TRIET - LUAT - TAM LY - XA H O I HOC
j V.I.Lenin - Ngiroi bao ve xuat sac triet hoc Mac
T r i n Van Phdng * Nhan ngay 26 th^ng 02 nam 2015
Chinh sua ngay 28 thing 2 nam 2015. ChSp nh§n dang ngay 17 thing 3 nam 2015 Tdm tdt: V.LLenin la nha tu tudng vT dai, nha ly lu^n chinh tri kiet xuat, nha triet hpc loi l&c, ngudi lanh d^o phong trao vo san the gidi, ngudi bao ve xuat sac, phat triln sang t ^ chu nghla Mac noi chung, trilt hpc Mac noi rieng ttong dilu kien chii nghTa tu ban chuyen sang giai d o ^ dl qu6c chii nghTa va thai ky dau xay dung chu nghTa xa hpi hien thirc d nudc Nga Xo viet. Bai viet phan tich cdng lao cua V.I.Lenin trong viec bao vf triet hpc Mac the hien d sir dau ttanh chong lai phai dan tuy, chii nghTa kinh nghifm phe phan, chu nghta ca hpi, chii nghta xet lai.
Tir khda: V.LLenin; ttiet hoc Mac; phai dan tiiy; chti nghTa kinh nghiem phe phan;
chii nghia ca hpi; chii nghTa xet lai.
1. M d dau
V.I.Lenin sdng va hogt dpng cdch mang, hoat ddng khoa hgc frong thdi dgi ma khoa hpc ty nhien da dgt dugc nhihig thanh tuu mdi dgc bift, nhdt la ttong nghien ciiu thS gidi vi md. Nhftng phat minh khoa hpc v l vat ly hpc, hda hpc dd Idm cho nhilu quan nifm sieu hinh ttong trilt hpc (nhu quan nifm ddng nhat vat chit vdi nguyen tii) bi ddnh do. Ddng thdi, v l chinh fri - xa hpi xuat hien chu nghia d l qudc - mdt hien tupng mdi ma nhftng quan nifm trilt hgc sieu hinh khdng t h l Iy giai diing ddn, khoa hgc. Da vay, budc sang the ky XX, phong trao cdch mang d nudc Nga trd nen sdi dpng han bit cii giai doan ndo khac. Dd la giai dogn dien ra each mang dan chu tu san 1905 - 1907, Cach mgng tiiang Hai nam 1917 va dinh cao ia cudc cdch mang xa hdi chii nghla thdng Mudi nam 1917. Trong bdi cdnh ay, fren t h l gidi cung nhu d nudc Nga da xuit hifn mot sd khuynh hudng tu ttidng khdng khoa hpc nhdm chdng Iai chii nghia Mdc nhu chii nghla dan tiiy, chii nghia kinh
nghiem phe phan, chu nghia co hdi, chu nghia xet lai,... Ddng thdi, sau Cach mgng thdng Mudi, nudc Nga budc vao xay dyng chu nghia xa bgi frong dilu kifn phai chdng Igi su can thifp cua 14 nudc ^k quoc. Tdt ca nhung dieu kien tren da thdi thlic, ddi hdi V.I.Lenin phai bao vf sir frong sang, khoa hpc, each mgng ciing nhu phat frien chii nghia Mac ndi chung, trilt hpc Mac ndi rieng.
2, V.LLSnin dau tranh chong lai phai dan tuy
Phai dan tiiy, mpt frao luu xa hdi - chinh tn a Nga nira cudi t h l ky XIX cho ring, nudc Nga cd t h l qua do Ien chu nghia xd hgi thdng qua cdng xa ndng thdn, khdng can qua chu nghia tu ban; phai dan hiy tun each xuyen tac chii nghia Mdc, gidi tiiich chu nghla Mac mgt each tiiy tifn, chii quan theo tmh chit dan tuy chii nghia. V.I.Lenin Ph6 giio su, tiln si. Vi^n Trilt hgc, Hgc vi§n Chinh trj qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh. DT: 0912148194.
Email: [email protected] 20
V.LLenin - Ngu&i bdo vi xudt sdc triit hgc Mdc thdng qua tac pham "Nhihig ngudi bgn
dan" la the ndo va hp diu tranh chdng nhftng ngudi dan chu xa hpi ra sao?"
