NGHIEN Cl>U - TRAO Ddl
din hinh thiic, phuang phap pha vd hinh the, vd hinh thi ciia cac trudng phai hau hien dai chau An. Nhung chuyen ddi manh me tren tao nen su bien ddi gay soe cho cdng chung duong dai, bien cdng chiing trd nen mdt thanh phan ddng sang tao tac phdm. Sir da dang vl hinh thiic, phuong phap xay dung tac phim da dem den mdt siic sdng mod, mdt dien mao mci, da hinh, da sac cho
mT thuat thu dd duong dai. •
Chii thich
* Bai viet phuc vu cho de tai cap Bp, Sif chuyen doi trong hoat dong nghe ihuat Ha Noi thdi kl ddi mm.
Chu nhi^m dl tai: ThS. Truang Day Bich.
(1) (2) Duong Tudng. Din theo: D6 Tudng Linh (2013), Conceptual Art tir li thuyit tm Ihuc hdnh d phmmg Tay vd Viet Nam, Luan van tot nghiep Trudng Dai hpc MI thuat Viet Nam.
(3) Veronika Radulovic (2013). Tham luan tai hpi thao Khong que hu<mg: Nghe ihuql duang dgi cua Dong Nam A vd Nam A/No Country: Contemporary art for South and Southeast Asia (22/2-22/5/2013).
(4) htlp://]nactevent2010.wordocss.com trang thong tin diin tu cua chuimg irinh nghe thuat irmh dien qudc ti IN.ACTcua nhdm Nhd sdn Studio.
(5). (6) Veronika Radulovic tra Idi phong vdn Patrick Ratenlenbery. Xem: Patrick Ratenlenbery (2003), "Trd lai vdi "Khong gian nghe thuat" cua Tran Anh Quan - NguySn Van Tien (1997)", Talawas.org.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Biii Nhu Hucffig - Pham Tmng (2007), Nghe thuat duang daiVietNam 1990-26l0,mb Tn Thirc, Ha Noi.
2. Nhieu tac gia (2000), KiyeuHpi thao l^thu&t VietNam the kiXX. Nxb. MTthuat. Ha Noi.
3. Nhieu lac gia (2007), 20nammmuat VietNam Ihdilddamot 1986- 2006, Kiyeu hoi thao khoa hoc, Nxb. MTthuat, Ha Noi.
4. Thai Ba Van (1998), Tiep xue vol nghe ttiu^t.Hxb. Ban ilo, Ha NOI.
5.06 Tuong Linh (2013), Conceptnalnart tuli thuyet tai thuc hanh aphixmg Tay va VietNam, Luan van tot nghiep Trufing Dai hpc tutrthuEit Vi$t Nam.
6. Veronika Radulovic (2013), tham luan tai Hpi thao Khdr)g que huang: Nghe thuat duang dai cua Dong t^am A va Nam A/No Country: Contemporary art for South and Southeast Asia {22/2-22J5/2Q^3).
7. htto //lnactevent2010.wordQcss.com trang thdng tin dien tucua chuang trinh nghe thuat tnnh didn qudc telNACTcua nhom Nha San Studio.
ThS. TRUONG DUY BICH Vien Nghien ciiu van hoa
N
gon ngii (tieng ndi) cdu thanh mo Mudng la tilng Mudng. Tilng Mudng thupc ngii he Nam A, ddng Mdn - Kho Me, nhdm Viet - Mudng. Tieng Mudng la loai ngdn ngir don tiet va co thanh dieu.Tieng Mudng trong mo khdng phai la ngdn ngu tu nhien ma la thii ngdn ngu dugc xay dung theo nhiing dung cdng mdi, dii cac nang luc d l dam trach chuc nang giai quyet nhu cau tin ngudng. Dung cdng mdi cua ngdn ngii mo bao g6m phuong thuc the hien am dieu ldi noi tao nen ldi trinh diln theo dieu ngam, cac thu phap ngdn ngu thupc ITnh vuc ngii am, ngu phap, tu vung, ngii nghTa hinh thanh nang luc chd tai cac npi dung mang tinh thieng, tinh tu su, tinh trii tinh,... Hop hpi cac gia tri ay hinh thanh nen nghe thuat ngdn tu cua mo Mudng.
Nghe thuat ngon tii mo tnrdc hit the hien o hinh thirc trinh bay ldi mo. Trinh bay ldi mo dong nghTa vdi viec san sinh ngdn ban mo.
