GIA TRI CUA DONG HO NGl/dl HMONG TRONG BAO TON VA PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA TOC NGU^dl
SAM THI DUONG"
Tom tdu Dong hg Id thie't che cdn bdn cua ngUdi Hmong, ditdc hinh thdnh, duy tri, vun ddp suoi qud trinh lich sii. Ciing vdi cdc gid tri ve co'ke't cong ddng, thie't che dong hg ngUdi Hmdng con Id cong cu deqidnlyxd hgi, trong do noi bat len Id he thong quy Udc/lugt tuc; Ben canh do dong ho toe ngUdi ndy con hdm chUa cdc gid tri vi van hoa, lich sii, tin ngUdng, ton gido, bdo ve moi trUdng... cdc gid tri ndy cdn duac nghien cOu mot cdch he thong de van dung trong cdng tdc qudn ly vd bdo ton phdt trien vdn hoa toe ngUdi Hmdng. Tit do gop phdn xdy ditng nen vdn hoa cdc ddn tgc Viet Nam theo hUdng phdt trien bin viing.
Tit khoa: Dbng hg; ddn tgc Hmdng; dong ho tgc ngUdi Hmdng; gid tri dong hg.
Abstract: Family is the core element of Hmong culture, its position is developed throughout history. Family plays an important role m community bonding and social m-anagement: family rules align with community regulation. Hmong families are also safeguards of cultural, historical, religious and environmental protection values, all of which need careful consideration in management and preservation of Hmong culture towards sustainability.
Keywords: Family; Hmong ethnic minority; Hmong family; family value.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 12/12/2018;Ngdy sud bdi: 08/01/2019;Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 27/02/2019.
Khi n g h i e n cQu ve v a n h d a ngUdi Hmdng, thi ddng h p la m d t t r o n g n h Q n g va'n de cd't ldi. Mdi d d n g h p ngQdi H m d n g la mpt cdng ddng v a n h d a vdi sae t h a i rieng, nhUng v l n m a n g t r o n g m i n h nhQng ye'u to' v a n h d a dac t r U n g ciia tdc ngUPi. Ngay n a y , k h i x e m xet cae n g u d n liic phat trien xa hdi, t h i v a n h d a dUdc coi la ngudn lUc "mem". TQ q u a n d i e m n a y , thi ddng hp c h i n h la m p t n g u d n vd'n xa hpi. Ban t h a n ddng hp cac toe ngUdi ndi chung, trong do cd tpc ngUdi H m d n g ludn ham chQa nhQng gia t r i k i n h t e , v a n hda, xa hpi nha't dinh. Do v a y , c a n ed n h Q n g nghien cQu ve ddng hp, i a m rd n g u d n vd'n xa hpi va gia t r i n g u d n iQe n a y . Ke't q u a nghien cQu la m i n h chQng v a ed sd k h o a hoc, thuc d l y cac ea'p q u a n ly doi mdi tQ duy trong viee h u y ddng va xa hpi h d a cac Sfi3-2D19
n g u d n ndi luc, de p h a t t r i e n KT-XH cua dia phUdng v u n g ddng bao H m d n g n g a y e a n g h i e u q u a .
N g h i e n cQu ve ddng hp ciia ngudi H m d n g , tac gia t a p t r u n g l a m rd cac m a t gia t r i ed b a n sau:
Gid tri cdket cong ddng
T r o n g ddi sd'ng s i n h hoat, ddng hp ngUdi H m d n g ludn n e u cao t i n h t h a n tUdng trd giup dd l l n n h a u , k h i gia dinh ed cdng viec ldn nhU: eUdi xin, t a n g m a , n g h i l l t i n ngUdng, l a m nha... t h i ngUdi eQng ddng hp, du d xa cQng cd' g I n g de'n ehia se budn/vui, giup dd v a t eha't, t i n h t h a n . T r o n g t h d n ngUdi H m d n g cd quy udc
'*' NCS. Khoa Dan toe hoc va Nhan hoc, Hoc ' Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ban Dan tgc tinh Ha Giang;
Email: [email protected]
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [^
GIA TRI CUA DONG HO N G U O I H M 6 N G . .
