Nghien cCiu - Trao do!
Nghien cuu utig dung mang sieu loc trong con^ nghe xuf ly niTdfc suoi Ta' Vai
de cap'mrofc sinh hoat
Tom tat: Suoi Ta Vai la nguon cung cap nu&c sinh ho^t va an udng cho nhan dan va bg doi khu vi/c mien nOi tlnh Ha Giang. Tuy nhien, cac ho^t dgng KT-XH dgc hai bd da lam cho nguon nude bj 6 nhiem ma cdc bien phdp truyen thd'ng khong xCr /y dupe de bao dam chat lupng nude theo yeu cau. Nghien cul/
mo hinh XLt ly nUde suoi Ta Vai theo2giaido^n:Xu'lyb$c 1 bang IQC hap phi^ zeolit da nang va xii /y bae 2 bang mang sieu Igc UF.
Ket qua cho thay sau qud trinh IQC UF, cdc chi tieu 6 nhiem dae trung trong nude suoi Ta Vai nhu: Cac chat ran Id lijiig t^o do dye, cdc ch^t hUu cd, sat, man- gan, amoni,... va vi khuan gay b$nh hau het dupe lo^i bo, bao damyeucaucuaQCVN01:2009/BYr vd QCVN 02:2009/BYT. Qud trinh Igc zeolit - Ige mang UF la qua trinh xii ly nude c^p khdng Si/ dyng hda chat, phu hpp vdi dae diem chat lupng nude suoi Ta Vai.
Abstract: Ta Vai stream is a
source of drinking and domestic water for people and soldiers in mountainous areas of Ha Giang province. However, the economic
PGS.TS. TRAN DUTC HA, ThS. NGUYEN DANH TfEN
Vien Nghidn ci/u C^p thoat nude vd Moi trudng
ThS. DANG XUAN THl/dNG
Vien Ky thu$t vd Cong ngh$ moi trudng
ThS. N G U Y I N MAI HOA
Khoa Moi trUdng - TrUdng D^i hgc Md Dja chit and social activities along the two
banks have caused the water source to be polluted but tradi- tional measures cannot be treated to ensure the required water quality. Study on the process of treating Ta Vai stream water on pilot model according to two stages: first-levet treatment by multi-function zeolite adsorp- tion and second-level treatment with ultrafiltration membrane (UF). The results showed that after the UF process, the charac- teristic pollution indicators of Ta Vai stream water such as sus- pended solids creating turbidity, organic substances, iron, man- ganese, ammonium, ... and pathogenic bacteria (coliform) is mostly removed, ensuring the requirements of QCVN 01:
2009 / BYT and QCVN 02: 2009 / BYT. The process of zeolite filtration UF membrane is a process of treating water without using chemicals, adapting to the quality characteristics of Ta Vai stream water.
1. Gidi thi#u chung
Tai khu vUc vung nui Tay Bac, nguon cap nude sinh hogt chij yeu
la cac suoi nhd. Tuy nhien, nguIn nude nay ngay cang bj d nhilm do cac hoat ddng cCia con ngUdi va cac tac ddng tidu cue cua Bien d l i khf hau. Trong nUdc sdng suoi khu vuc miln nui ngoai cac phan tCf phu sa, cac keo set, cac chat hOu cd ngudn goc la cay, xac ddng vat,... cdn cd dU lUdng hda chat b&o vd thyc vat, ion kim loai nang, cac vi khuan, virus... trong nUdc mUa cuon trdi be max tU cac vung canh tac, khai khoang... chky vao [1, 2].
Trong nguon nude mat xuat hl§n nhilu tac nhan d nhiem dae biet nha cac chat 6 nhilm dang vlt, cac chit hCfu cd ty nhien, cao logi vi khuan va virus gay bdnh djch dae thu... ma cac phuong phap keo ty - lang-IpevakhCrtrung khong t h i loai bd dUdc chung.