Ngdn ban mo dugc san sinh trong tu each la ldi dugc xudng len (dien xudng) theo cac dieu ngam. Day la loai ldi dugc td chuc ve mat hinh thuc cp tinh cii doan, cd nhip, cd van hay con gpi la van van - tho. Ldi mo la tho - tho mo.
Tho mo dupc td chirc vdi su tham gia ciia nhieu thu phap ngdn ngii. Cac yeu td nay trudc het tao kha nang thuan loi cho viec trinh bay ldi mo, sau niia la tang kha nang bilu dat nOi dung ldi mo. Trong cac yeu td tham gia dd thi yeu td van, lap, lay la nhiing ylu td no'i bat nhat.
1. Sutham gia cua van trong cdu tao tho Mo Van la thanh td giir vai trd quan trong trong sd cac thanh td hinh thuc cua ldi mo. Vdn tham gia vao kien tao mdi lien kit ldi, hinh thanh cac yeu td thuan am cho viec trinh bay ldi mo.
van da khang djnh dupc vai trd quan trpng cua no trong cdu tao cau tha mo.
Phan van cua mdi am tilt tilng Mudng dupc cau tao toi da bdn yeu td: am dem, nguyen am (chinh am), am cuoi (chung am) va thanh dieu"*. Lap van cung dugc cau tao chu yeu theo quy luat ddng am chinh am (nhu tha Viet), bao gdm viec lap Iai nguyen am, lap Iai hoan toan phdn vdn cua am tiet. Md rdng' ban, vdn cdn dupc cau tao bang su lap Iai cua mpt.so
TAP CHi VHDG SO 6/2014
Nghe thuat ngon tu cua mo Muang
BUI V A N T H A N H
Mo Mirdng la nghi l§ tin ngirimg dirac cau thanh Ui nhieu yeu to, trong So yeu to ngon ngir co quy mo ldn va ctilem vai tro quan trpng. Ngon ngir lam chirc nang chd- tai thdng diep nghi Id va ihirc thi hanh le; chuyen tai thdng tin giao tiep, md ta, phan anh hipn thirc cugc sd'ng, con ngudi cua xa hpl Mudng; bpc ip, giai hay tinh cam thai dp glira ngmH song vol ngudi chet, glira con ngudi vol con ngirirl, glira con ngirdi vdi the gidl,... Ngon ngir giir vai tro quyet dmh cho sir hinh thanh, van dpng va ton lai cua mo Mudng.
nguyen am ciing ddng (tnrdc, giiia, sau), lap lai chung am (am cudi) nhung khac nguyen am, v.v...
Cau tao van trong tho mo co mot so kilu nhu lap van toan phan, lap van nhung khac thanh dieu, lap vdn chi gidng am cudi cdn nguyen am khac nhau (ciing ddng hay khac dong). Dudi day la mdt sd vi du'^':
+ Lap vdn toan phan:
Bdn kham cdyl khi to bdng cdyl khdy Bdn clua nda ngdy ta bdng cdyl coil Chdp thdil to bang dun mudil bdn mudil ba Cdyl khi bd eeng tha rogng [08, (T2) tr. 626].
+ Lap vdn khac thanh dieu:
Bdng moong ddy bdng ddm Thiing Mm nha clai kham dogng Chdn bude tha dddng nd
DdSnoo too nhakhd bua [08, (T2) tr. 925].
+ Lap vdn chi gidng am cudi:
An dim thdit ngdy leng
Ngdi dd0ng cleng dudc vodng khodng [08, (T2) tr. 164].
Hdu hit cac kieu vdn co ban deu thay xuat hien trong tho mo. Tho mo cd cac loai van nhu: vdn hdn hgp, vdn chuoi, vdn gian each, vdn dm nhau, vdn lien,... Dudi day la mdt so vi du:
+ van hdn hpp:
Cuong ddt chung ha cdn bac lac Cudng rde chung ha cdn bdi ldi Cldi mdn ddt cdn liin la moil.
Chua cd khdo khddng Ly chdy hit lg bdi Chua cd khdo khddng Cai chdy Igit la de
Rac khddng Ddm, khodng De chung ha chua cdo... [08, (T2) tr. 621 - 622].
+ Van chudi:
Deng cldc cdyl khi thudng ram Dam c0 cdyl khi thudng rogc CWSc cdyl khi [08, (T2) tr. 627].
+ Van lien:
Mdng hgi cloong bode, nhogc dong ming [08, (T2) tr. 640].
De cloong khu ldi bac, ndc ldi vdng [08, (T2) tr. 676].
