Mo hmh td chufc day kieu bai li thuyet trong Chufoing trinh Giao due phd thong mdi nham phat trien nang IUc ngifcii hpc
DKdng Quang Nggc\
So Thu H^', Dang Thj Thu Hue^
' Email: duongq(iangngac@gmail com ' Email: [email protected] 3 Email' fiLedtt74@gniail com Vien Ktioa hoc Giao due Vift Nam 52 tieu Giai, Ba Dinh, Ha Npi, Vi6t Nam
TOM TAT: Bai viet trao dSi ve mo hinh to chdc day hge kiiu bai li thuyet vdi cau true ba thanh to: Xiy dung ke hoach bai hgc; To chdc day bai hgc; Rut kinh nghidm, dieu chinh sau day hge. NhOng thinh tdniy duac phan tfch, luin giii dua tren quan diem day hge phat then nang luc gop phin thue hi$n chUdng trinh, sach giao khoa mdi.
lii KHOA: Mo hinh; day hoc phat trien nang IUc; chi/dng trinh sach gido khoa mdi.
•» Nhan bSi 5/7/2019 •» Nfian ket quS ph^n bien va chinh si/a 20/8/2019 •* Duyet 3ang 25/9/2019
1. Dat v^n d i
Day hoc theo huong phat trien nang Iyc (PTNL) la quan diem day hgc tien bp, cap nhat vai xu the chung cua thi giai duec the hien ro net trong chuang trinh (CT) Giao due ph6 thong (GDPT) mai do Bp Giao due va Dao tao (GD&DT) ban hanh (thang 12 nam 2018) [1]. De thuc hien t6t quan diem nay, nganh Giao due (GD) da n6 lire rit Ion trong cong tac hiyen truyen, tap huan, boi duang giao vien (GV) chuan bi cho triSn khai doi mai CT, sach giao khoa (SGK) nhir: T6 chuc hgi nghi true tuydn voi 63 sa GD&DT; T6 chiic hgi nghi cac truang dai hpc su pham, tap huan b6i duong cho dgi ngii bao cao vien nguon [2].., 6 thai diSm hien tai, hau het GV ciing dang khan trucmg lira chpn hanh hang, tung buoe "nhap lan" doi moi. Mpt trong nhiing hanh trang quan trpng ciia GV chinh la each thuc t6 chiic day hgc theo huong PTNL. Nhung each thiic nay nen viin dung nhu the nao de phii hgp doi vai m6i kilu bai hpc trong CT?
Thuc ti cho thiy, trong hSu hSt CTGD, cac mon hgc noi chung deu co hai kieu bai hgc chinh do la kilu bai li thuylt/
huih thanh kiln thiic (KT) va kilu bai thuc hanh/on tap.
Kilu bai li thuygt/hinh thanh KT thuang dugc SGK thilt kl theo each GV hudng din HS van dyng nhung KT, hilu bilt da CO Clia ban than dl tim hilu tinh hulng/ngU lieu ehiia cac dan vi KT mai cua bai hpc, sau do nit ra nhimg luu y/
ghi nho de hinh thanh KT mai. GV tilp tuc ciing c6 KT vira hinh thanh cho HS thong qua viec to chiic giai quylt cac bai tap/nhiem vu thuc hanh, van dung. Kilu bai thyc hanh/
on tap thuong dugc SGK thilt kl theo each GV hucmg din HS lam cac bai tap hoae thuc hanh cac nhiem vu nham cung CO nhung dan vi KT da hgc hoae ren luyen nhiing kT nang (KN) da biet va vSn dung chiing vao tinh hu6ng/b6i canh cu thi. Nhilu GV cho rSng, viec day hgc PTNL se thuan loi han vai kilu bai thue hanh, on tap. Con vai kilu bai li thuylt^inh thanh KT se co nhilu kho khan han vi muc tieu chu ylu la cung cdp li thuylt/KT cho HS. Thyc ra, moi kilu bai dac trung eo chiic nang chinh khae nhau, eo sii menh
khae nhau trong viec gop phan hinh thanh NL ciia ngucri hpc. De lam ro han van de nay, chiing toi tap trung trao doi vS mo hinh to ehiie day kieu bai H thuylt theo hudng PTNL HS.
2. Npi d u n g n g h i e n cufu
2.1. Mo hinh va mo hinh to ehu'c day kilu bai li thuyet Mo hinh la quan niem ve cau tnic cua mgt su vlt, hien tugng hoae qua trinh nao do vai cac dac trung la tinh dong dang, tinh ea ban, tinh li tuang va tinh true quan.Tinh dong dang the hien la mgt mo hmh dugc thiet ke tot vdi cac thanh to tuong ducmg, giiia chiing co moi quan he mat thiet trong mgt he thong.Tinh ca ban the hien do la mo hinh CO kha nang dai dien cho doi tugng that khi tien hanh thue nghiem,nghien ciiu khong eo eae thong tin du thira.
Tinh tryc quan the hien dac diem dien hinh ro rang cua ddi tugng. Tinh li tirdng the hien do la mo hinh dugc mong mudn, ki vgng [3], Ngudi ta thudng sir dung khai niem mo hinh vai hai nghia khae nhau.Theo nghTa thir nhat, mo hinh ia mpt ban sao, mgt vi du, co nhimg tinh chat dac trung cho sy vat gdc ma mo hinh do bieu dien, day la each hieu mang dac trung ciia mgt md hinh li thuyet. Theo nghia thii hai, mo hinh la hinh thiie the hien cac thanh phan quan trpng cua mdt he thdng cd san hoae sap dugc xay dung vdi muc dieh nghien ciiu. Mo hinh thupe dang nay con dugc gpi la mo hinh triru tugng. Nghien ciiu ve mo hmh trong khoa hpc GD thudng su dung khai niem md hinh theo nghia thii hai.
Hien nay, d Viet Nam chua co cdng trinh nghien ciiu chuyen sau nao ve md hinh to chiic day cac kieu bai hgc theo hirdng PTNL HS. Tuy nhien, c6 thi t6ng quat hda each hilu vSn dl nay theo goe nhin khoa hpc GD xuat phat tir dae dilm, tinh chit cua ba thanh tl: Xay dyng ke hoach bai hgc;
Td chlie day bai hpc; Riit kinh nghiem, dilu chinh sau day hgc. Moi thanh tl dugc xem xet tren phuong dien chmh la quy trinh hien thuc hoa muc tieu PTNL cho HS theo dinh hudng Clia CT GDPT mdi. Vdi kilu bai li thuylt/hinh thanh
So 21 thang 9/2019 49
KT thi trong mdi thanh td GV can chii trgng tdi viec hudng dan HS ty chiem linh KT va each van dung KT vao giai quyet eae van de ciia thyc tien co lien quan. Dudi day la sa dd tong quat the hien cau tnic ciia mo hinh t l chirc day kieu bai li thuyet/hinh thanh KT gdp phan PTNL ngudi hgc (xem Hinh 1).
2.2. Cac thanh to cua mo hinh to ehu'c day kieu bai li thuyet nham lam ro biTdng phat trien nang ILTC ngiTcli hpc 2.2.1. Xay diing ke hoach bai hpc
a. Xdc dinh muc tieu cua bdi hgc
Muc tieu Clia bai hgc bao gom trgng tam ve KT, ki nang (KN), van dung vao thyc tiln. Myc tieu bai hgc cin rd rang va CO the do ludng duge, nhan manh tdi viec sir dung KT ciia bai hgc d l lam gi. Muc tieu bai hpc klidng xae chung chung theo kieu: HS nam d u a c , HS hieu d u g c , . . . ma can rd rang, cu the nhu: HS lap dugc so do mach dien, HS viet dugc mgt quang cao, HS thiet ke d u g c , . . . Khi cd nhiing mue tieu ro rang thi viec danh gia ket qua hgc tap ciia HS se dam bao tinh chinh xae, cong bang va khach quan.
So lugng muc tieu trong mgt bai hgc khdng nen qua nhieu de CO the giai quyet thoa dang va can nhan manh tdi viec ngudi hpc biet ldm gi v&i KT da chiem linh duac. Vi vSy, muc tieu trudc het can sat h a p vdi KT, kha nang van dyng KT (yeu cau can dat cua CT) va phii hgp vdi dieu kien thuc te (chl phdi bdi doi tugng H S , thdi gian, ca sd vat chat,
trang thiet bi ciia nha tnrdng, n3ng luc ciia GV,. - - )• • dinh nhieu m u c tieu mgt each dm ddm, theo kieu . ^ dli m o n " khdng phii hgp vdi b i t ki dinh hudng day hpc nao, nhit la day hoc n h i m PTNL. Qua nhilu muc tieu trong mgt bai hpe se khong dam bao tinh kha thi. Cae hoat dpng day hgc chay theo sd lupng k h i i n ca GV va HS bi ap luc, khong CO thdi gian d l " n g i m " v i n d l , d l tap tning vao hoat dgng cua H S , dac biet la hoat dgng thuc hanh van dung nhihig in thiic da e h i l m lmh. Do do, khi xay dung k l hoaeh bai hgc, GV c i n tap trung vao nhiing v i n d l ldn the hien myc tieu trgng tam eiia bai. Viee xae dinh s6 lugng muc tieu ciia kl hoach bai hgc r i t quan trgng va c i n thiet vi nd quyet dinh den so lugng cac hoat dgng ehinh m a G V td chiic hudng d i n HS thyc hien.
b. Xdy dung hogt dgng day hgc cho timg phdn ciia noi dung bdi hgc tucmg ung v&i cdc muc tieu
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng huang ddn HS hinh thdnh KT trgng tdm: Muc dich la giiip HS ITnh hpi d u g c KT, ren luyen K N mdi va dua chiing vao he thong KT, KN da cd ciia ban than. GV hudng d i n H S chiem linh K T mdi tren co sd doi chieu KT, kinh nghiem da ed vdi nhiing hieu biet mdi, kef ndi/sip xep K T cii va KT mdi dua tren viec phat bieu, viet ra cac ket luan/khai niem mdi.
