so 9 (203)-2012 NGON NGUT & Ddi SONG 11 NGON NGO HOC VA VIET NGO HOC
NHUNG HAM Y NGU'DUNG UEN QUAN DEN TIT THiyK CACH DUNG NO DE BIEU HIEN CAC
HANH VI NGON NGU*
PRAGMATIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE WORD "THEN" AND ITS USAGE TO DENOTE LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOURS
Ll/ONG DINH KHANH (TS, Cao dang Su pham Hung Yen)
Abstract
Each utterance has both direct and indirect meanings which we must refer to something to understand. That is called denotation and it is divided into linguistic implication and pragmatic implication. In Vietnamese, the word "then" used in utterances denotes linguistic behaviours and pragmatic implication. When we would like to clearly determine pragmatic implications related to the word "then", we must put the whole sentence in the context.
dung la loai ham y dUpc Mnh thanh qua ngii 1. M.(i dau canh cua cau, qua nhiJng tinh hudng giao Mdt phat ngdn, ngoai cai y nghia dUpc ndi tiep cu the. Ham y ngii dung dupc nay sinh ra tnic tiep nhd cac yeu td'ngdn ngii (dm, tit, theo nhiing quy lu^t logic, quy luat tam li, het cdu cu, phdp) cdn cd rat nhieu y nghia nhan thiic, tren cd s3 nhiing tri thiic nen khac niia ma chiing ta phai dimg den thao tang trong cupc song. Do nhiing co che ngdn tac suy y, diia vao ngii canh, dieu khien lap ngii, chiing ta nhan biet dUpc, suy luan ra lufin... mdi n i m b i t dUpc. Cac y nghia nhd cac loai ham y.
suy y mdi n i m bat dUdc gpi la y nghla ham Trong tieng Viet, cac tii dUpc phan thanh In. Nghia d i y du cila mpt phat ngdn bao hai loai: thiic tif va hU tif. Thong thudng gom nghia hien ngdn va nghia ham ngdn. thiic tif bao gom danh tii, dpng tif, tinh tif.
NghTa ham ngdn chia ra thanh tien gia dinh HU tif bao gom phu tii va ket tif... Cac tii dd, va ham y. Cd hai loai ham y dd la: ham y se, roi, rdt, khong... diipc gpi la phu tif, cdn ngdn ngii va ham y ngii dung. Ham y ngdn nhiing, vdi, vd do, bdi, viiy... gpi la ke't tit.
nguf la loai ham y dUdc hinh thanh do tif ngii NhQng tif hU cd y nghia tinh thai va quan va cau triic ndi tai cua mpt cau. Ham y ngQ h§ khac nhau, cd y nghTa phii dinh, y nghia
12 NGON NGi; & DOI SONG S6 9 (203)-2012 nghi van, y nghia nhan manh, y nghia thdi
gian va dUpc dimg dd bieu thi cac quan he ngii phap. Cac tif hu ngoai nhiing y ngMa tren cdn cd y nghia khac va bieu hien nhiing quan he khac niia.
Vl du: 1. Gid quyen truyen nay hai miCdi ngdn dong.
2. Gid quyen truyen nay co hai miidi ngdn dong.
3. Gid quyen truyen nay vdn hai miCdi ngdn dong.
4. Tuy nhiin, gid ciia quyen truyen nay vdn hai miidi ngdn dong.
Cau 1, 2 la cau tUdng thuat. Chiing deu thdng bao ve gia sach, nhUng chiing c6 diem khac nhau cd ban la: A cdu 1, chap nhan dUdc ca hai each danh gia hoac khen re, hoac che dat. Cau 1 khdng cd sU danh gia nao. O cdu 2, chi cha'p nh^n ldi danh gia khen re:
Cau 2 gom hai thanh phin; ngUdi ndi da thong bao ve gia sach re va sU danh gia binh luan ciia ngUdi ndi do la sU danh gid re. Su khac nhau d each sii dung trd tif co.
Cau 3, 4 tif vdn ndi ve sU tiep tuc cua hien tUdng trang thai nen ca hai cau deu c6 tien gia dinh la trUdc ddy gid quyen truyen Id hai miidi ngdn va ca hai cau diu thdng bao ve gid sdch hien nay. Cau 4 chi dUdc phat ngdn trong dieu kien sau: TrUdc do da CO mpt phdt ngon P lam chung ta nghi rang gid quyen truyen nay dd thay doi. Cau 4
khac cau 3 cl trang ngQ tuy nhiin.