Meng rdn mudng dd phaong, lodng dd nhdn [08, (T2) tr. 645].
d ddt Bua Riu Bdi Rang, cdng Be cdng Bo [08, (T2) tr. 647].
Loai van gian each, vdn dm nhau ciing cd xudt hien trong tho mo, nhung tan sd xuat hien it va khong deu. Thdng thudng loai van gian each, van dm nhau dupc sii dung trong cau triic tho cd dinh ve sd cau, tii, vi tri gieo vdn, cdn tho mo thi chua cd dupc dac diem nay nen nhung kilu vdn tren khdng xac lap thanh mdt kieu cau tao vdn rd net. Kieu cau tao vdn dugc su dung pho biln nhat trong tho mo la kilu vdn hdn hgp.
Tho mo su dung hai cdch gieo vdn can bdn la gieo van lung va gieo van chan. Gieo vdn lung xuat hien vdi tan xuat ldn va la each gieo van phd' bien trong tho mo. Tuy vay, each gieo vdn lung cua tho mo chua cd dinh, bdi VI cau tho mo chua dn dinh va vi tri van dugc gieo trong cau tha ciing ludn thay ddi.
Chdng han:
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO odi
Rodng ddm ddm ring chim con dc Rodng bac bac ring cdy khao Rodng ngao ngao ring mat clang Rodng clang rodng rgng rodng cun ut, chdng U
Rodng cun Tu chdng Tdn Ke dan ham cldi
Rodng cd rodng ngi bd da Keo Reng" [08, (T2) tr. 626].
Ben canh each gieo vdn lung, tho mo con CO gieo vdn chdn. Chang han:
Sdm sam mat cldi thdi lai Dd chem ldo rung la clai Li Id chuoi che khiing
La bung sung khua bqi [08, (T2) tr. 880].
So vdi gieo van lung thi gieo van chan trong tho mo it han. Van chan chua thi hi?n dupc tu each ciia mdt loai van dpc lap do tan s6 xudt hien it va cung khong dn dinh. Van lung xudt hien nhilu hon, nhung loai van nay trong tho mo cQng chua dat den miic dp khudn thuc CO dinh.
cdu tao vdn ciia tho mo chua on dinh vl phuang dien ngii phap, nen vai tro noi bat ciia nd thupc ITnh vuc ngii am. Nhu the da la qua dii vdi ngdn ban mo, mdt sang tao bdng hinh thiic dien ldi chii khdng phai de hoan thien mpt ldi trinh bay bang ki tu (viet). Ve dilm nay, cd le tho Mudng khac tho Viet, bdi vdi tho Viet thi "van lung khong cd tu each dpc lap cua mpt loai vdn, ma chi dupc xac nhan va sir dung trong khudn khd phdi hgp vdi van chan va h6 trg cho vdn dd" [10, tr. 14]. Con d tha mo thi ca van lung ldn van chan diu co chung mpt chiic nang nhu nhau trong ho trg am dieu ldi noi va hieu qua cua chiing diu ciing tii viec trinh bay ldi ndi ma cd. Dilu nay cang khang dinh, tho mo chi c6 thi dugc thi hien bang hinh thiic dien xudng, nd khdng chap nhan den ca each ghi chep ra van ban de rdi dpc lai khi hanh ll. Day cd thi xem la mpt can cu d l giai thich cho hien tugng khdng cd bdt cii ong mo nao ghi Idi mo thanh van ban de dpc khi hanh le.
_ van tham gia vao lien ket ngdn ban mo va ho trp npi dung phan anh, nhung vai trd quan trpng nhat ciia nd la d phuang dien ngii am vdi viec tao ra sir hiep am mpt so tir giua cac
cau lien ke. Su hiep am nay tao dugc cam giac thuan tai, dinh hinh su lien tilp lien mach ciia ddng ngir luu. Nhung viec ngam ldi bao gicr ciing cd xu hudng lam cho ldi ngam chech ra ngoai am dieu chu. Liic nay can den mdt sir can bdng trong dieu tiet am dieu va dinh dang dieu ngam. Bay gid khdng ngoai ai khac, v2n da dam trach nhiem vy do.
Phan tich am dieu ciia cac tii hiep van trong cau tho mo, thiing tdi nhan thdy mpt dieu het sire ll thu la cac tii hiep van deu dinh khuon khung am trong guang ba tir Dd len Mi hay tu Mi xudng Dd. Bat ke la tu gi, khi hiep van voi nhau deu giii khung am nay ma khdng cd ngoai le. Dieu nay dan den mpt hien tugng rat thu vj khac la quang ngam cua ldi mo dii ngdn hay keo dai, ngan nga hay luyen lay, don dieu hay phiic dieu thi nd van khdng chech ra khoi quang am da dugc dinh khung. Giai dieu ngam van phai trd v l vdi quang ba dinh sin.
