C O N G NGHE ##i
liin khii khi su dyng Idm edc Idp kit d u mdt dudng Id ede ehi tidu lidn quan din ddnh gid chit lugng vd thilt k l mdt dudng dtd.
Cdc gid tri do cudng dd kdo uln vd dp chd trong Bdng 5 vd Hinh 3, Hinh 2.
Qua cdc phdn tich trdn ddy cho thiy ring t9 Id cudng dd kdo uin vd cudng dd chju ndn eua bd tdng ede logi CO, SC64, SC82, SC100 Id 0,09 - 0,12. Ty Id cudng dd kdo bua vd cudng dd kdo uin Id 0,67 - 0,80 thip han so vdi bd tdng truyin thing thdng thudng Id 0,6 - 0,80.
2.3.4. Md dun ddn hdl Md dun ddn hii cua bd tdng gidu cdt dim lu cd kit qui trinh bdy d Bdng 5 vd Hinh 5
Hinh 5 bilu thj mii quan hp md dun ddn hii cua bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn vd bd tdng truyin thing d 7 ngdy tuli vd 28 ngdy tuli. Md dun ddn hii cua bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn dugc sd dyng tinh todn khd ndng chju tai cua m$t dudng, khi thay t h i ty Id cdt cdng Idn trong bd tdng thi md dun ddn hii eua bd tdng cdng giam, tuy nhidn gid trj md dun ddn hii diu eao han nhilu so vdi Idp mdng dd gia e i xi mdng vd Idp bd tdng nghdo Idm Idp mdng eho be tdng xi mdng nhung Igi thip han so vdi bd tdng nghdo.
U Phin tich gii thdnh vdt iieu vAI cic \i6\ cJKu io dtfihig khic nhau
Gia djnh v l t i i trgng tryc tidu chuinIO tin quy dii din cull thdi gian khai thdc 20 ndm Id 3+10 tridu lugt, cdn cd theo kit d u djnh hinh m$t dudng BTXM eua Birc [10] lya chgn eho mdt dudng bd tdng xi mdng vdi chilu ddy t i m bd tdng Id 24cm vd cd md dun ddn hii chung ydu d u eua
28 952 23,125 19 124 14 321
Lo^i be tong
Hinh 5- Md dun ddn hii cua cdc loai b6 tdng d 7 vd 28 ngdy
BTXM;
Eb-33 00OMP»
CPDD l g U c o 6 % X M
BTXM. 1 , Eb»J5 OOCMPJ ! '^
C ' ^ - CPDD I "^ -^ J K -Em=300MPi- -.1
Hinh 6. Cdc Idp mdng kit clu do dudng BTXM.
1: Tim bd tdng xi mSng ddy 22cm, KC-A: 16 cm SC64; KC-B2: 28 cm CPDD logil gia c6 8% xi mdng; KC-C: 55 cm CPDD logil
Idp mdng mdt dydng Id 120Mpa, nin dit dam bao md dun ddn hdi Id 40MPa. Tinh todn xdc djnh dygc chilu ddy cQa 03 logi mdng mdt dydng bd tdng xi mdng logi KC-A, KC-B, KC-C lan lygt: 16em bd tdng gidu d t ; 21cm d p phii dd ddm logi 1 gia c i 6 % xi mang;
33cm d p phii da ddm logi 1 trinh bdy trong Hinh 6.
Vdi edc kit d u do dydng dygc lya chgn Hinh 6 vd thdng bdo gid mdi nhat dygc tinh d tinh Hd Tinh, gid thdnh vdt lipu Idp mdng dygc tinh cho 1km mdt dudng dydng rdng 7m cho logi mdng KC-A: 490 tridu, KC-B:
620 tridu vd KC-C: 660 tridu. Nhy vdy kit qua cho thiy mdng mdt dydng dung vdt lidu be tdng gidu cdt cd gid vdt lidu chl tgo bing 79% so vdi mdng CPDD logi 1 gia c l xi mdng, vd 74% so vdi mdng
Id CPDD logi 1. Mdt khde dung Idp mdng bd tdng gidu cat dim Idn se giam dang k l chilu day cua todn kit d u do dudng.
