Ngon ngir va Tieng Viet tir each tiep can ciia logic hoc
Nguyen Ngoc Ha
' Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hoi Vict Nam, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 15 thang 7 nam 2018. ChSp nhan dang ngay 19 thang 9 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Noi den tu duy 1^ ndi den y thiic, tri thuc, van hoa, dao due ciia con ngudi. Ngon ngu khong phai la tu duy, nhung ngon ngir khong tach rdi tu duy, vi ngon ngii la vd vat chat ciia tu duy.
Ngon ngu la phucmg tien de con ngudi thtrc hien hoat dpng tu duy va tmyen dat tu duy cho nhau.
Nhung hinh thuc ca ban nhat cua ngon ngij la tieng noi va chii viet. Giiia tu duy vdi tieng noi va chii viet cd quan he phiic tap. Dieu do diing doi vdi mgi thii tieng, trong dd cd Tieng Viet. Tieng Vi?t dudi hinh thiic tieng ndi va chii viet la tai san tinh than vo gia cua ngudi Viet Nam. Tieng noi Viet c6 kha nang bieu dat ro rang tu duy phong phii, sau sac va tinh te cua ngudi Viet. Chii viet Viet hien nay la chii Quoc ngu; chir dd de dgc, de viet, dl ghi dugc tieng ndi Viet, de tucmg thich vdi cic phucmg tien cong nghe thong tin hien dai, dS hpi nhap quoc te. Ngudi Viet Nam cSn dugc tran trong, nang niu, giir gin va phat trien Tieng Viet. Tran trong, nang niu, giir gin va phat triin Tiing Viet ciing la tran trpng, nang niu, giii gm va phat trien tu duy, van hda, tam hon cua ngudi Viet.
Tir khoa: Tu duy, ngon ngii, Tiing Viet.
Phan loai nganh: Triit hoc
Abstract: Thinking is the consciousness, knowledge, culture and ethics of man. Language is not thinbng/thought, but it is not separated from the latter, either, because it is the material shell of thought. Language is the means by which human beings perform their function of thinking and communicate their thought. The most basic forms of language are the speech and (written) script.
Thought and speech/voice and scripts have complex relationships, which is true for all languages, including Vietnamese. Vietnamese, in the forms of speech and script, is an invaluable spiritual asset of Vietnamese people, who should respect, preserve and develop the language, because that is also to respect, preserve and develop their thinking/thought, culture and spirit.
Keywords: Thinking, language, Vietnamese.
Subject classification: Philosophy
1. M d d a u
Ldgic hgc la mdt trong cac khoa hgc triet hgc. Ddi tugng nghien curu ciia logic hgc la tu duy. Cac khoa hgc triet hgc khac, ciing nhu cac khoa hgc cu the, khdng nghien cuu tu duy ndi chung, ma chi nghien cuu cac hinh thuc cu the cua tu duy. Vi du: triet hgc tu nhien nghien cuu tu duy tu nhien, triet hgc xa hgi nghien ciiu tu duy xa hdi, toan hgc nghien cuu tu duy toan, van hgc nghien cuu tu duy van, kinh te hgc nghien cuu tu duy kinh te, chinh tri hgc nghien cuu tu duy chinh tri. Do cd ddi tugng nghien cuu nhu vay cho nen logic hgc la khoa hgc chung nhat, la "triet hgc thuan tiiy", la "khoa hgc ciia cac khoa hgc"; ldgic hgc cd chuc nang cung cap phuang phap tu duy diing dan cho mgi khoa hgc khac. Khi nghien cuu tu duy, logic hgc bugc phai nghien ciiu ngdn ngii;
bdi vi ngdn ngu la vd vat chat cua tu duy;
ngudi ta chi nhin thay, nghe thay, sd thay ngdn ngir, chu khdng the nhin thay, nghe thay, sd thay tu duy. Nghien cuu tu duy va nghien cuu ngdn ngii khdng the tach rdi nhau. Khi nghien cuu ngdn ngii, ngudi nghien cuu cd the xuat phat tu tu duy (day la each tiep cap ciia logic hgc), hoac la xuat phat tir cac hinh thuc bieu Men cua ngdn ngii (day la each tiep cap cua ngdn ngii hgc). Nghien cuu tu duy ciing nhu nghien cuu ngdn ngii da cd tir hang nghin nam nay.
Tuy vay, nhieu van de ve tu duy va ngdn ngii van chua hoan toan rd rang. Nghien cuu tu duy ngudi Viet va ngdn ngir ngudi Viet ciing nhu vay. Nhieu van de ve tu duy ngudi Viet va ngdn ngii ngudi Viet van con cd y kien tranh cai. Bai viet nay gdp ban mdt sd van de ve ngdn ngii ndi chung va Tieng Viet ndi rieng tir each tiep can cua
logic hgc, qua dd gdp them y kien ve van de cai each giao due d Viet Nam -hien nay.
2. Ngon ngii- tir each tiep can ciia logic hgc Con ngudi la dgng vat duy nhat cd tu duy va ngdn ngii. Tu duy la thudg tinh ciia bd nao con ngudi, la hinh anh chii quan ve the gidi khach quan. Ngdn ngii la cai bieu dat tu duy. Ngdn ngii cd nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau. Tiing ndi la hinh thiic ca ban dau tien cua ngdn ngii^. Hinh thuc ca ban thu hai ciia ngdn ngir la chii viet. Tieng ndi cda con ngudi cd tii khi loai ngudi hinh thanh. Chii viet chi xuat hien khi con ngudi dat den mdt trinh do van minh nhat dinh^. Ngoai tieng ndi va chii viet, ngdn ngii cdn cd nhieu hinh thuc khac. Cir chi cua con ngudi (nhu lac dSu, gSt dau, nham mat, trgn mat, chi tay, gio tay, khoanh tay, chap tay, cudi, khdc, nhay...), tin hieu va ky hieu (nhu den xanh, den dd, den vang, bang chi dan, bieu tugng...) ciing dugc con ngudi dung de bieu dat nhiing y nghT nao dd cua tu duy, tiic ciing la ngdn ngu. Vi ngdn ngii la cai bieu dat tu duy, nen ngdn ngii la cdng cu de con ngudi suy nghT; la phuang tien de con ngudi giao tiep vdi nhau, truyen dat tu duy cho nhau.