Dudi day la vi du v l each lap quang am ciia cac tir hiep vdn tren co sd phan tich mot doan ngam Idi mo cu the'^':
Hdm nay nhd ngudi tidm thuSi wil khd, thi ndm thudi hit
Chit da cay con dua con cai, mdi cay con, ngudi ai
Dal tiong nhd con dua d cho chit rang ndm ludng edng ro
elude Id Mo Id mdng, xac li da thien thu Mo Mudng,...
Dich nghTa:
Hdrn^ nay nha ngirdi tram tuoi v l gia, vao nam tudi hit
Chet bd con trai con gai, mai cai con, nguoi oi Da]^ tron^ nha con trai khdng cho chet lang, nam lang, nam khdng
Trudc lam Mo lam mang ddn lay dng thien thu Mo Mudng,...
Doan Idi mo tren cd cac cap hiep vdn:
khd / tia hit / chit cai/mdi rd / mo
Do am lugng cac tir tren tuong iing vdi cac not am nhu sau (xem hinh ben).
Khao sat tat ca cac trudng hgp hiep vdn trong dieu ngam mo, chting tdi diu thdy viec tuan thu dinh khung quang ba tii Do len Mi
TAP CHI VHDG SO 6/2014
hay tii Mi xudng D6 la duy nhdt. Dii la each cau tao van nhu the nao, kieu van ^i, each gieo van lung hay van chan thi cung deu c6 chung diem thong nhat ve "hiep" quang am nhu tren.
Quang am dinh bien bang tan s6 dao ddng khdng thay dd'i, dinh khung dieu ngam, khiln cho viec ngan luyen khdng bi pha each, lac dieu ma van theo khung am da dinh s§n. Nhd khung dinh am nay ma van da gop phdn to ldn vao v i e c t a o nen tinh on dinh cua dieu ngam mo.
2. Su tham gia cua thu phap lap trong cdu tao tho mo
Lap la thii phap tu tii su dung lai (lap lai) mpt don vi ngdn ngii nao do tao ra bpi sd ngdn ngir trong mot ngir doan, cd tac dung tang cudng sir lien ket van ban va md rpng gia tri bieu dat. Cac don vj ngdn ngir dugc sir dung trong lap bao gdm tii, ngii, cau, doan,... Gia tri ciia bien phap lap duoc the hien qua tan sd va quy md cac don vi ngdn ngii dupc su dung lap lai.
Trong mo, thu phap lap xuat hien vdi tan suat cao, quy mo va tinh chat da dang. Lap co mat trong khdp ldi mo, tham chi cd luc xuat hien day dac. Kieu lap phd' bien nhdt la lap tir, lap doan va lap cau tnic can.
2.1. Lap tu:
Lap tii dupc su dung phd' bien trong ldi mo, bdt ke la ndi dung ndi ve van dl gi. Khi thi trong ldi cau khan thieng lieng:
Ddyl hit clod khdn thiing kheo Dgyl hit ddn ehdn cheo dang dang Ddyl hit chdn dang phdng phang Ddyl hit rang ehii thai voi Dgyl hit dan neng cui ldi Ddyl hit Modng khdl ddm
Dgyl hit neng khdl vdng [08, (T2) tr. 190].
Khi thi trong ldi k l tich xua:
Chua cod phdl cod choo cdy ma uai Chua coo chim cdng, chim clung Chua coo bung nga ba bui nhui Chua cod ddi due, dui del
Chua cod chim bel, chim bet... [08, (T2) tr.
622].
Khi thi trong ldi chia biet day cam xiic giiia ngudi chet va ngudi song:
Lia hit ria eon nhdgng Lia hit rodng con tliam
Ua hit bang dn bang ndm [08, (T2) tr. 961 ].
Hien tugng lap tir trong mo xuat hien nham tang cudng dien dat ve sd nhieu, ve hien tupng phong phii, ve cam xiic manh liet,... Quy mo lap tu da dang, cd chd chi mdt vai ldn, nhung CO cho hang chuc Ian. Viec lap cd the thuc hien trong pham vi mpt sd cau, nhung ciing cd the thirc hien giira nhieu can lien ke. Nhd lap tu ma ngdn ban mo cd dugc mdt phuong lien hihj hieu trong md rpng Hen ket ngon ban va tang cudng kha nang bieu dat ndi dung.