Ta Vai la mot sud'i nhd bat
ngudn tU huydn Vj Xuyen ch&y
vao thanh pho Ha Giang va do vao
sdng Niem. Day la nguon cung
cap chinh cho sinh hoat va hogt
dpng san xult ndng nghiep cua
cac khu dan cU va doanh trai quSn
ddi dpe hai ben bd suoi [3]. Tuy
nhidn, cijng nhu cac sdng suoi
khac khu vUc mien nui bien gidi
Tay Bac [1], nude suoi Ta vai
dang bj d nhiem vdi cao thdng s6
Tai nguy§n vd Moi trii-dng | KJH - Thing 2/2019 T
BOD, COD, TSS, coliform.. d mUe cao, vUdt quy dinh nguon nadc mat loai A1 theo QCVN 08- MT-.2015/BTNMT - Quy chuan ky thuat qud'c gia v l chat lUdng nUdc mat nhieu Ian [2], khdng dam bao tieu chuan lam nguon nUdc thd de xi!f !y bang phadng phap truyen thong cho muc dich cap nUdc sinh ho^t [4] d l XLf ly bang phUdng phap truyen thing.
Pham VI ap dung cua loc UF rat rpng rai, ap dyng trong xCf ly nUdc cap, xCf ly nude th&i, loai bo asen trong nUdc nglm, khD mud'i, lam ngot nUdc biln va nude Id, xCf ly nUdc cap cho noi hdi va thap lam mat, san xuat nUdc sidu sach, c h l biln dUPc pham, tach muoi khdi sijfa va phomat, tinh c h l nUdc hoa qua... Dae biet, kha nang cua mang UF thfch Ung cao de xCf ly nUdc cd ham lUdng can TSS va vi sinh vat Idn nhU nUdc sdng suoi. Cac loai mang Ipc UF ed the loai bd dUdc cac phin tCf d nhilm dae trung trong nguon nUdc mat [5, 6] nhu cac chit hiju cd ty nhien, dpng vat ddn bao, vi khuan va virus ma cac phUdng phap truyen thd'ng khdng the loai bd dUdc chung. Mang Ipc da bat dau di vao ITnh vUc cap nude d Viet Nam nhung d mUc dd han c h l vdi d^ng thiet bj nhd d l xii ly tiep tuc nUdc an ud'ng cho cac hd gia dinh hoac dam madi m^ngay d l lam ngpt nude bien. Cac nghien cUu gan day cho thay, film nang Ung dung va phat trien cdng nghe Ipc mang de xU ly nude ca'p va nude thai d nUdc ta ra't Idn [5,7].
Vi vay, can cd mot cdng nghe XL; ly phu hdp tren n l n ky thuat mang Ipc d l giai quyet van d l ca'p nUdc 6 vung mien nui Tay Bac, nha khu vUc sud'i Ta Vai- Ha Giang.
2. Doi tUdng va phUdng phap nghien ci^u He thd'ng xCf ly nude sud'i Ta vai bao gom 2 khau: Tien xCf ly bang he Ipc zeolit va xCf ly bac cao bang he mang Ipc UF de cap nadc sinh hoat dUdc d l xuat trong ndi dung nghien cUu cua de tai
"Nghidn cUu Ung dung cdng nghe mang loc kit hdp vdi vat lieu da nang d l xis ly nude suoi vung bien gidi Tay Bac cap nUdc cho sinh hoat (ma so: KHCN- TB.15C/13-18). Md hinh thCf nghiem lap dat tai hien tradng theo sd do cdng nghe neu tren Hinh 1.
Danh gia hieu qua xCf ly bac cao bang mang Ipc UF cCia nude suoi Ta Vai sau khi qua he Ipe zeolit la mue tieu cua nghien cUu nay [3]. NUdc sau khi dUdc XLf ly qua he Ipe zeolite se dUpc chUa trong be trung gian 2 la nguon dau vao cho he thong mang Ipc. NUdc dUdc bdm len he loc UF vdi quy trinh Ipc - ri^fa Ipc 6n djnh. Md hinh nghien cUu v l qua trinh Ipc UF cdng suat nude sinh hoat 500L/h neu tren Hinh 2
Hinh 1. So do mo hinh thCl nghiem he thong xO ly nude sud'i Td Vil de dp nude sinh hoat
Nirdt Dguin 1^ sndi Ta Vai
J...
