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DONG CHI HOANG DINH GIONG TRON DOll Vi sa NGHIEP CACH MANG CUA DANG VA DAN TOC
• PGS, TS LE VAN LOI
• TS DINH NGQC QUY Hoc viin Chinh tri qudc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Tom tap. Dong chi Hodng Dinh Giong (1904-1947) Id mpt trong nhdng cdn bp ldnh dao tiin boi tieu bieu thdi ddng Ddng co nhiiu cong lao to I6n doi vdi Ddng vd cdch mang Viet Nam.
Trong qud trinh hoat dgng cddi mang gian kho, bi dich bdt, tu day, dong chi luon gid vdng khi tiet ciia ngddi cpng sdn, niu cao tinh thdn kiin trung bdt khuat, bien nhd tit diquoc thdnh
"tnidng hgc cdch mang". Dong chi luon hodn thdnh xudt sac nhiim vu dddc Ddng giao, anh dUng chiin ddu hy sinh vl dpc lap tUdo cua To qudc, vi lianh phiic cua nhdn ddn, vd dilai tdm pdngsdng cua ngddi cpng sdn mdu mUc cho cdc thehi hgc tap, noi theo.
9 Tdkhoa: dong chi Hodng Dinh Giong.
1. Tudi tre dan than vi sv nghiep each mang Ddng chi Hoang Dmh Giong suih ngay 1 - 6 - 1904 trong mdt gia ^nh cd tmyen thdngyeu nudc va cdch mang tai ldng Thdm Hoang, xa H^ Hoang (nay thude phudng De Thdm, thanh phd Cao Bdng, tinh Cao Bang). Ngay ttr khi cdn nhd, Hodng t&ih Giong rat yeu thich cac cau chuyen Uch su, thudng cham chu ldng nghe cac cu gia trong lang ke chuyen ve nhung nhdn vdt anh hung chdng giac ngoai xdm, nhiing eude ndi day cua nhan dan dau tranh chdng thuc dan Phap xam lupc dudi su lanh dao ciia edc hao trudng dia phuong.
Khi hpc tai trudng tieu hpc Phap - Viet d thi xa Cao Bdng, Hoang Dmh Giong dupe biit tdi la cau hpe ti-d thdng minh, eham chi va ludn ti-ong tdp hpc sinh diing dau ldp. Khi hpe ldp nhdt, Hodng Dinh Giong dupc tilp xuc vdi tha ca yiu nudc,
nhir Chieu hdn nuoc, Lmi ciu huyet le tan thu...
Qua nhiing dng thavan do, Hoang Dinh Giong da nang cao hieu biit vl mpi mat, ddc biet la dupc bun due them Idng yeu nudc va y ehi cam thii bpn tiiuc ddn eudp nude. Hoang Dinh Giong tiiudng myen truyen, van dpng nhieu ban bpe cung ghet Tay, gdp phdn ldm cho khdng Idii cam ghet thue dan Phdp d thi xa Cao Bdng ngay mdt lan rpng.
Thue dan Phap va tay sai danh boi thay da chi dao nhd trudng ra mdt sd bai van dl tham dd tu tudng hpc sinh ldp nhdt. Vi khdng kim nen dupc ldng cam thii gidc, nhung bdi van cua Hoang Dinh Giong thudng bdc Id tu ti-dng yiu nudc, chdng tiiue dan Phdp. Chinh w vay, Hoang Dinh Giong bi ghi vao "So den" eua nha trudng, den mue khi tbi tdt nghiep tieu hpc, mac dti cac bdi tiii diu lam tdt nhung Hodng Dinh Giong vdn bi ddnh trupt.
LYLUANCHfNH TRj-So 6/2019
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N H A N V A T - s u KIENDong chi Phgm Minh Chinh, Uy vien Bo Chinh tri, B( thu Trung uong Ddng, TnamgBanTd chitc Trungimng
^ mem dong chi Hoang Dinh Giong, ngay 31-5-2019, tai Cao Bdng_Anh: nhandan com.vn
lac vdi Biii Ngpc Thanh -cosocuaHpi Viet Nam Cach mang ThanhnienoLpng Chau va tham du ldp huan luyen chinh tri do Hdi td chuc. Sau khi ket thuc khda hpc, Hcang Dmh Giong imx. ket nap vap Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien"', danh dau budc ngoat quan ttpng ttpng cude ddi hoat ddng each mang cua ddng chi.