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng huang ddn HS thuc hdnh khde sdu KT: Muc dich la giiip HS cung cd, hoan thien KT, KN viia ITnh hpi d u g c . G V se yeu cau H S lam cae bai t^p cy
MO HINH
TO CHU"C
DAY H O C
pxivL
1. Xay dung k l hoach bai hoc
2. To chirc day b^i hoc
3. Rut kinh nghiem, dieu chinh sau day
hoc
Xae dinh muc tieu eua bai hpc (nhan manh viec HS biet lam gi vdi KT dupe hpc)
Xay dyng hoat dpng hgc tuang ling vdi tung muc tieu bam sat quy trinh hinh thanh NL
Du kien cac bien phap cin sii dung gdp p h i n nang cao chit lugng gid hpe (nghe thuat day hpe)
Hudng dan HS hinh thanh KT h g n g tam (bon bude hudng dich)
Hudng dan HS thyc hanh k h i e sau KT (bon budc hudng dich)
Hudng dan HS tim tdi, van dung md rgng KT (bon dang bai tap hinh thanh NL)
Ty nhan xet, danh gia cua GV
Cac chii the khae danh gia, nhan xet (ddng nghien HS ^ Hinh I: Cdu true ciia mo hinh td chuc dgy kieu bdi li thuyet/hinh thdnh KTgdp phdn PTNL nguai hgc 50 T^P CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
thi gidng nhu bai tap trong budc hinh thanh KT de dien dat dugc diing KT hoae md ta diing KN da hgc theo each cua rieng minh va ap dung true tiep vao giai quylt eae tinh hulng/van de trong hgc tap.Thdng thudng, viec cung cd, danh gia dugc tiln hanh khi ket thiic phan to chiic linh hoi KT mdi nham xem xet muc tieu bai day da dat d miic do nao. Yeu cau ca ban cua viec cung co, danh gia la phai dua vao muc tieu ciia bai hgc, nham vao KT trgng tam eiia bai.
Vi vay, hinh thiic ciing co danh gia (bang cau hdi, bai tap tinh huong,...) deu phai tap trung giiip HS nam viing, vSn dung dugc KT, ddng thdi giiip GV biet HS hieu va eo kha nang van dung KT den dau.
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS tim toi. van dung m& rong KT: Mue dich ciia hoat ddng la giup HS van dung dugc KT, KN de giai quyet cac tinh huong/van de mdi, khong giong vdi nhirng tinh huong/van de da dugc hudng dan hay dua ra nhiing phan hdi hpp li trudc mgt tinh hu6ng/van de mdi trong hgc tap hoae trong cugc sing. GV se hudng dan HS ket ndi, sap xep lai cac KT, KN da hge de giai quyet thanh edng tinh huong/van de mdi. Day cd the la nhiing hoat dgng mang tinh nghien euu, sang tao. Vi th6, GV can giup HS biet tranh thu sy hudng dan cua gia dinh, cgng dong khi thyc hien nhiem vu hge tap.
c. Du kien mgt sd bien phdp cdn sif dung gdp phdn ndng cao chdt luang dgy hoc
GV can tinh den viec thu hiit su chii y ciia HS: Sii dung chien thuat nao? Da dang cac hoat ddng hgc tap bing each nao? Nhimg phucmg phap, ki thuat day hgc nao se cd uu the doi vdi bai hgc? Su tuan thu cac ndi quy va quy tae ling xir tren Idp' Dan dat va kiem soat HS, quan tam va hpp tac, ling xir vdi cac bieu hign tieh cue va tieu cue. Kl vpng vdi cac doi tugng: HS nao can dugc khen nggi, HS nao can dugc chii y khuyin khich tham gia vao bai hgc; Sii dung bien phap nao de tao su than thien, tucmg tac hieu qua vdi nhung HS dugc ki vpng thap. Du kien caeh dilu chinh cac boat
ddng d^y hgc phii hgp vdi nhimg nhdm/dii tugng HS khae nhau can dugc quan tam han hay nhimg tinh hulng khong mong dgi xay ra trong buli hgc. Khi xay dung K I hoach bai hgc theo dinh hudng PTNL, cd thi tham khao minh hga sau (xem Hinh 2):
2.2.2. To chi?c day hgc
a. To chicc cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS hinh thdnh KT trong tdm
Hinh thanh KT trpng tam la mot trong ba myc tieu quan trgng eiia kilu bai hgc li thuylt. D I hinh thanh KT trgng tam theo dung quan diem day hgc PTNL, GV cin td chiic ehu§i boat dgng, HS thyc hanh thong qua cae boat dgng, tir do chii dgng ehiem ITnh, kham pha tri thiic mdi. Bdn bude hudng dich hinh thanh KT trgng tam bao gdm: Kit ndi hilu biet da cd ciia HS vdi KT trgng tam ciia bai hgc;
Tang cudng xu li cac thdng tin lien quan de tilp can, hinh thanh KT hrgng tam; The hien miic do hilu KT trpng tam da ITnh hpi; He thdng lai nhiing KT trong tam da ITnh hpi dugc tii bai hge.
Ket noi hieu biet da cd cua HS vai KT trong tdm cua bdi hgc: Caeh phd biln la GV dua ra cac vin dl/tinh hulng lien quan tdi KT trgng tam eua bai hgc va khuyen khich sy ehia se ciia HS. GV tranh nhan xet nhirng thong tin dugc ehia se cd chinh xae hay khong. Muc dich cua hoat dpng la tao ca hdi de HS hoc lg nhirng dieu mit cac em nghT la minh da biet. GV lien ket KT chi ra moi quan he giiia nhiing ngi dung, KT ma HS da chia se va ndi dung, KT trong bai hgc.
Hoat ddng nay se thuc su hieu qua neu HS nhan ra duge su lien quan cua bai hge vdi boi canh cugc song thuc. No se la ddng tyc, kieh thieh su hiing thii tham gia cua HS.
Tdng cudng xu li cdc thdng tin lien quan de tiep can, hinh thdnh KT trgng tdm: Caeh phd bien la GV giao cho HS cac nhiem vu hgc tap. Ve ban chat, nhimg nhiem vu nay dat ra Mdn: Tilt: ... Bai:
I. Muc tieu
- Ve KT, KN, thai do (co the viet tdng hgp hoae taeh rdi)
- Co hgi gop phan PTNL, pham chat (the hien cu the qua cac boat dgng ca ban nao).
II. Chuin bi cua GV va HS III. Cac hoat ddng day hgc
Hoat dgng Hoat dgng 1: ...
Hoatdpng 1.1:
Hoat dong 1.2:
Hoat dong 2: ...
Hoatdpng2.1:
Hoat dong 2.2:
Cff hgi gop phan phat trien NL Gdp phan PTNL..., the hien qua cac thao tac:
Gop phin PTNL..., the hien qua cac thao tac:
(Moi hoat dgng cin chu y thi hien du: Ndi dung; phuang phap, hinh thirc to chue, kT ±uat day hoe (bing cac thao tac cu the); each thirc kiem tra danh gia; thdi gian du kiln).
IV. Rut kinh nghiem
Hinh 2: Mdu Ke hogch hdi hoc theo djnh huong PTNL
So 21 thang 9/2019 51
KT thi trong moi thanh td GV can ehii trpng tdi viec hudng dan HS tu chiem ITnh KT va each van dung KT vao giai quyet cac van de cua thuc tien co lien quan. Dudi day la sa do tong quat the hien cau tnic ciia mo hinh td chirc day kieu bai li thuyet/hinh thanh KT gdp phan PTNL ngudi hpc (xem Hinh 1).
2.2. Cac thanh to cua mo hinh to ehu'c day kieu bai li thuyet nham lam ro hiTdng phat triln nang lire ngirdi hpc 2.2.1. Xay dung ke hoach bai hoc
a. Xdc dinh muc tieu cua bdi hgc
Muc tieu ciia bai hgc bao gom trpng tam ve KT, kl nang (KN), van dung vao thyc tiln. Muc tieu bai hpe can ro rang va CO the do ludng dugc, nhan manh tdi viec sii dung KT eua bai hpc de lam gi. Muc tieu bai hpc khong xae chung chung theo kieu: HS nim duge, HS hieu dupc,... ma cin ro rang, eu the nhu: HS lap dugc sa do mach dien, HS viet dugc mpt quang cao, HS thiet ke dugc,... Khi co nhiing muc tieu rd rang thi viee danh gia ket qua hpc tap ciia HS se dam bao tinh chinh xae, cong bang va khach quan.
So lugng muc tieu trong mot bai hpc khdng nen qua nhieu de ed the giai quyet thoa dang va can nhan manh tdi viec ngudi hgc biet ldm gi v&i KT da chiem ITnh duac. Vi vay, muc tieu trudc het can sat hpp vdi KT, kha nang van dyng KT (yeu cau can dat ciia CT) va phii hpp vdi dieu kien thuc tl (ehi phdi bdi doi tugng HS, thdi gian, ca sd vSt chat.
trang thilt bi cua nha trudng, nang Iyc cua G^- • ;r j •., dinh nhieu muc tieu mgt each 6m dom, theo kilu "liet ke dli mdn" khong phii hgp vdi bit ki dinh hudng day hoc nao, nhit la day hpc nhim PTNL. Qua nhilu muc tieu trong mgt bai hgc se khong dam bao tmh kha thi. Cac hoat dgng day hgc chay theo s6 lugng khiin ca GV va HS bi ap lue, khong CO thdi gian dl "ngim" vin dl, dl tap trung vao hoat dOng ciia HS, dac biet la hoat dpng thyc hinh van dung nhiing hi thirc da ehilm lmh. Do do, khi xay dung ke hoach bai hgc, GV cin tap trung vao nhung vin dl ldn thi hien muc tieu trgng tam cua bai. Viee xae dinh sd lugng mue tieu ciia kl hoach bai hpc rit quan ygng va cin thiet vi no quyet dinh den so lugng cae hoat dgng ehinh ma GV to chiic hudng dan HS thuc hien.
b. Xdy dung hoat dgng dgy hgc cho tiing phdn dig ngi dung bdi hoc tuang ung v&i cdc muc tieu
- Thiit ki cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS hinh thdnh KT trgng tdm: Mue dich la giup HS ITnh hpi dugc KT, ren luyen KN mdi va dua ehiing vao he thdng KT, KN da ed eua ban than. GV hudng din HS chiem linh KT mdi tren ca sd doi chilu KT, kinh nghiem da cd vdi nhiing hieu biet mdi, ket nli/sip xip KT cu va KT mdi dua tren viec phat bilu, vilt ra cae ket luan/khai niem mdi.
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS ihuc hdnh khae sdu KT: Muc dich la giiip HS eung cd, hoan thien KT, KN vita ITnh hgi dugc. GV se yeu cau HS lam cae bai tSp ey
MO HINH
TO CHlTC
DAY HOC PTNL
L Xay dung kl hoach bai hoc
2. To chirc day bai hoc
3. Rut kinh nghiem, dieu chinh sau daiy
hoc
Xae dinh muc tieu cua bai hgc (nhan manh viee HS biet lam gi vdi KT duge hpc)
Xay dung boat ddng hgc tuong umg vdi timg muc tieu bam sat quy Uinh hinh thanh NL
Dy kien cac bien phap cin sii dung gop phin nang cao ehit lugng gid hpc (nghe thuat day hgc) Hudng din HS hinh thanh KT ygng tam
(bon budc hudng dich) Hudng din HS thuc hanh khic sau KT
(bin budc hudng dieh)
Hudng din HS tim toi, van dung md rgng KT (bon dang bai tap hinh thanh NL)
Ty nhan xet, danh gia ciia GV Cac chii the khae danh gia, nhan xet (ding nghiep, HS Hinh 1: Cdu true ciia mo hinh td chicc dgy kieu bdi U thuyet/hinh thdnh KTgdp phdn PTNL ngu&i hgc 50 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
thi gidng nhu hki tiip trong budc hinh thanh KT de dien d?t dugc diing KT hoae md ta diing KN da hpc theo each cua rieng minh va ap dung true tiep vao giai quyet cac tmh hu6ng/vin dl trong hgc tap.Thdng thudng, viec ciing cd, danh gia dugc tien hanh khi ket thiic phan to chtic ITnh hgi KT mdi nham xem xet muc heu bai day da dat d miic do nao. Yeu cau eo ban cua viec ciing co, danh gia la phai dua vao muc tieu ciia bai hgc, nham vao KT trgng tam cua bai.
