HOI NGHI KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L^N THU BA
NGHIEN CUtJ KHA NANG TRONG CAY THACH DEN BANG CAC DOAN THAN KHAC NHAU
BUI V AN THANH, HA TUAN ANH, NINH KHAC BAN Vien Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vdt HlTA VAN PHilC Phong Nong nghiep vd Phdt trien nong thon huyen Trdng Dinh, Lgng San Ciy Thach den (Mesona chinensis Benth.) l i mdt cay trdng trayen thdng cua ddng bao dan tgc Tiy- Niing huyfn Tring Djnh, tinh Lang Som. Trudc day, cay Thach den chi dugc trdng va sir dung tai chd phuc vy nhu ciu lam mat (giai khat) cua ngudi dan dja phuong nhung khoang
10 nim frd lai day, do nhu cau ciia thj tradng Trung Qudc tang cao nen ngudi dan phit trien ciy nay tren toan huyen va ca cic huyen lan can khic. Do frdng cay Thach den tren difn rdng nen nhu ciu ve ciy gidng la rat cao, trong khi dd, den nay van chua ghi nhin dugc vifc cay Thach den ra hoa vi tao hat. Vi vay, toan bd gidng cay trdng hifn nay deu dya vio kha ning nhin gidng sinh dudng. Theo kinh nghiem trayen thdng, khi trdng Thach den, ngudi ta dimg ci cay (cd day du gdc rl) de trdng nhumg ngudn gidng lai han che va phai chd dgi de thu gidng Ian 2, Ian 3 nen ciy trdng khdng theo miia vy nhat djnh dan den chat lugng ciia ciy thach khdng dugc dim bio. Nham giii quyet mdt phan van de nay, de tii tien hanh nghien cum kha ning trdng ciy Thach den tir cac doan thin khic nhau. Neu thanh cdng, ket qua niy se gdp phan giim ip lyc ve ngudn cay gidng vi ting tinh dn djnh ve miia vu vi chat lugmg cho cay Thach den.
L PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
- Cit ciy thach gidng thanh caC doan gidng khic nhau: Goc, than, nggn vi chdi cd do dai khoing 10cm (gdc vi than: cd 3-4 ddt; nggn cd 5-6 ddt). Cac doan gidng thach sau khi trdng dugc tudi udt vi giir dat am lien tuc frong thing dau tien. Moi loai hom giong dugc trdng 500 gdc.
- Theo ddi ty If sdng cua cic loai hom gidng trong 30 ngay diu tien, cir 2 ngiy dim mdt lin.
- Theo doi thdi gian ra re vi ting tradng cua rl: 2 ngay/lin, nhd 20 goc cdn sdng/moi loai hom trdng de quan sat ra re vi do chieu dai cua rl, tiln hanh trong 45 ngiy diu tien.
- So sanh sy ting tradng ciia re trong dilu kifn trdng binh thudng vdi trong cd xir ly bing mdt so chat b'ch thich ra rl. Xir Iy cic chit kich thich theo hudng din sir dung ghi tren bao bi (M3N: 20g/ 8 lit nude sach, ngim frong 5-lOphut; Thien ndng: pha loang, ty If 1:3, ngim 1-2 giay).
IL KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
1. Ty If song ciia cac loai hom giong khac nhau
Ket qua theo ddi ty If sdng cua cic loai hom gidng khac nhau dugc trinh bay frong bing sau.
Qua bang 1 ta thiy, ty le song cua cay thach dugc trdng bing gdc la cao nhit (98%o), tilp din la frdng bing choi va thip nhit Ii trong bing nggn. Kit qua nay da khing djnh khi ning tring thach bing nhieu loai hom gidng khac nhau. Ket qui thu dugc ciia chiing tdi hoan toan frai ngugc vAi nhumg thdng tin ciia ngudi dan cho ring, kha ning song cua cic loai hom khdng cd thip. Trong thyc te, khi trdng thach ta thudng trong 2-3 hom frong mdt bdc, nen vdi ty
i cic doan hom gidng trong thi nghiem, chiing ta hoin toin yen tam vl khi ning sdng
HQI NGH! KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI VA TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT UVN THLf BA
ciia cic hdc thach. Neu trdng hai hom/hdc thi ty If sdng ciia ca hdc trong la 99,6%, tron" 3 hom/hlc thi ty If song Ii 99,99%.
