Journal ofEducadonManagement, 2019, Vol. 11,No. 12, pp. 36-41 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn
NGHIEN CiJU VE DINH H U 6 N G GIAO DUC STEM TRONG NHA T R U C J N G PHO THONG Ngo Quang Hung\ Nguyin Quoc Khanh^
Tom tat. STEM da mpt phan giao due hien nay tai Viet Nam. Day va hpc STEM co nguon goe tfl My. Sau dd, nhieu qudc gia da ap dung no vao he thong giao due ciia chinh ho. Cho den nay, van chua cd sU-rd rang ttong td chflc giang day va hpc tap STEM. Bai vilt nay nhdm muc dich de xuat y tifdng vl ap dung phUdng phap giao due STEM Uong nha trudng. Npi dung ciia bai vilt nay bao gdm khai niem vl STEM, y nghla ciia STEM va nguyen tac cua STEM de phat ttien giao due.
TU khoa: Gido due STEM, ki ndng the ki XXI.
1. D a t v4n d e
STEM la "tfl vilt tdt cua Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe, Ky thuat va Todn hpc. Khdi niem STEM bat ngudn tfl My tfl viec tap hop cac dai dien tfl mpi Unh vUc ndi bdt trong nude vdi muc dich cai thien chat lUdng dan sd bdng cdch nang cao ky nang cua ho de cd the canh ttanh vdi cdc quoc gia khde. Chfnh phu da cd chfnh sach gido due de hd trd hpc tap 'va giang day bang each tich hdp bdn mdn hpc nay vdi nhau. Cho den nay, tfl STEM dUdc phd biln khi chfnh phii mong muon thuc day loai hlnh day va hpc nay. Tuy nhien, vdn cdn khd nhieu hieu lam ddi vdi STEM. Nhieu ngUdi da quen thudc hdn vdi Khoa hpc va Toan hpc. Giao due phd thdng cung tap trung vao hai mdn hpc nay. Hdn nfla, nhieu ngUdi eung hieu nhdm STEM la mdt phat minh hoae phat ttien each hpc thuc day mdi mdn hpc rieng le. Tren thUc te, STEM la sU tich hdp cua bdn mdn hpc, dd la Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe, Ky thuat va Toan hpc, ma mdi mdn hpc deu cd tam quan trpng nhu nhau. STEM thu hut ngUdi hpc sfl dung tdt ca cdc mdn hpc de giai quylt cac van dl, nghien cflu va tao ra hodc phat trien mpi thfl trong hien tai. Viec giang day dfldc hlnh thanh bdi cae giao vien den tfl nhilu ITnh vuc chuyen mdn. Trong the gidi lam viec thuc te, kien thflc tfl nhieu ITnh vuc can dUdc kit hdp va khdng tdch rdi thanh cac phdn. Dilu nay hd trd cac ky nang thilt ylu cua sU phdt trien ttong toan cdu hda. Tuy nhien, theo each day hpc truyen thdng, mdi mdn hpc vdn dUdc day ddc lap (Apisith Thongchai and et al, 2012).
Rakpol Thananuwong (2013) da viet rang, gido due STEM dang hpc ndi dung va cac ky nang ve Khoa hpc, Todn hpc, Ky thuat va Cdng nghe, nhflng mdn hpc thuc day ngfldi hpc cd dUdc kiln thflc va cd mdt cupc sdng chdt Ifldng trong the ky 21, tdc do nhanh, toan cau hda va thdi dai cdng nghe. Bdn mdn hpc rdt cdn thiet de tang cfldng kha nang canh tranh ldnh te, phat ttien chat lUdng cupc sdng va an ninh qudc gia.
Ngay nh§n bai: i2/10/2019. Ngay nhan dang: 06/12/2019.
^'^TrUtJng Cao ding Kinh tl Ky thu|t, Dai hpc Thdi Nguyen;
e-mail: [email protected].
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JEM., Vol. 11 (2019), No. 12.