2.2. Lap doan
Lap doan cung dugc sii dung kha phd bien trong ngdn ban mo. O npi dung ldi mo noi ve haiih dpng cam xue cua hdn hay mieu ta hanh dpng. trang thai cua cac nhan vat trong chuyen k l ve tich xua, chuyen cua mudng nudc.
chuyen ciia dng mo,... viec lap doan dugc sir dung nhieu lan. Cac doan dupc sir dung lap c6 quy mo khac nhau, cd khi chi la vai cau tho, nhung CO khi la ca mdt doan tho dai. Viec lap nham trinh bay lai mdt loi ndi, nhung c6 khi la nhac Iai ca mdt ndi dung cau chuyen. Nhd viec lap nay ma tao ra "ldi dien dat su thi" gay hieu iing trinh bay ldi mo mpt each nghe thuat. Cac chuong mo noi ve chuyen ong mo, cay si, ining dieng, xin lira, lain nha. de ga, de trau, chia cdt, chia lia.... da sir dung nhieu hien tugng lap doan.
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOJ
2.3. Lap cdu true
Lap cdu true cSu dugc su dung vdi tdn so xudt hien kha day trong Idi mo. Mdi khi can mieu ta s6 nhilu, su phong^ phu, rdng md, tho mo thudng su dung lap cau tnic cau. Chang han:
Chi ehudc chua cd Ong mo chua mang
Cun lang chua Idy [08, (T2) tr. 149].
hay:
Viing ddt ngdy xua eon bae lgc Vung nudc ngdy xua con bdi ldi [08, (T2) tr. 731].
Lap cau triic cau dugc van dung linh boat, khi thi lien tiep, khi thi each quang. Dang chu y la hien tugng lam bien doi cau tnic cau lap nhd cho them vao mot so don vi tii. Caeh lam nay giup viec lap cdu triic khdng bi nham chan ma con t?io ra su sinh dpng trong dien dat. Vi du:
Cun Ddi rdng trdi nang Cun Ddng rang trdi nuang
Cun Khuong, cun Vong rdng trdi Chu, trdi ldi [08, (T2) tr. 37].
hay:
Mot dim di khdi ngon sdng Gia Ba dim di khdi nggn sdng Ddy Bdy dim, bdy ngdy den ddt Ke Cha [08, (T2) tr. 78].
Nhin chung, thii phap lap dem lai hieu qua cao cho each dien dat ciia ldi mo. Lap tao nen su dan trai, gian am deu diu, lam cham viec diln dat, nhimg dd lai la each ma su thi ciia cac dan tdc deu sir dung. Hien tupng lap trong mo da dupc su dung rat hieu qua, hinh thanh mdt thii phap dac trung cua ldi mo.
3. Sir tham gia cua thu phap lay trong cdu tao tho mo
Lay la phuang diiic cdu tao tir (thupc ITnh vuc tir vung) trong dd viec triln khai thuc hien theo nguyen li: lap lai hoan toan hoac lap lai mdt bd phan ciia tu dd. Lay c6 tac dung hinh thanli cac dan vi tii mdi dua tren mdi quan he ngir am giiia cac thanh td. Lay tao kha nang dien dat rdt hieu qua ca ve mat ngii am va ngii nghia.
Cac the he dng rno da sir dung hieu qua thu phap lay trong cdu tao ngon ban mo. Ldi
mo cd dii cac kieu lay, nhu lay hoan toan, lay bp phan. Mdi kieu lay lai cd cac bien the khac nhau tao nen su phong phii, da dang cua thu phap ngdn ngii nay.
Trong mo hien tugng lay xuat hien nhieu, chiem mdt ti le cao trong cau tao ldi mo. Qua khao sat ban mo Vdn cd vdn hod Viet Nam voi tong sd 19.146 cau tho thi cd 907 tu lay vdi tSn sd xudt hien la 3.823 ldn. Nhu vay, ti le xudt hien tu lay tren sd cau tho ciia ban mo nay la I tii/5.01 cau. Ti le nay c6 the ndi la kha cao.
So lugng, sd lugt xuat hien cua cac dang lay, kilu lay trong ldi mo la khac nhau. Ve s5 lugng, kieu lay hoan toan cd 762/907 tu, tiic chiem tdi 84% tdng sd tii lay trong van ban.
Cdn lay khdng hoan toan xuat hien vdi sd lupng it hon vdi chi cd 144/907 tii, chilm ti le 16%
tdng so tii lay trong van ban.