(1894) da chi ro rang, nhung ngudi dan tuy
"deu tu xung la dai bieu cho nhihig tu tudng va sach lugc cua nhftng "ngudi ban dan" chdn chinh, nhung that ra lai la nhiing ke ttr thil cua nhirng ngudi dan chii - xd hdi"*'\ Mikhaildpxki, mpt dgi bilu tieu bilu cua phai dan tiiy Nga, tham chi cdn cho ring C.Mac khdng he cd tdc phdm ndo ve chii nghia duy vgt Uch sii. V.I.Lenin frong tac phdm nay da chi ro, Mikhaildpxki dgc Tu bdn cua C.Mac ma khdng hieu C.Mdc, da vdy dng ta cdn xuyen tgc C.Mac, Ph.Angghen*^*; vao nhftng ndm 1845 - 1846 khi CMac, Ph.Angghen ty nhdn ring chua that hidu ddy dii v6 Iich su kinh te, thi Mikhaildpxki cho hai dng khdng dii ca sd.
6ng ta cdn cho ring C.Mac, Ph.Angghen cd quan dilm duy vdt kinh tl, chii nghia Mac la phep bifn chimg cua Hdghen, la tam doan thlic' I Ong ta coi quan dilm ciia C.Mac, Ph.Angghen ve van de quan chiing la quan dilm vl van de anh hiing vd dam ddng,... Tft dd, V.I.Lenin di den ket lugn ve bdn chit cua Mikhaildpxki ndi rieng cua nhihig ngudi ddn tiiy ndi chung: "Neu ndi tiieo m0t cdu each ngdn ndi tiing thi chiing ta cd thl ndi ring: hdy cgo ldp da ngoai cua
"ngudi ban dan" di mdt chiit thi se thay Idi anh tu sdn ra"**'. Nhu vgy, "ngudi ban dan"
vl ban chit la tu san. Tinh chit tu san cua Mikhaildpxki cdn d ch5, dng ta dd gidi thich chl dp thira kl bing sinh con, de cai va bdng frang thai tam ly ve sy sinh con, de cai; giai thich dan tpc bing nhung mdi lien hf thi tpc; coi nhftng phgm trii va nhiing kiln tnic thugng ting cua mpt hinh thai xa hgi la vTnh viin*''. V.I. Lenin da mia mai, cham biim rit hay: "nh^ trilt hpc chii quan cua chiing ta vua mdi djnh chuyin tft each ndi sudng sang each chi ra nhung sy chi
dan thyc te cy the tbi dng ta ngd sdng sodi vdo trong viing lay. Va hinh nhu dng ta Iai thiy rit dl chiu frong cai vi tri khdng dugc sgch se Iam do"*'.
3. V.I.Leniii dau tranh chong chu nghia kinh nghiem phe phan
Nhiii^ nam cudi ciia the ky XIX, dau the ky XX, chii ngbia tu ban da chuyen sang giai dogn cbii nghia de qudc vd ngay cang hoc Id rd ban chat hieu chien, phan ddng, an bam, bdc lot cua nd. Liic nay C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da qua ddi, tgo co hdi cho bpn phan bpi, bpn co hpi frong Qudc te II trdi day da kich, chdng pha chit nghia Mdc ndi chung, triet hpc Mac ndi rieng. Mpt sd lanh tu Qudc te II da ddnh gid khdng diing chu nghia tu ban ciing nhu chu nghia de qudc.
Chang han, Bdctanh, lanh tu Qudc te II cdng khai ddi xet lai chu nghia Mac, cho rang chii nghla duy vat da bi bac bd;
C.Cauxky, mpt ttong nbung thu lihh cua Dang ddn chu - xa hdi Dftc, cho rdng cd the
"bd sung" triet hgc Mac bang nhdn thiic Iuan cua E.Makho... Trong bdi cdnh do, nhieu frao luu tu tudng khdng khoa hpc dua nhau ndi len chdng triet hpc Mac. Tieu bieu cho nhiing frao luu chdng triet hgc Mdc Id
"cbu nghia kinh nghifm phe phan" hay cdn ggi la "chu nghia Makha" (Makho cimg vdi Avenariiit khdi xudng ra "chii nghia kinh nghiem phe phdn", cd kha ndng khdc phye dugc tinh phien dien cua cd chu nghia duy tam Ian chii ngbia duy vat). Trong khi dd, tmh hinh d nuoc Nga sau thit bgi ciia cudc Cach mgng dan chu tu san (1905 -1907) rit phurc tgp. Che do chuyen che Nga hoang dd
*'* V.I.Lenin (1974), Todn lgp, t.l, Nxb Tien bo, Mitxccfva,tr.l53.
