Trao ddi hoc thugt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe
NGHIEN CUU BU^dC D A U SU DyNG ANH VE TINH TRONG LAP DU AN SAN BAV, CANG HANG KHONG
GS. TS. P H ^ M HUY KHANG TS. VU DUG SY B0 mdn Dudng d td & San bay Khoa Cong trinh
Tru&ng Dai lipc Giao thdng Vdn tdi
Tdm lat: Bdt bdo tdm tdt ve dnh vc tinh trong he thdng dinh vi todn cdu GPS. cdc ung dpng trong nen kinh te qudc ddn. Nghien cuu budc ddu ve dnh ve linh vd phdn mem dirac sir dung rpng rai tren the gidi. Ung dung anh v^ tinh trong thiet ke sdn bay. cdng hdng khong d giai dogn Ipp bdo cdo ddu tu ciing nhu cdng nghi GPS. GIS vd RS trong giao thdng van tdi dd duoc triin khai ung dung
Summary: This paper summarizes the satellite image technology in global positioning system GPS and the application in different fields for the national economy The initial study on satellite images and related soft^wes have been widely used around the world Application of satellite images has been conducted on airport planning and design in many airport construction inveslmentprojects. GPS technology. GIS and RS m transportation have also been applied
I. NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG
Hien nay, d Viet Nam, viec xay dyng Dudng d td & Sdn bay vdn cdn gap nhieu khd khan do vipc khdo sat vd thilt kl phdi qua nhieu giai doan vd chu yeu Id dua tren bdn do dja hinh, vdi ty le khdc nhau. Dieu nay tao nen mdt sd khd khan khi chua cd mot cai nhin tdng quan ve khu vyc xay dyng, dong thdi vipc khao sat chi tilt tuyIn tren thuc dia cung gay nen su tdn kem ve thdi gian va chi phi.
Cdng nghe may tinh ngay nay da phdt trien mgnh me ciing vdi cac sdn pham phan mem chuyen dung, tgo dilu kien cho phan tich dnh so anh vp tinh hoac dnh radar. Thdi dgi biing nd cua Internet, cdng nghp tin hpc vdi ky thuat xu ly dnh sd, kit hpp vdi he thdng tin dia ly (Geographic Information System-GIS), h§ thong djnh vj todn cdu (Globan Positioning System- GPS) cho phep khd nang nghien cuu Trdi Ddt bdng viln thdm ngdy cang thugn Ipi vd dat kit qua tdt hom.
Mpt hp viln tham diln hinh sii: dyng cac phuang tien thu nhan thdng tin bang nhieu cdch, nhilu phuotig tien fe'tdng khao sat, tren bl mat va khoang khong, DCr lieu vien tham dupe gidi
Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 37-03/2012 113
Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngh^
dodn bdngjTidt ho§c bdng so de tach Ipc cdc thdng tin hiiu ich theo cac chuyen de khdc nhau. So vdi phuong phap khao sdt tryc tiep, vien thdm cd mpt so uu diem sau:
- Giup cd mdt cdch nhln tong thi vl khu vyc nghien ciru.
- Cd the din dupe nhOng vimg md bdng thyc dja khdng the dgt dupe.
- Tilt kipm thdi gian vd dupe irng dyng cho nhilu nghdnh nhu dja chdt khoang san, nude, mdi trudng. sudyng dat. ndng nghipp, rimg, khi hgu...
Hipn nay d Vipt Nam, da cd mpt so de tai nghien ciru nham irng dyng GIS & RS (Geographic Information System & Remote Sensing) trong thyc te. Doi vdi nganh GTVT, viec ung dyng vien thdm trong nghien cdu vd thiet ke cdn nhieu hgn che va mdi d giai doan ddu. Cdc cdng nghp hipn dgi nhu GPS vd GIS dd dupe irng dyng trong vipc quan trac, djnh vj, ddn dudng (GPS), luu trii va phan tich dii lipu (GIS), tu dd thdnh l$p nen bdn dd sd dja hinh (tgp hpp cdc dii kipn bdn do trSn nhQng thilt bj cd khd ndng dpc bdng mdy tinh vd dupe the hipn dudi dgng hinh dnh ban do).
II. VIEN THAM VE TINH 2.1. Anh ve tinh (Satellite Imagery)
Anh vp tinh la nhung hinh anh vl trai dat hodc cac hdnh tinh khdc tu vp tinh nhdn tgo.
Nhiing buc anh vp tinh dau tien ve trdi ddt do vp tinh khi tupng TIROS-I chup vdo 1/4/1960.
Nam 1972, My bdt dau thuc hien chuong trinh Landsat, chuong trinh Idn nhat thu nhan anh ve trai ddt tir vu try. Landsat 7, ve tinh Landsat mdi nhdt, dupe phdng nam 1999.