H$l9Gbingv§tli|u 1
,____ _____. . i , E'^fl
Nirdiccap
Hinh 2. Sa do md hinh thU nghidm h$ thd'ng xCf ly nUdc sud'i Ta Vai d§ e&'p nUdc sinh hoat
Mang UF dUdc lua chon Aquaflex 64, hang san xuat P E N T A I R - Ha Lan. Day la loai mang: Dang spi rong, kilu Ipc tU trong ra ngoai (Inside-out), kich thudc !o 0,02#m, vat li§u mang PES. Modun mang cd dien tich b l mat mang: 64 m^, dudng kinh Ing mang 220 mm, chilu dai 1537 mmm va trpng lUdng 34 kg, dudng kinh cong vao (inlet): 2,5 inch, dUdng kinh cong ra (outlet): 2,5 inch. Thdng lUpng Ipc ci!ia bp (modun) mang la: 50-r120 Um^.h. So lUdng mang sCf dung: 03 mang, trong dd 02 mang dUpc lap chay song song va 01 mang dUdc lap noi tilp va si!f dung nUdc thai tU 02 mang trUdc. H§ thd'ng mang Ipe UF (Model UF 90) dam bao lUdng nUdc thu hoi la 100%. Ddng thdi, vdi viec danh gia hieu qua XLf ly, tren he thd'ng mang Ipc UF thCf nghiem de tai trien khai nghien cUu hien tUdng tac va quy trinh phuc hoi hoat ddng mang Ipc.
Danh gia hieu qua xCf ly bac cao qua modun mang UF theo cac thdng so: Dd due, COD, Fe, Mn, N-NH4, coliform va mot so thdng s i khac de tU day xay dung sd do day chuyen cdng nghd va xac djnh thong so' thilt k l va thdng so van hanh cua cac bd mang Ipc UF tren he thing xLf ly nUdc nay.
8 Tai nguyen vd Moi tru'ong | Kjl-Thing2/2019
Phan tfch chat lUdng nUdc dUdc thuc hien theo cac phUdng phap chuan, trinh bay trong Bang 1 sau day:
Q u a trinh thCf n g h i e m xi!f ly nude sud'i T a V a i then khai trong nam 2 0 1 7 . K i t q u a nghien cCfu thCf n g h i e m se lam c d s d oho viec tinh toan thiet ke va BSng 1. Cac phUdng phap phan tich chat luang nUdc
Hinh 3. Hieu quk xii ly cOa mang UF theo do due
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thdng s6 OodMC COD Sieo Pecmanganat Amoni(N-NH4)
sm
Mangan Colrfonns
D o n v j NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mgfl MPN/IOOml
Phircng phap phdn tich TCVN 6 1 8 4 - 1 9 9 6
TCVM 6186 1996 TCVN6179-V1996 TCVN 61771996 TCVN 6002-1995 TCVN 6187-1,2-1996 lua chpn thiet b| de lap dat cac tram c a p nUde sinh hoat phi tap trung tU nguon nUde suoi T a Vai .
3. K i t qua nghi§n cuTu va thSo luan NUdc nguon suoi T a V&i sau khi dUdc xCf ly qua he Ipc zeolite (vat lidu O D M -2F) dUde chUa trong be trung gian 2 , v a day la nguon nUdc dau v a o cho he thd'ng m a n g Ipc. NUdc dupe bdm len he Ipc UF vdi quy trinh Ipc - risa Ipe on djnh. Ket qua XLf ly bac cao bang m a n g loc UF c u a nude suoi T a Vai sau khi q u a h§ Ipc zeolit dUdc neu tren cac Hinh 3, Hinh 4, Hinh 5, Hinh 6 vd Hinh 7.
c a c b i l u do tren Hinh 3 cho thay, sau he zeolit da nang, d d due trong nude v l i n cao, nam d mUc 3,5 d i n 7 NTU. Tuy nhien khi Ipc qua he Ipc mang UF, cac phan ttf ran khdng hda tan tao dp due (kich thudc Idn hdn 0,02#m) dupe giU lai trade mang nen d d due trong nude d d n g thap, ludn nhd hdn gia tn cho phep theo Q C V N 01:2009/BYT- Quy chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve nUdc an udng [8] va Q C V N 02:2009/BYT- Q u y chuan ky thuat qud'c gia v l nUdc sinh hoat [ 9 ] .
T r o n g m u a x u a n , ham lupng cac c h i t hDu c d nguon goc tU xac dpng vat va thac vat thudng cao hdn so vdi cac m u a khac, dao d p n g tU 15 d i n 40 mg/L. Khi di qua he loc hap phu 0 D M - 2 F , COD giam xuong con 2-4,8 mg/L [10]. Tren Hinh 4 cDng cho thay ham lUdng cac chat hUu c d quang m a n g UF c u n g giam rd ret. COD sau mang c6 gia tn r i t nho, xap xi 1 mg/L. Dieu nay cung chUng to cac ehat hCfu c d ta nhien (NOM) cijng da dUpc giU lai trdn mang UF.