^*5a/,Ll,tr.l73.
*^'Sd'</,t.l.tr.l96.
'*' V.LLenin {I974),sdd, t l , tr.181.
'^'S^d;tl,tt.l84.
*"SW,Ll,tr.l84.
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Tig? chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vijt Nam, sd 4(89) - 2015 thilt lap mdt chl do khiing bd vd cimg tan bgo ddi vdi nhftng ngudi each mang.
Nhiing tu tudng thin bi, tdn giao, bi quan du loai khdng nhiing dugc phye hdi ma cdn nay nd them va lan tran nhanh chdng.
Khdng chi nhftng ke thudc phai mensevich ma ca nhftng ngudi thupc phai bdnsevich trudc day (nhu A.Bdgdandp, V.Badardp, A.V.Lunatsatxki...) ciing dya vao chu nghia Makho de chdng lgi chu nghia Mac ndi chung, trilt hgc Mac ndi rieng, ddi xet lgi cd cac nguyen tic sach lugc ciia Dang ttong dau tranh chinh tri va muu toan dimg chu nghia duy tdm chii quan cua chu nghia kinh nghiem phe phdn do E.Makho sang lap d l thay thl triet hpc Mac. Day la thdi ky ma V.I.Lenin nhan xet: "Chii nghia duy vat dau dau Cling bi rudng bd" va cdc t h l lyc tbii dich du Iogi "lien minh vdi nhau vi cimg thu ghet chu nghTa duy vgt bifn chiing"*''.
Trong tac phim Chit nghia duy vdt vd chu nghia kinh nghiim phi phdn V.I.Lenin da chi rd, triet hpc kinh nghiem phe phan, v l thuc chit Id chii nghia duy tam ijiimg niip dudi chieu bai mdi, ky quae va khd hilu. Chii nghTa Makho, ching qua chi la sy phuc hdi lai, sy nhai lai trilt hpc duy tam chu quan ciia Beccoli vd Hium ma thdi.
Neu nhu Beccoli gpi su vat la "nhung phuc hgp cua cam gidc", thi Makho lai dua ra hgc thuylt v l "cac ylu td ciia thl gidi", ggi su vdt la "td hgp cua cac yeu td". Nhung tiiuc ra, cai gpi Id "ylu t6" ciia E.Makho, v l thyc chat cung chi la kinh nghiem, la cam giac md thdi. Theo E.Makho, nhgn thiic ciia con nguoi khdng xuit phat tu sy tdn tai khach quan ciia sy vdt ma lai xuit phat tft nhimg "tai lieu true tilp", tu nhftng cam giac cua con ngudi v l am thanh, mau sic, miii vi... D l tranh tft "cam gidc", E.Makho ggi nhiing cai dd la "nhftng ylu td cua nhftng kinh nghifm chiing ta" va do chinh la nin tdng d l xdy dyng nen toan bp thl
gidi vdt ly va tam Iy. E.Makho cho ring, bing thugt ngu " y l u td" dng ta dd khdc phye dugc cugc franh cai b i y lau giiia cac nha duy vgt va duy lam. Theo E.Makho, cdc "yeu td" cua dng ta khdng phai la vdt chit cung chdng phai la tinh than, khong phai la tam ly ma cung ching phai la vgt ly.