Tdt cd cdc anh ve tinh do NASA cung cdp dupe an hdnh bdi Td chuc Quan sat Trdi ddt, va free cho tat cd mpi ngudi. Cac nude khac cung cd chuong trinh anh ve tinh rieng.
Anh ve linh cd nhieu irng dyng trong ndng nghipp, dja chat, nghien cuu rimg. giao dye. tinh bao va chien tranh. Cdc bdn do cao dp thudng su dyng anh radar.
Mpt vp tinh chi cd the nhln thay mpt khu vuc nhd, vi vgy. vice ve len ban dd mpt khu vyc rpng Idn (hay todn trai ddt) mdt rdt nhilu thdi gian. va hdu het cdc dnh ve tinh deu da Idu nam.
Do anh vp tinh dupe chyp td quy dgo thdp, nen hinh anh thyc ve mpt khu vuc xac dinh Id rat phuc lgp. Tuy nhien, vp tinh do thdm cd the lam dupe dieu nay trong sudt thdi ky chien tranh de cung cap tdi lipu cho eye tinh bdo, nhung qudn dpi thudng nhgn ra rdng sy that tren mgt dat khdng giong nhu trong anh chyp trudc dd.
Dp phan gidi cita dnh v? tinh Id khdc nhau. Cdc thdnh pho tren the gidi su dyng dnh cd dp phan gidi 10m hogc hon. Vdi nhiing khu vyc ngodi thanh phd, dg phdn giai la I00-728m, hdu het dnh chyp trai dat cd dg phdn giai 1 km ho^c han. Anh vp tinh cd dp phan gidi cao hon nhung cung ddt hon khdng dnh.
Do dien tich bl mat trai dat Idn, dnh chyp cd dp phan gidi cao, nen ca sd du' lieu cua ve tinh rat do sp, vipc luu trii va bao quan anh vp tinh dang dgt ra nhu mpt thadi thuc Idn ve mat cdng nghp,
114 Tap chi K H O A H O C G I A O T H O N G VAN T A I S6 37 - 03/2012
Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe Anh ve tinh cd the ket hpp vdi dii lipu GIS. Vi dy nhu. ngudi xem cd the ket hpp anh vdi ban do va cdc thdng tin tir nhieu nguon khac nhau. Trong the ky 21, dnh vp tinh dang phd biln rgng rai tren todn the gidi khi vipc Iruy cgp du lipu trd nen de dang thuan tipn vdi cdc phan mem ciia nhieu cdng ty tren Ihl gidi.
Anh vp tinh & anh hang khdng cd sy khdc nhau Idn ve 2 mat quan trpng:
- Anh vp tinh khdng nhiing gidi hgn phdn "nhin thay" ciia quang phd dipn tir (phgm vi mat ngudi cd the nhin thay, vdi budc sdng tir 0.4-0.7/^m), md cdn do nang lupng tir budc sdng khdng nhin thay den mat ngudi quan sat nhu budc sdng gan vimg hdng ngogi, budc sdng hdng ngogi nhipt & birdc sdng radio.
- Hdu het cdc thiet bj chup dnh vc tinh cd the ghi nhiing thay ddi cua budc sdng trong cimg mot thdi gian, cho ta khdng chi mpt md rat nhieu hinh anh ciia ciing mpt vj tri tren mat dat, mdi hinh anh tuong duong vdi mpt phgm vi budc sdng thay ddi (gpi Id cac "ddi"). Vi dy nhu thiet bj Enhanced Thematic Mapper tren vc tinh Landsat 7 (dupe NASA phdng nam 1999) cd 7 dai nhin thay dupe, budc sdng gan viing hong ngogi. giiia viing hdng ngogi, budc sdng hdng ngogi nhipt, cung nhu mdt dai lodn sac cd do phdn gidi cao thu nhgn tat ca cac budc sdng. Do vay, mdt hinh anh dan tir ve tinh Landsat 7 thuc tl Id tdng hpp ciia 8 hinh anh hay 8 manh rieng biet, mdi manh tuong duang vdi mdt phan quang phd dien tu khdc nhau, Trong qua trinh phdn tich cdc dQ lieu ndy, mdi ddi dupe xu ly nhu mpt Idp trong md hinh Raster ciia GIS.
Phdn mIm xu ly dnh dupe thilt ke de phdn tich dQ lieu dnh ve tinh la mdt dgng phan mem chuyen dung cua GIS raster. Trong khi cd the nan anh tren phan mem GIS raster nhu Arclnfo GRID, IDRISI va GRASS, thi hau hit cac nha chuyen mdn ddu su dung phdn mem dupe thiet kl ddc bipt de nghien cuu dnh ve tinh nhu PCI, ENVI, ERDAS IMAGE vd ERMAPPER.