Ngdn ngii va tu duy khdng the tdn tai tach rdi nhau. Qua tiinh chuyen hda ttr vugn thanh ngudi trong lich sii hang chuc van nam trudc day ve thuc chat la qua trinh chuyen hda td ddng vat chua cd tu duy thanh ddng vat cd tu duy, tu ddng vat chua cd ngdn ngu thanh ddng vat cd ngdn ngii.
Mdi ngudi khi mdi sinh deu chua cd tu duy va ngdn ngii, den sau tudi tu duy va ngdn ngir ve c a ban mdi hinh thanh. Ngdn ngii cua con ngudi ngay cang phat trien. Ngdn 15
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 10-2018 ngu cang phat triin thi cang thiic day tu duy cua con ngudi phat triin. Ngugc lai, tu duy ctia con ngudi cang phat triin thi cang thuc day ngdn ngir phat trien.
Tu duy dugc tao thanh tit cac y (y nghT) khac nhau. Khai niem va phan doan la cac hinh thiic ca ban cua tu duy. Mdi khai niem va moi phan doan la mdt y. Khai niem va phan doan la su phan anh ciia ddi tugng.
Ngdn ngii la su bieu dat cua tu duy. Tir va cau la cac hmh thuc cua ngdn ngii; va la su bieu dat cua khai niem va phan doan. Tir la su biiu dat ciia khai niem. Cau la su bieu dat ciia phan doan. Mdi cau dugc tao thanh bdi nhieu tir; trong dd cd chu tir va vi tir. Tir va cau bieu hien d chii va tieng, nhung khdng phai chii nao va tieng nao, cum chii nho va cum tieng nao ciing la tir va cau.
Mdt chir (chir viet), mdt cym chii, mgt tieng (tieng ndi), mdt cum tieng cd the la mgt tu, mdt cau, cQng co the khdng phai la mdt ttr, mdt cau. Trong tieng ndi va chii viet cua mdi nudc, mdi tii diu cd mgt each viit va mdt each dgc; mdi cau cting deu cd mot each viet va mdt each dgc. Vi du, trong tieng Viet, chii "chuong" va tiing "chuong"
khdng phai la mdt tir (vi chii do va tiing do khdng cd nghia, tiic la khdng dugc dimg di bieu dat khai niem nao). Nhu vay, ndi din tu duy thi phai ndi den ddi tugng ma tu duy phan anh, phai ndi din cac hinh thuc cua tu duy nhu khai niem, phan doan; ndi din tu duy thi phai ndi den ngdn ngii, cac hinh thuc cua ngdn ngii, trong do cd tiing, cum tieng, chu, cum chii, tu, cau.
Vi khai niem va phan doan la cac hinh thiic ciia tu duy, nen moi khai niem va mdi phan doan (neu dung) diu gidng nhau d mgi ngudi. Vi du, khai niem "ngua", khai niem "ddng vat", phan doan "ngua la ddng vat" d mgi ngudi tren thi gidi tir xua din
nay diu gidng nhau, nhtmg dugc biiu dat bdi nhieu tir va nhieu cau khac nhau tiiy theo tung ngdn ngu. Vi du 1: khai niem
"ngua" trong Tieng Viet dugc bieu dat bdi tu "ngua"; tii "ngua" dugc the hien bdi chu
"ngua" va tieng "ngua". Khai niem "ngua"
trong Tieng Anh lai dugc bieu dat bdi tiing khac va chu khac. Vi du 2: phan doan
"ngua la dgng vat" trong Tieng Viet dugc bieu dat bdi cum chii "ngua la ddng vat" va cum tieng "ngua la ddng vat"; cdn trong Tieng Anh nd lai dugc bieu dat bdi cum chii khac va cum tieng khac.
Tu duy cd quy tac ciia tu duy. Quy tac CLia tu duy bao gdm quy tac ciia khai niem, quy tac cua phan doan, quy tac cua suy luan. Ddi vdi khai niem, quy tac ciia tu duy ddi hdi chiing ta can phan biet ngoai diSn ciia khai niem vdi ngi ham ciia khai niem.
Mdi khai niem deu cd mdt ngoai dien va ndi ham xac dinh. Cdng thiic chung ciia khai niem la: (A = a H- b + c). Trong dd, A la mdt khai niem; a, b, c la ba ndi dung tao thanh ndi ham ciia khai niem A. Neu A = a -I- b -t- c, B = a + b H- c, thi A va B triing nhau ve ngoai dien va ddng nhat ve ngi ham; khi do, A va B chi la hai tir ddng nghia, ciing dugc diing de bieu dat khai niem "a •»• b -i- c". Neu A = a + b-Hc, B = a -I- b + c -I- d, thi ngoai dien ciia A bao ham ngoai dien cua B. Neu A = a-i-b-i-c-d, B
= a + b + c -I- d, thi A va B loai tru nhau ve ngoai dien. Neu A = a-i-b, B = a + c, C = a + b -I- c, thi A va B cd mdt phSn triing nhau ve ngoai dien, phan ngoai dien trung nhau do la ngoai dien ciia C. Niu A la mot khai niem nao dd, thi phu dinh cua khai niem ay (7A) ciing la mgt khai niem; phii dinh ciia phii dinh cua khai niem ky (77A) cung la mdt khai niem; A va 77A la hai khai niem ddng nhat.
Ddi vdi phan doan, quy tac cua tu duy ddi hdi chiing ta can xac dinh gia tri va cau tnic cila phan doan. Ve gia tri, mpt phan doan chi cd mdt gia tri, hoac la diing hoac la sai, khdng cd kha nang thii ba. Khdng cd phan doan nao vira diing vira sai. Neu A la mdt phan doan nao dd thi phu dinh cua phan doan ay (7A) ciing la mdt phan doan;
phii dinh cua phii dinh cila phan doan ay (77A) ciing la mdt phan doan. Trong do, A va 77A la hai phan doan ddng nhat ve ndi dung, va do dd ddng nhat ve gia tri (cimg diing hoac cimg sai); A va 7A la hai phan doan phii dinh lan nhau, trai ngugc nhau ve gia tri (khdng the cimg diing va ciing khdng the cimg sai). Ve cau tnic, hai khai niem ket hgp vdi nhau se tao thanh mdt phan doan don. Phan doan dan la su tra Idi cau hdi
"Cd phai S la P hay khdng?", trong dd S va P la hai khai niem. Phan doan dan cd 8 loai.