Ket qua nay khang djnh kha nang trong thach bing cic doan giong khac nhau dl nang cao hieu qua nhan gidng. Nham dua ra day dii co sd khoa hgc chiing minh cic hinh thirc nhan gidng thach khac nhau, chiing tdi da tien hanh theo ddi mgt so chi tieu khac vl nhan giong.
Bdng I Ty If song ciia cac loai hom giong khac nhau tir cay thach
Thoi gian theo doi Sau 2 ngay
Sau 4 ngay Sau 6 ngay Sau 8 ngay Sau 10ngay Sau 12 ngay Sau 14 ngay Sau 16 ngay Sau 18 ngay Sau 20 ngay Sau 22 ngay Sau 24 ngay Sau 26 ngay Sau 28 ngay Sau 30 ngay
Ty le song ciia cac loai hom (%) Goc
100 99 99 99 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98
Than 100
99 98 98 97 97 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95
Ngon 98 97 96 96 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94
Choi 100 100 99 98 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 2. Thdi gian ra re va tang trudng ciia re trong dieu kifn binh thudng
De tai tiln hinh nghien cim, so sinh thdi gian ra re vi tang tradng ciia re d cic doan hom giong khic nhau. Cic doan hom gidng sau khi tach ra dugc gitr im hoic nhiing nude va trinh anh ning tryc tilp. Ket qui quan sit dugc the hifn trong bing 2.
Bdng 2 Thdi gian ra re va tang trudng ciia re trong dieu kifn binh thucmg
Thai gian (ngay) 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Chieu dai re cua cay tl cac doan horn gion Goc
0 0,1 0,3 3,2 6,8 15,5 17,8 19,7 22 2
Than 0 0 0,1 2,4 5,9 12,3 13,4 15,4 17,7
lach duyc trong bang
? khac nhau (mm) Ngpn
0 0 0 0 0,4 1,4 7,9 12,0 17,4
Choi 0 0 0 0 0 0,1 6,3 12,6 17,1
HOI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L^N THU BA
21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
24,6 28,5 31,7 35,8 39,0 44,5 48,6 54,4 61,7 65,8 69,0 71,4 73,5
18,4 20,0 26,4 33,9 40,3 47,4 58,3 62,7 66,1 69,0 71,8 74,2 76,4
24,6 28,6 32,6 33,7 41,0 48,0 55,1 64,9 76,9 86,4 89,5 94,1 97,3
22,7 27,9 31,7 33,1 35,9 38,7 40,6 42,4 46,5 49,8 56,2 60,3 65,5
Kit qui tren da chi ra ring, cac doan hom goc ra re sdm nhat, chi sau 5 ngiy re da xuat hifn, tilp din li cic doan hom than (7 ngiy), bora nggn (11 ngiy) v i cudi cimg Ii hom choi (13 ngiy). Sy khic bift vl thdi gian ra re ciia cic hom thach khac nhau cd the do cic doan gdc da co sin mam re ngim, trong dieu kifn binh thudng, cic mam niy tiep tuc sinh trudng thinh cac choi re vi dii dan theo thdi gian.
Cic doan hom than cd tudi sinh trudng cao nen ciing sdm xuat hien cac chdi re va dai ra rat nhanh. Cic doan hom nggn cd mdi it hon nen can cd nhieu thdi gian de cay thich irng vdi dieu kien mdi. Cic te bio chua chuyen hoi cua cic doan hom nggn cin thdi gian de phan hoi dan roi mdi bit diu hinh thinh cic mam re va sinh trudng. Cac doan trdng bing chdi cd thdi gian ra re lau nhat, mac dii vj tri xuit phit cua cic chdi nam gin mat dit nhung chua chuyen hoi cho vifc ra re.