Nhung phdn mem nay dupe thiet ke dac biel nghien cuu nhung irng dung ciia dnh vp tinh va cung cap cac cdng cu Ipc anh. phan loai. chii gidi va lam min dnh ve tinh.
He Ihong ve linh anh vii dinh vi loan cdu GPS 2.2. Gidi thieu chung ve vien tham v | tinh
Viln tham la mot khoa hoc. nghe Ihuat sir dung phuaiiy tien thong tin bang may tinh. cong
Tap chi KHOA H O C G I A O T H O N G VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/20! 115
Trao doi hpc thudt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong ngh^
nghp vu try vd kinh nghipm ciia cdc chuyen gia, nhdm thu nhgn cac thdng tin cd ich ve mpt vgt hoac mgt hipn tupng, xay ra tren Trdi Ddt vd quyen khi, bdng cdch su dyng cac dnh chyp ve vat, hipn lupng dudi dgng dnh photo va anh so, thu dupe tir cdc bp cdm tren vp tinh va ky nghp RADAR, ma khdng can tiep xiic tryc tiep vao cac vgt vd cac hipn tupng dd.
Nguyen K ca bdn eiia vien thdm
Vien thdm nghien cuu vat bdng giai dodn vd tdch Ipc thdng tin tu dd lipu dnh chyp hdng khdng, hojc bdng vipc gidi dodn dnh so, dnh vp tinh vd dnh RADAR.
Cac phan mem xu ly dnh so dupe thiet kc. nhdm cho ra thdng tm ve phd buc xg cua cdc vgt the hoac cdc hipn tupng xdy ra trong gidi hgn dipn phu ciia dnh.
Xir ly dnh so Id ky nghp lam hien th| rd dnh va tach Igc thdng tin lu cac dir lipu dnh sd, dya vdo cac thdng tin chia khda vc phd hire xg phdt ra, Hipn nay, cd rat nhieu phuong phdp xir ly dnh so dupe thyc hipn tren cdc phdn mem xir ly anh. Cd the ke ra d day cac phan mem thdng dyng nhu ERDAS (PC), ERDAS Imagine (UNIX), PCI, ERMAPER. DRAGON, ENVI....
Ung dyng ciia vien thdm
Vien thdm tu lau da dupe ung dyng de gidi doan cac thdng tin dja chat. Dii lipu viln tham dupe dimg cho gidi dodn Id cae dnh mdy bay, dnh vp tinh vd dnh radar. LTnh vyc dimg dd lipu ndy cd the ke den la dja mao, cdu triic dja chat, trdm tich. khai khodng, dau md. dja tdng. dja chat cdng trinh, nude ngdm vd cae nghien ciru ve dia chat mdi trudng.
Sy phdt trien khoa hgc vien tham d Viet Nam
Trudc day, anh vien tham chi su dyng trong dy bdo khi tirpng thuy van & xdc djnh toa dp do dgc ban dd, den nay. anh vien tham da khdng dinh the manh tren nhieu ITnh vyc.
- Ung dyng vien tham phyc vy giam sdt tdi nguyen ddt. nude & mdi trudng.
- Ung dyng cdng nghp vien thdm trong do dgc ban do, hipu chinh bdn dd dja hinh ty le 1/25000 & 1/50000, phyc vy qudn Iy dat dai (da sir dyng anh vien tham thanh lgp ban dd nen phyc vy tdng kilm ke dat dai 2005 cho 11 tinh).
Hy vpng trong mpt thdi gian khdng xa, dnh vien thdm, mpt cdng nghp mdi nhung day tinh uu vipt se cd mat d hdu hit cdc cdng trinh phyc vy vipc gidm sat & qudn ly tdi nguyen thien nhien mdi trudng ciing nhu cdc ngdnh nghe khdc. trong do cd ngdnh GTVT cua chiing ta.
2.3. Google Earth
Google Earth se giiip ta thyc hipn nhung dilu dd vdi nhdng hinh dnh ttr ve tinh vd nhirng dir lieu giiip ta hinh dung todn canh vj tri can den chi trong vai giay.
Phan mem nay cd nhiing uu diem sau:
- Nhin dupe toan canh khu vyc can nghien ciru.
- Quan sat duac cac vi tri cy the nhu trudng hpc, cdng vien, nha hang, khach sgn.
115 Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI
Trao ddi hoc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe - Nghieng & quay dnh de thdy dupe dja hinh d dgng 3D, giiip cho viec danh gid khu vyc nghien cuu dupe chinh xac & cy the han.
Phdn mem nay gdm cdc trang sau:
- Google Earth, Google Earth Plus, Google Earth Pro (su dyng cho muc dich thuang mgi vd ky thugt, Idm cho vipc nghien cuu va trinh bdy duac de ddng ban vdi dnh 3D thyc).