Trong cac vi du tren, tii co, tuy nhiin mang nhiing net nghia khai quat, dpc lap vdi npi dung cua thiic tQ va phan cdn lai cua cau.
Nhu vay, tif hU cd vai trd quan trpng trong sii Mnh thanh nghia ciia cau (phat ngdn). Nhiing nghia dd ddc lap vdi thUc tii, chiing bieu hien cac hanh vi ngdn ngQ bieu hien cac ham y. Cac nha ngdn ngii cang chii y tdi vai trd cua tii phu trd trong vi§c tao nghia cua cau, dac biet la nghia ham I n ngdn ngii. Ciing trong cac phat ngdn, sii xu§ft Men cua cac tif hU dSn den nhiing ham
y ngQ dung khac nhau. Tif thi la mdt bieu M§n cu the cua tif hu.
2. Xet ham y trong cau ghep c6 tuf thi Dung cap tii ndi neu... thi se tao ra cac cau bieu hien quan h6 dieu kien - k§'t qua (N§'u A thi B). TUdng iing vdi cac cau nay, trong logic chi cd mpt kieu phan doan dUdc gpi la phan doan keo theo A => B (Neu A thi B). Doi cMeu logic, cac kieu cau cd cap tif neu ... ihi la nhiing cau bieu hien quan he nhan qua (cau nhan qua). Nhieu cau nhan qua truyin dat tudng minh mdt npi dung. NhUng cung cd nhiing cau nhan qua chifa dUng ham y.
NgUdi nghe nh§in ra ham y nay thdng qua mdt qua trinh suy lu^n dac thu ciia ngon ngii tu nhien.
Vi du: Neil bd dy khong diep thi xdm minh chdng cd ai dep cd.
Ham y ciia cau tren la: Bd dy id ngiidi dep nhdt xdm.
Phat ngdn tren cd the dUdc suy luSn qua cac budc nhu sau:
Budc 1: Cau tren cd ca'u tnic neu A thi B;
A => B (A = 6d dy khong dep; B = xdm minh chdng CO ai dep cd).
Budc 2: Trong thiic te, mpi ngUdi diu tin r i n g cau B la sai, khdng B mdi la diing, ta se c d ~ B .
Budc 3: Ta cd neu A tM B (A = B) va khdng B (~ B). Vay theo quy tic MT suy ra ~ A.
A = Neil ba ay khdng dep (tiic Id bd dy dep).
* Hai kieu suy luftn ra ham y dUa theo hai quy tic tam doan lu&n trong logic hinh thilc:
modus ponens va modus tollens (quy tic suy luan hai tien de).
- Quy t i c modus ponens MP (du): [(a =>
b) A a] => b hay la [((- a) V b) A a)] => b - Quy t i c modus tollens MT (cin): [(a =>
b) A (~b)]=>(~a)
+ Dang tinh thai cua MT nhu saw (MTl) ((a=>b) A (khdng mudn b)) =>
(difng a / khdng nen a)
(MT2) ( ( a = > b ) A (cin khdng c6 b))
=> (phai khdng a)
SO 9 (203)-2012 NGON NGUT & D 6 | SONG 13
* Phep suy lu^n dac thu cua ngdn ngQ tU nhien: coi a cung la dieu kien can cua b.
(MV) [(a=>b) A ~ a ] = > ( ~ b ) + Dang tinh thdi cua MVnhu saw (MVl) [(a => b) A khdng mud'n a] =>
(diing b/ khdng nen b)
- > Sd do suy lu&n MV la cd sd Idgic cho nhQng ldi ndi cd ham y
Loai cau nhan qua Neu A thi B; Vi A nen B cd the hieu A dong thdi la dieu kien du cua B (A =:>B) va dong thdi la dieu kidn can cua B (~ A => ~ B). Tif quan niem A la dieu kien cin ciia B da dan tdi mpt kieu suy diin dac thu cua ngdn ngQ tU nhien. Sd do: MV [(A
=>B) A(~A)] = > ~ ' B
Sd do suy luan MT, MTl, MT2 la cd sd Idgic cho cac hanh vi ngdn ngQ. Cach xac dinh ham y ciia hanh vi the boi, bdc bo, hhuyin ran, canh bao deu theo cac sd do do.
* Ldi the
Vi du: Neu toi (md) ndi doi thi toi se chet.
Budc 1: Cau tren cd ca'u tnic ng'u A tM B;
A => B , cl dd A = Neu tdi md ndi doi. B = toi se chet.
Budc 2: Trong thUc te khdng cd chuyen ndi doi se chet. Vay ta cd khdng B (~ B).