Tdc do sinh frudng re cua cic loai gidng ciing cd nhirng khac biet ding kl. Tdc do sinh trudng re cao nhit thudc ve cic ciy dugc trdng bing hom nggn (97,3mm) vi thip nhit la frong bing hom chdi (65,5mm), hai loai cdn lai la trdng bing hom gdc va hom than cd mirc do sinh trudng tuomg duomg nhau (Ian lugt Ii 73,5 vi 76,4mm). Cic cay thach trdng bing hom nggn c6 thdi gian ra re lau nhat nhung lai cd tdc do sinh trudng cua r l cao hon, cd thi cic bg phan tren cay cd tudi sinh trudng it, cdn fre nen cd sue song tdt hon. Sau thdi gian thich iing va phan hoa ban diu, cay sinh trudng rat manh, nhanh chdng bang v i vugt cac cay khic.
Cic chdi cay dugc tich ra lim hom gidng thudng nhd, giy, cd siic sdng ylu (do cic choi nay dugc hinh thanh trong thdi gian miia ddng, thdi tiet lanh va khd) do vay cay giong ylu, tdc do sinh tradng cung kem hon. Ngoii ra viec ra rl mudn cua cay giong trong tir chdi ciing lam anh hudng it nhieu den tdc do sinh tradng cua chiing.
3. Thir nghifm kha nang ra re vdi cac chat kich thich ra re
De nghien ciru khi ning ra re nhanh cua hom giong, dap iing nhu cau san xuit, dl tai da sir dyng hai loai thudc kich thich ra rl phd biln tren thi trudng (N3M va chit kich thich Thien ndng). Ty If pha de thi nghiem dugc ap dung theo hudng din tren bao bi cua sin phim. Thi nghiem dugc tien hanh tren bdn loai hom trdng Ii: Trdng bing hom gdc, trdng bing hom thin, trdng bang hom nggn va trdng bing hom choi (bang 3).
HQI NGH! KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N T H U " BA
Bdng 3 Tang trudng ciia re trong dieu
Thoi gian (ngay)
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
kifn cd chat kich thich ra re N3M va kich thich ra re Thien nong Chieu dai re cua cay thach
du-g^c trong bang cac doan hom giong (mm) Kich thich ra re N3M
Goc 0 0,5
1,3 3,8 7,0 14,5 18,5 20,0 22,6 25,1 28,4 32,0 35,6 39,4 46,2 49,5 54,8 59,3 65,0 69,8 74,5 78,5
Than 0 J 0 0,2 0,4 2,7 6,3 17,7 19,1 19,0 20,6 21,1 26,7 33,4 38,9 45,1 50,6 54,9 59,9 64,1 68,8 70,4 72,6
Ngpn 0 0 0 0 0,4 1,7 7,4 10,3 14,6 22,7 28,0 28,9 34,9 44,0 51,0 56,9 64,1 75,3 79,6 82,8 86,5 89,5
Choi 0 0 0 0 0 0,3 12,6 14,4 18,0 19,1 22,1 23,1 34,5 41,3 46,3 57,0 62,1 66,4 69,5 71,2 73,7 76,5
Kich thich ra re Thien nong Goc
0 0,5
1,0 3,6 6,8 13,5 18,0 21,0 • 23,4 25,7 27,6 31,0 33,8 37,5 44,3 48,5 53,7 59,0 64,4 65,5 70,0 74,5
Than 0 0 0,3 0,7 3,0 6,5 14,5 19,0 20,3 23,5 25,4 28,5 35,7 39,6 46,0 50,5 55,0 59,2 63,6 66,5 70,0 73,5
Ngpn 0 0 0 0 0,5
1,5 7,0 12,1 15,5 21,5 27,8 29,6 33,6 38,0 46,2 54,0 60,2 79,5 76,3 83,4 87,5 91,2
Choi 0 0 0 0 0,1 0,5 8,5 13,7 17,8 20,0 23,2 27,5 32,5 39,6 45,5 54,1 60,0 65,5 70,3 73,1 75,4 78,4 So sanh ting trudng ciia re sau 45 ngiy vdi cic hom gidng cd vi khdng xir Iy chit kich thich ra re (bing 4).