Han nua, d l thi cdng Idp CPDD logi 1 day 33 cm thi cdng dim ndn Id rit Idn, thi cdng 28 em CPDD logi 1 gia d xi mdng eung tuang ty, cdn thi cdng mat dudng mdng dung bd tdng giau cdt cho phep thi cdng bing dim chat bing lu vd cdng dim se giam. Ldp bd tdng giau cat Id Idp lidn khli dam bao tinh I n djnh, khdng thim nydc Idn Idp bd tdng xi mdng vd thi cdng dim ldn de thi cdng han so vdi mdng la Idp CPDD gia d xi mdng vd CPDD logi 1. Qua kit qua tinh todn thd nghidm eho mdt vung gidu eat nhy trdn cho thiy nlu sd dung logi bd tdng gidu cdt cd the mang Igi hipu qua kinh te Idn.
(Xem tiep trang 80)
I s6 11+12 n*"" 2012
mm.
RKaTAI LIEU THAM KHAO
(I] Kietzman, J.H.. "Effect of Short Asbestos Fibers on Basic Physical Properties of Asphalt Pavement Mixes." Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 270, National Research Council, Washington D.C.. 1960.
[2] Huang H, White TD. "Dynamic properties of fiber-modified overiay mixture".
Transport Res Rec 2001; 1545:98-104.
[3] McOaniel RS. Asphalt additives to control njtting and cracking, PHD thesis. Purdue University, Indiana; 2001.
[4] Chen H, Li N, Hu C, Zhang Z. "Mechanical perfoimance of fibers-reinforced asphalt mixture". J Chang'an Univ (Nat Sci Ed) 2004; 24(2):1-5.
(5) Tapkin S. "The effect of polypropyfene fibers on asphalt performance". Building Environ 2007:1-7.
[6J Maurer DA Malasheskie GJ. "Field performance of fabrics and fibers to retard reflective cracking*. Geotextiles Geomembranes 1989;8:239-67.
[7) Serfass JP, Samanos J. "Fiber-modified asphalt concrete characteristics, applications and behavior'. J Assoc Asphalt Paving Technol 1996:64:193- 230.
[8] Huaxin Chen, Qinvnj Xu, Shuanfa Chen, Zhengi Zhang, "Evaluation and design of fiber-reinforced asphalt mixtures"
Materials and Design No.30,Elsevier, 2009.
[9] Qunshan Ye & Shaopeng Wu,
"Rheological properties of fiber reinforced asphalt binders' Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, Vbl.16, April 2009, pp. 93-99.
[10] Abdelaziz Mahrez, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Herda Yati bt Katman. "Fatigue and defonnation properties of glass fiber reinforced bituminous mixes', Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp.997- 1007,2005.
[II] Lee LH. "Fundamentals of adhesion'.
New Yori^: Plenum Press; 1991.
[12] Masson JF, Lacasse MA 'A review of adhesion mechanisms at the rack sealant/ asphalt concrete interface". In:
Wolf A, editor. Durability of buikJing and construction sealants. Paris: RILEM;
2000. p. 259-74.
[13] MoL, HuurmanM. VAiS, MolenaarAAA.
"Ravelling investigation of porous asphalt concrete based on fatigue ctiaracteristics'.
Mat Des 2009:30:170-9.
[14] Chen J, Lin K. 'Mechanism and behavior of bitumen strength reinforcement using fibers". J Mater Sd 2005;40:87-95.
[15] Fu S, Uuke B, Mader E. Yue C, Hu X.
"Tensile properties of stxirt-glass-^iber and short-cartxjn-Sbef-reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part A2000:31:1117-25.
[16] Li VC. "Postcrack scaling relations for fiber reinforced cementitious composites'.
ASCE J Mater Civil Eng 1992:41-57.
[17] Wo D. "Compretiensive composite materials". Beijing. China: Chemistry Industry Press; 2000.