Nhd boat ddng tich cue va cd ket qua, thang 12-1929, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong dugc kft nap vao Ddng Duong Cgng san Dang, mdt ttong ba td chirc tidn than cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam va duoc cir lam BI thu Chi bd Long Chau, cd nhiem vu xay dung va ehi dao cac td chiic each mang dvung bien gidi Cao Bang, Lang Son.
Sau khi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam duge thanh lap, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong trd dianh ldp dang viSn dSu Uen eua Dang
Dudi su chi dao cua ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong, ngay 1-4-1930, chi bg Dang dau tien cua Cao Bang dupc thanh lap. Sau cao trao each mang 1930-1931, dudi su khung bd ac het eua thuc dan Phap, each mang chiu nhieu tdn that Rdi trudng tidu hgc Phap - Viet, Hoang Dinh
Giong ve que day hgc cho hpc smh dxa vimg cao Yen Luat (nay thude thi train Xuan Hda, huyen Ha Quang), bdi dudng eho hpc sinh Idng yeu nudc vay ehi cam thu thuc diin Phap.
Nam 1925, Hoang Dinh Giong xudng Ha Ndi hgc trudng Bach Nghe. Thang 3-1926, hda chung vdi phong trao yeu nudc cua hpc sinh trudng Bach Nghe, Hcang Dmh Giong tich cue tham gia phong ttao bai khda ddi td chuc tang Id va truy dieu nha yeu nudc Phan Chiiu Trinh. Sau khi phong trao bi dan ap, Hoang Dinh Giong cimg mdt sd hpc smh khac bi dudi hpe, anh ttd lai Cap Bang de tuyen truyen hnh than yeu nude ttcng hgc sinh va eac tang Icyp nhiin dan.
Sau khi nhan dugc giay gicri thieu ve viec tham du cae Ic^p huan luyen chinh tri d nudc ngoai cua Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien, Hoang Dinh Giong va mpt sd thanh nien quyet dinh xuat duong Dau Thu 1927, Hoiing Dinh Giong vaNinh Van Phan di Long Chau (QuangTay, Trung Qudc).
Thang 11-1927, Hoang Dinh Giong b4t duoc hen
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va lam vdo thoai trao. Thang 11-1931, ddng chi Ll Hdng Phong dupe Qudc te Cpng san eu v l ho^t dpng d Ddng Duong de tdi lap Ban Chap hanh Trung uong vd khdi phuc he thdng td chuc Dang. Thdng 4-1932, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong gap ddng chi Le Hdng Phong tai Long Chau, dupc bdi dirdng ly ludn each mang va thau sudt chu truang cua Qudc t l Cpng san.
Ddu nam 1933, ddng chi Hoang Dmh Giong dupc cu vl Hai Phdng hoat ddng nhdm gay dung l^i eae td ditic Dang d thanh phd cang va vung md Ddng Bac. Vdi nhiir^ boat ddng tich cue eua ddng dil, hai^ loat cae chi bp Dang tai Hai Phdng dupe tai lap, trd thanh hat nhan lanh dao phong trao dau tranh cua cdng nhan va ndng dan Hai Phdng, dac biet la khu vuc Cang, Nhd may Xi mang, Nha may Ca rdng, lang Lac Vien, viing ndng thdn Kien An. Tai vung md Hdn Gai, Cdm Pha, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong da ehi dao true tiep khdi phuc cac chi bd Dang, nhu Chi bd Udng Bi - Vang Danh, Chi bd Nha may kem Quang Yin...
Cudi nam 1934, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong dupc cii la mdt trong hai dai bieu dai dien eho Xii uy Bdc Ky di du Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc Idn thu nhat cua Dang, dupe td ehiic tai Ma Cao, Trung Qudc. Thang 3-1935, tai Dai hdi, ddng chi dupc cii la Uy vien Ban Chap hanh rdi Uy vien Thudng vu Trung uang Dang.
2. Ngiroi cong san Iden trung, bat Idiu^t Sau Dai hdi I cua Dang, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong trd vl nudc chi dao phong trdo cdch mang Cao Bdng, sau do xudng vung duyin hai Bdc Bd.