TrUdc day, vide hpc bdn mdn hpc nay trong STEM taeh biet va dpe lap, vi du viec day va hpc STEM d Thai Lan hoae d My cd cac khda hpc Khoa hpc, Todn hoc, Ky thuat va Cdng nghe rieng biet vdi sU tap trung ft hdn vao ky thuat Rakpol Thananuwong (2013).
NgUdi ta thdy rang hien tai Hoa Ky khdng phai la nude ddu tien khi do ludng nang luc cua qudc gia nhu trUdc day. Nhilu qudc gia tren thi gidi da ed nhflng tien bp. Ket qua PISA cung cho thay My cdn te hdn nhieu qudc gia. Hdn nfla, ddi tfldng hpc sinh hieu biet khoa hpc, edng nghe va k^ thuat eung giam dan. Do dd, chfnh phu da thuc hien chinh sdch hd ttd phdt ttien STEM.
Hp hy vpng se nang cao kit qua PISA. Hdn nfla, su thay ddi nhanh chdng cua cdng nghe, dac biet la ttong giao tilp, hau edn, giao dich, v.v., Iam cho thi gidi toan cdu hda, vi vay dilu quan trpng nhat la mang den viec day va hpc STEM de hd trd cac ky nang can thilt ttong the ky 21 (Apisith Thongchai, etal 2012)
Pomthip Siripattachai (2013) cho bilt cdc ky nang can thilt cho the ky 21 bat dau tfl viec tap hdp cdc hpc gia tfl nhieu chuyen gia d My. Chinh phu mudn cai thien chat Ifldng cua ngfldi dan de ndng cao nang Iflc cua qudc gia de cd the canh tranh vdi nhflng ngudi khae. Hp eung mudn ngudi dan cua hp cd chat lUdng va kha nang trong xa hdi de hp cd the sdng trong the gidi thay ddi nhanh chdng. VI vay, ttang bi cho ngUdi hpc kiln thflc, ky nang va chuyen mdn la dilu cdn thilt.
Chu di cSt loi va Chu de The ky 21 la Tieng Anh, Dpc, Nghe thuat sfl dung ngdn ngfl, ngoai ngfl, todn hpc, kinh te, khoa hpc, Nghe thuat, Dia ly, Lich sfl, Quyln cdng dan, Khoa hpc ehinh tti.
Nhflng chii dl nay cung can bao gdm cac ITnh vflc mdi eua ndi dung se anh hfldng den edng viec va cdng ddng. Cdc vien giao due cung khdng cd du tam quan ttpng ddi vdi cac mdn hpc nhfl nhan thflc vl trdi dat, khda hpc cd ban ve tai chfnh, kinh te, quan tri, kinh doanh, dan sfl va nhan thflc vl sflc khde va phflc Idi.
Ky ndng hgc tap va ddi mdi:
- Sang tao va ddi mdi bao gdm thilt kl sang tao, hdp tac sang tao vdi ngfldi khde va flng dung sang tao.
Tfl duy phe phan va giai quyet van de bao gdm tfl duy hdp Iy, tU duy he thdng, ra quyet dmh va giai quylt van dl.
- Giao tilp va hdp tac tap ttung vao ttuyin thdng bang each sfl dung cdc Ioai phfldng tien khae nhau va cdng tae vdi nhflng ngfldi khde mot cdch hieu qua va rd rang.
Ky ndng thdng tin, truyen thong vd cong nghe. Trong the ky 21, ma nhieu tien bd cdng nghe, ngfldi hpc can biet nhflng ky nang sau ddy.
- Ngdn ngfl.
- Kiln thflc ttuyin thdng
- Kiln thflc vl CNTT (Thong tin, Truyen thdng & Cdng nghe)
Ky ndng song vd nghe nghiep. Trong cupc sdng hang ngay va Iam viec cua chung ta, chung ta khdng ehi cdn nhflng ngfldi cd kiln thflc va ky nang tU duy, ma cdn can nhflng ngfldi cd kha nang Iam viec ttong bdi eanh phflc tap. Nhflng ky nang cdn thilt nhfl sau.