H a m lUdng kim loai n h u sat, m a n g a n trong n g u o n nadc mat mac du da dUde xCf ly qua he zeolit de dat mUe quy djnh cua Q C V N 0 1 : 2 0 0 9 / B Y T [8], tuy nhien khi di q u a h$ loc UF gia tri nay c u n g tiep t y c g i a m . M a n g UF cd the loai bo dadc sat, mangan v a cac kim loai nang khac trong nude khi no ton tai dadi d a n g hydroxit khdng hda tan hda trj cao.
Hinh 4. Hieu qua xU ly ciia mang UF theo COD (KMnO^
-t-Ddngvao -a-D^ngtara - i ^ QCVNOI
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Hinh 5. Hieu qu& xU ly cCia mang UF theo Fe (a) va theo Mn (b)
(a) (b) Hinh 6. Hieu qua xU ly cua mang UF theo N-NH^
Hinh 7. Hieu qua xiS ly cua mdng UF theo Coliform
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Tdi n g u y e n v d M d i t r u d n g | Ki 1 - Thang Z/2019
c a c hoat ddng kinh te xa hdi, dae biet la chan nuoi gia sue d I u nguon suoi T a Vai lam cho ham lUdng amoni trong nUde su6i cao [2]. Sau khi qua he loc zeo- lit, ham lUdng amoni trong nUdc suoi T a Vai giam ro ret vdi gia tn nhd hdn quy djnh cua Q C V N 01:2009/BYT la 3 mg/L. Sau khi qua mang Ipc UF gia trj nay t i l p tuc giam. Ham lupng N-NH4 trong nUdc dau ra mang UF nam trong khoang 0.02 den 0,03 mg/L.
Mang Ipc UF cd kha nang loai bd cac vi khuan va virus [11]. Hinh 7 cho thay, hieu qua loai bd vi k h u i n va cac vi sinh vat khac cDa mang Ipc UF. Tuy nhien cung thay rang sau UF v l n cdn xuat hien coliform trong nUdc ddng ra. Gia tn nay nhd hdn 50 vi khuan/100 mL quy djnh cho nadc sinh hoat ci^a he thong cap nUdc tap trung theo Q C V N 02:2009/BYT [9]. D l an toan va tranh rui ro, sau Ipc UF, nude oan dUdc khCf trung t i l p tyc d l cac chl tieu vi sinh vat dap Ung quy djnh cua Q C V N 01:2009/BYT cho nUdc an udng [8].
N h u v a y , vdi nude suoi T a Vai cd cac chat d n h i l m dae trUng nhU ndng dd cac chat hOu ed tU nhien (NOM), amoni, Fe, Mn,... cao; dd duo Idn va t i n tai cac vi khuan gay benh, sau qua trinh t i l n xCf ly bang Ipc hap phu vat lieu 0 D M - 2 F , m a n g Ipc UF cd t h i loai bo cac phan tCf 6 n h i l m nay de nude sau XLf ly dam bao cha't lUdng nUdc sinh hoat. Oay la qua trinh xCf ly khdng d u n g hda cha't m a dUdc nhieu nghidn cUu de cap den [ 5 , 6 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 ] .
4. Ket l u | n
Mang sidu ioc (UF) cd the sCf d y n g d l xCf ly t i l p tuc va nang cao sau khi qua mdt s i cdng d o ^ n tien xis ly nude mat bang phUdng phap truyen thong de cap sinh hoat va an uong. Trong nghien cUu nay, tien XLf ly nude suoi Ta Vai la Ipc hap phu bang vat lidu Ipe da nang 0 D M - 2 F . Cac k i t qu& thCf nghiem tren m d hinh XLf ly theo quy trinh Ipc zeolit - Ipc mang UF cho tha'y sau he thd'ng nay cac chl tieu 6 nhiem trong nude suoi T a Vai dUpe loai bd d i n dudi ngUdng quy d[nh cua Q C V N 02:2009/BYT d l i vdi nUdc sinh hoat.
Cac chf tieu nay cung nam trong gidi han cho phep ddi vdi nUdc an udng, tuy nhidn d l de phdng rui ro, sau mang Ipc UF nude cap can dUdc khD trung t i l p tuc mdi dam bao yeu cau an ud'ng.