Nd la "cdi trung gian" giua nhihig ylu tl do. Tuy nhien, hpc thuyet ve cdc "ylu ti"
Iai dugc nhieu nha tu tudng, nhd trilt hpc d Nga luc dd img hd nhift thanh. Hp cho ring, dd la mdt phat minh vT dgi, la ca sd dl thdng nhat gifta chu nghia Makho vdi chii nghia Mac. V.I.Lenin cho rang: "Makho va Avenariiit da len lut du nhap chii nghia duy vat bang each dimg chu "yeu td", tifa hd nhu chft nay ciiu dugc ly luan cua hg thoat khdi "tinh phien dien" cua chu nghta duy tam chii quan, va tt£a hd nhu nd cho phep su thira nhgn sy phu thupc cua cai tam 1^
vdo vong mgc, t h i n kinh,... Thgt ra, thii dogn lgi dyng tu "ylu td" chi la mpt lii nguy bifn hit sue thdm hai"**'.
Phe phan nhiing quan dilm sai lim do, V.I.Lenin cho rang chii nghia Makho muln xoa nhda tinh dang frong trilt hpc Mac, mudn dling tren chu nghia duy vat va chii nghia duy tam, nhung thuc chit nd chi nhic lai mpt each gian don nhftng quan nifm cfl cfta Beccoli, Hium. Cai ma E.Makho cho la thu^t ngft mdi, ching qua chi la sy lgi dyng nhftng thdnh tuu mdi ciia khoa hgc ty nhiSn nham che day chu nghia duy tam. Sai lim chu y6u ciia E.Makho va nhirng ngudi theo chil nghia Makho chinh la ly thuylt v l "ylu td trung gian". V.I.Lenm khdng dinh: "That la tre con n l u nghT r i n g bia ra mpt tu mdi, la cd the franh dugc n h u i ^ trao luu trilt hpc CO ban,..., triet hgc cua cac ngai chi la chu '" V.LLenin (1980), Todn tgp t.l8, Nxb Tien b$, Matxcova, tr.9.
*" V.I.Lenin (1980), sdd, tr.56.
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VlLenin - Ngudi bdo ve xudt sdc U-iit hgc Mdc nghta duy tdm da udng cdng che dgy sy ttin
tryi ciia chii nghia duy nga cua minh bing mpt thugt ngu "khach quan" hon. Hodc gid
"yeu to" khdng phai la cam giac, va nhu vay tu "mdi" cua cac ngai tiQ^et ddi khdng cd mgt chut y nghia gi cd, va cac ng^ chi lam dn len vd ich ma tbdi"**'.
Theo V.I.Lenin, quan nifm do cua E.Makho dii mudn hay khdng cung tit ylu dan den mpt quan niem hit sue phi ly la:
the gidi, gidi ty nhien va ca con ngudi chi tdn tgi frong nhiing cam giac ciia con ngudi, trong cam giac ciia ban than nha trilt hgc;
toan bd Iy luan cua E.Makho va nhftng ngudi theo chu nghla Makho (ly lugn coi
"vdt the la nhung phuc hgp cam giac" hay la mdt "phiic hgp yen td, frong dd cai tam Iy ddng nhat vdi cai vat ly") ching qua "chi la mdt chu nghia ngu ddn triit hgc, tftc Id chii nghia duy tam chii quan dugc phat trien den cho vd Iy"*'°'. Chu nghia Makho ludn phdng theo cdch ndi cua chii nghia duy tam chu quan, hodc la ldp lgi luan cu cua Beccoli, cua Phichto. Nhftng each diln dgt khdc nhau cua Beccoli ndm 1710, cua Phichto nam 1801, cua Avenariiit nam 1891 -1894, khdng he lam thay ddi ban chat cua chii nghla duy tam chu quan cua hg. Hg cdn vifn din "thuylt thyc tai ngdy tho" de bdo vf trilt hpc duy tam chit quan ciia minh.
Day la ldi ngyy bien tim thudng, bdi le theo V.I.Lenin: ""Thuyet thuc tai ngay tho"
cua bit Cli mpt ngudi Ianh mgnh ndo, khdng qua nhd thuong dien hay khdng qua trudng dai hgc ctia nhiing nha triet hgc duy tdm, la d chd thira nhgn sy tdn tai ciia v$t, ciia hoan canh, cua thl gidi khdng phg thugc vao cam giac cua chiing ta, vao y thftc ciia chiing ta, vdo cai Tdi ciia chiing ta va vao con ngudi ndi chung"*"*.