- Tfnh Iinh hoat va kha nang thfch flng.
- Sang kien va tfl dinh hfldng.
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- Ky ndng giao tilp va van hda.
- Nang sudt va trdch nhiem.
- Lanh dao va ttach nhiem.
2. STEM: Y nghia va tam quan trong
Cd ngudn gdc tfl My, khdi niem va nguyen tdc cua STEM dUde edng bd la chfnh sach qudc gia cua nd. Sau dd, nhilu qudc gia da tiep nhan va dilu chinh STEM eho cde qudc gia cua hp. Dac biet tai Thdi Lan, STEM da dUdc dp dung vao viec day va hpc ve Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe. Co nhieu dinh nghTa ve STEM nhU STEM la mdt each td chflc giao due tich hdp bdn mdn hpc, do la Khoa hpc, Ky thuat, Cdng nghe va Toan hpc. STEM tap ttung vao tfnh thflc tien cua kien thflc dfldc sU dung ttong cupc sdng thUe, bao gdm ca viec phat ttien cac quy ttlnh hodc san pham, cd ldi cho cdng viec va sinh boat.
Wasinee Itsaraena Na Ayutthaya (2017) da dua ra djnh nghTa cho STEM nhU mdt each td chiJc giao due dang anh bUdng din sU thay ddi cua con ngUdi trong the ky 21. Giao due STEM bat ngudn tfl su tich hdp cua bdn mdn hpc: S la viet tdt eua Khoa hpc, T cho Cdng nghe, E cho Ky thuat va M cho Toan hpc. STEM cQng cd nghia la gdc, cd the ngu y nen tang gay ra sU phdt trien va thay ddi cho con ngudi. Bdn mdn hpc nay la nhflng ky ndng can thilt cho con ngUdi cua hien tai va tUdng Iai. Giao due STEM la su tfch hdp ciia Khoa hoc, Cdng nghe, Ky thuat va Toan hpc cho phep ngudi hpc ttai nghiem, thuc hanh va suy nghT sang tao vl each giai quylt cac vdn dl. Giao due STEM nen dUde day tfl cdp mdu giao vl nd dao tao ngfldi hpc td md tim hieu kiln thflc mdi va bilt each giai quylt vande. Do do, hp Idn len cd suy nghT cd he thdng va hp nhdn thflc dfldc nhflng thay ddi va sU tien bd eua cdng nghe tren thi gidi. Day STEM cho ngUdi hpc tfl khi cdn tte eung se tao ra thdi dp tdt ddi vdi Khoa hpc va Toan hpc, vdn thudng dUdc xem tfl nhflng ngfldi hpc la nhflng mdn hpc khd va khdng thfch. Vl lau dai, dieu nay cd the anh hfldng din thi he tte quan tam den Khoa hpe, Cdng nghe, Ky thudt va Toan hpc. Do dd, nhieu ngfldi se lam viec ttong cac ITnh.
vUc Khoa hpc-Toan hpe, eho phep sd Ifldng dUdc ddp flng vdi nhu cdu trong thi trfldng kinh t l va cdng nghe hien tai va trong tudng lai. Do dd, Giao due STEM rat quan trpng ddi vdi sU phat ttien cua con ngudi. Day va hpc STEM vdi cac mdn hpc khae nhu ngdn ngfl, nghe thuat, khoa hpc xa hpi va dao dflc se tao ra kien thflc va ky nang toan dien cho moi ngfldi nham cai thien chdt Ifldng xa hdi cua ehung ta (Wasinee Itsarasena Na Ayutthaya 2017).