- Google Earth Enterprise: cho phep su dyng tinh nang ciia Google Earth (GE) trong viec kinh doanh, td hpp dii Mpu kinh doanh vdi ASP - dd lipu GE dupe cung cdp, hoac ty minh hodn thien vipc lap hpp dd lipu.
2.4. Ung dung hp thong dinh vj toan cau GPS anh ve tinh va Google Earth trong xay dung dudng dtd va san bay
A. Gi&i thieu chung
Cd the ndi, hp thong djnh vj loan cdu va anh ve tinh la mdt thdnh tyu to Idn ciia lodi ngudi, hipn tgi trong nhieu ITnh vuc khac nhau, ngudi ta da su dyng dnh ve linh mpl cdch hieu qua vdi cdc muc dich khac nhau.
B. Ung dung dnh ve tinh trong lap bdo cdo dau tu, budc lien khd thi cdc du dn du&ng giaa thdng
- Diing dnh vp tinh de lya chpn cac phuang dn luyen.
- Dimg dnh ve linh de lua chpn sa bp vj tri lap dy an sdn bay cang hang khdng.
C. Ung diuig dnh ve tinh trong viec khdo sdt thiet ke m&i, ma rgng, ndng cap sdn bay Nhirng yeu cdu chinh ciia viec khdo sat, nang cap, md rdng san bay bao gdm:
- Chon Vl In' sdn bay: De ddp ung yeu cdu cat, ha canh ciia may bay, khoang trdi xung quanh san bay cdn thoa man cdc yeu cau ve tTnh khdng dau vd viing bay ciia san bay. Cdc hue anh vp tinh sg cho chiing ta bdn do dja hinh ciia khu vyc san bay, tu cdc tga dp, cao do chiing ta se xdc djnh dupe vi tri phii hpp cho san bay ve hudng cat hg canh,ve viing trdi ciia san bay, dam bdo an todn bay ...
Nghiin ciru dial hx gq a I ca ghangkh gDen Bien
Tgp chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012 117
Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thong tin Khoa hoc Cong nghe
Anh Idng the sdn bay Npi bdi vd chi Hit nhd ga TI (dnh thdng 2-2010) - Cai lao ndng cdp sdn hay: Trong trudng hpp ndy, nhOng ban do chyp dupe tu dnh vp linh sc cho ta mpt cdch tdng thi m$t bdng sdn bay hipn cd va tu dd sfi giup chiing ta cd nhiing gidi phdp de quy hogch, cdi tgo, nang cdp san bay theo yeu cau ky thudt Ddng thdi tren dd chiing ta sS cd nhdng phuoiig an lya chpn khac nhau khi xem xci
e. Ung dung dnh ve linh khi thiel ke cong trinh thodt nir&c
Mpt yeu cdu quan trpng khi thiet ke cdng trinh thodt nude tren dudng giao thdng Id van de xac djnh luu vuc sdng, hodc luu vyc can thodt nude .
Dipn tich luu vyc thodt nude cdn dupe xdc djnh dua tren binh do khu vuc vdi dipn lich thich hpp.
III. KET LUAN
Anh vp linh vd he thong djnh vj loan cau GPS. GIS vd cdng nghp ciia nd dua den cho chimg ta nhiing ung dyng quan trpng trong nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhau. Nhdng khai thdc ban dau cho thay, cd the ung dyng dnh ve tinh vd hp thdng dinh vi todn cdu trong xdy dyng giao thdng, trong lgp dy dn cac dudng cap cao. trong vipc ndng cap san bay vd nhieu dng dung khdc nda.
Trong pham vi bdi bdo nay, nhiing van de neu ra mdi chi Id nhirng y tudng, nhiing gpi y, nhiing djnh hudng. De cd the ap dyng tdt nhat anh so, chiing ta phdi dau tu kinh phi, dau tu chat xam de cd the cd nhung bdn do cao cap, chinh xdc phyc vu cho myc dich ciia nganh giao thdng.
Tai lipu tham khao
[1], TiSu chuan khao sdt dudng 6 to, NXB GTVT, Hd N^i 2004
[2], Nguyin Thi Thdn. Nguyin Thac Dimg, Trdc dja & bdn dd ky thuat s6 trong XD, NXBGD, 2000, [3] PGS TS. Pham Huy Khang. Thilt kl quy hogch sdn bay cang hang khong. Nha xudt ban xay dung 2006. ^
[4] D I tdi: Nghien ciru ung dyng chyp anh hdng khdng vao cdng tdc khdo sdt va thilt kl cdng trinh dudng 6 to - Tdng cong ty TV GTVT thyc hien nam 2006*
Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012