Vi vay, hinh thirc ciing c6 danh gia (bang cau hoi, bai tip tmh hulng,...) dlu phai tap trung giiip HS nim viing, van dyng dugc KT, ddng thdi giiip GV biet HS hieu va cd kha nang van dung KT dSn dau.
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS tim lot, vgn dung md rgng KT: Myc dich cua hoat dong la giiip HS van dung dugc KT, KN de giai quyet cac tinh huong/van d%
mdi, khong giong vdi nhiing tinh huong/van de da duge hudng dan hay dua ra nhimg phan hdi hgp li trudc mgt tinh huong/van de mdi trong hgc tap hoae trong cugc sdng. GV se hirdng dan HS ket noi, sap xep lai cac KT, KN da hpc de giai quyet thanh cdng tinh huong/van de mdi. Day co the la nhimg boat dpng mang tmh nghien ciiu, sang tao. Vi thi, GV can giup HS biet tranh thii sy hudng dan ciia gia dinh, cgng dong khi thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap.
c. Du kien mgt so bien phdp cdn su dgng gop phdn ndng cao chdt lugng dgy hgc
GV can tinh den viec thu hiit su chii y ciia HS: Sir dyng chien thuat nao? Da dang cac hoat dpng hgc tap bang each nao? Nhiing phuang phap, kl thuat day hpe nao se eo uu thi doi vdl bai hgc? Sy tuan thii cac noi quy va quy tac img xu tren ldp: Dan dat va kiem soat HS, quan tam va hgp tae, ling xir vdi cac bieu hien tich eye va tieu cue. Ki vgng vdi cac doi hrgng: HS nao can duac khen ngpi, HS nao can dugc chii y khuyen khich tham gia vao bai hpe; Sir dung bien phap nao de tao sy thin thien, tuang tac hieu qua vdi nhirng HS dugc ki vgng thap. Du kien each diSu chinh cae hoat
ddng d?y hgc phii hgp vdi nhimg nhom/ddi tugng HS khae nhau can dugc quan tam han hay nhiing tinh hudng khong mong dgi xay ra trong buli hgc. Khi xay dyng Kl hoaeh bai hge theo dinh hudng PTNL, co thi tham khao minh hga sau (xem Hinh 2):
2.2.2. To chffc day hpc
a. To chuc cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS hinh thdnh KT trgng tdm
Hinh thanh KT trpng tam la mdt trong ba muc tieu quan trgng cua kilu bai hge li thuylt. Dl hinh thanh KT trpng tam theo diing quan diem day hpe PTNL, GV ein tl chuc chuoi boat ddng, HS thyc hanh thong qua cae boat dong, tir dd chii dpng ehilm ITnh, kliam pha tri thiic mdi. Bin budc hudng dich hinh thanh KT trgng tam bao gIm: Kit ndi hieu bilt da cd ciia HS vdi KT trgng tam ciia bai hgc;
Tang cudng xii li cac thong tin lien quan dl tilp can, hinh thanh KT trgng tam; The hien miie dp hieu KT trgng tam da ITnh hgi; He thing lai nhiing KT hgng tam da ITnh hgi dugc tir bai hpc.
Ket noi hieu biet dd cd ciia HS vai KT trgng tdm ciia bdi hoc: Cach pho bien la GV dua ra cac van de/tinh huong lien quan tdi KT trpng tam ciia bai hpc va khuyen khich su chia se cua HS. GV tranh nhan xet nhimg thdng tin dugc chia se CO ehinh xae hay khong. Muc dich cua boat ddng la tao CO hpi de HS boc Id nhiing dieu ma cac em nghT la minh da biet. GV lien ket KT chi ra moi quan he giiia nhiing npi dung, KT ma HS da chia se va ngi dung, KT trong bai hge.
Hoat dpng nay se thue sy hieu qua neu HS nhan ra dugc su lien quan cua bai hgc vdi bdi canh eudc song thyc. No se la dgng lue, kich thich sy hting thii tham gia eiia HS.
Tdng cu&ng xic li cdc thong tin lien quan de tiep cdn, hinh thdnh KT trong tdm: Cach phd bien la GV giao cho HS cae nhi^m vu hpc tap. Ve ban chat, nhimg nhiem vu nay dat ra Mon: Tilt: Bai:
I. Mue tieu
- Ve KT, KN, thai dp (eo the viet tdng hgp hoae taeh rdi)
- Co hdi gop phan PTNL, pham chat (the hien cy the qua cac hoat dgng co ban nao).
II. Chuin bi ciia GV va HS III. Cac hoat dpng day hgc
Hoat dong Hoat dpng 1: ...
Hoatdgng 1.1:
Hoat ddng 1.2:
Hoat dgng 2: ...
Hoatdpng2.1:
Hoat dong 2.2:
Co' hgi gop phan phat trien NL Gdp phin PTNL..., thehienquacac thao tac:
Gop phin PTNL..., the hien qua cac thao tac:
(Mdi hoat dgng can chii y thi hien du: Ngi dung; phuotig phap, hinh thiic to chirc, kT thuat day hpc (bang cac thao tac cu the); each thiic kilm tra danh gia; thdi gian dy kien).
IV. Riit kmh nghiem
Hmh 2: Mdu Ke hogch bdi hgc theo dinh hu&ng PTNL
So 21 thang 9/2019 51
KT thi trong moi thanh td GV can chit trgng tdi vi6e budng dan HS ty chiem ITnh KT va each van dung KT vao giai quyet cac van de cita thyc tien cd lien quan. Dudi day la sa do tdng quat the hien cau tnic ciia mo hinh tl chiic day kieu bai li thuyefhinh thanh KT gdp phan PTNL ngudi hgc (xem Hinh 1).
2.2. Cac thanh to cua mo hinh td chile day kidu bai li thuyet nham lam ro hi/dng phat trien nang lUc ngifdi hoc 2.2.1. Xay dUng ke hoach bai hgc
a Xdc dinh muc tieu cua bdi hoc
Mye tieu cua bai hgc bao gom trpng tam ve KT, ki nang (KN), van dyng vao thuc tien. Myc tieu bai hgc can ro rang va ed the do ludng dugc, nhan manh tdi viee sir dung KT Clia bai hpe de lam gt. Muc tieu bai hgc khong xae chung chung theo kieu: HS nam dugc, HS hieu dugc,... ma can ro rang, cu thS nhu: HS lap dugc sa do mach dien, HS viet dugc mdt quang cao, HS thiet ke dugc,... Khi co nhiing mye tieu ro rang thi viee danh gia ket qua hgc tap cua HS se dam bao tinh chinh xae, cong bang va khaeh quan.
Sd lugng mye tieu trong mgt bai hge khong nen qua nhieu de cd the giai quyet thda dang va can nhan manh tdi viec ngudi hgc biet ldm gi vai KT da chiem linh dugc. Vi vay, muc tieu tnrdc het can sat hap vdi KT, kha nang van dung KT (yen cau can dat cua CT) va phii hpp vdi dieu kien thyc te (chi phoi bdi doi tugng HS, thdi gian, ca sd vat chat,
trang thilt bi cua nha tnrdng, nang luc ciia GV, ..-}• ^J?^ "^^
dinh nhilu mue tieu mdt each dm ddm, theo kieu het ke du mon" khdng phii hgp vdi bit ki dinh hudng day hoc nao, nhit Ik day hgc nhim PTNL. Qua nhilu muc tieu trong mgt bai hpc se khong dam bao tinh kha thi. Cac boat ddng day hge chay theo sd lugng khiin ca GV va HS bi ap luc, khong cd thdi gian &% "ngim" vin dl, dl tap trung vao hoat ddng cua HS, dac biet la boat dgng thyc hanh van dung nhiing hi thiic da ehilm ITnh. Do do, khi xay dung ke hoach bai hpc, GV cin tap trung vao nhirng vin dl ldn thi hien mue tieu trgng tam ciia bai. Viee xae dinh si lugng muc tieu ciia ke hoach bai hgc rat quan trgng va cin thiet vi no quyet dinh den so Iugng cac boat ddng chinh ma GV to chiic hudng din HS thuc hien.
b. Xdy dung hogt dgng dgy hgc cho tieng phdn cua ngi dung bdi hgc tuang ung vai cdc muc tieu
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dong hu&ng ddn HS hinh thdnh KT trong tdm: Myc dich la giiip HS ITnh hgi dugc KT, ren luyen KN mdi va dua chung vao he thong KT, KN da cd cita ban than. GV hudng dan HS chiem ITnh KT mdi tren ca sd doi chieu KT, kinh nghiem da cd vdi nhiing hiSu biet mdi, ket ndi/sap xep KT cu va KT mdi dua tren viec phat bieu, viet ra cac ket luan/khai niem mdi.
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng huang ddn HS thirc hdnh khde sdu KT: Muc dich la giiip HS ciing cd, hoan thien KT, KN vira ITnh hdi duge. GV se yeu eau HS Iam cae bai tSp eu
MO HINH
TO CHlTC
D4.Y HOC PTNL
i. XSy dung ke hoach biti hoc
2. To chirc day bai hoc
3. Rut kinh nghiem, dieu chinh sau day
hoc
Xae dinh muc tieu cua bai hpc (nhan manh viec HS biet Iam g! vdl KT dupe hgc)
Xay dyng boat ddng hge tuang img vdi timg muc ti€u bam sat quy trinh hinh thanh NL
Du kien cac bien phap can su dung gop phin nang eao ehit lugng gid hpc (nghe thuat day hgc) Hudng din HS hmh thanh KT hgng tam
(bin budc hudng dieh) Hudng din HS thue hanh khic siu KT
(bon budc hudng dich)
Hudng dan HS tim toi, van dung md rgng KT (bon dang bai tap hinh thanh NL)
Tu nhan xet, danh gia ciia GV Cac ehii the khae danh gia, nhan xet (ddng nghiep, HS Hinh I: Cau true cua mo hlnh to chicc dgy kieu bdi li thuyet/hinh thdnh KTgdp phdn PTNL ngudi hgc 50 TAP CH! KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
thi giing nhu bai tap trong budc hmh thanh KT de dien dat dugc diing KT hoae md ta diing KN da hgc theo each ciia rieng minh vit dp dung true tiep vao giai quyet cac tinh hulng/vin dl trong hpc tap.Thong thudng, viec ciing c6, danh gia duge tien hanh khi ket thuc phan td chuc ITnh hdi KT mdi nham xem xet muc tieu bai day da dat d miic do nao. Yeu ciu co ban ciia viec ciing cd, danh gia la phai dya vao muc tieu ciia bai hpe, nham vao KT trgng tam cua bai.