3. Chinh sach giao due STEIM
De xuat ehinh sdch cua giao due STEM nham tich hdp kien thflc vl khoa hpc, cdng nghe, ky thuat va toan hpc nhan manh vao viec giai quylt vdn de trong cupc sdng thUe de thuc day them kinh nghiem, ky nang sdng va sang tao cung nhu chuan b | cho hpc sinh. sdn sang cho mpi thflc hanh ddi hdi kien thflc va quy trinh khoa hpc, cdng nghe va todn hoc dan din sU ddi mdi trong tUdng Iai. Dd la mot qua ttinh hpc tap va giang day thu vi cho hpc sinhn va mang lai ldi fch cho sU nghiep tfldng lai cua hp. Giao due STEM gitip thilt lap nhan luc cd ky nang giai quylt vdn dl, sang tao va doi mdi sang tao mdi. Do dd, nd la nen tang quan trpng cua phat ttien ky nang sang tao va cd che quan trpng ttong viec cai thien nen kinh te cua Viet Nam len mflc thu nhap cao hdn ttong tfldng Iai va cd the tich hdp kiln thflc tfl thUc tl va lam viee. Kich thfch xa bdi vl y nghTa giao due STEM se gay ra cd che phdt trien cho nhdn luc khoa hpc, cdng nghe va ddi mdi cho xa
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hdi. Phien dieu ttan cdng khai cua cdc td chflc, vien va hiep hdi, dac biet la nhflng ngudi sfl dung cac san p h u n cua gido due STEM, ddng vai ttd ttong viee phat trien nhdn lUc va thuc day chfnh sach qudc gia de hd ttd cac he thdng ddi mdi.
4. To ehu'c day va hoc S T E M
Apisit Thongchai et el (2012) da xay dung cac ky nang can tiiiet neu tten cho the ky 21 va ban chat cua khoa hpc cua nd nhU sau,
- Khoa hpc la mot nghien cflu ve cdc hien tfldng tu nhien bdng each sfl dung qua trinh hdi dap khoa hpc. Khoa hpc la cdng cu khiln con ngudi hieu hdn ve thien nhien. \ ^ o thdng 5 nam 2012, Hoa Ky da quang ba Khung Khoa hpc K-12 mdi va xuat ban cho phien ddi thoai edng khai ttUc tuyen. Khdi niem nay la kit hdp Cdng nghe va Ky thuat ciing vdi viec ndng tam quan ttpng cua thiet ke ky thuat de ngang bang vdi yeu cau khoa hpc.
- Cdng nghS la mdt nghien cflu ve qud trinh lam viee de giai quyet, dieu chinh va phat trien nham phuc vu nhu cau cua con ngfldi. Cac quy ttinh giai quyet van d l hoae edng viec, theo thuat ngfl edng nghe dfldc gpi la thiet k l Ky thuat hoae quy trinh Thilt kl, cd quy ttinh tfldng tu nhU yeu cau khoa hpc. To chflc md hinh hpc tap nay la hpc tap dfla tten van dl hoae dua tren dU an.
lUy nhien, hau hit mpi ngUdi thudng hieu nhdm rang Cdng nghe la mdy tfnh va thiet bi cdng nghe thdng tin va ttuyin thdng. Trong thuc tl, Cdng nghe cd nghTa la qua ttlnh giai quylt cdc vdn de hoae cdng viec de tao ra nhflng thfl phuc vu nhu cdu eua ehung ta. 0 My, cd Hiep hpi cae nha gido due cdng nghe va ky thudt qudc t l hoae ITEEA, ngudi ddt ra tieu chuan ve cdng nghe de giao vien cd the day theo eung mpt hudng.
- Ky thuat la mdt nghidn cflu ve sang tao hodc ddi mdi hodc nhflng thfl khae tao dieu kien cho nhu cdu cua eon ngfldi bang each dp dung kiln thflc ve quy ttinh Khoa hoc, Toan hpc va Cdng nghe. Tuy nhien, ngay ca d My, chu de Ky thuat khdng the quan sat ro rang ttong giao due bat bupe ma thay vao dd dfldc bao phu trong cung mpt chile d nhu cdng nghe (Apisith Thongchai and et al, 2012).