Ddng chi bi tiiuc ddn Phap san lung rao riit va bi djch bat tai Hang Kenh (Hai Phdng) ngay 2-4- 1936. Ke thd dung mpi tiiu doan hi dpa nat, du dd mua chudc, den tra tdn het sue dd man, song chiing deu thdt bai. Ddng ehi ludn giu viing khi tilt cua ngudi cdng san, niu cao tinh tiidn kiln tiimg, bdt khudt. Ddng chi dd tia ldi danh thep dudc mat
tin Chanh Sd Mdt tiiam Hai Phdng rdng: "Chung tdi sdng vd chien dau vi muc dicb cao ca la danh dudi bpn xdm lupc gianh lai giang son dat nudc.
Chung tdi khdng danh nudc Phdp vdn mmh, khdng ddnh nhdn ddn Phdp yeu tu do, cdng bdng, bdc ai md ehi ddnh bpn thue ddn xam lupc Phap thdi. Chung tdi dimg lin dau tranh vi quyen lpi chinh dang va su sdng cdn cua dan toe muih.
Trong cude chiin dau mat cdn giiia chung tdi nhung ngudi mat nudc va cae ngai nhung ke eudp nude, vile tdi bi bdt, hy sir± vi su nghiip chinh nghia la le thudng. Chung tdi cd nga xudng cung lam n i n nhung vien da ldt dudng cho su nghiep each mang giai phdng ddn tdc tdi di den dai vmh quang cua chiin tiidng. Cde ngai chdc da nghe dupe eau ndi bat hu eua nha yeu nudc Nguyin Tmng True cua ehung tdi: "Bao gid ddt ndy hit cd thi Viet Nam mdi hit ngudi ddnh Tdy"'^'.
Khdng khudt phue dupe y chi cua ngudi cdng san Hoang Dinh Giong, thue ddn Phdp lai dua ddng chi len giam tai xa lim Cao Bdng va thudng xuyen bi dp giai giua Cao Bdng - Hai Phdng de ddi chat vdi sd cac ddng chi bi ebung bat. Ngay 27-5- 1936, ddng chi Hodng Dinh Giong bi tda an thuc dan dua ra xet xii, ket an 5 nam tu. Sau philn tda, ddng chi bi dua vl Hd Npi lay cung, sau dd bi day len nha tii San La nam ISSy^'. Tai nha tii Son La, cudi tiidng 12-1939, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong tiiam gia tiianh lap chi bd trong tii gdm 10 ngudi do ddng chi Nguyin Luong Bdng lam BI thu. Thuc hien cac nhilm vu do Chi bd phan cdng, ddng ehi Hoang Dinh Giong td cbiic cho anh em tu nhdn hpc tap chinh tri, van hda, nghe tinyen dat Nghi quyet Dai hdi 1 cua Dang; td chiic anh em tii nhan tuyet tiiuc, ddu tianh true diln vdi ke thu... Mdi lan cd ddng chi nao dupe tha ve, ddng chi Hodng Dinh Giong danh tat ca tinh cam tin yeu dan dd can ke each de phdng su mua chudc, cam dd cua dich, giu viing khi det eua ngudi cpng san.
LY LUAN CHfNHTRI-So 6/2019
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NHANVAT-SI/KIENSau khi chuyin ddng chi Hodng Dmh Giong tix nha tii San La ve nha tu Hda Ld (Ha Ndi), lin nha tii Bac Me (Ha Giang) rdi trd lai nhd hi San La, thue ddn Phdp quyet dinh ddy ai ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong vd mdt sd ddng chi khac ra dao Ndxilava (MadagaC<ca), mdt thudc dia xa xdi cua Phap d chau Phi. Tai dao Ndxilava, Hoang Dinh Giong va cac ddng chi dang vien cdng san kiln dinh lap trudng. y ehi each mang, tieh cue lao ddng, trdng rau, chan nudi, cai thien biia an, gay dupe thien cam vdi bpn linh qudn trai vd ngudi dan trln dao. Ngoai thdi gian lao ddng, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong cdn day chu, thdo luan vl trilt hpc, kinh t l va sinh boat ehinh tri.
Thang 7-1941, thuc dan Phap d i p tuc dua den dao Ndxilava mdt dodn tu thii hai, gdm 16 ngudi (ca til cdng san va than Nhat) tu Sai Gdn sang.