Vi vay, hinh thirc cimg cd danh gia (bang cau hoi, bai tap tinh huong,...) deu phai tap tnmg giiip HS nam vimg, van dung dugc KT, dong thdi giiip GV biet HS hieu va cd kha nang van dung KT den dau.
- Thiet ke cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS dm toi, van dung md rgng KT: Muc dich ciia hoat dpng la giiip HS van dung dugc KT, KN de giai quyet cac tinh hulng/vin dl mdi, khong gidng vdi nhimg tinh huong/van de da duge hudng dan hay dua ra nhirng phan hdi hpp li trudc mgt tlnh huong/van de mdi trong hgc tap hoae trong cugc song. GV se hudng dan HS ket noi, sap xep lai cac KT, KN da hpc dl giai quyet thanh cdng tinh huong/van de mai. Day cd thi la nhiing boat dgng mang tmh nghien ciiu, sang tao. Vi thi, GV can giiip HS biet tranh thii sy hudng din eua gia dinh, cgng ddng khi thyc hien nhiem vu hgc tap.
c. Du kien mot sd bien phdp cdn su dung gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng dgy hgc
GV can tinh din viec thu hiit sy chu y cua HS: Sir dung chien thuat nao? Da dang cac hoat ddng hpc tap bing each nao? Nhiing phuang phap, kT thuat day hgc nao se co uu thi doi vdi bai hgc? Su tuan thu cac ndi quy va quy tic ung xit tren ldp: Dan dat va kiem soat HS, quan tam va hgp tae, ting xii vdi cac bieu hien tich cue va tieu cue. Ki vpng vdi cac doi tugng: HS nao cin dugc khen nggi, HS nao cin dupe chii y khuyen khich tham gia vao bai hgc; Su dung bien phap nao de tao sy than thien, tuong tac hieu qua vdi nhiing HS dugc ki vpng thip. Du kien each dilu chinh cac boat
ddng d^y hpc phii hgp vdi nhiing nhdm/ddi hrgng HS khae nhau cin dugc quan tam ban hay nhung tmh hudng khong mong dgi xay ra trong budi hgc. Khi xay dyng K I hoach bai hgc theo dmh hudng PTNL, co thi tham khao minh hga sau (xem Hinh 2):
2.2.2. To Chifc day hpc
a. To chuc cdc hogt dong huang ddn HS hinh thdnh KT trong tdm
Hinh thanh KT trgng tam la mpt trong ba mue tieu quan trgng ciia kilu bai hgc li thuylt. Dl hinh thanh KT trgng tam theo dung quan diem day hgc PTNL, GV cin t l chiic chudi boat dgng, HS thuc hanh thdng qua cae boat dpng, tir do chii dgng chilm ITnh, kham pha tri thuc mdi. Bdn budc hudng dich hinh thanh KT trgng tam bao gdm: Kit ndi hieu bilt da ed eiia HS vdi KT trgng tarn cua bai hgc;
Tang cudng xu li cac thdng tin Hen quan dl tilp can, hinh thanh KT Ugng tam; The hien muc do hilu KT trgng tam da ITnh hoi; He thdng lai nhirng KT trgng tam da ITnh hdi dugc tir bai hgc.
Kit noi hieu biet da co cua HS vai KT trong tdm cua bdi hoc: Cach pho bien la GV dua ra cac van dl/tmh hulng lien quan tdi KT trpng tam cua bai hpe va khuyin khich sy ehia se eiia HS. GV tranh nhan xet nhirng thong tm dugc ehia se ed chinh xae hay khdng. Myc dich ciia boat ddng la tao ca hdi de HS bdc lg nhirng dieu ma cac em nghT la minh da biet. GV lien ket KT chi ra mdi quan he giUa nhiing ngi dung, KT ma HS da chia se va ndi dung, KT trong bai hgc.
Hoat ddng nay se thyc su hieu qua neu HS nhan ra dupc sy lien quan cua bai hpc vdi boi canh cupc sdng thyc. No se la ddng lye, kich thich su hiing thu tham gia ciia HS.
Tdng cudng xu li cdc thdng tin lien quan de tiep can, hinh thdnh KT trgng tdm: Cach phd bien la GV giao cho HS cac nhiem vu hoc tap. Ve ban chat, nhimg nhiem vu nay dat ra Mon: Tiet: Bai:
I. Mue tieu
- Ve KT, KN, thai dp (co the viet tdng hgp hoae taeh rdi)
- Co hgi gdp phan PTNL, pham chat (the hien cy the qua cac boat ddng ca ban nao).
n. Chuin bi ciia GV va HS III. Cac boat ddng day hpc
Hoat dgng Hoat dgng 1: ...
Hoat dgng 1.1:
Hoat ddng 1.2:
Hoat ddng 2: ...
Hoat dgng 2.1:
Hoat ddng 2.2:
Co* hoi gop plian phat tri^n NL Gop phan PTNL..., the hien qua cac thao tac:
Gdp phan PTNL..., thehienquacac thao tac:
(Moi boat ddng can chii y the hien du: Ngi dung; phuong phap, hinh thirc to chiic. kT thuat day hgc (bang cac thao tac cy the); each thiic kilm tra danh gia; thdi gian du kiln).
IV Riit kinh nghiem
Hinh 2: Mdu Ki hogch bdi hgc theo dmh hu&ng PTNL
So 21 thang 9/2019 51
yeu cau tung budc k h a m pha tri thue mdi. Tiiy timg miic do tu duy phuc tap hay d a n gian, G V se lya chgn hudng d i n HS bang hinh thiic hpc tap phii hgp (ea nhan, nhdm). N l u lua chgn hinh thirc hgc theo nhdm thi trudc b i t HS v i n c i n dugc tu duy ddc lap (ca nhan), sau do mdi tuong tac trong nhom. Hmh thirc bge nhom co uu the giiip eho HS thuan Igi trong nhimg Uai nghiem ban dau vdi KT trpng tam mdi, hudng HS den viec chii dpng tim tdi KT, cam thay cd trach nhiem vdi viec hgc tap. GV co the chia nhd KT trgng tam de HS xu H de dang ban. Moi H S se trinh bay torn tat trong nhdm nhiing KT minh ITnh hpi dugc, cac thanh vien khae bo sung. Mdi nhom eiing xae dinh nhimg dieu chua ro dua ra trudc ldp de cimg thao luan. Mpt so kT thuat day hgc CO the su dung hieu qua trong hoat dgng nay gom: Phan tich mau, hgc thong qua day (day lan nhau); manh ghep, b S c a , . . .
The hien mice do hieu KT trgng tdm da linh hgi: Cach phd bien la GV dua ra mdt sd cau hdi/bai tap de qua do kiem tra miic dp nam virng KT cila HS. Hai kieu cau b d l ^ a i tap giiip GV danh gia dupc miic do hieu KT trgng tam ciia HS gdm cau hdi/bai tap chiing minh cy the va cau h 6 i ^ a l tap suy luan khai quat. Cau boi/bai tap chiing minh cu the giiip cho GV biet dugc tai sao HS lai nghT n h u vay (dya tren nhimg can e u n a o , thoa dang hay chua, can dieu ehinh gi,...). Cau h d i ^ a i tap chimg minh cu the se gan vdi KT trpng tam cua bai hpc.
He thdng Igi nhihig KT da linh hgi dugc tic bdi hoc: Cach pho bien la GV dua ra mpt nhiem vy yeu cau HS khai quat KT trong tam eiia bai hgc. Hinh thiie cua nhiem vu nen cd do m d de loi cuon HS, khien cac em khong cam thay nang ne va trao ca hpi de cac em dugc trinh bay mgt each sang tao (bang hinh anh, bang so do, bang mdt bai tha/van van,...) N h u vay, se khuyen khich HS khong chi khai quat nhiing kien thirc cot loi ciia bai hgc ma con thS hien nang lue cua ban t h i n qua viec tim toi, lua chgn each the hien.
b. Td chuc cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS thuc hdnh khde sdu KT
N h u chiing tdi da trinh bay d phan md dau, tuy la k i l u bai hpc li thuyet nhung khong bao gid nen dimg lai d muc tieu hinh thanh KT. Tang eudng ngi dung thyc hanh trong b i t ki nhiem vy hgc tap nao cung la mot viec lam can chii trong khi theo quan diem day hgc PTNL. Vi vay, sau khi HS da hinh thanh dugc KT trpng tam, GV se hudng dan HS k h i c sau KT trgng tam do bang cac boat dpng cu the. Bon budc hudng dieh d l k h i c sau KT cho HS bao gom:
Cimg c6 KT m&i: Caeh phd bien la GV cung cap cac dang bai tap khae nhau de HS thuc hanh. Cae chuyen gia GD cua MT da d l xuat mdt s i dang bai tap giup HS cung co KT mdi mpt each hieu qua gdm [4]: Bai tap so sanh, bai tap phan Ioai, bai tap tao eae hen he tuong dong hoae khae biet.
Dang bai tap so sanh dat ra yeu cau xae dinh nhimg diem tuong d i n g va khae biet cua ngi dung, don vi KT vira hpe, vdi ngi dung, dan vi KT ma HS da hgc. Dang bai tap phan loai dat ra cac yen c i u khae nhau ed the dan gian chi la phan loai cac KT c i t loi h o n g bai hgc (diing/sai), hay phiic tap hon la vira phan loai vira giai thich nhiing dac diem ciia
52 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GiAO DUC VIET NAM
mdi loai, can cii phan loai, pham vi ap dung KT da p ^ Ioai. Dang bai tap tao eae lien he t u a n g d i n g hoae khae tji?t yau c i u xae dinh mdi quan he giiia cac d a n vi KT cot loi, viee ap dung KT c i t ldi, qua trinh t u duy Hen Qu^" ^ ^ ° ^ T c i t loi. GV c i n sir dung da dang cac bai tap nay giup HS timg b u d c k h i c sau nhung npi dung, KT cot 15i eiia bai hgc.
Phdt hien cdc idi nhdn thuc vi ngi dung, KT cot loi ctia bdi hgc: Cach p h i b i l n la rtr k i t qua cac bai tap H S da thyc hien, GV chii ttpng viec phan tieh l l i d l lam sau sac them nhiing h i l u b i l t cua H S . Xae dinh ldi cd the d u g c thyc hien trude bet bdi ca nhan H S sau dd d i n n h d m nhd. Cac ca nhan trong nhdm tim va m o ta nhung loi cd the mac phai, Ii do nao, each k h i c phue (khong tap trung vao HS mac loi).