V.I.Lenin ddt ra cho nhfing ngudi theo chii nghla Makho mgt cau hdi ma hg khdng thl tta ldi dugc. Dd la, con ngudi cd suy
nghi bing dc khdng? AvSnariiit cdng khai khdng dinh: "6c ciia chiing ta khdng phai la noi d, la try sd ciia tu duy, la ke sang tgo ra tu duy, cimg khdng phai la cdng cu hoac khi quan cua tu duy, la ke chfta dyng tu duy, hoac la co chit,... ctia tu duy"*'^'. Dilu nay hoan toan trai ngugc, mau thuan vdi khoa hpc tu nhien hien dgi va ddi sdng thyc tien. Tren co sd vgch rd bdn chit chu ngtiia duy tam chii quan cua chu nghia Makho, V.I.Lenin da chi ro chu nghia Makho:
"Tren thyc te, nhu the la hodn toan rdi bd chu nghia duy vat bien chimg, tuc chft nghla Mac"*'^'.
4. V.I.Lenin dau tranh chong lai chu nghia Cff hoi
Chu nghta co hdi la mpt frao luu chinh tri, tu tudng ttong phong trao cdng nhan nhung bi anh hudng ciia tu tudng tu sdn, the hien su thda hiep giai cap va thft dich vdi chu nghia Mac, khudc tft each mang xa hdi chu nghia va sy can thiet phai gianh chinh quyen ve tay gjai cap vd san. Thuc chit, chu nghia co hpi di ngugc lgi lgi ich cua gjai cap cdng nhan. Chii nghta co hdi xuat hien cung vdi sy phat trien ciia phong trao cdng nhdn khodng nua sau the ky XIX diu the ky XX. Sdch lugc cua chu nghia co hdi ban dau dugc vay mugn tft cac nha cai cdch ty do cftng nhu cdc nhd vd chinh phti.
Trong thdi gian hogt ddng ciia Qudc tl I vd Qudc te II, mpt sd nhd hoat ddng ttong phong trdo cdng nhan da di theo chti nghta CO hpi vdi hai hudng: Thir nhdt, hudng cua Ph.Latxan va E.Becxtanh. Hudng nay cdng khai diu hang, thoa hifp giai cip tu sdn;
gdn lien vdi chu nghta co hpi huu khuynh ttong phong frao cdng nhan. Chu nghta co
•' V.LLenin (1980), sdd, tr.56.
""5ai; tr.85.
"*5aa;tr.74.
'^'5atf,tr.97.
"*5atf,tr.l0.
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Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hfi Viet Nam, sd 4(89) -2015 hoi hiru khuynh la nhimg 1^ thuyet cai luong trong phong trao cong nhan muon lai phong trao theo huong gian tiep phuc vu loi ich cua giai cAp tu san va vi myc tieu lgi ich cue bo, nh4t thoi, truac mat chii khong phai lgi ich lau dai, co ban cua phong trao. Chu nghia ca hpi huu khuynh chi muon thuc hien nhung cai each nho vi chu nghta xa hdi trong khuon kho chu nghla tu ban; chu truomg "hgp tac" giiia giai cap tu san va giai cap vo san; ch6i bo ehuyen chinh vo sin. Nhiing tu tuong nay phan anh tu tuong ciia ragt bg phan cong nhan quy tgc trong phong trao eong nhan. Thw hai, huong cua M.A.Bacunin. Huang nay lai mu6n dua phong trao cong nhan den chd phieu Itm, mao hiem; gan lien vol chu nghta ca hgi
"ta" khuynh. Chu nghia eo hgi "ta" khuynh lai rauon dua phong trao c6ng nhan t6i cho h;y sinh vi nhimg mue dich v6 nghia; tuyet doi hoa bgo lire trong each m^g; khong tinh toi nhihig dieu kign lich sir - cu thj.