Budc 3: ta cd: ng'u A thi B (A => B) va ~ B (khdng B). V^y theo quy tic MT => ~ A, A = Neu tdi ma ndi do'i {tdc Id toi khong ndi ddi).
* Bdc bo hoac khdng dinh
Vi du: Neil no md thiidng anh thi trdi sap.
Budc 1: Cau tren cd ca'u tnic Neit A thi B.
Budc 2: Trdi sap la mpt dieu sai (~ B) Budc 3: ~ A, tiic la nd khdng thUdng anh.
*Ldi hhuyin (phdt ngon tinh thdi) Vi du: Neu anh mudn bo di thi xin hay budc qua xac toi.
Budc 1: Cau tren cd ca'u true Neu A thi B, A => B, ci dd A = neu anh mudn bo di, B = xin hay budc qua xdc toi.
Budc 2: Trong thiic te'budc qua xac tdi la mdt dieu sai. Vay ta cd (~ B)
' Budc 3: Neu A thi B (A => B) va ~ B. Vay theo quy tic MTl: Difng A hoac khdng nen A (~A).
Vay, ham y ciia cau tren la dOng di hoac khdng nen di.
* Canh bdo
Vi du: Neu Idm vay thi anh se bi qua bdo ddy.
Budc 1: Cau tren cd ca'u tnic neu A tM B, A => B (A= neu lam vdy, b = anh se bi qua bdo ddy).
Budc 2: Thiic te khdng ai mudn qua bao.
Vay tacd khdng B(~B).
Budc 3: N§'u A tM B (A => B) va ~ B.
Theo quy t i c MTl: Difng A hoac khdng nen A(~A)
Ham y: Diing Idm vdy hoac khong nen Idm vdy.
Sd do suy lu^n MV la cd sd logic cho nhQng ldi ndi ham y
Vi du: Bao gid cay cdi lam dinh Go lim dn ghem thi ta lay minh Budc 1: Phat ngdn cd cfiTu tnic A thi B (A
= bao gid c&y cdi lam dinh; B = ta lay minh) Budc 2: ThUc te khdng bao gid cay cai lam dinh, gd lim an ghem. Theo luat MV: ta c6 khdng a (~a)
Budc 3: A tW B (A => B) va ~ a. Theo quy tac MV: ~ a.
Ta cd ham y: Khdng bao gid co chuyen ta lay minh.
3. Nhiifng ca'u triic trtfu tifdng chijfa thi chiia ham y xac dinh
Chiing ta xem xet d loai cau nhan qua chiia yeu td'phiem dinh.
Vi du: 1. (Neu) No khong xinh thi con ai xinh?
2. (Neil) No dd xinh thi con ai khong xinh?
Xet d ciu 1: Neu nd khong xinh thi moi ngUbi deu khong xinh -> Nd Id ngUdi xep cao nhdt trong thang do xinh. Nghia la bac bo dupe hinh thanh theo phUdng phap cha't va'n: con ai (ngodi nd xinh). Cha't van de phii djnh.
Xet d cau 2: (Neu) No dd xinh thi moi ngUdi deu xinh -> Nd Id ngudi xep thap nhdt trong thang do xinh.
14 NGON NGUT & DOI SONG SO 9 (203)-2012
Ta cd the khai quat thanh ca'u tnic nhU sau:
a. A ma khdng X thi cdn ai X? -> A ra't X.
b. A ma (da X) thi cdn ai khdng X? A ra't khdng X,
Trong thUc te giao tiep, mdt phat ngdn thudng khdng phai chi cd mpt dich cl ldi ma dai bp phan cac phat ngdn dUdc xem nhU la thuc hien dong thdi mdt so hanh vi. Hien tUdng ngUdi giao tiep sit dung tren be mat hanh -vi 3 ldi nay, nhUng lai n h i m hieu qua cua mpt hanh •vi cl ldi khac dUdc gpi la hi$n tupng s\i dung hanh •vi ngdn ngQ theo ldi gidn tiep. Hanh •vi ngdn ngQ gian tid'p dUdc gpi la hanh vi tao ldi phai sinh. Mpt hanh vi ngdn ngQ gpi la gian tiep khi dang thiic ngdn ngQ cua hanh •vi tao ldi khdng phan anh true tiep muc dich cua diiu mud'n ndi.
Ve mat ngQ dung, cac hanh vi tao ldi dUdc chi phdi bdi nhQng quy t i c da dUdc xa hdi udc che. Cac nha nghien ciiu neu ra nhQng dilu kien dung cho mdi hanh vi ngdn ngQ.