Cdng thiic chung ciia 8 loai phan doan dan la: A = "Mgi S la P", E = "Mgi S khdng la P", I = "Mdt sd S la P", O = "Mdt sd S khdng la P", M = "Khdng phai rang mgi S la P", N = "Khdng phai rang mgi S khdng la P", B = "Khdng phai rang mdt sd S la P", C = "Khdng phai rang mdt sd S khdng la P". Trong 8 phan doan dem nay, cac cap phan doan phii djnh nhau la: A va M, E va N, I va B, O va C. Hai phan doan dan ket hgp vdi nhau thi tao thanh mdt phan doan phuc ca ban. Cac thao tac ket hgp hai phan doan dan de thanh phan doan phiic la: phep keo theo, phep hdi, phep tuyen yeu, phep tuyen manh. Cd 4 loai phan doan phiic ca ban. Cdng thiic chung cua 4 loai phan doan phiic ca ban la: (a --> b), (a /v b), (a v b), (a y b). Cac cdng thiic nay dugc dgc la: (a ~ >
b) = "neu cd a thi cd b"; (a A b) = "vira cd a vira cd b"; (a v b) = "hoac cd a hoac cd b";
(a V b) = "hoac chi cd a hoac chi cd b".
Trong do, a va b la hai phan doan dan. Phan doan (a —> b) chi sai khi a diing va b sai.
Phan doan (a A b) chi diing khi ca a va b Cling diing. Phan doan (a v b) chi sai khi ca a va b cimg sai. Phan doan (a v b) chi dung khi mgt phan doan diing va rapt phan doan sai. Cac phan doan cd tir 3 phan doan dan trd len la phan doan da phiic. Neu a va b la hai phan doan thi cac phan doan sau day la tuang ducmg ve gia tri (tiic la ciing dung hoac cimg sai): (a —> b) = (7 b —> 7a) = 7(a A 7b) = (a V 7b) = (7a v b).
Ddi vdi suy luan, quy tac ciia tu duy ddi hdi chiing ta phai phan tich cau tnic ciia suy luan. Suy luan la tim ra phan doan mdi tu cac phan doan da cd. Cac phan doan da cd la tien de ciia suy luan. Phan doan mdi la ket luan ciia suy luan. De cd ket luan diing thi tien de suy luan phai diing va each suy luan phai dung. Cdng thiic ciia suy luan la:
"vi a -I- b -H c nen d". Trong dd, a 4- b -i- c la tien de ciia suy luan; d la ket luan ciia suy luan. Suy luan cd the di tir chung den rieng hoac tir rieng den chung. Suy luan di tir chung den rieng la suy luan dien dich. Suy luan di tir rieng den chung la suy luan quy nap. Suy luan trong tranh luan nhau la chiing minh. Khi khang dinh mpt phan doan nao dd la dung hay sai, thi chiing ta cSn phai chung minh vi sao chung ta khang dinh phan doan dd la dung hoac sai. Chung minh phan doan A la diing ddng nghia vdi chiing minh phan doan 7A la sai. Cdng thuc ciia phep chung minh cung la cdng thuc ciia suy luan ("vl a -i- b -i- c nen d"); tuy nhien trong dd, a + b + c dupe ggi la cac luan cu ciia phep chung minh; d dugc gpi la luan de ciia phep chung minh. Khi chiing minh mdt phan doan nao do la dung hay sai thi: - c§n phai xac dinh dung ndi dung ciia phan doan ay (ndi each khac, neu chua hiiu ndi dung
Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 10 - 2018 cua mdt luan diem nao dd thi khdng dugc cho rang luan diem dd la diing hoac sai, neu chua hiiu dugc diing cau hdi thi chua dugc tra Idi); - c§n phai dua ra cac ly do (can cii, luan Cli); - cac ly do dua ra phai diing, du va phai dugc kit hgp (luan chiing) mdt each hgp 1^. Bac bd (phe phan, phan bien) mdt phan doan nao dd ciing la chiing minh, bdi vi khi bac bd mdt y kien nao do thi chiing ta phai chiing minh rang y kien dd la sai.
Tren day la ndi dung ca ban ciia cac quy tSe cua tu duy. Cac quy tac dd ciia tu duy la chung cho mgi ngudi tren the gidi tii hang chyc van nam nay. Npi dung cic quy tac dd ciia tu duy la dan gian. Ai cung deu de dang hiiu dugc cac quy tac do sau khi phan tich vai vi du dan gian. Khi da hieu dugc c^c quy t§c do, ngudi ta se khdng bao gid quen.
Khi da hiiu dugc c^c quy tac dd, ngudi ta se de dang van dung dugc chiing trong boat ddng tu duy ciia minh. Neu khdng hieu dugc cac quy tac ciia tu duy, ngudi ta van cd the tuan theo cac quy tac do trong boat dgng tu duy, nhung su tuan theo dd la tu phat. Cdn neu hieu dugc cac quy tic ciia tu duy, ngudi ta se tu giac tuan theo cac quy tac dd trong boat ddng tu duy. Tuy nhien, ngudi hieu biet cac quy tac ciia tu duy se khd mac sai lam han so vdi ngudi khdng hieu biet cac quy tac cua tu duy.
Gidng nhu tu duy, ngdn ngii cung cd quy tic. Ngdn ngir chung cd quy tac cua ngdn ngu ndi chung. Mdi ngdn ngu riSng lai cd quy tac cua ngdn ngii do. Tuy nhien, quy tac ciia mpi ngdn ngii ciing diu phai phii hgp vdi quy tac ciia tu duy. Bdi vi, tir la su bieu dat ciia khai niem, cau dan la sy bieu dat cua phan doan don, cau phiic la su bieu dgt cua phan doan phiic. De su dung dung mdt tu va mot cau nao dd (du cau don hay cau phiic). chiing ta cin phai xac dinh
dugc cdu tnic ciia khai niem va pRdn doan dugc biiu dat d tii va cau ay. Ndi rpng ban, d i sii dung diing ngon ngu ca d hinh thiic tiing ndi va hinh thuc chii viet, chiing ta cSn phai xac dinh dugc can tnic cua cac khai niem va phan doan. Neu khdng xac dinh diing ciu tnic ciia khai niem va phan doan dugc biiu dat bdi tir va cau dugc sii dung, thi bai ndi hoac bai viet se liing cung, khdng ro rang, khdng logic, gay hiiu lim.
Chiing ta viit va ndi vi mudn truyen dat tir duy ciia minh cho ngudi khac. Neu ngucri nghe va ngudi dgc khong hieu dugc hoac I hiiu l i m tu duy ciia chiing ta, thi hki viet \h bai ndi ciia chiing ta la khdng thanh cdng.