Thdng qua viee chia se trong nhdm, HS se biet duge ban than minh cd nhiing ldi sai nao va can dieu chinh ra sao d£
dam bao tinh chinh xae cua KT va thyc hanh van dung KT do trong nhiing bai tap, tinh hudng cy the.
Suy nghT kf ve KT dd hgc vd cdch van dung KT do: Cach phd bien la G V sit dung phieu bai tap hoae phieu hoi de HS bge Id d u g c quan diem ciia minh. Cd It nhat ba c i u hoi ma GV nen dat ra vdi mdi H S : Xae dinh xem minh d i diing va sai d nhiing bai tap lien quan den ndi dung K T nao eua bai bge? Nhiing KT nao cua bai hpe cd the van dung tot vao thuc te? Nhiing K T nao kho van dung, li do vi sao? Day la b u d c quan trgng gop p h i n hoan tat qua trinh xic Ii thong tin tich cyc (chiem ITnh KT trgng t i m ) va thyc hanh khae sau KT. Cac c i u hdi trSn khdng chi giup eho G V nam bat dupc miie do hieu bai cua H S ma cdn giiip chinh G V xem xet lai cae nhiem vu hgc tap, each thiie to chiic day hgc de co the dieu chinh d boat dpng tigp theo.
Gidi quyet bdi tap thuc hdnh phii hcrp v&i chien luge hgc tap cd nhdn: Cach pho bien la G V se phan nhdm HS trong tdp (sau khi da cd dugc thong tin ciia ca nhan HS d hoat dgng trudc), tren co sd dd giao cac bai t i p thyc hanh phu hgp vdi m§i nhom HS h u d n g tdi nhimg m u c dich cu thi (dieu chinh nhiing hieu Iam nao, t i l p tuc cimg cd nhimg dan vi KT nao, m d rdng, nang cao nhiing KT, KN nao,...).
GV cin can n h i c nhung bai t i p thuc hanh d l giao cho HS mgt each phii hgp, tranh viec giao qua n h i l u v l sd Iugng ma khong tinh den muc dich. S l luang va dang bai ciia m l i nhom HS nen khae nhau (phan boa dieo nang Iyc). B a dang bai tap thudng su dung g I m : Bai tap giiip cung cd KT; Bai tap ren KN thyc hanh, van dyng K T vao thuc tiln; Bai tap gidi thieu/kit ndi vdi K T moi (cho bai hgc t i l p theo). Nhin chung, bai t i p thue hanh e i n hudng tdi m u c tieu da dang nhu: Phat huy KN hgc tap va t l chire, thoi quen lam viec tich cue; Giup HS phat triln su tu tin va ki luat c i n thiit;
Khuyen khich sy hap tac gma cha me va con cai; La nhiing trai nghiem hpc tap thu vi; Thuc d l y thai do tich cyc v l hgc tip; Cling cQ KT trgng tam ciia bai hoe.
c. Td chuc cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS tim toi van dun2 mdrgngKT ' ' ' ^ Ban c h i t cila quan d i l m day hpc phat t n I n NL P b ' trgng tdi viec HS van dung dupc KT da hoc d l giai ^ '^ \ cac nhiem vu dat ra trong hgc t i p va trong cu6c s l ' ^^^
dd, td chire cac HD h u d n g d i n H S tim tdi van H, " ^ '
• ' "^Vng, m a
rgng KT dugc xem la khiu culi cung dl din dich (hmh thanh nang lye ngudi hgc). Do sy chi phdi cua khung thdi gian hpc tap tren Idp va y6u cau cao vl phong each hgc tip tich cue, chu ddng cua ngudi hgc nen nhiing boat dong nay chu yeu dugc thuc hien ngoai gid hgc chinh khda. Tren co sd nghien ciiu ciia cae chuyen gia GD nudc ngoai [5] va dinh hudng ciia CT GD phi thong ting the [1], chiing toi dl xuit bon dang bai tap can cd sau mdi bai hpc li thuyet dl kilm nghiem tinh diing dan cua KT dong thdi gop phan hinh thanh nang lye ngudi hgc, bao gdm:
- Bdi tap chung minh gdn v&i thuc tien: Dang bai tip pho hiln la viec dua ra mgt du doan dua vao cae quan sat trong thuc tiln cugc sdng va dua ra mot gia thuyet. HS can huy dong KT da hgc ciing vdi nhiing kinh nghiem, hieu biet cila ca nhan dl chiing minh tinh chinh xae hoae khong ehinh xae Clia gia thuyet da nSu, qua do khang dinh tinh dimg dan Clia KT.
- Bdi tap dua ra quyet dinh, gan vai thicc tien: Dang bai tap nay yeu cau HS phai lua chpn tir mgt so ggi y va li giai cho su lua chpn dd. De viec lya chpn cua HS dugc thuan Igi va chinh xae, GV can xay dyng cac tieu chi, HS phai van dung dugc nhimg KT cot Idi trong bai hpc cimg vdi vdn song cua ban than de lap luan va dua ra quyet dinh.
- Bdi tap neu vd gidi quyet vdn de gdn vai thtic tien: Dang bai tip nay yeu cau HS van dung nhiing KT da hgc vao mgt boi canh cu the, thudng la mdt tinh hudng co van de de giai
quyet tlnh hudng dd nhim thyc hien dugc myc tieu dat ra.
De viec giai quyet van de dam bao tmh kha thi, GV cin lua chgn van de sat vdi kien thue hpng tim ciia bai hgc, phu hgp vdi trinh do nang luc va hieu bilt cila HS d dja phucmg.
- Bdi tap do HS tu thiet ke gdn vdi thuc tiin: Dang bai tap nay rat thii vi vdi nhiing ddi tugng HS khae nhau, qua do the hien dugc NL tilp can thuc tiln eiia HS. GV co thi neu len ciu hoi ggi y nhu: Em nghT din vin dl/tinh hudng nao trong thyc tien can van dung den KT hong bai hpe dl co the giai quyet? Em se giai quyet van de/tinh hulng do nhu the nao? KT/KN nao trong bai bge bl trg em trong viee giai quyet van de/tinh hudng dd?
2.2.3. flanh gia, dieu chinh, rut kinh nghiem sau day hgc
Danh gia to chiic day hoe mot bai hgc cu the se can eii vao cong van sd 5555/BGD DT-GDTrH ban hanh ngay 08 thing 10 nam 2014. Tuy nhien, de phat huy tinh than ty danh gii, nit kinh nghiem ciia GV sau day hgc rat cin cd nhiing tieu ehi, nhom tieu chi phii hgp. Tren co sd dd, GV se ty dieu chinh hoat dgng day cua minh. Chimg toi de xuit Phieu ty danh gii danh cho GV nhu sau (xem Bang 1).
GV CO the sir dung Phieu tu danh gia nay de xem xet miic dp dat dugc Clia ban thin sau gid day hgc va sir dyng ket qua tu danh gia do de tiep tuc dieu chinh each thirc to chiic day hgc gop phin nang cao chat lugng day hpc. Miic dp phin loai timg ngi dung nen can cii vao dai nhan xet nhu
Bang 1 : Phieu tir danh gia danh cho GV
Al S I ; chinh xae ve kien thifc khoa hoc ciia ke hoach bai hoc.
SiJ phCi help cDa cac chi^n lUdc giang day v& hoc tap doi v6i CT, doi tiidng HS va KT da biet Sy phu htfp cua ke hoach bai hpc vdi cac chien IUdc day hgc doi vdi logic cua cac hoat iJgng day hgc.
SUd; ], tinh phi! hdp va sit chinh xae eua eao nguon tai nguyen di/cfc sif dung trong bai hgc.
B ThiTG hien c^c boat dpng day hoc
Bl Thifc hien theo cSc muc tieu ciia bai hoc.
82 Kha nang giao tiep va kich thich HS quan tam den e^c hoat dpng hpc tap.
B3 Sif dung cac nguon tai nguyen co tinh mdi va sang lao bao gom ICT
B4 Thiic d^y quyen td chu cua HS, lao cd hoi cho HS difde tiJ lam, tif hoe, chii trgng thde hSnh, vgn dung.
C Moi quan he stf pham glOa GV vdl HS
CI Phat huy mot bau khflng khi thuan Icfi cho viec hoc tap, vui v^, phat trien dddc cam xuc tieh ci/c ciia HS.
C2 Cung cap cd hgi binh dang de moi HS tham gia, thuc day su hdp tac, tdn trgng giOa HS vdi HS va vdi GV.
C3 San sang tham gia va ho trd HS.
C4 Sil dung can bang quyen han va sd phii hdp ciia ctic hanh dong dddc thiet iap de giif kl iuat trong Idp hgc.
D Oanh gia boat dpng hoc tap cua HS
Dl Dam b^o ket hdp day dti cac hinh thiic danh gia ehan doan, danh gia qua trinh, phan hoi kip thdi cho HS.
D2 Sif dung ket qua d^nh gia ciia HS de dieu chinh cac hoat dong day h g a ^ D3 Chap hanh dOng cSc quy dinh ve danti giS HS ciia cac cd quan quan li.
D4 Khuyen khich sd td danh gia ciia HS.
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yen ciu tiing bude kham pha tri thiic mdi. Tiiy timg miic dp tu duy phiic tap hay dan gian, GV se lua chgn hudng din HS bang hinh thiic hgc tip phii hpp (ea nhin, nhom). Nlu lya chpn hinh thiic hgc theo nhdm thi trade hit HS vin cin duge tu duy dgc lap (ca nhin), sau dd mdi tuong tac trong nhom. Hinh tbiic hpe nhom cd uu the giup cho HS thuan Igi trong nhung trii nghiem ban diu vdi KT trgng tam mdi, hudng HS den viec chii dgng tim toi KT, cam thay co trach nhiem vdi viec hgc tip. GV cd the chia nhd KT trgng tam de HS xii li de dang hem. Moi HS se trinh bay tdm tat trong nhom nhirng KT minh ITnh hgi dugc, cae thanh vien khae bd sung. Mdi nhdm cOng xae dinh nhiing dieu chua rd dua ra tnrdc ldp de cimg thao luan. Mdt sd ki thuat day hgc cd the sir dung hieu qui trong boat dpng nay gdm: Phan tich miu, hpc thdng qua day (day lin nhau); manh ghep, be ci,...
Thi hien mice do hieu KT trgng tdm da iTnh hgi: Cach pho biln la GV dua ra mgt so ciu boi/bai tap de qua dd kiem tra miic do nim viing KT ciia HS. Hai kieu ciu boi/bai tap giup GV danh gia dugc mirc do hilu KT ttgng tim ciia HS gdm cau hdi/bai tap chiing minh cy the va cau hdi/bai tap suy Iuan khai quat. Cau hdi/bai tip chimg minh cu the giiip cho GV biet dugc tai sao HS lai nghT nhu vay (dua Uen nhiing can cir nao, thda dang hay chua, ein dieu chinh gi,...). Cau hoi/bai tap chimg minh cu the se gan vdi KT trgng tam cua bai hgc.