Bdng 4 Ting trudng ciia re sau 45 ngay vdi cac hom giong
cd va khdng xir ly chat kich thich ra re
Dieu kifn nhan trong Khong xir ly chat kich thich Xir ly chat kich thich N3M Xir ly chat kich thich Thien nong
Chieu dii re cua cay thach dugc trong bang cac loai hom giong (mm)
Goc 73,5 78,5 74,5
Than 76,4 72,6
Ngpn 97,3 89,5 73,5 1 91,2
Choi 65,5 76,5 78,4 Tir cic kit qua tren diy cho thay, so vdi vifc khdng xir Iy chat kich thich, cic hom giong cd sir dung chit kich thich xuit hifn rl sdm hon vi sinh tradng nhanh han trong giai doan dau (khoing 15 ngiy diu) nhung sau dd cham dan vi cd chilu dii ting trudng sau 45 ngiy mong ducmg vdi hom giong khdng sir dyng chit kich thich. Nguyen nhan niy cd the trong thdi gian dau, hom giong chju inh hudng ciia chit kich thich ra rl nen xuat hifn re sdm hem, tdc dg ting trudng ciia rl ciing cao hon. Trong ca ba dilu kifn thi nghifm, thach trong bang hom gdc ra re sdm nhung tdc do sinh trudng cham. Trong khi dd, cic cay trdng bang hom nggn cd thdi gian ra
HOI NGH! KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L'^.N THLf BA
rl lau hon nhimg tdc do tang tiardng cao hon, chieu dai sinh tnrdng sau 45 ngay dat gii frj cao nhit va cay frdng bing hom chdi ra rl chim nhit, gidng nhu frong dieu kien frdng khdng cd kich thich.
4. Tang trudng ciia cay thach trong tir cac loai hom giong khac nhau
Ket qui theo ddi tdc do sinh tradng cua cay thach dugc trdng bing cac doan horn giong khac nhau cung cd sy khic nhau rd rft. Thach trdng tir cic hom giong theo kieu truyen thong cua ngudi dan do cd diy dii cic bd phin (thin, re...) va cd do dii ban diu Ion nen khi ning sinh tradng nhanh frong thdi ky dau, sau dd tdc do ting tradng giim d thing cudi cimg (bing 5).
Bdng 5 Toe dg tang trudng va nang suat ciia cay thach trong tir cac loai hom giong khac nhau
Cac loai hom trong Ngon
Than Chii Goc Ca cay
Tang trudng theo chieu cao (cm) 1 thing
20 22 20 17 25
2 thing 35 39 34 36 43
3 thing 55 55 47 50 60
4 thing (thu hoach) 64 60 55 57 66
Trong bon loai hom gidng cdn lai thi cay thach trdng bing hom nggn cd chieu dai tang trudng cao nhit (64cm), tdc do sinh trudng nhanh hon, tilp theo la thach trdng bing hom choi tich ra tir cay giong. Cd thi cic md phan sinh cua hai loai hom gidng niy cdn tre nen te bao sinh trudng phat triln tdt hon so vdi loai hom gidng bang gdc va hom gidng bing than.
Kit qua tim hilu mdi quan he giira cic hinh thiic sir dyng hom giong khic nhau trong tiii nghiem nhin gidng vdi ning suit thach ciy dugc trinh bay trong bing 6.
Bdng 6 Moi quan hf giira nang suat va cac hinh thuc trong
bang cac ioai giong nhan tir cac doan hom giong khac nhau STT
1 2 3 4 5
Cac loai hom trong Truyen thong (ca cay) Ngon
Than Choi Goc
Nang suat tuoi (g/m^) 5900 6300 5800 4950 5100
Nang suat kho KK (g/ra') 715 825 820 630 610
Qua ket qui ta thay, ning suit thach cay cao nhit khi trdng bing loai gidng dugc nhan tir hom nggn (6300g tuoi/m^ v i 825g khd KK/m^). Trong thi nghiem thach trdng tir giong nhan bang hom gidng ci cay v i thach trdng bing gidng nhin tir hom thin cd ning suit tuoi tuang duomg nhau (5900g tuoi/m^ va 5800g tuoi/m^) nhumg lai cd ning suit khd khic nhau 715g kho KK/m^ (trdng ca cay), 820g khd KK/m^ (trdng nggn).