Ngay trong kilu lay hoan toan thi dang lay ciing khdng deu nhau. Dang lay hai am tiet dugc sir dung nhieu nhdt vdi 395/762 tir, chiem 43,7%. Dang lay phu am ddu cd 120/449 tir, chiem 26.7%. Dang lay van cd 126/449, chiem 28.5%. Dang lay bdn am tiet dugc sir dung it nhdt, chi vdi 14/762 tir, chilm 1,5%.
Trong kieu lay bp phan, ti le giiia dang lay phu am dau va dang lay phan vdn cd ti le kha can ddi. Dang lay phu am ddu chilm 48,1%
cdn dang lay phdn vdn chilm 51,9%.
Cac ket qua thdng ke cho thdy lay la thu phap ngdn ngu dugc ua chupng sir dung trong cau tao ldi mo. Sd lugng, so lugt xudt hien cua cac kieu lay, dang lay la phong phii, da dang.
Gia tri bilu dat thu dugc tii thu phap nay tao ra Cling la rdt to ldn. Cu the nhu sau:
Ddi vdi kieu lay hoan toan thi dang lay hai am tiet la phd' biln. Vdi viec nhan ddi thanh tl gdc nen nghTa cua nd cd nhien phu thudc vao nghTa cua thanh td gdc ddng thdi md rdng gia tri bieu thj hudng vao tinh khai quat, tinh dac trung, ban chat ciia su vat, hien tupng.
Kilu nghTa ph6 bien cua kieu lay nay th6 hien d phuang dien sdc thai hda theo hudng giam nhe, hay tang cudng muc dp, tang cudng tinh chdt hay qua trinh, nhu: tld'ng (trdng) - ilang tidng (trdng trdng, hai trdng), Ida (lau) - Idd loo
TAP CHI VHDG SO 6/2014
(lau lau, hoi lau lau), rdm (dm) - rdm rdm (am am, rat dm),... Vi du:
Mdng rdm rdm rde ddo Mdng rod rod rac lut...
(Nghe am am nudc dd,
Nghe 6 6 nudc lu...) [08, (T2) tr. 154].
Kieu lay hoan toan hai am tiet con thi hien y nghTa theo hudng lap di lap lai ke tiep nhau ciia hanh dpng, tinh chat hay sir vat, nhu: qugi (vai, rac) - quai qugi (rac rac), pgl (soi, troi len) - pgl pgl (bi bom),... Vi du:
Mang vua Ddn Bdc bodng qugi qugi Bdc cldi cdl quil Bdc vii di vel Igi...
(... Chi vua Dan Rac bdng qugi qugi Rac trai tua tua
R5c dua di dua lai...) [08, (T2) tr. 164].
Kilu lay nay con tang cudng y nghTa ggi ta ve hinh dang, thi trang, am thanh cua qua trinh, trang thai cua su vat; tinh don nhat, cu the, sinh ddng cua hien tugng. Ddi khi nd chira dung cai ban sac rat dpc dao cua van hda Mudng trong ldi ndi, ldi cam nghT. Vi du:
Bgi roi eng chdng eudng khi le mgoc Thdoc chdoc eon khi mgoc ling Ddt dip bua bang bua bdng thdch thdch...
(Vdi vdi cay si lai mpc Nhgn nhon ca;/ si lai len
Dudi ddt bdng bdng tdt tdt) [08, (T2) tr. 626].
Trong mo cd mdt sd lugng kha ldn tu lay hoan toan bdn am tilt. Loai tii lay nay dupc su dung d l thay tu ghep hoac tii don vdi chiic nang la bd' sung sac thai tinh cam. Y nghla tinh thai ma nd tao ra la rat to ldn. Vi du:
Thing Cheng meng ndng vdt Nga le cudi Cludi nod cddng yeu yiu qui qui Thieng ndo eddng min men thuong thuong...
(Chiim chim nang vat Nga cudi Cudi tilng nao cung yiu yiu quy quy Tiing nao cung men men thuong thuong...) [08, (T2) tr. 618],
Cac tu lay bdn am tilt trong cac doan tha tren, dem lai cho chiing ta cam nhan ro ret ve su tang cudng, nhan manh dac diem, tinh chat, trang thai ciia su vat. Sdc thai tinh cam don tinh khdng cdn niia ma thay vao do la sac thai
tinh cam trung hoa. Them vao dd, nhip dieu cau tho cung mat sir nhip nhang, dang ddi ma keo dai ra phQ hpp theo ldi ngam mo.