He thong lai nhiing KT da linh hgi duac tic bdi hgc: Cich phi biln la GV dua ra mgt nhiem vu yeu cau HS khai quit KT trong tam cua bai hpc. Hinh tbiic ciia nhiem vy nen cd dp md de loi cuon HS, khien cac em khong cam thay nang ne va trao ca hgi de cac em dupe trinh bay mgt each sang tao (bang binh inh, bang so do, bang mot bai tho/van van,...). Nhu vay, se khuyen khich HS khdng ehi khai quat nhiing kien thiie cdt loi ciia bai hgc ma con the hien nang luc ciia ban than qua viec tim toi, lua chgn each the bien.
b. To chicc cdc hogt dgng huong ddn HS thuc hdnh khde sdu KT
Nhu chiing toi da trinh bay d phan md dau, my la kieu bai hpc Ii thuylt nhung khong bao gid nen dimg lai d mue tieu hinh thanh KT. Tang eudng ngi dung thuc hinh trong bat ki nhiem vu hpc tip nao cung la mpt viec lam can chii trpng khi theo quan dilm day hgc PTNL. Vi vay, sau khi HS da hinh thanh dugc KT trgng tam, GV se hudng din HS khic siu KT trpng tim do bing cic boat dpng cu the. Bdn budc hudng dich dl khic siu KT cho HS bao gdm:
Ciing cd KTmai: Cich phd biln la GV cung cip cac dang bai tap khae nhau dB HS thuc hanh. Cac chuyen gia GD ciia MT da dl xuit mgt sl dang bai tip giiip HS eiing cl KT mdi mdt each hieu qua gIm [4]: Bai t^p so sanh, bai tap phan loai, bai tip tao cac lien he tuong ddng hoae khae biet.
Dang bii tap so sanh dat ra yeu ciu xae djnh nhiing diem tucmg ddng va khic biet ciia ndi dung, don vi KT vira hgc, vdl ndi dung, dan vi KT ma HS da hgc. Dang bai tip phan loai dat ra cac yeu ciu khae nhau co thi dan gian chi la phan loai cac KT cit ldi trong bai hgc (dung/sai), hay phiic tap ban la vira phan loai vira giai thich nhimg dac diem eua
mdi loai, can cii phan Ioai, pham vi ap dung KT da p aii loai. Dang bai tip tao cac lien be tuang ding hoae khae bi?t yeu ciu xic dinh mdi quan he giua eae dan vi KT cot loi, viec ap dung KT cdt ldi, qua tiinh tu duy lien quan den KT cdt loi. GV cin sii dyng da dang cac bai tap nay giiip HS rtmg budc khic siu nhimg ndi dung, KT edt ldi cua bai hoc.
Phdt hien cdc ldi nhdn thitc vi ngi dung. KT cdt loi cua bdi hgc: Caeh phd biln la hi kit qua cac bai tap HS da thuc hien, GV ehii hgng viec phan tich ldi dl lim sau sac thSm nhiing hilu bilt eua HS. Xae dinh Idi cd thi dugc thyc hiln trade hit bdi ci nhin HS sau do din nhdm nhd. Cac ca nhin trong nhdm tim va mo ti nhiing ldi cd the mac phai, li do nao, each khic phuc (khdng tip trang vao HS mic ldi).
Thdng qua viec chia se trong nhdm, HS se biet dugc ban than minh cd nhirng ldi sai nao va cin dieu chinh ra sao de dam bao tinh chinh xae cua KT va thyc hanh van dung KT do trong nhiing bai tap, tinh hudng cu the.
Suy nghikTvi KTdd hoc vd cdch van dung KTdo: Cach phd biln la GV sir dung philu bai tip hoae philu hdi dl HS boc Id dugc quan dilm cua minh. Cd it nhat ba cau hoi ma GV nen dat ra vdi mdi HS: Xic dinh xem minh da dung va sai d nhiing bai tap lien quan den ndi dung KT nao ciia bai hgc? Nhiing KT nao cua bai hoc cd the van dung tdt vao thyc tl? Nhirng KT nao khd van dung, Ii do vi sao? Diy la budc quan trgng gdp phin hoin tit qua trinh xii li thdng tin tich cue (ehilm ITnh KT trgng tam) va thyc hanh khic siu KT. Cae ciu hdi tren khong chi giup cho GV nam bat dugc miic do hieu bai cua HS ma con giup chinh GV xem xet lai cac nhiem vu hgc tap, each thiic to chiic day hpe de co the dieu ehinh d boat ddng tiep theo.
Gidi quyet bdi tap thuc hdnh phii hgp v&i chien luge hgc tap cd nhdn: Cach pho bien la GV se phan nhdm HS trong ldp (sau khi da ed dugc thong tin cua ca nhin HS d hoat ddng trade), tren ca sd dd giao cac bai tip thyc hinh phu hop vdi moi nhdm HS hudng tdi nhirng mue dich cy the (dieu chinh nhiing hieu lim nao, tilp tue cung cl nhihig dan viKTnao, md rdng, nang cao nhimg KT, KN nao,...).
GV cin can nhic nhiing bai tip thyc hanh Ak giao cho HS mdt each phii hgp, hanh viec giao qua nhilu vl sd Iupng ma khdng tinh den muc dieh. Sd lugng va dang bai cua mdi nhom HS nen khae nhau (phin hda theo nang Iyc). Ba dang bii tap thudng sir dyng gdm: Bai tip giiip cung el KT; Bai tap ren KN thyc hinh, van dung KT vao thyc tiln; Bai tip gidi thieu/kIt nli vdi KT mdi (cho bai hpc tilp theo). NMn chung, bii tap thyc hanh cin hudng tdi myc tieu da dang nhu: Phat huy KN hgc tap vi td chiic, thdi quen Iam viec tieh eye; Giiip HS phit triln sy ty tin va ki luat cin thilt;
Khuyen khich su hgp tie giiia cha me va con cai; La nhiing trai nghiem hgc tap thii vi; Thiic day thii do tich cue vl hoc tap; Cimg cd KT trgng tim cua bii hgc.
c. To chicc cdc hogt dgng huang ddn HS tim toi. van dung ma rgng KT
Ban chat cua quan diem day hgc phat triln NL la chii trgng tdi viee HS van dung dupc KT da hpe dl gi^j quvlt cac nhiem vu dat ra trong hgc tip vi trong cugc sine Dn do, tl chiic cie HD hudng din HS tim toi, van dung md TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
tgng KT dugc xem Ii khau cudi cimg dl din dich (hinh thanh nang Iuc ngudi hpc). Do sy chi phdi ciia khung thdi gian hgc tap trSn ldp va yeu ciu cao vl phong each hgc tip tich cue, ehii ddng eua ngudi hgc nen nhiing boat dgng nay chu ylu duge thyc Men ngoai gid hgc chinh khda. Tren ca sd nghien cihi cita cac chuyen gia GD nude ngoai [5] va dinh hudng cua CT GD phd thdng tdng the [1], chiing toi de xuat bdn dang bai tap cin co sau mdi bai hgc Ii thuyet dl kilm nghiem tinh diing dan ciia KT ddng thdi gop phan hinh thanh nang luc ngudi hpc, bao gom:
- Bdi tap chimg minh gdn v&i thuc tien: Dang bai tip pho bien la viec dua ra mgt dy doan dya vao cie quan sat trong thyc tiSn cuoc song va dua ra mdt gii thuyet. HS can huy dgng KT da hgc ciing vdi nhiing kinh nghiem, hieu biet cua ca nhin de chiing minh tinh chinh xae hoae khong ehinh xae Clia gia thuyet da neu, qua dd khang djnh tinh dimg dan Clia KT.
- Bdi tap dua ra quyet dinh, gdn v&i thuc tien: Dang bai tip nay yeu ciu HS phii lua chgn tir m6t sd ggi y va li giai cho sy lya chgn dd. De viec lua chpn ciia HS dugc thuan Igi va ehinh xic, GV ein xiy dyng cae tieu ehi, HS phai van dimg duge nhiing KT cot loi trong bai hpc cimg vdi vdn song ciia bin than de lip Iuan va dua ra quyet dinh.
- Bdi tap neu vd gidi quyet vdn de gdn vai Ihtcc tien. Dang bai tip nay yeu eau HS van dyng nhirng KT da hgc vao mdt boi canh cu thg, thudng ta mgt tinh hudng co van de de giai
quyet tinh hu6ng do nhim thyc hien dugc myc tieu dat ra.
De viec giai quyet vin de dam bio tinh kha thi, GV cin lua chgn van de sat vdi kien thuc hgng tim ciia bai hgc, phit hpp vdi trinh do nang lye va hilu bilt cua HS d dia phuang.
- Bdi tap do HS tic thiet ke gdn v&i thuc lien: Dang bai tip nay rat thii vi vdi nhiing dli tupng HS khae nhau, qua do the hien dugc NL tilp can thyc tiln ciia HS. GV co thi neu len can hoi ggi y nhu: Em nghT den vin dl/tinh hudng nao trong thyc tiln cin van dung din KT trong bai hpc dl cd thi giai quyet? Em se giai quylt vin dl/tinh hulng do nhu the nao? KT/KN nao trong bai hpc bd trg em trong viec giai quyet van de/tinh hudng dd?
2.2.3. flanh gia, dieu chinh, rut kinh nghiem sau day hoc Danh gia td chiic day hge mpt bai hpc cu the se can cir vao cong van sd 5555/BGD DT-GDTrH ban hanh ngay 08 thing 10 nam 2014. Tuy nhien, de phat huy tmh thin ty danh gii, nit kinh nghiem cua GV sau day hgc rit cin cd nhiing tieu chi, nhom tieu chi phii hgp. Tren ca sd do, GV se tu dieu chinh hoat dgng day cua minh. Chiing tdi de xuit Phieu ty danh gia danh cho GV nhu sau (xem Bang 1):
GV CO the sir dung Phieu tu danh gia nay de xem xet mirc dp dat dugc cila ban thin sau gid day hgc va su dung ket qua ty dinh gia do de tiep tuc dieu chinh each thuc to chirc day hgc gdp phin ning cao chat lugng day hgc. Miic do phin loai timg ndi dung nen can cii vao dai nhan xet nhu
B k g V. Phieu tiT ffanh gia danh cho GV
A Chuan bi va to chiic cac hoat dong day hoc Sd ehinh xae ve kien thifc khoa hoc ciia ke hoach bai hgc.
Sif phu hdp CLia cSc chien lifOc giang day va hgc tap doi vdi CT, ddi tudng HS va KT da biet.