Khai niem va phdn doan dugc bieu dat bdi tu va cau, cu t h i han bdi chii va tieng.
Tuy nhien, giua khai niem va ph^n doan vdi chu va tiing cd quan he phiic tap. Tinh phiic tap trong quan he giiia khai niem voi chii va tieng the hien d nhiing diem sau.
Thic nhdt, mdt khai niem cd nhieu tieng ndi va nhieu chii viet. V i du, khai niem "Mat Trdi" la su phan anh ciia ddi tugng Mat Trdi. Khai niem "Mat Trdi" trong tu duy ciia mgi ngudi tren the gidi deu gidng nhau, nhung nd dugc bieu dat bang nhung tieng ndi khac nhau va nhiing chu viet khac nhau (tiiy theo tung dan tgc, tung dia phucmg, timg thdi diem). Trong Tieng Viet, khai niem "Mat Trdi" dugc bieu dat bdi chii
"Nhat" va lieng "Nhat", chii "Mat Trdi" va tieng "Mat Trdi". "Nhat" va "Mat Trdi" la hai tir khac am ddng nghia. Tren the gidi, khai niem "Mat Trdi" dugc bieu dat bdi hang nghin chii khac, va hang chuc nghin tieng khac. Thic hai, nhieu khai niem cd mgt tieng.ndi va mdt chu viet. Vi du: trong Tieng Viet, chir "nhat" va tieng "nhat"
dugc diing de bieu dat ca khai niem "nhat"
va khai niem "ngay". Tu "nhat" trong Tieng
Nguyen Nggc Ha Viet la til da nghTa (ddng Sm khac nghia).
Thir ba, nhieu khai niem cd nhieu chii viet nhimg chi cd mgt tieng ndi. Vi du: trong Tieng Viet, khai niem "ca" (mgt loai do diing trong gia dinh) dugc bieu dat bdi chu
"ca"; khai niem "k" (mdt loai benh) dugc bieu dat bdi chii "k"; nhung chii "ca" va chii "k" dugc dgc nhu nhau. Ndi each khac, trong lieng Vi^t, hai chii "ca" va "k" dugc phat am gidng nhau, hai chii nay dugc dting de bieu dat hai khai niem khac nhau. Vi du khac, trong Tieng Viet chii "cuoc" va chii
"qudc" dugc phat Sm gidng nhau nhung dugc diing de bieu dat hai khiii niem khac nhau. Thic tu, mgt khdi nidm cd mdt chii nhung cd nhieu tieng ndi. Vi du, trong Tieng Viet chii "ldgic hgc" (dugc dting de bieu dat mpt khoa hgc) cd nhieu cdch phat am khdc nhau cting dugc chap nhan (do chua c6 quy dinh thdng nhat). Nd cd the dugc dgc la: lo-gic hpc", "Id-gic hgc" "lo- gich hgc", "Id-gich hgc". Vi du khac, chii
"HDI" cd the dgc la: "hat-de-i", "hat-de-i",
"hat-di-ai", "et-di-ai". Ddi vdi nhung chii vay mugn tir ngdn ngii khac thudng cd tinh trgng dgc khdng thdng nhat.
Quan he giiia phdn dodn vdi chii va tieng cung cd tinh phiic tap gidng nhu quan he giira khai niem vdi chu va tieng. Cy the, trong quan he do: mpt phan doan cd nhieu tieng ndi va nhieu chii viet, nhieu phdn dodn cd mgt tieng ndi va mdt chii viet, nhieu phdn dodn cd nhieu chii viet nhung chi cd mdt tieng ndi, mdt phan dodn cd mgt chir viit nhung cd nhieu tieng ndi. Trudng hgp mdt phdn dodn cd nhieu tieng ndi va nhieu chir viet la trudng hgp cdc can khdc nhau cd cung mgt y. Cac cau khdc nhau cd cung mgt y la cdc cau khdc nhau ciing dugc diing de bieu dat mdt phan dodn hoac dugc diing di bieu dat cac phan doan tucmg
duong nhau. Vi du, "khdng cd sdch thi khdng cd tri thuc", "neu khdng cd sach se khdng cd tri thiic", "neu khdng cd sach thi khong cd tri thuc", "khdng cd tri thiic niu khdng cd sdch", "mudn cd tri thuc thi phai cd sach", "neu cd tri thuc thi cd sach",
"khdng phai rang khdng cd sdch ma van cd tri thiic", "hoac la phai cd sdch hoac la khdng cd tri thiic", "hoac la khdng cd sdch hoac la cd tri thiic" la 9 can khdc nhau nhung cd cung mdt ^. Nhiing can nhu vay cd thi thay thi cho nhau. Ddi vdi nhiing cau cd ciing mdt y thi chi can su dung mdt cau trong sd dd. Nhung mudn biet cac can nao do cd cting mgt y hay khdng, chiing ta can phai xac dinh dugc can tnic ciia cac phdn doan dugc bieu dat d cdc cdu ay. Ndi each khac, khi sit dung ngdn ngii thi chiing ta phai hieu dugc tu duy. Hieu dugc cac quy tac ciia tu duy la de sir dung ngdn ngii mdt each dung dan. Sir dung ngdn ngii mdt each diing dan la de tnnh bay diing dan ndi dung cua tu duy. Chiing ta can tnnh bay diing dan ndi dung ciia tu duy de ngudi nghe va ngudi dpc bai ndi va bai viet cila chiing ta hieu diing dugc dieu chiing ta mudn ndi va mudn viet.
3. Tieng Viet tv each tiep can cua logic hoc Tieng Viet gdm cd tieng ndi Viet va chii viet Viet. Tieng ndi Viet va chii viet Viet la tieng ndi va chii viet ciia ngudi Viet (ngudi Kinh). Tieng ndi Viet xuat hien cdch day hang chuc nghin nam, bdi vi khi ngudi Viet xuat hien thi tieng ndi Viet ciing xuat hien.
Ngudi Viet su dung chir viet mdi each day vai nghin nam. Chii viet dugc ngudi Viet su dung liic dau la chu Han, sau dd la chu Ndm va chii Qudc ngii. O Viet Nam hien
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Khoa hgc xa hgi VietNam, si 10-2018 nay, cd 54 dan tdc (sic tdc), trong dd dan tdc ddng ngudi nhit la dan tdc Kinh. Mdi dan tdc trong 54 dan tdc dd deu cd mdt tiing ndi rieng, nhung mdt sd dan tdc van chua cd chii viet rieng.