Tii dd, npi bd tu ehinh tri t r d n i n phuc tap. Trudc tinh hinh dd, Hoang Dinh Giong ban vdi cac ddng cbi ehu truong khdng tranh luan vl chinh tri vdi sd tu chinh tri thdn Nhdt, khdng bdi xich hp, ed lap hp md giup dd hp, bdng ly luan va thuc tiln cudc sdng de tung bude cam hda, thuyit phuc bp. Nhd ban linh, vdn hieu biet ve lich sii dan tpc, ve ly ludn each mang, qua thuc te cude sdng hang ngay va trong sinh hoat hdi hpp, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong da lam eho nhiing ngudi til than Nhdt tii ehd xa each, de chimg din gdn gui, n l phuc ddng chi va nhiing ban tii cdng san.
Mua He nam 1942, sau khi Chinh phu PI tanh dau hang dang nudc Phap cho phat xit Due, quan Anh dd chiem dupe Madagdtxca va kiem sodt tirai tii chinh tri Viet Nam tai day. Nam 1943, sau ehien thdng Idn cua Hdng qudn LienXd dXtahn- grat, phe Ddng minh My, Anh, Phap (Dd Gdn) cang khan truong day manh mat tidn chdng phdt xit d chau A - Thai Bmh Duong. Do vay, phe Ddng mmh mudn lpi dung nhiing tii chinh tri d ddy ve nude hoat ddng eung cap tdi lieu quan su eua
phdt xit Nhat dVilt Nam cho hp. Sau khi xem xet, tinh bdo Anh ehpn 7 ti:ong sd 27 tii nhan d day di hudn luyen nghiip vu rdi cho v l nude lam viec eho Ddng minh, trong dd ed Hoang Dinh Giong.
3. Tam gir<mg dao dire each mang cao dep, trong sang
Cupe ddi boat ddng cua ddng ehi Hoang Dinh Giong da n i u tam guong sang ve phdm chat dao diic each mang, tan trung vdi Dang, tan hieu vdi dan, sudt ddi phdn dau hy sinh vi ly tudng eua Dang, vi hanh phuc cua nhdn dan. Trong nhiing nam thang hoat ddng bi mat, cung nhu luc bi dich bdt, tia tan, tii day ddng chi da ludn neu eao tinh than kien dinh, vung vang cua ngudi ehien SI edng san, vupt qua mpi gian nguy, diu tiidch.
TIT chdn lao tii de qude xa xdi trove ddt nude, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong dupc Tmng uong Dang phdn cdng eiing Tinh uy Cao Bdng xay dung, td chuc luc lupng vu trang, chuan bi cho cupc khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen khi tiidi co chin mudi. Trong khi nhan dan cac dan tdc va luc lupng vu trang Cao Bang dang ddn sire chdng quan Nhat thi bpn phi kbit tieng "Ldm Tin, Lam Pdn Nhi keo tii Trung Qudc sang Thdng Ndng muu chilm ddt cung cd chd diing chan de danh pha ehinh quyin each mang"''". Trudc tinh hinh dd, ddng ehi Hoang Dinh Giong da dua ra d l xudt: Du hp la ngudi Viet hay ngudi Hoa, phdn Idn diu do hoan canh nao dd xd day vao con dudng eudp bdc, trudc h i t ta diing each danh
"muu phat tam cdng" ddnh vao long ngudi, tiuic tinh nhan tinh trong hp, phan tich rd phai, trai cho hp, cam hda, thuyit phuc hp vl vdi each mang, vdi con dudng lam an luong thien; mat khac, dua vao co sd trong dan bd ti-i eho trinh sat ludn sau, ndm vung bd phdng va boat ddng ctia bpn cdm ddu tirong hang d ciia chung. Ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong da gin thu chiiu du tdi hp.
Chi trong thdi gian ngan, ndi bd bpn phi chia re.
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hoang mang, dao ddng, tao dieu kiln cho quan ta hang phuc va tiiu diet hoan todn.