-Toan hpc la mot chu de quan trpng. Nd ed mdt ban chat rd rang cua ly thuyet. Toan hpc la mot mdn hpc cd the kit hdp tdt vdi ba mdn hpc ididc. De td chflc viec day va hpc, Rakpol Thananuwong (2013) da de xuat rang viec tfch hdp Giao due STEM nam ttong viec hpe lien kit Khoa hpc va Toan hpc mdt each rd rang ttong Kit ndi Ky thuat. Hodc cd the ndi rang hoc tap STEM la hpc tap dfla tten thiet ke, dfldc the hien rd rang trong kiln thflc Ky thudt. Tich hdp bdn mdn hpc ttong day va hpc STEM ddi hdi phai cd ky ndng thuc hanh, thao luan va giao tilp theo nhdm de ttinh bay edng viec va kit qua. Nd tfldng tu nhu hpc tap dua tren du dn, da dUdc nghien cflu de giup ngfldi hpc tilp thu hpc tap sdu hdn. Tdi dfla ra khia canh nhfl sau:
- Nam vflng ndi dung cdt ldi
- Suy nghT chfn ehan va giai quyet cdc vdn d l phflc tap - Lam vi6c nhdm
- Giao tilp hieu qua
- Phan hdi tfl dinh hfldng va kit hdp, ngoai ra, viec tich hdp giao due STEM cung dfldc kit hdp hai khfa canh ciia viec day va hpe.
- Tfch hdp bdn mdn hpc cung vdi cupc sdng hang ngay cua ngUdi hpc ttong mdt boi canh.
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5. D i e u k i e n d a y va h o c S T E M
Artnarong Manosuttirit (2016) da nghien cflu dieu kien day va hpc STEM. Nd da dfldc tim thay rang cd nhieu yeu td ddi hdi bd ttd va sfla ddi. Cac chi tiet nhu sau:
Chinh sdch vd chUdng trinh gido due: Mdi ttUdng khdng the xdc dinh phUdng hUdng va djn dang cua hudng ddn STEM vi thieu thdng tin va hieu biet ttong quan Iy giao due STEM va khong dUdc cung cap hUdng ddn rd rang. Dilu nay khiln mdi trUdng lo lang rdng hUdng ddn STEM co the anh hudng din viec day va hpc eua cac mdn hoc khae, ddc biet la ve thdi gian hpc tdp ban che khdng cd ldi cho bdt ky boat ddng nao khde.
Tich hdp va hdp tdc: Vi khdng cd ehUdng trinh va ehfnh sdch rd rang, khdng the xae dinh ehi tilt ve giang day va boat ddng STEM ve thdi gian, cd sd vat chdt, dia diem va ngan sach. Nhieu ttiidng vdn chUa nhan dUde hd trd tai chinh hodc phai sfl dung ngdn sach eua chfnh hp. Day la mpt van de dang dien ra can dUde giai quyet.
Gido vien co trdch nhiem: Giao due STEM la mpt khai niem mdi cdn thdi gian de hieu va chap nhan. Thdng thudng, cdc giao vien da cd rat nhieu ttach nhiem ttong qua ttlnh day hpc. Neu ho dUde chi dinh de giang day STEM, bp se cd nhieu gdnh nang hdn va nd cd the cd anh hUdng den cdng viec hang ngay cua hp. Do dd, khdng ai sdn sang chiu ttach nhiem ve mat nay. Diem nay can dUde hieu rd va nhiem vu nhan sU cdn dUdc xdc dinh rd rang.
Ho trg tii cdc to chicc co trdch nhiim: Nhieu trudng thUe hien hudng ddn va hoat ddng STEM cua rieng hp ma khdng cd hudng dan va hd trd de hp biet chac ehan lieu nhflng gl hp da Iam la dung hay sai. Tlnh trang nay ddn din mdt sd sai Iam ttong giang day STEM va cd tac ddng den cac ylu td lien quan, bao gdm dia diem, ngan sach, nhdn vien giang day, dao tao va phat trien giao vien, tdt ca deu quan ttpng ddi vdi tien bd giao due STEM.