Chu viit Viet thdi xua la chu Han va chii Ndm. Chii Hdn la chii cua ngudi Han.
Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han tuy cung sir dung chii Han nhung dpc khac nhau. Chir Ndm la chir do ngudi Viet sang tao ra tren ca sd chir Han. Chii Han va chu: Ndm khd hgc, khd nhd. Vi thi, trong thdi phong kien, hau hit ngudi dan khdng biet dpc va biet viet chii Han va chii Ndm. Chir Han va chii Ndm khdng nhiing khd hpc, khd nhd, ma cdn khd bieu dat dugc tu duy phong phii cua ngudi Viet. Chii Hdn va chii Ndm khdng the bieu dat dugc nhieu bai ca dao, bai hat, bai tha cua ngudi Viet. Vi the, ngudi ta chi cd the truyen mieng cho nhau cac bai ca dao, bai hdt, bai tha nay. Cdch truyen mieng rat han che, rat de lam sai lech ngi dung tu duy. Nhieu bai ca dao, bai hat, bai tha da bi that truyen vi nhiing ngudi thudc long bai ca dao, bai hat, bai tha rat it, va khdng phai bao gid ciing dugc truyin lai dugc cho hau thi.
Chii viet Viet hien nay la chii Qudc ngii.
Chu Qudc ngii la chii tugng thanh (chii khdng phai la chir tugng hinh nhu chii Han va chii Ndm), cd thi ghi lai dugc bit ky tieng ndi nao cua ngudi Viet, tham chi cd thi ghi lai dugc ca tiing ndi cd ngii dieu tinh te. Chii Qudc ngu d i viit, d i dgc, de hpc, di nhd. Chinh vi thi, hiu hit ngudi Viet Nam hien nay diu biit dgc va hiit viit chu Qudc ngii chi sau vai thang hgc. Chii Qudc ngii la cdng cu thuan lgi cho hoat dpng tu duy; la tai san vd gia ciia Viet Nam ma khdng phai qudc gia nao d Ddng A Cling CO dugc. Ngudi cd cdng Idn trong viec
sdng tao ra chii Qudc ngu la Alexandre de Rhodes (phien am Han Viet la A Lich Scm Dac Ld, sinh 15 thdng 3 nam 1591, mat 5 thdng 11 nam 1660), mgt nha truyen giao Ddng Ten va mgt nha ngdn ngii hpc nguoi Phap. Vao nam 1651, dng cho in cudn Tii dien Viet-Bo-La dua tren cac ky tu tiing Viet ciia nhung gido sT ngudi Bd Dao Nha va Y trudc do. Su kien nay dupe coi Ik sy kien ddnh dau su ra ddi cua chu Qudc ngii.
Ngoai ra, Alexandre de Rhodes cdn soan cudn Phep gidng lam ngdy, mdt tac pham van xudi, phan anh van ngii va ghi lai each phat am cua tieng Viet vko the ky XVII, Hai tac pham nay da khai sinh ra chii Quoc ngii cho ngudi Viet [7].
Theo quy dinh cua Nha nudc Viet Nam, chii Qudc ngii hien nay cd 29 chii cdi va 5 dau thanh (huyen, sac, nang, hdi, nga). Neu ket hgp 29 chii cdi va 5 dau thanh, thi se co 89 chii ca ban (viet thudng) la: a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, b, c, d, d, e, e, e, e, e, e, e, e, e, e, e, e, g, h, i, i, i, i, i, T, k, 1, m, n, o, d, d, g, d, o, d, d, d, d, d, d, o, d, d, g, d, d, p, q, r, s, t, u, ii, li, u, ii, ii, u, u, li, u, 11, ii, V, X, y, y, y, y, y, y. Tren sach bdo hien nay, nhieu ngudi cdn su dung ca 4 chii cdi tieng Anh nhu f, j , w, z (nhu ttong cdc tir: v^-ifi, zalo, file, film, festival, sdng FM, may fax, den flash, cafe, quan jeans, ao jacket, nhac jazz, siing DKZ, xi nghiep Z751, UNICEF, FAO, IMF, FIFA, WTO, WHO, WB). Trong so 89 chii ca ban ndi tren, mdt sd chii c a ban dugc dpc (phat am) gidng nhau. Vi du: "c", "k" va "q" dugc dpc gidng nhau; " i " va "y" dugc dpc gidng nhau. Chu c a ban la chii cd mdt thanh phan.
Nhieu chii c a ban khi dugc ghep lai se thanh chii da thanh phin. Vi du 1: ba, ba, bd, ba, ba, ba, an, an, an, an, an, an la cac chii hai thanh phin. Vi du 2: ban, ban, ban,
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Nguyin Nggc Ha ban, ban, ban, can, can, can, can, can, can la
cdc chu ba thanh phan. Nhieu chii ket hgp lai se thanh cum chii. Mdt chu va mdt cum chu cd mdt am (tieng) va mdt cum am (cum deng) tuang ung. Vi dy, "an cam" la mdt cum chu gdm hai chu va hai am; "con cd bay la bay la" la mdt cum chii gdm sau chii va sau am. Mdt chii, mdt am cd the la mdt ttr, mdt cum chii va mgt cym am ciing cd the chi la mdt tu. Vi du, "cam" la mdt chii, mdt am va ciing la mdt tir; "nha d" la mdt cym hai chii, cum hai am va cung chi la mdt tu; "Nudc Cdng hda xa hgi chii nghia Viet Nam" la mdt cym chin chii, cym chin am, nhung ciing chi la mdt tir.
Mdt chii chi cd mdt am tuang ung, trong do cd chu nguydn am va chii phu am.