Ddi vdi tir lay bd phan theo cap bin am tiet thi kha nang tang cudng y nghTa bieu dat ciia nd cang tang gap bdi. Vi du:
Pod pgc pdo p66 mua pod do mua Mua pdo cdom room coom room Pdo cdy nhoom ndo chit toi...
(Bd bac bao bo mua bd khdng mua Mua bo cdm rdm cdm rdm
Bo gdy nhom nd chit ddi...) [08, (T2) tr. 417].
Lay bp phan trong doan tho tren mang sue nang chi tiet hoa va khai quat hoa. Nhd sir dung tu lay bd phan ma nhirng su vat, hien tupng trong ddi song ddi khi rat khd dien dat lai cd the dugc the hien chinh xac bdng mpt tir lay ngan gpn. Khdng nhirng the, lay bp phan cd kha nang tao nen su da dang, phong phu ve mat am thanh cua ngon ngii, thuan Ipi cho viec xay dung cac dieu ngam mo.
Cac ong mo su dung nhieu tii lay de the hien nhanh, manh, soi ddng viec mieu ta mdt su vat hien tugng nao do. Nhung cung vdi viec diing tu lay, hp lai co the tao ra su dan trai, cham rai trong viec mieu ta khi can thiet. Tham chi, viec diing tii lay cdn tao ra the doi (can ddi) trong ldi tho mo. Vi du:
Thay cdm kim kheo khio Thay cdm keo vach vach (Tay cam kiin kheo kheo
Tay cdm keo vdt vdt) [08, (T2) tr. 153].
Hay:
77 khd edi ldng ldng Tl khd ti ddng ling ling (Di dudng cai thinh thenh
Di sa di dang long long) [08, (T2) tr. 157].
Khao sat ldi mo, trong so 3.823 ian xudt hien lay thi cc tdi 782 trudng hp^ lay cap tii doi hoac can ddi nhu tren. Day co the xem la mdt ti le rat cao, hinh thanh nen nhiing cap cau tho sdng doi, cau tho co the doi trong tha mo. Nhd kilu lay nay ma ldi mo cd the dien ta sau sac va sinh ddng mpi boat ddng, trang thai cua sir vat, ddng thdi con md ra kha nang da dang, bien hda trong viec tao van, nhjp cho tha mo,
Vj tri xuat hien cua cac tii lay trong ldi tho
NGHIEN Cliu - TRAO DOI
mo ciing la mpt vdn dl dang quan tam. Trong 3.823 Ian tir lay xudt hien, co tdi 2.432 lan xudt hien d vi tri cudi ddng tho, chiem (63,6%);
d vi tri ddu dong cd 854 ldn xuat hien, chiem (22,4%); d vi tri giiia dong c6 534 trudng hp^, chilm (14%). Ro rang, vj tri xudt hien culi dong tho chilm ti le cao nhat va "chii quan trpng nhdt trong cau tho, cd nhien la chir cu6i..." [09. tr. 204]. Nhu vay, vdi viec xudt hien nhilu d vi tri culi ddng, tu lay da gdp phdn to ldn tham gia vao viec the hien nhip va van ciia cau tha mo.
Ciing vdi vi tri cuoi ddng, cac tii lay con quylt dinh cho su hinh thanh tinh nhac ciia cau tho mo. v l van de nay, nha ngdn ngii hpc ngudi MT Rocsen Ban khdng dinh: "Net lay duoi ddng sau cau khan, cau ciing trong tin ngudng la su bat ddu cua am nhac" [12, tr.
31]. Hien tugng lay la subat ddu cho viec hinh thanh tinh nhac ciia ldi mo va no cung quyet dinh cho tinh nhac ay dugc trien khai ra mpt each cu the trong loan bp ldi mo.
4. Ket luan
Trong pham vi lien quan din nghe thuEit diln xudng, chiing tdi mdi de cap den mpt s6 thii phap quan trpng dugc sir dung trong cau tao hinh thuc trinh bay Idi mo la thu phap gieo vdn, thii phap lap, thu phap lay. Cdn mdt phuong dien quan trpng khac vl nghe Uiu^ ldi mo trong bilu dat ndi dung chua dugc de cap sau nhir cac bien phap tu tir. Dii sao, vdi ndi dung 3a trinh bay, chiing ta cung da thdy dupc Idi mo su dung rdt hieu qua cac Uiu phap ngdn ngii trong viec cdu tao Idi mo. Cac thu phap ngon tir ^ dua ldi mo dat den trinh dp cua mdt san phdm ngdn tu mang tinh nghe thuat.