Nghien cufu thanh phan...
(Tiep theo trang 67)
3. Ket luan va kien ngiij
Kit qua nghidn cdu thyc nghidm budc diu eua bd tdng gidu cdt dam lan eho thiy:
+ Dgt dugc cac tinh chit ea hpc phu hgp vdi Idp be tdng lam Idp mdng mgt dudng;
+ Su dyng cdng nghd dim lan cd t h i giam thdi gian thi cdng vd giam phdt thai CO^ ddp dng ydu d u bao vp mdi trudng;
+ Su dyng mdt phin cdt min ed md dun dp Idn Mk<2 d l chl tgo Id gidi phdp tit cho cdc dja ban gidu cdt nhung thilu dd ddm;
+ Mdng mdt dudng bing bd tdng gidu cdt dim Idn giam gid thdnh so vdi bd tdng truyin thing cung d p cudng dd.
c i n nghidn cdu v l dgc tinh co ngdt vd dd bin eua Idp be t6ng gidu cdt dim Idn d l ed t h i triln khai trong xdy dyng cdng trinh glao thdng hipn nay •
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O 1.
12.
13.
B^ton de sable (1994), caracterlstiques et pratiques d'utillsation.
Synthase du Projet National de Recherche et D6veloppement S A B L O C R E T E , vol. 2 3 7 , Presses de I'Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chauss6es, Paris, ISBN: 2 - 8 5 9 7 8 - 2 2 1 - 4 , (in French).
A F N O R Standard N F P 18-500, Betons de sables. 12 p, Juin 1995.
Nguyen Thanh Sang, Nguyen Quang Phuc (2012), "Sii' dyng be tSng xl mdng tro bay d e phdt trien ben v u n g k^t cau m | t du'd'ng dtd", T^p chi GTVT, So (08), trang 3 0 - 3 2 .
Nguyen Quang Hl$p (2005), "Nghign ciru be tdng d i m ldn cho d i p vd du'd'ng trong d i l u ki§n Vigt Nam". Ludn van tien sy, Vi$n K H C N X D . V u Hai N a m (2012), "Nghidn a > u sO dyng tro t u y i n pha leil hdm lu'ong cao trong be tdng khoi Idn thdng t h u d n g dung cho ddp trpng lye', Ludn vdn tien sy ky thudt, T r u d n g dgi hge Xdy di/ng.
Bill Xudn Cdy (2009), "Oinh hinh ket d u mdt du'dng cua CHLB DifC vd suy nghT ve ket cau mdt d u d n g dang sir dyng cua Vi?t Nam", RSTO 0 1 . Nguyen Quang Chieu, D u a n g Ngpc Hal (2007), T h i i t k i vd tinh todn cdc ket cau mdt d y d n g , Nhd xuat ban xdy d y n g , Hd ndi.
ACI 211.3 (2002), Guide for selection proportion for no-slump concrete.
ACI 3 2 5 . 1 0 (2000), Report on roller- compacted concrete pavement S.T. Nguyen, H.D. P h a m ( 2 0 0 8 ) , "A Research on Mechanical properties of Sand Concrete in the Mekong Delta", T h e Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Advances in Stnjctural Engineering and Mechanics ( A S E M ' 0 8 ) , 2 6 - 2 8 May 2 0 0 8 , Jeju, Korea, page 170.
Malhotra V M . , "Role of supplementary cementing materials in reducing greenhouse gas emissions'. In: Gjorv O E , Sakal K, editors. Concrete technology for a sustainable development in the 21 st century. London:
E & F N Spon; 2 0 0 0 . p. 2 2 6 - 3 5 .
M.S. Shetty ( 2 0 0 3 ) . Concrete Technology (Theory and practice), RAM Narga, N e w Delhi-110 0 5 5 .
Kyong-Ku Y U N , Dong-Ho Kim and Kwang W.KIm (2003), "Fatigues Behavior of Pavement C o n a e t e by Split Tension Fatigue Test", The 82nd Annual meeting Transportation research Board Washington, Jenuary.