Nhirng chir nguyen am va nhiing chii phu am dugc su dyng de ddnh van. Ngoai 89 chii va am co ban ndi tren, mdt sd chii khac (nhu: oa, da, da, ga, da, oa, oe, de, de, ge, de, 6e, uy, uy, liy, uy, uy, ily, ch, gh, kh, ng, ngh, nh, ph, th, tr, gi, qu, ia, ia, fa, ia, ia, Ta, ie, ie, I'e, ie, ie, Te,...) cung dugc su dung de ddnh van. Cac nha ngdn ngii hgc chua cd su thdng nhat trong viec xac dinh cdc chii nguyen am va cac chii phy am dugc sir dyng de ddnh van. Tuy nhien, each tao chii va each dgc chu tren ca sd cac nguyen am va cdc chii phy km la dac tnmg cua Tieng Viet hien nay. Cach tao chii nay giiip cho chiing ta, nhat la cho tre em ngudi Viet, de hgc Tieng Viet. Neu viet diing va dgc dung cac chii nguyen am va cac chu phu am ndi tren (khoang han 100 chii), thi chiing ta se de dang dgc dugc va viet dugc mgi chii khdc''. Trong Tieng Viet, cd mpt sd trudng hgp tuy ndi gidng nhau nhimg viet khac nhau (nhu: c va k, ca va ka, i va y, si va sy, sT va sy, cudc va qudc,...); cd mdt sd trudng hgp tuy viet gidng nhau nhung ndi khac
nhau (vi du: "logic hpc", "HDI",...). Ngoai ra, ttiy theo timg vimg, timg mien, mdt chii cd thi dugc dpc theo nhieu each khac nhau.
Mac dii vay, nhin chung trong Tieng Viet, ndi nhu thi nao thi viet nhu the ay, viet nhu thi nao thi ndi nhu the ay. Day la mdt uu diem ciia Tieng Viet. Do Tieng Viet cd im diim dd nen nhiing ngudi da ndi dugc tieng Viet, da thugc cac chii nguyen dm va chir phu am, thi se de dang viet va dgc dugc chii Qudc ngu.
4. Giao due ngdn ngir m§ de va giao due tu duy cho tre em
Giao due ngdn ngir me de cho tre em la viec dugc xa hdi dac biet quan tam. Cha va me, nhat la me, cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi viec giao dye nhan each ndi chung va giao due tieng me de ndi rieng cho con cua minh. Tir hang nghin nam nay, ke tir khi gia dinh hinh thanh, me bao gid ciing la giao vien dau tien va quan trgng nhat cua con minh. Giao due quan trgng nhat cho tre em la giao dye cho tre em biet each ddi xir diing dan vdi mgi ngudi, cd y thirc trach nhiem ddi vdi xa hdi; sau do mdi la giao dye cho tre em biet ndi, biet dgc va biet viet. Tre em sau tudi da hinh thanh nhan each rdi, da biet sdng cd van hda rdi. Viec giao dye de tre em cd dugc dieu dd la rat cdng phu, cdng lao dd chu yeu thugc ve me cua tre em. Cdng lao chu yeu trong viec gido dye tieng me de cho tre em ciing thudc ve me cua tre em, du cho hp khdng biet chir. Bdi vi, tieng me de khdng phai chi Ik chii viet, ma cdn la tieng ndi. Tir liic con
^ n h mdi sinh, me da giao due con cua minh rdi. Khi con dugc vai thang tudi, me va con da giao tiep dugc vdi nhau (chang
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Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2018 han, d mdt sd viec, me ndi con da hieu, con ndi me da hiiu). Binh thudng, tre em ba tudi cd thi giao tiip luu loat vdi me, hieu dugc nhiiu cau chuyen, thudc dugc nhieu bai hat va bai tha, ndi dugc nhieu cau dai;
tre em sau tudi da ndi tuong ddi luu loat, da giao tiip dugc d miic do ca ban, da biet cdch doi xii diing ddn vdi mgi ngudi. Tre em cd hiiu biit nhu vay la nhd cd su gido dye eiia me cua minh.
D i giao dye tre em sir dyng ngdn ngii thanh thao thi ngay tu bac tiiu hgc (hoac it nhit ngay tir giai doan dau ciia bac trung hgc ca sd), vi?c giao dye ngdn ngii (tir vk cdu) cin phai dugc ket hgp vdi giao dye quy tic cua tu duy (quy tac ciia khdi niem, phdn doan, suy luan). Khi hieu dugc quy tac cua tu duy, thi ngudi ta se cu the hda quy tic dd thdng qua vd sd vi dy ey the.
Ngudi ta cd the d l quen cdc tu va cau cu the nao dd, nhung khd quen cac quy tac ciia tu duy. Hpc quy tac cua tu duy la hgc mdt biet mudi. Cac quy tac c a ban cua tu duy (nhu da ndi d tren) can dugc day cho tre em ngay tir bac tieu hgc dudi hinh thiic Idng ghep trong mdn hgc ve ngdn ngii. Bdi vi, quy tac ca ban cua tu duy rat dan gian.
Giao vien chi can neu vai vi dy minli hpa cho rimg quy tac, thi tre em ciing cd t h i hieu dugc ndi dung ciia quy tdc. Tre em d bac tieu hgc cd the de dkng hieu va van dung dugc cac qny tic dd.
Tnnh bky cac quy tac ca ban ciia tu duy la ndi dung ca ban ciia mdn logic hgc. 6 Viet Nam hien nay (va d nhiiu nudc khac), mdn ldgic hgc mdi chi dugc gidng day cho sinh vien dai hgc. Tuy nhien, nhiiu sinh vien van klidng hiiu va khdng biit van dyng thanh thao cac quy tkc cua tu duy. Sd dT cd chuyen dd khdng phai la vi cac quy tac ca ban ciia tu duy cd ndi dung phirc tap.
ma la vi cac quy tac do da bi lam phiic tap hda. Cdc quy tac c a ban ciia tu duy nhe ra cin phai dugc trinh bay dan gian vk can phai duge d^y cho tre em d bac tieu hgc.
Bdi vi, diiu dd se giiip eho tre em cd dugc phucmg phdp tu duy diing ddn ngay tir nho.