NhU vay, tU cac nghien cUu nay tha'y rang xCf ly nude mat song suoi khu vUc m i l n nui phia Bac theo c d n g nghe Ipc vat lieu da n a n g 0 D M - 2 F va Ipc m a n g UF dam bao dUde chat lUdng nude cap nude sinh hoat. D a y la mo hinh hop ly cho cac c u m dan eU hoac cac ddn v| bp dpi bien p h d n g , ndi khdng cd dieu kien ca'p nUdc tap trung.
Ldi cam dn: C a m dn Ban c h u nhiem d l tai
"Nghien cUu ung d u n g cdng nghe m a n g Ipc ket hdp vdi vat lieu da n a n g de xCf ly nUdc suoi v u n g bien
1 0 Tdi n g u y e n y g M o i tru'dng | K y i - T h i n g 2/2019
gidi T a y Bac cap nUdc cho sinh ho^t (ma so: K H C N - TB.15C/13-1B)" cap kinh p h i c u n g nhU tao d i l u kien de t r i l n khai nghien cUu ndi d u n g nay.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. Dang Xuan Thudng, N g u y i n Phu Duyen, Ngu- yen Thanh Hai. Hien trang chSt luang nude eae sdng sud'i mdt sd tlnh bidn gidi phia Bae. Tap chf Moi tradng va D6 thi, s6' 1 +3(114+115), T l +3/2018, trang 26-29.
2. Dang Xuan Thudng, D d Thi Lan, Hoang Quy Nhan, LUdng Thj Hoa, NguySn Thanh Hai. Nghi§n cOu 6 nhidm nguon nude suoi do san xuat ndng nghidp vA Chan thi gia sue, gia cam theo tip tuc eCia ngudi bin dia tai lUu vUc suoi Ta Vai, Ha Giang. Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe, Dai hpc Thai Nguyen, ISSN 1859-2171, tap 1 7 1 , s o i l , 2 0 1 7 , 2 0 7 - 2 1 2 .
3. Dang Xuan Thudng, LUu Thj Anh Thd, Le Van Thach, LUdng Thi Hoa, DUdng Van Dang. Nghien cUu md hinh xU ly nude su6i Ta Vai tlnh Ha Giang bang edng nghe mang loc ket hap vit liSu loc da nang decap nude phuc vu sinh hoat. Tgp chi Cap thoat nude, so 6(116), 2017, trang 40-43.
4 TCXD 233:1999- Ciediitidu lua dion nguon nUdc mat, nUdc ngim phuc vu he th&ig e^ nude sinh hoat.
5. Tr^n DUc Ha, Tran Thj Vi&t Nga, Dang Thj Thanh Huyen, Tr^n Thj Hien Hoa (2017). Ky thuM loc mang trong xLfly nude eSp va nude this. Nha xu^t b^n X&y dung.
6. R. V. Reis & A.L. Zydney (2007). "Bloprocess Membrane Technology". Journal of Membrane Science 297(2007), 16-50.
7. Huyen T.T. Dang (2009) Surface modifying maeromoleeules (SMM)- In eorporated Ultrafiltration membrane for NOM removal: Characterization and Cleaning. Doeto rai thesis. University of Ottawa, Canada.
8. QCVN 01:2009/BYT- Quy chain Ay thuat qudc gia vS nude an ud'ng.
9. QCVN 02:2009/BYT- Quy chuan ky thuat qu6c gia v l nUdc sinh hoat
10 Dang Xuan Thudng, Tran Cong Viet, Vu Xuan Hdi, N g u y i n Mai Hoa, N g u y i n Thanh Hai. KetquibUdc dau nghien eUu sU dicing vat lieu Ige da nang 0DM-2F lam vdt lidu hip phu de xU ly nUdc sud'i Ta Vai - Ha Giang d quy md pilot Tap chi "Cap thoat nUdc" so 1 +2 (117+118), 2018, trang 59-62.
11. EPA (2001). Low-pressure membrane filtration for pathogen removal: application, implementation, and regulatory issues. United States Environmental Protec- tion Agency. 815-C-01-001. Malcolm Pirnie, INC;
Ch2mhill; Separation Processes, INC.
12. J. Crittenden, R. Trussell, D. Hand, K. Howe and G. Tchobanoglous (2005). Water Treatment: Principles and Design. John Wiley & Sons Publisher Inc., USA.
13. L.J. Zeman & A L Zydney, Marcel Dekker (1996). Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration: Principles and Applications.M