A3 Stf phu hdp ciJa ke hoach bai hgc vdi cac chien Iddc day hoc doi vdi iogic ciia cae hoat dgng day hgc.
A4 Stf da dang, ti'nh phii hdp va sd chinh xae eiia cac nguon tai nguyen difdc sd dung trong bai hoc.
B Thi/c hien cac hoai dpng day hoc Thifc hien theo cac muc tieu eiia bai hoc.
B2 Kh^ n§ng giao tiep v i kich thich HS quan tam den Ccic hoat ddng hgc t i p . B3 Sd dung eae ngudn tai nguyen co tinh mdi va sang tao bao gom ICT.
B4 Thiie day quyen t i i chu cua HS, tao cd hgi cho HS dddc tif lam, tif hoc, chii trong thifc h^nh, van dung.
Moi quan be sd pham gi^a GV vdi HS
Cl Phat huy mdt bau khdng khi thuan lOi eho viSc hgc tap, vui ve, phat trien diJdc cam xue tich ede eiia HS.
C2 Cung cap cd hdi binh dang de mgi HS tham gia, thiic day si/ hdp tac, ton trong giiia HS vdi HS va vdi GV C3 San sang tham gia va hd trg HS.
C4 Sd dung can bang quy^n han va stf phu hdp ciia cac hanh ddng dddc thiet lap de giii ki luat trong Idp hoe Danh gid boat dpng boc tap ciia HS
0am bao ket hdp day du cac hinh thde danh gia ehan doan, dSnh gia qua trinh, phan hoi kip thdi cho HS.
Sd dung ket qua d^nh gia ciia HS de dieu chlnh cac boat dong day hoc.
D3 Chap hanh dung cAc quy dinh ve danh gia HS cua c i c cd quan quan li.
04 Khuyen khich sd td danh gia ciia HS.
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yen can timg budc kham phi tri thiic mdi. Tuy timg miic dp tu duy phirc tap hay don gian, GV se lua chgn hudng din HS bang hinh thilc hgc tip phu hop (ci nhin, nhdm). Nlu lua chpn binh thiic hgc theo nhdm thi trade hit HS vin ein duge tu duy doe lap (ca nhin), sau dd mdi tuang tac trong nhdm. Hinh thuc hpe nhdm co uu the giup cho HS thuan Igi trong nhimg trai nghiem ban dau vdi KT trpng tim mdi, hudng HS den viec chii dong tim tdi KT, cam thay cd trach nhiem vdi viec hpc tap. GV co the chia nhd KT trpng tim de HS xu li de dang ban. Mdi HS se trinh biy tom tat trong nhom nhiing KT minh ITnh hgi dugc, cae thanh vien khae bd sung. Moi nhom ciing xae djnh nhiing dieu chua ro dua ra trade ldp de cung thao Iuan. Mdt so ki thuat day hpc CO the sit dung hieu qua trong boat dgng nay gom: Phan tich man, hgc thong qua day (day lan nhau); manh ghep, beca,...
The hien muc do hieu KT trgng tdm dd linh hgi: Cich phd bien la GV dua ra mgt so cau boi/bai tip de qua do kiem tra mirc do nam viing KT ciia HS. Hai kiSu cau hoi/bai tap giilp GV dinh gia dugc mirc do hieu KT trpng tam eila HS gom ciu hdi^al tap chiing minh eu the va ciu hdi^ai tap suy luan khai quit. Ciu boi/bai tip ehiing minh cu the giiip cho GV biet duge tai sao HS lai nghT nhu vay (dya tren nhirng can cii nao, thoa dang hay chua, can dieu chinh gi,...). Cau hoi/bai tap chirng minh eu the se gan vdi KT trgng tim cita bii hgc.
He thong lai nhimg KTdd ITnh hgi duac tic bdi hgc: Cach pho bien la GV dua ra mot nhiem vu yeu ciu HS khai quit KT trong tim cila bai hgc. Hinh thiic ciia nhiem vu nen cd dp md de ldi cudn HS, khien cic em khong cam thay nang nl vi trao ca hgi d6 cac em dupe trinh bay mgt cich sang tao (bang hinh anh, bang so do, bang mot bai tha/van van,...). Nhu viy, se khuyen khich HS khong chi khii quat nhiing kien thirc cdt loi ciia bai hpe ma eon the hien nang lye Clia ban than qua vi6c tim tdi, lya chgn each the hien.
b. To chicc cdc hogt dgng hu&ng ddn HS thuc hdnh khde sdu KT
Nhu chiing tdi da trinh bay d phin md diu, tuy la kieu bai hgc ll thuyfit nhung khdng bao gid nen dimg lai d mue tieu hinh thinh KT. Tang cudng ngi dung thyc hinh trong bat ki nhiem vu hoe tip nao cung li mdt viec lam cin chu trgng khi theo quan dilm day hgc PTNL. Vi viy, sau khi HS da hinh thanh dugc KT hgng tam, GV se hudng din HS kbic siu KT trgng tim do bang cac boat dgng cu the. Bin bude hudng dich dl khic siu KT cho HS bao gIm:
Cung CO KTm&i. Cich phi bien la GV cung cap cac dang bai tap khae nhau dl HS thuc hanh. Cic ehuyen gia GD Clia MT da dl xuit mgt sl dang bai tip giiip HS cung co KT mdi mdt each hieu qua gom [4]: Bai tip so sanh, bai tip phin loai, bai tip tao cac lien he tuang ding hoae khic biet.
Dang bii tap so sinh dat ra yeu ciu xae dinh nhirng di6m tucmg ddng vi khae biet ciia noi dung, dan vi KT vira hpc, vdi ndi dung, dan vi KT ma HS da hgc. I)ang bai tap phin loai dat ra cac yeu ciu khic nhau cd the don gian chi li phin loai cae KT cit ldi hong bai hgc (diing/sai), hay phuc tap ban la vira phin loai vira giai thich nhiing dac dilm eiia
mdi loai, can cii phin Ioai, ph?m vi ap dung KT da phan loai. Dang bai tip tao cic lien he hrang ddng hoae khae bi?t yeu ciu xic dinh mli quan he giiia cac dan vi KT cot Idi, viec ap dung KT cdt 15i, qua trinh tu duy Hen quan den KT cdt loi. GV cin sii dung da dang cic bai tap niy giiip HS hing bude khic siu nhiing ngi dung, KT cdt ldi cua bai hpc.
Phdt hien cdc ldi nhdn thuc vi ngi dung. KT cot loi cua bdi hgc: Cach phi biln la hr kit qua cac bai tap HS da thuc hien, GV chii trgng viee phan tich Idi de lam sau sac them nhiing hilu bilt ciia HS. Xic dinh loi co thi dugc thuc hien trade bet bdi ci nhin HS sau dd din nhdm nho. Cac cd nhan hong nhdm tim vi md ta nhiing ldi cd thS mac phai, 11 do nao, each khae phuc (khdng tap trung vao HS mac ldi).
Thdng qua viec ehia se trong nhdm, HS se biet duge ban thin minh co nhiing ldi sai nao vi can dieu chinh ra sao de dim bao tinh chinh xic eua KT vi thuc hanh van dyng KT do trong nhimg bai tip, tinh budng eu the.
Suy nghT ki ve KT dd hgc vd cdch van dung KT do: Cach phd bien la GV sir dyng phieu bai tip hoae phieu hdi de HS boc Id dugc quan diem eua minh. Co it nhit ba ciu bdi ma GV nen dat ra vdi mdi HS: Xic dinh xem minh da diing va sai d nhiing bai tip lien quan den ndi dung KT nao ciia bai hgc'' Nhiing KT nao cua bii hpc cd th6 vin dung tSt vio thuc te? Nhiing KT nio khd van dung, li do vi sao? Day la budc quan trgng gdp phin hoin tit qua trinh xii li thdng tin tich cue (chiem linh KT trgng tim) va thyc hanh khic siu KT. Cac cau hdi tren khdng chi giiip cho GV nam bat dugc miic do bieu bai ciia HS ma cdn giiip chinh GV xem xet lai cac nhiem vu hgc tip, each thiic to chiie day hge de cd the dieu chinh d boat ddng tilp theo.
Gidi quyet bdi tap thuc hdnh phit hap vai chien luge hgc tap cd nhdn: Cach phd bien la GV se phan nhdm HS trong ldp (sau khi da co dupe thdng tin cua ca nhin HS d hoat dpng trudc), tren ca sd dd giao cac bii tap thye hanh phu hgp vdi mli nhdm HS hudng tdi nhiing mye dich cu thi (dieu chinh nhiing hieu lim nio, tilp tuc ciing cl nhirng dan vi KT nio, md rpng, nang eao nhiing KT, KN nao,...).
GV cin can nhae nhirng bai tip thyc hanh dl giao cho HS mgt cich phii hgp, trinh viec giao qua nhilu vl sd lugng mi khong tinh din myc dieh. Sd luong vi dang bii cua mli nhdm HS nen khae nhau (phan hda theo nang luc). Ba dang bai tip thudng sir dung gIm: Bii tap gnip cung cl KT; Bai tap ren KN thyc hinh, van dung KT vio thyc tiln; Bai tap gidi thieu/kIt ndi vdi KT mdi (cho bai hpc tilp theo). Nhm chung, bai tap thyc hanh cin hudng tdi muc tieu da dang nhu: Phat huy KN hgc tap vi tl chuc, thdi quen lam viec tich eye; Giiip HS phit triln sy ty tin va ki luit cin thilt;
Khuyen khich sy hpp tie giiia cha me va con cai; Li nhirng trai nghiem hpe tap thii vi; Thuc diy thii dp tich cyc vl hoc tip; Cung ed KT trgng tim cua bai hge.
c. Td chicc cdc hogt dgng huang ddn HS tim toi, van dung ma rgng KT
Bin chat cua quan diem day hpc phat triln NL la cbii trpng tdi viec HS van dung dugc KT da hgc dl gi^j quylt cac nliieni vu dat ra trong hpc tap va trong cupc sine Do dd, td chirc eae HD hudng din HS tim tdi, van dune' ' 52 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
rgng KT dugc xem la khau cudi cimg de den dich (hinh thanh nang lue ngudi hgc). Do sy chi phdi cua khung thdi gian hgc tap tren ldp va yeu ciu cao vl phong each hpc tap tich cyc, chil dgng cua ngudi hpc nen nhiing hoat dgng nay chii ylu dugc thye hien ngoai gid hpe chinh khda. Tren eo sd nghien ciiu ctia cac chuyen gia GD nudc ngoai [5] va dinh hudng ciia CT GD phd thong ting thi [1], chiing tdi dl xuit bdn dang bai tap cin co sau mdi bai hpc Ii thuyet dl kilm nghiem tinh dimg dan ctia KT ddng thdi gdp phin hinh thanh nang lye ngudi hgc, bao gom:
- Bdi tap chimg minh gdn v&i thuc tien: Dang bai tap pho biln la viec dua ra mdt dy doan dya vio cic quan sat trong thyc tiln cupc sdng va dua ra mgt gia thuyet. HS can huy dgng KT da hgc eiing vdi nhiing kinh nghiem, hieu biet ciia ca nhan de chiing minh tinh chmh xic hoic khdng chinh xic Clia gia thuyet da neu, qua do khang dinh tinh dung dan Ciia KT.