Thong qua viec tim hieu mot sd thu phap ngdn ngii tieu bieu thupc cac ITnh vuc ngir am, tir vung, ngu phap, ngii nghTa trong cau tao loi mo, chiing ta thdy rdn^ cac thii phap ngon ng&
da tham gia vao viec cau tao Idi mo, hinh thanh nen nhiing gia tri to ldn trong bieu dat hinh thuc va npi dung ldi mo. Cac thii phap ngon ngii da lam cho ldi mo trd thanh ngon tir cua nghe thu^t.
Ngdn tw mo la ngon tii nghe thuat. •
Chu thich
(*) Bai vilt thuoc khuon kho de tai Nghe thudt dien xm'mg moMui'mg (ma s6 VIII 2.2-2011.01), do Quy Phat trien khoa hoc va c o n ^ nghe q u o c gia (NAFOSTED) Iai trg-. Chii nhiein de tai- PGS.TS. Kilu Trung Son.
(!) Theo Nguyen Van Tai. tac gia Ngir am tieng Mircmg qua cdc plurmig ngdn. Nxb. Tir dien bach khoa, H. 2005, thi Ueng Muang chi c6 5 thanh [ 13. tr.
99 - 100). Tuy nhien, qua khao sat thuc te, chung toi nhan thay IT nhieu viing mudng nhu Knii Boi, Lac Smi, Cam Thiiy... lieng Muang c6 6 thanh.
Co the khao sat de thay 6 ihanh dieu cua Ueng Mudng Dong qua mot s6 tir sau:
ia (rat), /d (lam), la (nuoc la), la (la), la (them), la (la) ca (ga), cd (quaca), ca (liic), cd(ldii), fa'(ga). eg (ca).
cu (duOTig vat), cii (chim cu) cU (cu), cit (cu). cii (cau), cu (cay cu).
me (ghe), me (bp phan inai nha), me (ve ngoai), me (sut). me (cay lye lac), me (mep).
(2) De thuan clio viec theo doi chinh xac vdn, cac vi du trong phan nay chiing toi trich hoan toan bdng phien am lieng Mudng.
(3) Trich mpt doan ngain ciia ong mo Biii Van Son, xom Moi. xa Tan Lap. huyen Lac Son. tinh Hoa Binh.
2. Vuang Anh, Hoang Anh Nhan (1987) Truyen cd Mudng Thanh Hda, Ty Van hoa Thanh Hoa xuat ban.
3. Dinh Van An (1996), Dang van va, Nxb. Van hoa, Ha Noi.
4. Dinh Van An (1999). lulo Voai, Nxb. Van hoa dan toc, Ha Na, 5. Oinh Van An (2002), Mo dudng len trdi, Nxb. Van hoa dan toc. Ha Noi.
6. Cao Huy Oinh (1998), Bo ba tac pham Tim hieu tien trinh van hoc d^n gian Viet Nam - Ngudi anh hung lang Ddng • Tm hieu than thoai An Do, Nxb. Van hoa - Thong tin. Ha N91.
7. Trinh Ba OTnh (2002), Chu nghTa cau true va van hge, Nxb. van hoc, Ha Npi.
8. Truong ST Hung. Biii Thien (1992), Vo'n cdvan hoa Viet Nam (2 tap), Nxb. V§n hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi.
9. Phan Ngpc(1995), Caeh giai thich ngdn ngir hoc bing van hoc, Nxb. Van hpc, Ha N61.
10. BUI Van Nguyen, Ha Minh OLrc(1968), TTiaca Viet Nam, hinh thiic va thelo^i, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi.
11_. Hoang Phe chij bien (2000), Tudien tieng Viet, Nxb, Ba Nang, Trung tam \ii dien hoc, Ha Npi - Da Ning.
12. Duong Dinh Minh San (2001), Wgron npi/i/oj'wee h/nh thanh am difu dac trung trong dan ca Thai Tay Bic Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Am nh^c. Ha Npi.
13. Nguyin Van Tai (2005), Ngu am tieng Mudng qua cac phuang ngdn, Nxb. Tii dien bach khoa. Ha Npi.
14. Tr4n Tir (1996), Ngudi fvtuang a Hda Binh, Hoi Khoa hoc lichsurViftNamxuatban, HaNpi
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vuang Anh, Hoang Anh Nhan (1986), Tuyen tap truyen thatvludng (Thanh Hoa), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha N61.
TS. BUI VAN THANH Bo Giao due va Oao t{W