V.I.Lenin trong tac phto Bfnh du tri "ta"
khuynh trong phong trao cgng san (1920) d3 phan tich chi ro ban chit eua benh "ta"
khuynh. Chu nghta co hgi hGu khuynh va chii nghta co hgi "ta" khuynh diu la nhihig khuynh huong tu tuong sai ilm, diu phan bOi lai lgi ich can ban eua phong trao c6ng nhan. V.I.Lenin chi r5 ring, ehu nghta co hgi "la san phim cua thoi ky phat triSn "hoa binh" cua phong trao cong nhan... Mat khac, thoi ky nay da de ra khuynh huong phu nhjn diu tranh giai elp ca tung hoa binh xa hgi, phii nhjn each mpng xa hgi ehu nghta, phu nhan vi nguyen tic cac t6 chirc bi mat, thira nhSn chii nghta ai qu6c tu san,...""". Nguyen nhan cua ehu nghta co h6i, theo V.LLenin la do bg phjn quy t6c, nhang nguoi tiiu tu san trong giai elp cong nhan, da thoai hoa, phan b6i lai nhiing nguoi eong nhan: "Mgt s6 ting lop nhit dinh ciia giai d p cong nhan (bgn quan lieu trong ngi bg phong trao cong nhan va bgn
c6ng nhan quy tgc dugc thiia huong mpt phan nho nhiing thu nhSp co dugc do sir boc lot cac thugc dia va do dia vi dac quyln cua "to quoc" hg tren thi tnrong qu6c tl) cimg vcri cac ban duong tiiu tu san trong nhthig dang xa hgi ehii nghta, la ch5 dua xa hgi chii yeu ciia nhihig khuynh huong ly va la nhthig ke di gieo rae anh hu6ng tu san trong giai cap vo san""^l V.I.Lenin da phan tich chi ra nguon goc giai elp ciia chii nglita CO hgi: "Ngudn g5c giai elp ciia chu nghla xS hOi - sovanh va ciia chii nghta co hgi chi la mfit: do la su lien minh giiia mgt ting lop nho be gom nhimg cong nhan duge hucmg dac quyen dac lgi, voi tu san dan t$c "nuoc minh", chong lgi quan chiing giai cap cong nhan; la sy lien minh giira bgn toi to ciia giai cap tu san vol vol giai elp ly, chdng lgi giai d p bi giai d p ly hoc lot""".
V.I.Lenin cung ehi ra ngi dung chinh hi ciia chu nghta co hgi cung nhu cua ehu nghai xa hgi - s6vanh: "Nol dung chinh tri cua chu nghia ca hoi va chii nghla la hoi - sovanh chi la mpt: hgp tac giai d p , tir bd chuyen chinh vo san, tir bo nhimg hanh dgng each mpng, thita nhjin vo dilu kien chl do hgp phap tu san, thieu tin tuong vao giai dp vo san, tin tuong vao giai elp tu san""".
5. V.LLSnin dau tranh chong Iai chi nghia xet Ipi
Chu nghta xet lai ciing la mgt trao luu tu tuong CO hgi nhung doi xet lai chu nghia Mac dual chiSu bai tu duy sang tpo vl nhihig nguyen Iy cua ehu nghta Mac trong dieu kien mdi, nhimg thuc chit la tir bo nhihig nguyen ly can bin cua chii nghta Mac ma thuc tien da kiem nghiem, khing dinh la dling din. Chii nghta xet lai co hai khuynh huong chu ylu la "ta" va "hiiu".
'"' V.I.Lenin (1980), s*< t.26, n-.20I.
""SAitr.201.
»'' V.I.Lenin (1980), sM, t.27, tt-.155.
'"'SM,li.\S5.