CJ b|ic tieu hgc (khdng chi d Viet Nam, ma ed d nhieu nude khde), viec day ngdn ngfi da bj lam tach rdi vdi vi^c day eae quy tkc eiia tu duy; dieu do khdng nhung lam han ehe su phat trien tu duy eua tre em, ma cdn lam ban che su phdt trien ngdn ngu cua tre em. N i u d bac tieu hpc vi cac ly do nko do ma cdc quy tae c a ban cua tu duy khong dugc day eho tre em, thi d nha, cha me n6n day cho eon minh cac quy tac ea ban ciia Ur duy. Bdi vi, hieu biet cac cac quy tac ccr ban cua tu duy rat quan trgng ddi vdi tre em; trong khi do viec day cdc quy lac ccr ban cua tu duy lai rat dan gian, mgi ngudi Idn deu de dang day dugc ngi dung cac quy tae ay. Neu tre em khdng dugc day cac quy tac c a ban cua tu duy d bac tieu hgc, thi khi Idn len hg se de mac cac Idi sa dang ciia tir duy. Cac loi do vi du la: sir dung khai niem ma khdng hieu ndi dung cua khai niem, sii dyng tir ma khdng hien nghia cua lir, sit dyng eau ma khdng hieu nghia cua cau, ndi ma khdng biet dieu minh ndi, viet ma khdng biet dieu minh viet, chua hieu cau hdi ma van tra Idi, khdng hieu quan diem cua ngudi khac ma van ca nggi hoac phe phdn hg, tuy eho rang mdt dieu nao d6 la diing nhung lai khdng chung minh vi sao dieu ay fa dimg, tuy cho rang mdt dieu nao dd la sai nhimg lai khdng chimg minh vi sao dieu ay la sai. Su vi pham cac quy tac cua tu duy cdn thi hien d nhung loi nhu:
ndi huyen thuyen, ndi Idng vdng, ndi vdng vo, ndi luan quan, ndi lan man, ndi nira vdi, ndi nira chimg, ndi lac de, ndi ciin, ndi bira,
Nguyin Ngoc Ha ndi au, ndi de ma ndi, ndi khdng ed saeh
mach khdng cd chung, ndi lay dugc, ndi cho xong chuyen, ndi Idi nhung lai nudt Idi, nghT mdt dang nhung lai ndi mgt neo, ndi vay nhung khdng nghT vay, gian cd chem thdt, ndi khdng nhat quan, ndi ba phai, ndi tu mau thuan vdi minh, khang dinh mdt dieu gi dd nhung ddng thdi lai phu dinh diiu ay hoac phu dinh he qua tit yeu tir dieu dd, V.V.. Nhiing Idi nay kha phd bien d ngudi Idn. Khi da day cde quy tac ca ban cua tu duy cho cho tre em d bac tieu hpc, thi khdng can day lai cdc quy tac dd cho sinh vien d bac dai hgc vd sau dai hgc niia.
Tuy nhien, d bac dai hgc, can day cho sinh vien ve phep bien chiing. Phep bien chung chinh la logic hgc bien ehung. Phep bien chimg va ldgic hge bien chiing la hai tir khdc nhau dugc diing de chi mdt mdn khoa hgc duy nhat; do do, khdng can hai tu, chi can mdt trong hai tir dd. Ldgic hgc bien chimg la logic hgc cao cap. Ldgic hpc dang dugc giang day d bac dai hgc hien nay la logic hgc sa cap. Ldgic hgc bien chimg cung cap cho chiing ta phuang phap tu duy sau sac ban so vdi cdc phucmg phdp tu duy ma logic hgc sa cap eung cap. Day phep bien ehung (= day logic hgc bien chiing) cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi nhiing ngudi muon nghien cim cdc van de ciia "the gidi rdng Idn". Cdn ddi vdi nhiing ngudi chi muon nghien curu nhiing van de "thudc pham vi cua bdn buc tudng trong gia dinh", thi nhiing kiin thiic ve cdc quy tac ca ban cua tu duy duge trinh bay d mdn logic hgc sa cap (vk can dugc day d bac tieu hgc) cung du cho hg sir dyng rdi^.
Thdng thudng, khi vao Idp mgt, tre em mdi dugc day dgc va viet chii. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te, nhieu gia dinh (khdng chi d Viet Nam) da day dgc vk viet chir me de,
tham chi day ca ngoai ngir, cho tre em nam tudi. Nhiiu tre em nam tudi da biet dgc va biit viit ehii. Vay, cd nen day cho tre em hgc dgc vk hgc viet chii trudc khi vao lap mdt hay khdng? Cd hai y kien khdc nhau ve vin di nay. Y kien thii nhat eho rang khdng n6n nhu vay. "Y" kiin thu hai cho rang nen nhu vay. Y kiin thii hai khdng phai la vd ly.
De tra loi cdu hdi "cd nen day cho tre em hpc dgc va hgc viit ehii trudc khi vao lap mdt hay khdng?", chiing ta can phai can cir vao tinh hudng cu thi. Vi du, ddi vdi chu Qude ngir va ddi vdi tre em ngudi Viet d cdc thanh phd hien nay, bd m? nen day cho tre em hgc dgc va hgc viit chu trudc khi vao lap mdt. Cdn ddi vdi tre em ngudi Viet d cdc ndng thdn hien nay, hoac ddi vdi tre em cac ddn tdc thieu sd, thi khdng n6n day cho tre em hgc dpc va hpc viet chii Qudc ngii trudc khi vao Idp mdt. Bdi vi, tre em ngudi Viet trudc khi vao Idp mpt da ndi dugc luu loat tieng Viet; chii Qudc ngii la chir de dgc vk de viet; mpi ngudi Idn deu cd the de dkng day cho tre em dgc vk viet chii Qude ngu. Hon niia, ngay nay d thanh phd eua Viet Nam, ddi sdng vat chat sung tiic ban, trinh do dan tri cao hon, phuang tien thdng tin thuan lgi ban, viee day tre em Viet dgc va viet chu Qudc ngii cang de dang hem.
5. Ket luan
Tieng Viet dudi hinh thuc tieng ndi gan hen vdi lich sir phat trien lau dai hang chue nghin nam ciia ngudi Viet. Tieng ndi Viet cd kha nang bieu dat rd rang tu duy phong phii ciia ngudi Viet, ke ca ddi vdi tu duy khoa hpc sau sac vk tinh te, ddng thdi la cdng cu sic
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Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2018
ben cho ngudi Viet trong boat ddng tu duy.
Chii viit Viet hien nay (chii Qudc ngii) la loai chii viit don gian, de dpc, de viet, de ghi dupe tiing ndi Viet, de tuang thich vdi cac phuang tien cdng nghe thdng tin hien dai, de hdi nhap qudc ti. Tiing Viet (dudi hinh thitc tieng ndi va chii viet) la tai san tinh than vd gia cua ngudi Viet. Ngudi Viet can tran trpng, nang niu, giir gin vk phdt trien Tieng Viet. Tran trgng, nang niu, giii gin va phat trien Tieng Viet ciing la tran trgng, nang niu, giir gin va phdt trien tu duy, van hda, tam hdn ciia ngudi Viet.
Chu thich
' Tren thd gioi hi?n co gSn 3.000 tidng noi khac nhau. Moi dan l^c, moi sdc tpc, tham chi m6i viing inien co the co ndng noi khac nhau. 6 Viet Nam c6 54 dan toe va nhieu viing mien; moi dan tgc d6u co Iieng noi rieng; m6i vung mien cijng thirong co tidng noi voi ngij digu rieng. Trong do, tidng not chinh thiic 6 Viet Nam la tieng noi dugc sii dung bai Dai Tidng noi Viet Nam (phat Lhanh tir Ha Ngi).