Cdch mang Thdng Tdm thdnh edng, nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda ra ddi, thang 10-1945, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong duoc Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vd Trung irang Dang giao nhiem vu ehi huy bd dpi Nam tiln vao miin Nam tham gia khang chien chdng thuc ddn Phap. Tren cuong vi Id Khu bd trudng Khu 9, ddng chi Hoang Dmh Giong da phdt huy tinh than doan ket, vupt qua mpi khd khan, xay dung luc lupng vu trang, day manh chien tranh du kich, tieh cue tuyin truyen each mang, diet dc, trir gian, phd dudng sd, cdu cdng, khdi phuc phong trao khang chien.
Ttr dau nam 1946, thuc ddn Phap da dung nhiiu tiiii doan tuyin truyin chia re, gay ban thu dan tdc, tdn giao, kich ddng ngudi Khmer chdng lai ngudi Viet, kich ddng tin dd Cao Ddi, Hda Hao chdng lai cdch mang, anh hudng den khdi dai doan kit dan tdc, doan kit luong giao va long tin cua hp ddi vdi chinh quyin each mang. Trudc tinh hmh do, ddng ehi Hoang Dinh Giong dieh thdn di kiem tra tinh hinh mdt sd dia phuong.
"Ddng ehi Hoang Dinh Giong da den vimg Phudc Long kiim tra tinh hinh, ra lenh tha ngay tat ca ddng bao Khmer bi dia phuong giam giu, lam cdng tac giao due sau rdng trong can bd, tiong ddng bdo Viet va Khmer vl dm muu chia re cua dich. Ddng ehi da ed cdng hda giai dupe cudc xung dot, tdng cudng doan kit khdng chiln"'^'. Vdi ban Unh, kinh nghiem trong qua tiinh hoat dpng each mang, mdi khi dupc biet cd vu bdt oan, xir ly khdng dung, ddng ehi Hoang Dinh Giong liin ra lenh tha ngay sd ddng bao Khmer bi bdt, ngdn ehan khdng d l cdc cupc xd xat tiep dien. Ddng thdi, ddng chi phdn ti'ch, giai thich cho can bp co sdhiiu duoe hdu qua sau xa cua viec ldm tren, vl dm muu nham hiem ciia ke thii. Ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong da de lai dn
tupng tdt dep trong long ngudi dan Nam Bd, nhat la ddng bdo Khmer.
Chap hanh su phan cdng, dieu ddng cua td chuc, tiiang 11-1946, ddng chi Hoang Duih Giong len dudng ra Bdc nhdn nhiem vu mdi. Thdng 1- 1947, ra den Khu 6, ddng chi dupe d l nghi d lai boat ddng vd dupc cii lam Khu bp trudng Khu 6, chi huy cac luc lupng vu uang Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan. Ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong dd anh diing hy sinh tai mat ti:dn Ninh Thudn (tiiang 5-1947) trong mpt tran chien ddu quyet liet vdi ke thu.
Trpn cudc ddi gdn bd vdi sunghilp cdch mang cua Dang va ddn tdc, ddng chi Hoang Dinh Giong da mang hit tri tue, siic luc de cdng hiin cho Dang vd each mang Viet Nam. Ddng ehi trd thanh tam guong sang vl y chi each mang, ldng trung thdnh, tinh than doan ket, y thiic t l chiie, ky luat, sdn sang chien ddu hy sinh vi ly tudng eua Dang, vi tuong lai tuoi sang eiia each mang eho edc t h i he sau hpc tap, noi theo •
(1) Ban Chap hanh Dang bd tinh Cao Bdng; Lich su Dang bo tinh Cao Bang (1930-2000), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2003, u.32-33.
(2) Tinh iiy Cao Bdng: Hoang Dinh Giong cuoc dm va su nghiip boat dong each mang (1904-1947), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2014, u.85.
(3) Chuong trinh suu tam tai lieu, viet tiiu sir cac ddng chi lanh dao tien bdi cua Dang va each mang Viet Nam: Nguyen LmmgBang- Tieu su, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Noi, 2015, tr. 97.
(4) Cao Bang lich sudau Uanh ra trang each mang 1930-1954. Bp Chi huy Quan su tinh Cao Bang xuat ban, 1990, tr.71.
(5) Thupng tudng Tran Van Tra: Chi&n tranh nhan dan khdi dau td Nam Bd nhu th€, Nxb Quan dpi nhan dan, Ha Ndi, 1990, lr.99-100.
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