V.l.Linin - Ngudi bdo vi xudt sdc triit hgc Mdc Chu nghta xet lai hiiu khuynh tim cdch thay
the nhung nguyen ly cua chu nghta Mac bdng nhftng quan diem, nhftng cat each tu sdn. Chu nghla xet lgi "ta" khuynh Igi ddnh trao nhung nguyen ly chu nghta Mac bdng nhihig quan diem vd chinh phu, duy y chi, cd tinh tiiu tu san. Chu nghta xet lgi la hdu qud tac dpng cua tu tudng tu san va tiiu tu sdn den phong ttao cdng nhan. V l ban chit giai cap, chu nghla xet lai la tu tudng cua giai cap tieu tu san, ciia tdng Idp cdng nhan quy tdc. Nd phan anh tinh chat hai mat cua nhiing giai tang xa hpi nay frong dieu kien tu bdn chu nghla va frong dieu kien ddu franh vi chu nghta xa hpi ngay cdng gay gdt. V.I.Lenin da chi ra ngudn gdc giai cap cua chu nghta xet lai d frong xd hpi hifn dai: "Vi, ttong moi nudc tu ban chu nghta, ben cgnh giai cap vd san bao gid ciing cdn cd nhiing tang ldp rdng rai cua giai cap tieu tu san, cua cac tieu chu... Hoan todn dt nhien la the gidi quan tu sdn van tham va cdn tham vao hang ngft cac dang cdng nhan r^ng rai"' . Chu nglita xet lai xudt hifn vao nhftng ndm 70 cua the ky XIX frong dang dan chu - xa hpi Due vdi dai bieu tieu bieu la E.Becxtanh. Sau khi C.Mac va Ph-Angghen qua ddi thi nd dugc hinh thanh nhu mpt hf tu tudng va lan rdng sang cac dang dan chft - xa hgi Phap, Ao - Hung, Nga. Cudi the ky XIX - dau the ky XX, chu nghta xet lgi ddi xet lai tdt cd cdc bp phan cau thanh chu nghta Mdc. Trong triet hpc, nd phu nhgn chu nghta duy vat bien chung, tim each ldp ghep chu nghla duy vat vdi chu nghta Canto mdi, hay chu nghta kinh nghiem phe phan cfta Makho; thay dau franh cua cac mdt ddi ldp bdng su thoa hiep; phu nhgn su nhdy vpt ve chat frong phdt tridn; thay each mgng bdng tien hoa, "tdm thudng hda ve mat triet hpc ddi vdi khoa hpc"*''\ Chu nghta xet lgi cho rang, su thay the sdn xudt nhd bdng san xuat lon t u ban dang bj chgm
lgi va trong nong nghiep khdng the dien ra;
cac lien hpp xi nghifp va cac cacten lai tgo dieu kifn cho chu nghla tu ban khdc phuc khiing hodng. Do dd, mau thuan co ban ciia chu nghta tu ban se diu di. Chinh vi vdy, khdng can daii tranh xoa bd bdc lot tu ban, chi can tham nhgp hda binh cua khuynh hudng xa hdi chft nghta Id thuc hifn dugrc muc tieu xda bd bdc lot. Chu nghta xet lai ddi xet lgi nguyen ly ciia chu nghta Mac ve dau tranb giai cap va muc tieu cudc ddu tranh cua giai cap cdng nhan; phu nhdn chuyen chinh vd san. Hp cho rang, tu do chinh tri, ddn chu, quyen cdng ddn trong chii nghta tu bdn se phd huy co sd cudc ddu tranh giai cap cua giai cap cdng nhdn. Hp coi muc tieu cua cudc ddu tranh cua cdng nhan la thiet lap dan chu tu san, cai each chu nghta tu ban, dieu hda xung dot giiia tu san va cdng nhan. Ngay nay, chu nghta xet lai cd nhihig dieu chinh nhat dinh nhung ban chdt van Id chdng chft nghta Mac.
6. Ket luan
Rd rang, V.LLenin da bao vf xudt sdc chu nghta Mac ndi chung, triet hgc Mdc ndi rieng khdi cac trdo luu tu tudng duy tam, phan khoa hpc, phdn ddng nhu chft nghta dan tuy, chu ngbia kinh nghiem phe phan, chu nghta co hdi, chft nghia xet lai. Trong cudc d i u tranh tu tudng ay, V.I.Lenin da chi ro "nhung cbu nghta Mdc, sau moi Ian hi khoa hpc chinh thdng "thu tieu" thi lai cang vung mgnh, cang duoc tdi luyfn vd cang sinh dpng hon"*^"'. Cudc dau tranh ciia V.I.Lenin chdng Iai cac trdo luu tu tudng phdn tien bd, bao ve chft nghta Mdc ndi chung, ttiet hpc Mac ndi rieng mai mdi la nhiing bai hpc tu tudng cd y nghta ly lugn vd khoa hgc ddi vdi chung ta hien nay.
*"• V.LUnin (1979), Todn tgp. sdd,U7, tr.21.
" " 5 a / , t t . 2 9 .
^^*Sdd,ti20.
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