Nho cd chii viet nen con ngucri co thd tmyen dat tu duy cho nhau mgt each gian tiep, tu duy cua nhieu nguoi thcri co dai cd thd tniydn lai dugc cho thd h?
hom nay. Chir vidt co thd la chu viet lugng hinh (nhu chit Han), hoac la chu vidt tugng thanh (nhu chir Anh). So lugng chi/ viet tren thd gidi tuy ft hon so lugng lieng noi, nhung khong phai la s6 nho. Chu viet dugc ghi chu ydu (rong sach. Sach cd c^c dang nhu: sach b§ng tre, sach bSng go, sdch bing vai, sach bang giiy, sach di?n lu.
"De dgc diing ditgc mgt chu Qudc ngii nao dd, hi?n dang cd nhidu cich dinh v'm khac nhau. Mgt trong niiung each danh v4n mgt chu Qu6c ngii nao do \h phan tfch chu 3y lhanh hai phin (vi du lhanh A va B), sau dd dgc A, r6i doc B va doc AB. Khi da dgc dung
A va dgc diing B thi chung ta se de dang dgc diing AB. Vl du, chii "ong" (AB) cd chii " 6 " (A) vS chu
"ng" (B), khi dgc diing chii "6". rdi doc dung chO
"ng", thi chiing ta se de d ^ g dgc diing chii "6ng", Vi du khac, chir "khong" (AB) co chir "kh" (A) v& chir
"dng" (B), khi dgc ddng chir "kh", rdi doc diing chii
"dng", Ihi chdng ta se de d^ng dgc diing chu "khdng".
Neu dgc xong A, rdi dgc ngay B thi 3m A va am B a nhieu trudng hgp cd the hoa vao nhau, va nr dpng Igo thanh §m AB, dii chua ciin dgc AB. Cach dinh v5n nay do Ho Ngoc Dgi de xudng (nSn cd the ggi do la
"each danh van Ho Ngoc Dai") Cach danh v3n nay la khoa hgc, dem gian, d l th\rc hign.
Tre em mudn hinh thanh tu duy va ngon ngii thi can phai dugc giao due. Giao due tre em vd Uiyc chat la giao due ve tu duy (tu duy duge hidu bao ham ca tri thiic va pham chat dao due) va ngdn ngir.
Dc giao due tit duy va ngon ngii cho ire em dat hi^u qua tot (ddng dan, nhanh, b6n viing), thi nguoi giao due can cd tridl 1^ giao due diing din. Tren the gioi da cd rat nhieu triet Iy giao dye khac nhau. Moi nha giao due hgc den theo mgt iridt ly giao due nSo A6.
Moi nha nudc deu dp dung mgt triet I;f giao due nao do. Triet ly giio dgc ma nha niroc ap dyng dugc quy djnh thanh phap luat va bat buoc mgi ngucri giao due va mgi nguoi dugc giao due phai tuan theo. 6 Viel Nam may chuc nam vira qua, Nha nuoc da nhieu lin cai each giao due d nhirng raiic dg khae nhau tit b?c tieu hoc cho den bac sau dai hgc. Thay ddi thir tir phat am bat dSu tir am a sang bk diu Sm e, thay ddi each danh gia hgc sinh tieu hgc, thay ddi each tuydn sinh vao dai hgc, thay doi quy c h i vd dao tao sau dai hoc, thay ddi vd tieu chudn ddi vdi chirc danh pho giao su va giao su. thay ddi thai lugng va sd mon hgc ly luan chinh trj cung la nhiing sy: eai cich giao due d mdt mirc dp nao do. Tham chi cd nhirng vSn de thay doi lien tuc, va sau vai lin lai quay trd vd cai cu. Vl dy, vi?c giang day kidn thurc vd chu nghia Mic-Lenin a bac dai hpc liic d i u dupe ihidt kd lhanh ba mon, sau dd dugc thidt kd thanh mgt mdn, va
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hifn nay dang dugc thiet ke l^i thanh ba mon nhu cii; thai lugng ciia ba mon dd cung thay ddi nhidu lan. Mdi lan thay ddi ve chinh sach giao dye deu dan den nhiing bifin d$ng Idn trong xa hgi. Nhiing gia dinh cd ngudi di hpc, nhiing ngudi di hgc va nhiing ngudi di day deu rat quan tam ddn thay ddi chinh sach giao dye, vl dieu dd lien quan mat thiet den lgi ich thiet than ciia hg. Thay doi chinh sach giao dye dya trSn thay ddi trifit 1^ giio dye. Trong tridt ly ve giao due ed triet ly ve myc dich (hay myc tiSu) giao due va triet ly ve phuang phdp gido due. Dii cho myc dich giao dye la tot, nhung neu phuang phap gido dye khong phii hgp, thi kdt qya giao dye cung khong hi?u qua. Xdc dinh va lua chgn phuang phdp giao due phii hgp la van de phiic tap. De xac dinh va lua chgn phuang phdp gido dye phu hgp, nha gido due va nha giao dye hge can dya tren mot triet ly gido due diing dan. Logic hpc la mdt phan ca ban trong tndt 1^ gido dye ddng dan.
Tai lif u tham khao
[1] Bd Giao due va Dao tao (2018), Tiing Viet I, Tap mpt, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, HI Npi.
[2] Bg Giio due vk Dao tao (2018), Tieng Viet I, Tap hai, Nxb Gido dye Viet Nam, Ha Npi.
[3] Nguyin Thipn Giap (2018), Tu- va ni- vung hgc tieng Viet. Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, Ha Ngi.
[4] Nguydn Nggc Ha (1999), 'Tinh phuc tap trong vi?c sir dyng cdc thufit ngii triet hgc", Tap chi Triet hgc, sd 5.
[5] Nguyen Nggc Ha (2015), "Don gian hda dinh nghia thuat ngii". Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hpi Viet Nam, so 2.
[6] Nguyen Van Hoa (2014), Gido trinh Ldgich hgc, Nxb Chmh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[7] https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre de Rhodes, Truy cap ngay 2/9/2018.
[8] http://tjasang eom.vn/-giao-duc/Su-phat-trien- ngon-ngu-cua-tre~truoc-tuoi-den-truong-Ky- cuoi-10273, Truy cap ngay 2/9/2018.
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