Austin gpi dd la nhQng dieu kien thuftn ldi de mdt hanh •vi tao ldi dat hieu qua va khdng bi tha't bai. Tuy loai hanh vi tao ldi ma nhQng dieu kien nay khac nhau. Cd the de cap ba loai chinh: dieu kiSn ban d i u , dieu kign chan thUc va dieu kien thiet yeu. Mpt hanh vi dUdc sii dung gian tid'p la mdt hanh vi trong dd ngUdi noi thUc hien mdt hanh vi h ldi nay, nhUng lai lam cho ngUdi nghe diia vao nhQng hieu biet ngdn ngQ suy ra F d ldi ciia mpt hanh vi khac.
Vl du: SPl: Me di, hdm nay con dUdc diem 10 Tieng Viet.
Sp2: NhUng trdi lanh the nay!
Spl: U, me phdi gia dung ldi hda chd!
SPl da dung hanh 'vi d ldi trUc tiep la thdng bdo nhUng lai gian tiip la doi (me m u a k e m cho m i n h ) . Ldi dap ciia SP2 trUc tiep la ddnh gid nhUng lai gian tiep la hanh viblbitd ckdi Gdi ddi hdi cua Spl) hoac hoan viec thiic hien dieu minh da cam ket vdi con.
Cac hanh vi ngdn ngQ gian tiiep, hien nay dUdc hieu la thudc mdt pham vi rdng rai hdn
la hieu lUc b ldi. NhQng hanh vi thudng gap nhat trong sU ddi dap qua lai la nhQng hank vi khdng dinh, chdp thuan, dong tinh, bdc bo, hda hen, thi boi. Nhiing hanh -vi ngon ngQ nay ra't hay gap nen cd che ngdn ngQ phan anh chiing ra't n g i n gpn va ra't ddn gian. Ta cd the minh hoa nhQng hanh vi ngdn ngQ nay qua nhQng cd che ngdn ngQ gin vdi tQ thi.
Hanh vi ngdn ngQ A dan tdi hanh vi ngdn ngQ B tM A cd hanh •vi ngdn ngQ gian tiip la B. NhQng cau nhan qua cd ham y thudng lien quan tdi K le a => b.
Vidu:
1. Hanh vi bdc bo
A; Kia Id cong vien Thu Le cd phdi khdng?
B: Mudn an kem thi den ddy.
a = mud'n an kem; b = din da'y -> A khong nen den ddy (theo MVl, A khong mud'n a ma mudti den cdng vien Thu IA).
Suy ra dfiy khdng phai la cdng •vign Thu LS- 2. Hanh vi tit chdi
Cupc thoai giQa A va B A: Mai di Hd Ngi vdi anh nhe.
B: Em di thi bdi tap dieu kien ai Idm cho?
Theo luat MTl Nlu A thi B: Khdng the di.
3. Hanh vi canh bdo
May md khdng thi dd vao cap ba thi diing ve cdi nhd nay.
Theo luat MT2: Khdng dUdc thi trUdt.
4. Hanh vi de doq
- Cd md khdng ra khoi nhd nay thi diing cd trach.
Theo luat MV, MT: Nen ra khoi nha.
5. Hanh vi khuyen
- Neu Id em thi em se mua vdng.
Theo luat MP: Anh / chong nen mua vang.
DUa tren K le ca nhan: Neu em I vd Idm dUdc nhu vdy thi anh I chdng cdng nen lam nhit the.
Sd do khai quat: G (X) => G (Y) ma G 00
=>G(Y)
6. Hanh vi noi day
O hanh vi nay, ngUdi dap cd ngu y va ngUdi nghe ludn Meu ngu y dd.
so 9 (203)-2012 NGON NGUT & D 6 | SONG 15 A: Gdm con gdi nhd bd Lan dd xdu lgi
con ludi.
B: Vdng, con cd thi dep.
Phat ngdn cd tiin gia dinh: TrUdc dd cd ngudi dd che ngUdi khde xdu qua, nen khi day lai ngUdi ta khdng bac bd dilu •vQa nghe tha'y, ngUdi ta chap nhan dilu vifa nghe dUdc nhUng day lai. Tii thi trong phat ngdn cd hanh vi ngdn ngQ ndi day (ndi mia).
7. Hanh vi noi doi
Cudc thoai giQa A dang di vdi ngUdi yeu la B
A: Cd dy xinh qud!
B: Con em thi xdu thdi.
B thudc hanh vi ndi ddi khi nghe A khen mdt ai dd. B hieu ngim la cd ngu y che minh.