5. Hifu qua trong thach theo phuong thirc mdi
Khi trdng theo each mdi (tach cac phin khic nhau ciia c-ay) thi giai doan lay gidng ciing nhu trong viec trdng thach theo cich thdng thudng (trdng ca cay). Sy kliic biet giii'a hai cich trong la viec tach rieng cac doan cay thach thanh cic gdc trdng khic nhau. D I tai da thu nghiem tach cic hom gidng tir 1000 hom gidng theo each trdng truyen thdng. Vdi cic cay gidng cdn nhd thi de nguyen, khdng tach thanh cac phin khic nhau (bang 7).
HQI NGH! KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N THU BA
Bdng 7 Sd lugng cac doan giong tach ra tir 1000 cay giong ban dau .n
So cay giong 1000
Ngpn 1 Than
606 354
Goc - ca cav 1000
Choi 810
Tong 2770 Nhu vay, vdi 1.000 cay gidng ban diu, chiing tathu dugc 2.770 doan gidng cic loai. Khi frdng, doi vdi hdc trdng ca cay vi frgng gdc, mdi hdc chi gdm 1 hom gidng; vdi hdc trdng bang ngon, than va chdi thi mdi hdc trdng 2 hom, nhu vay, tdng sd hdc trong cd dugc la: 1.000 + (606 + 354 + 810)/2 = 1.885. Dieu nay cd nghTa ring, ciing vdi mdt lugng cay giong nhu nhau thi neu trong theo each mdi (theo thi nghifm), dien tich cay trong thu dugc se cao hom 1885/1000 = 1,885 lin.
111. KET LUAN
- Khi ning trdng cay Thach den tu cic doan thin khic nhau Ii rat cao, ty If sdng sdt ciia cic hom trong lin lugt la: gdc 98%, than 95%, nggn 94% vi chdi 96%.
- Cac doan gidng cd tudi cao se ra re sdm hon nhung sau dd tdc do giim dan, sau 45 ngay, hom than cd chilu dai ciia rl cao nhit (97mm^. Vifc xir Iy thuoc kich thich ra re giup xuit hien re sdm va ting trudng nhanh trong 15 ngiy dau, sau dd chim lai va mong duomg vdi khdng xir Iy thuoc sau 45 ngiy.
- Ning suit thu hoach tuoi/khd cua thach trdng bing nggn dat gii trj cao nhit, lan lugt la 6300g/m^ va 825g/ml Chilu dai sinh trudng ciia thach trong ci ciy va bang hom nggn tucmg duang nhau (lin lugt Ii 66 va 64cm) vi cao hon cac loai khic.
- Hifu qui trong thach bing phuomg phip mdi cao hon phucmg phip trayf n thdng la 1,885 Ian.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Vo Van Chi, 1999: Tir diln cay thudc Vift Nam. NXB. Y hgc. Ha Ndi.
2. Nguyen Thj Phuong Thao, Luu Dam Cu, Ninh Khic Ban, Biii Van Thanh, Truang , Anh Thu, 2007: Nghien cim sir dung ciy Thach den (Mesona chinensis Benth.) ciia din tgc Tay, Nimg huyfn Trang Djnh, Lang Son. Hdi nghj Khoa hgc toin qudc vl Sinh thii va Tai nguyen sinh vit lin II, H i Ngi, tr. 110- 115.
STUDY ON T H E P R O P A G A T I V E ABILITY O F D I F F E R E N T PARTS O F MESONA CHINENSIS Benth.
BUI VAN THANH, HA TUAN ANH NINH KHAC BAN, HUA VAN PHUC SUMMARY
The whole stems of Mesona chinensis were divided into different parts: roots, stolons, leaders and axillary buds. These plant parts can be used as propagative materials. The propagation success rate of roots, stolons, leaders and axillary buds after 30-days are 98%, 95%, 94% and 96%, respectively. Fresh and dry productivity of leader cuttings are the highest (6300g/m^ and 825g/m-, respectively). The growth of whole and leader cuttings is the same and they are higher than others. Area output of new method is 1.885 times more than the traditional method using whole stems.