6. K e t l u a n
Qua nghien cflu va tham van chuyen gia gido due cd the dfldc kit Iudn nhfl sau:
1. Cach tilp cdn md nen dfldc ap dung. Giao vien nen kiem sodt tinh hlnh, lang nghe y kien cua hpc sinh va cho phep hpc sinh tU ndi, suy nghT, thuc hanh va nghien cflu.
2. Bdt ky chu dl xung quanh nao cung cd the dfldc ap dung cho cac boat dpng STEM, dac biet la ttong ITnh vuc flng dung vl mpi thfl da dfldc tfch hdp. Cac hoat ddng STEM nen dfldc md ma khdng cd bat ky gidi ban nao va nen tap ttung vao cdc phfldng phdp, khdi niem va quy ttinh giai quyet van de.
3. Giao vien cua tflng mdn hpc nen thiet kl boat dpng cung nhau mdt each toan dien. l i t ca cac khfa canh lien quan khdng nen dfldc phan chia va chen nhflng khia canh khdng lien quan. Cdc giao vien nen nhan manh stJ hieu bilt ve tfeh hdp, ky nang va cdch suy nghi.
4. Hoat ddng can phai dUdc thfl thdch. Hp khdng nen qua.khd khan hodc qud d l dang. Thach thflc phai vfla phai va phu hdp vdi mdi trudng va ban chl,
5. STEM nen dUde sfl dung vdi cac boat ddng giang day va phUdng phdp giang day khde de dap flng cdc yeu cau vl ky nang va kha nang nhfl sfl dung STEM cung vdi giang day dua tten du an de thUe hanh cac ky nang thi ky 21, tu duy phe phdn va thUe hien dU an.
6. Hoat ddng nen linh boat va phii hdp vdi mdi trUdng giao due. Hp khdng nen cd dinh d^ing cflng nhae eung nhfl khdng tao them ganh ndng cho giao vien va hpc sinh. i t t ca cac boat dpng 40
JEM., Vol. II (2019), No. 12.
nen dUdc pha ttpn ttong cdng viec thudng xuyen va chen vao npi dung ldp thudng xuyen lien quan den giai quylt van de ttong cupc sdng hang ngay va tlnh hlnh thUc te trong cpng ddng.
Tfl hoan canh va cae van de xay ra, van cdn nhflng khd khan khien cho viec day va hpc STEM ttd nen kha thi. Vdi nhieu yeu id can dfldc tfch hdp trong bdn mdn hpc, can mdt Ifldng thdi gian Idn de ehuan bi, thiet lap thdi gian phu hdp va td chflc cac hoat dpng eho viec day va hpc STEM.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Apisith Thongchai and et al (2012), Composer. Special Lecture Handout in Science, Technology. Engineering, and Mathematics Education: Preparing students for the 21st Century, by Prof. Dr. Edward R. Reeve.l5 May 2012, at Sanan Sumit Hall The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology
[2] Rakpol Thananuwong (2013), Composer . Training Report in STEM Education by Prof Mitchell Nathan.IO-11 Jan 2013
[3] Pornthip Skipattachai (2013), STEM Education and Development in 21 Century. Bangkok University, Journal of Administration. Yrs. 33 ep.2 April-June 2013 ,p 49-56
[4] The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology. (2018). Knowing STEM, www.stemedthailand.org.
[5] Wasinee Itsarasena Na Ayutthaya(20I7) Knowledge of STEM Education. Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok
ABSTRACT
Research on STEM edcation orientation in schools
STEM has partially educated now in Vietnam. STEM teaching and learning is sourced from America. Later, many countties applied it to their own educational systems. So far, there is still no clarity in STEM teaching and learning organization. This article aims to propose the idea of applying STEM educational methods in schools. The content of this article includes the concept of STEM, the meaning of STEM and the principles of STEM for educational development.
Keywords: STEM education, 21st century skills.