B thUc hien ldi ndi ddi, tU nhan minh cd thupc tinh am nhUng trong tham tam B khdng nghi nhu the. TQ thi trong phat ngdn cd hanh vi ngdn ngQ ndi ddi.
Trong thUc te giao tiep, mdt phat ngdn thudng khdng chi cd mpt dich d ldi ma dai bd phan cac phat ngdn dUdc xem nhU la thiic hign dong thdi mdt so' hanh •vi. Hien tUdng ngUdi giao tiep sii dung tren be mat hanh vi d ldi nham dat hieu qua cua hanh •vi cf ldi khac (sii dung hanh vi ngdn ngQ theo ldi gian tiep). Mdt hanh vi dUdc sii dung gian tiip la mpt hanh -vi trong dd ngUdi ndi thiic hien mdt hanh vi d ldi nay, nhUng lai lam cho ngUdi khac (ngUdi nghe) dUa vao nhQng hieu biet ngdn ngQ va ngoai ngdn ngQ chung cho ca hai ngUdi suy ra hieu lUc d ldi ciia mdt hanh vi khac. Mdi phat ngdn (hanh vi ngdn ngQ) gom cd hai phan: Nghia hien ngdn va mdt ph i n nghia khac. Nghla hien ngdn chinh la nghia cua cau tao thanh bang each bo di cac tQ phu trd, tQ dem, tQ nha'n manh.
Nghla thd hai gom cac ham y, cac hanh vi ngon ngQ, cac dilu kien dung ciia moi cau va chiing dupe gpi la nhQng dinh hUdng nghia ciia cau. De thd' hien mpt hanh vi ngdn ngQ, ta cd the dimg phUdng thQc ngdn ngQ khac nhau.
4. Ket l u a n
Khi tim hieu nhQng hdm y ngii dung lien quan den tif thi (tif hU), ta phai dat trong
ngQ canh cua cau, qua nhQng tinh hudng giao tiep cu the. NgMen cQu tQ thi trong cac ngQ canh tren, ta xac dinh dUdc cd che xac dinh ham y ngdn ngQ cua cau (phat ngdn) va sU cd mat cua tQ hU thi trong nhQng kieu cau nha't dinh cho ta nhQng kieu ham y ngQ dung nha't dihh. Cac tQ hu trong tieng Viet dang la va'n'.dl dUdc cac nha ngdn ngQ hpc quan tam, ngMen cutu, sii dung chiing de tao nen eac pKat rigdn khac nhau. Thdng thUdng moi hanh •vi ngdn ngQ the hien mpt phat ngdn. Su xual hien cua cac tQ hU trong mdi phat ngdn se cd nhQng hieu lUc d ldi khac nhau, bieu hien cac hanh vi ngdn ngQ khac nhau. TQ thi xua't hidn trong cac hanh •vi ngdn ngQ b nhQng phat ngdn da phan tich b tren cho ta thay cac hi§u lUc b ldi khac nhau, bieu hien cac hanh vi ngdn ngQ ra't khac nhau. Cac hanh vi ngdn ngQ gian tiep la mpt trong nhQng phUdng thQc tao ra tinh md ho v l nghia trong ldi ndi. Tuy nhien, nd cin cd quy tic s\i dung giao tiep cac hanh vi b ldi.
Mud'n nhan dien hanh 'vi gian tiep cin phai dUa vao ngQ canh, dUa vao quan hd ngQ nghia giQa cac thanh p h i n cua ndi dyng menh d l trong bieu thQc ngQ •vi, cd che cua hanh vi d ldi gian tiep la b cac dilu kien sif dung cua hanh vi b ldi.
Chu thich: Cac ki'hieu trong bai dUdc hieu nhu sau:: => phep keo theo; A giao hoan; V k i t hdp; - k h d n g .
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1. Do HQu Chau, Bui Minh Toan (1983), Dgi ciidng ngon nga hgc, tap II, Nxb Giao due.
2. Nguy&i DQc Dan, Nga nghia cdc tii hU:
Dinh hudng nghia cua td, Ngon ngQ, so' 2 / 1984.
3. Nguyin DQc Dan (1987), Ldgich ngd nghla - cuphdp, Nxb Dai hpc va THCN.
4. Nguyen DQc Dan (1996), Logic vd Tieng Viet, Nxb Giao due.
5. Nguyin Thien Giap (2004), Dung hgc Viet nga, Nxb Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Npi.
6. Hoang Phe, Toan td ldgich tinh thdi, Ngdn ngQ so'4/1984.
7. Hoang Phe (1989), Logic ngon ngu hgc, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hoi.
(Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 03-05-2012)