- Bdi tap dua ra quyet djnh. gan v&i thirc tien: Dang bai tap nay y6u ciu HS phai lya chgn tir mpt so ggi y vi li giai cho sy lua chpn dd. De viec lua chgn cita HS duge thuan Igi va chinh xic, GV cin xiy dung cac tieu ehi, HS phii van dung duge nhiing KT edt loi trong bai hgc ciing vdi vdn song Clia ban than de lap luan va dua ra quyet dinh.
- Bdi tgp neu vd gidi quyet vdn de gdn v&i thuc tien: Dang bai tap nay yeu cau HS van dung nhiing KT da hgc vao mpt boi canh cu the, thudng la mdt tinh hudng cd vin de de giai
quyet tinh hudng dd nham thuc hien dugc muc tieu dat ra.
D6 viec giii quylt van de dam bao tinh kha thi, GV cin lya ebon vin de sat vdi kien thiic ttpng tam cua bai hgc, phu hop vdi trinh dp nang lye vi hilu biet cua HS d dia phuang.
- Bdi tap do HS tu thiet ke gdn v&i thuc tien: Dang bai tip nay rit tin! vi vdi nhimg ddi tugng HS khic nhau, qua do thi hien dupc NL tiep can thyc tiln eua HS. GV co thi neu len ciu hdi ggi y nhu: Em nghT den vin de/tinh hudng nao trong thue tiln cin van dyng din KT Uong bai hpc dl cd thi giii quyet? Em se giai quylt vin dl/tinh hudng do nhu the nao? KT/KN nao trong bai hgc ho trg em trong viec giai quyet vin de/tinh hudng do?
2.2.3. Danh gia, dieu chinh, rut kinh nghiem sau day hpc Danh gii td chiic day hgc mgt bii hpc eu the se can eii vao cdng van sd 5555/BGD DT-GDTrH ban hinh ngay 08 thing 10 nam 2014. Tuy nhien, dl phit huy tinh thin ty dinh gia, nit kinh nghiem ciia GV sau day hpe rat can cd nhiing tieu chi, nhom tieu chi phii hgp. Tren ca sd do, GV se ty dieu chinh boat dpng day ciia minh. Chiing toi de xuit Phieu tu dinh gia danh eho GV nhu sau (xem Bing 1):
GV ed the su dung Phieu tu danh gii nay de xem xet mirc dd dat dugc cita bin than sau gid day hgc va su dung ket qua ty danh gii do de tiep tyc dieu ehinh each thde td chirc day hpc gdp phan nang eao ehit lugng day hgc. Miic dd phan loai timg noi dung nen can cii vao dai nhan xet nhu Bang 1 : Phieu X\i danh gia danh cho GV
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i ^
s u chinh xae ve kien thifc khoa hoc cua ke hoach bai hoe.
Su phu hdp ciia cac chi^n Iddc giang day va hoc tap 36] vdi CT, doi tddng HS va KT da biet.
Sl/ phu hdp CLia ke hoach bai hoc vdi cac chien lifdc day hoc ddi vdi logic ciia cac hogt dgng day hoe.
Sd da dang, tinh phii hdp va sd chinh xae eiia cac nguon tai nguyen di/dc sif dung trong bai hoc.
B Thufc hien cac tioat dpng day hpc Thuc hiSn theo cac muc tieu ciia bai hgc.
Khci nang giao tiep v i kich thich HS quan tam den cac hoat dgng hgc t^p B3 Sif dung cac nguon tai nguyen cd tinh mdi va sang t;
C Cl C2 C3 04 D 01 02 _ D 3 ^
04
0 gom ICT.
B4 Thiic day quyen td chii ciia HS, tao cd hgi cho HS difdc td iam, td hoc, chu trQng thde hinh, van dung.
Moi quan be stf pham gida GV vdi HS
Phat huy mdt bSu khdng khi thuan Idi ehd viec hoc tap, vui v6, phat trien dddc earn xue tich ede eiia HS.
Cung cap cd hgi binh dang de moi HS tham gia, thuc day sd hdp tac, tdn trong gifla HS vdi HS va vdi GV.
San sang tham gia va ho trd HS.
Sif dung can bSng quyen han va stf phu hdp ciia c5c hanh dpng dddc thiet lap d^ glif ki luat trong ldp hoe.
Q^nh gi(i boat dpng hoc t i p cua HS
Bam bao ket hdp day dii cac hinh thde danh gia ehan doan, danh g i i qua trinh, phan hdi kip thdi cho HS.
Sif dijng ket qua d i n h gia ciia HS de dieu chinh c i c hoat dpng day hoc.
Chap hanh dung cac quy iiuh ve danh g i i HS eua eae ed quan quan li ^ Khuyen khich sd t d danh gia cda HS.
So 21 thang 9/2019 53
ehua dat, dat yeu e i n , dat k h i , dat tdt, dat x u i t s i c hoae quy doi thanh diem so
3. Ket luan
Vdi mo hinh td chirc day hgc kieu bai II thuylt theo hudng PTNL d l tiiuc hien C T G D P T mdi nhu d l xuit, nhdm nghien cim da co nhiing thiet ke cu the ddi vdi h i u het c i c mdn hpc v i tien hanh thuc nghiem day hpc tai mdt sd tnrdng trung hgc c a sd trong dia ban t h i n h phd Ha Ndi.
Qua thir nghiem, b u d e d i u cho thiy, viec tnen khai to chiic day hgc budc dau mang lai nhiing ket q u i tich cyc. G V da tu tin b a n trong xay dung ke hoaeh b i i hgc, td chuc day hgc, riit kinh nghiem sau day hpc. HS dugc "nhiing" trong mdi trudng hge tap co tinh t u a n g tac eao giiia HS vdi H S , giiia HS vdi p h u a n g tiSn tryc quan, giira HS va GV. Cac em da tieh cyc tham gia tim k i l m y tudng, giai p h i p de giai quyet c i c v i n de, nhiem vy hgc tap dupc dat ra trong e i c hoat dpng; cd dugc nhirng bieu hien ciia c i c NL nhu muc tieu da dat ra trong cac bai hpc ey the.
Ben canh dd, khi thuc hien md hinh trien khai day hgc n h i m PTNL HS, trong q u i trinh thilt ke ke hoach bai hpe va td chlie day hgc theo ke hoach bai hpe da thiet ke, G V e i n xae dinh d u g c .
- Diiu gi la quan trgng cho HS (can d i n tu thdi gian mdt each thich dang cho dieu do).
- Chien luac ndo (hay bang each gi) co nhieu kha nang de giilp HS hpc tap hieu qua?
- Kit qud hgc tap cua HS se ra sao va tac dpng tdi giang
day trong m a n g lai n h u t h i nao && kip d i l u chinh cho thich hop, sao cho dat dich c u l i cimg l i p h i t triln dugc cac nang luc da dinh. N h u viy, trong thilt k l v i td chuc day hgc theo hudng PTNL ngudi hoc, G V c i n t i p trung:
- Chgn lua ndi dung, thiit kS vd li chuc hogt dgng nham k h u y i n khich thai d6 hgc tap tich cue, chu ddng ctia HS;
- Tgo mgt moi tru&ng ho trg hgc tap dich thuc (gan vdi boi c i n h thue cita eudc sdng);
- Khuyin khich HS thi hien tu tic&ng vd hdnh dong, eo phan hdi rd rang; khuyin khich giao t i l p , hop tae trong hpc tap;
- Tdng cuong trdch nhiem, t y y thitc, tu dieu chinh, trong hpc tap;
- Tgo dieu kien thugn lai cho hgc tap, n h i t la ca hgi de chia se, trao doi, h a n h luan,...
- Tdng cu&ng ket ndi de hgc tap vd hgc tdp hieu qud giiip HS tim k i l m , trao ddi, ehia se thdng tin can thiet cho vi$c hpe, dam bao dat yen c i u d i u ra.
- Gidng dgy nhic qud trinh tim tdi: Cung cap day dii ca hgi de HS tim tdi, kham p h i , s i n g tao.
N g o i i ra, de thyc hien m o hinh trien khai day hpe nham PTNL HS, GV can quan triet tinh than day hgc p h i n hoa trong thilt k l va to chire day hpc. GV day c i c mon hgc trong eung mdt ldp nen trao ddi thao luan de xae dinh miic dp NL cua HS (nhiing N L v u g t trdi hoae ban ehe), tir do co can cii chinh xae n h i m x i y dung chien luge hpe tap cho timg nhom HS phii hop vdi m y c tieu day hgc.
TM li^u tham k h i o
[1] Bo Giao due va Dao tao, (2018), Chuong ti-inh Gido due pho thong long the.
[2] Bg Giao due va Dao tao, (2019), Bdo cdo long ket ndm hgc 2018-2019. triin khai nhiem vu nam hoc 2019-2020.
[4] Robert J.Marzano, (2013), Nghe thugt vd khoa hge day hoe, NXB Giao due Viet Nam.
[5] James H McMillan, (2005), Nhirng nguyen tde vd thue lien de gidng day hieu qud. Vien Dai hgc Quoc gia Virginia.
James H. SUonge, (2011), Nhung pham chdt cua nguai gido vien hieu qud. NXB Giao due. Ha Npi.
Thai Duy Tuyen, (2001), Gido dye hgc Men dai, NXB Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi
Paulo Santiago - Deborah Roseveare - Gonnie van Amelsvoort - Jorge Manzi and Peter Matthews, (2009), Teacher Evaluation in Portugal, OECD Review.
A TEACHING MODEL FOR THEORETICAL LESSONS
IN THE NEW CURRICULUM TO DEVELOP LEARNERS' COMPETENCIES
Duong Quang Ngoc\
Do Thu Ha^ Dang Thi Thu Hue^
' Email. duongquargngoc@gmaiLcom
^ Email, hadottiL [email protected] 3 Email: huedtt74@gmail com
The Vietnam National Institute ol Educationai Sciences 52 Lieu Giai, Ba Dmh, Hanoi, Vietnam
ABSTRACT: The article discusses the teaching model for the theoretical lessons with a three-component structure, including: designing lesson plans- teaching; drawing experiences, and adjusting lesson plans. These three components are analyzed and interpreted with the approach of competency- based teaching to contribute to the successful implementation of the new curriculum and textbooks.
KEYWORDS: Model; competency-based teaching; new curriculum and textbooks
54 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC ViET NAM