chung, mpi ngUdi deu tdn trpng va t u a n t h u thuc hien, t r e n t i n h t h i n doan ke't, cd' ke't k h a b i n chat. Ngoai quy udc thdn, cdng ddng cac ddng ngUdi Hmdng cdn cd quy udc rieng dUdc thdng qua, to chQc thQc hien va d a n h gia tdng ke't h a n g n a m tai le a n Hpi (ndo phui). T a m ly cd' ke't cdn la cha't keo m a n h bet, giup edng ddng ngUdi H m d n g sinh tdn va p h a t trien. Trong lieh sii, m a c du trai q u a bao t h a n g t r i m , n h a t la cupc t r u y sat keo dai ciia ngUdi H a n trong n h i e u t h e ky trQdc kia, sU p h a n Iy tdc ngUdi de'n mpi mien t r e n t h e gidi, nhUng n h o cd c h a t keo cd' ket m a ngudi H m d n g vQdt q u a mpi khd k h a n gian khd trong cudc da'u t r a n h sinh tdn. NgQdi H m d n g q u a n niem, da la a n h e m ddng hp, da la ddng tpc, thi di b a t ky d a u cQng d e u n h a n dUdc sQ tUdng trd, giup dd. Ne'u la c u n g dng td, d u chUa m d t lan gap m a t , q u e n biet, nhUng k h i xac dinh dUdc cd q u a n h e ciing hg, cung ma t h i ngudi Hmdng cd the chet trong n h a n h a u va sdng phdi bdo ve nhau, chit phdi chdn cdi cho nhau, day la nhQng gia tri d a n g t r a n trpng va c I n dUdc bao tdn va p h a t h u y trong ddi sd'ng.
B e n e a n h do, dd'i vdi n g h i l l t i n n g u d n g ciia ngudi Hmdng, ddng hp cd tdi s a u l l thQc c h u n g gom: m a td tien, m a budng, m a ciia, cac n g h i le t a n g ma, thi su (gidi hgn), le d a t t e n gia (le t h a n h d i n h d n a m gidi). Cdn ddi vdi cdng ddng t h i ehi cd rapt l l thQc dd la l l cung t h i n rQng/thd t h a n va an hdi (an udc), dieu nay cho tha'y su cd' ke't ddng hp ciia tpc ngudi H m d n g ludn dupe de cao.
Gid tri qudn ly xa hgi
Td chQc ddng hp cua ngUdi H m d n g dupe q u a n ly b l n g l u a t tuc tpc hp va dUdc dieu h a n h bdi nhQng ngudi dQng d a u ddng hp, bao gdm t r u d n g ho; ngUdi e l m Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
q u y e n m a q u y e n k h a c h ; ba cd; dng cau, dd la nhQng ngUdi t h e o ddi, de xua't, giai quye't n h Q n g va'n d l h e n q u a n de'n ddi sd'ng v a t chat, t i n h t h i n v a t a m l i n h c u a ddng hp c u n g n h u cae cdng viee cd lien q u a n tdi cpng ddng xa hdi c h u n g . C u t h e :
Trudng hg (ud thOUx): thUdng do ngudi d a n dng n h i e u tuoi ( t r u n g nien hoac ngUdi gia) d a m n h i e m . D a y la ngQdi cd p h a m cha't dao dQe td't, gia d i n h m l u mQc, k i n h t e k h a gia ed t h e giup dUPc a n h em; a m hieu phong tuc t a p q u a n , hieu ly le, giai quye't mpi edng viec cdng b l n g , vi q u y e n Idi c h u n g ndi mpi ngUdi d e u k i n h n e v a n g h e theo.
T r u d n g h p cd t r a c h n h i e m lo t o a n nhQng vide c h u n g cua ddng hp va dai dien t r o n g dd'i npi, dd'i ngoai. Khi t r o n g ddng h p ed cac viec ldn nhQ m a ehay, cQdi xin, l a m nha, cac le cung, m a u t h u a n giQa eac t h a n h vien trong ddng hp hoac m a u t h u a n vdi ddng hp khac,... t r u d n g hp p h a i chii dpng b a n bac vdi nhQng ngQdi cao tuoi t r o n g h p de thd'ng nha't each giai quyet.
Ngudi "cdm quyen ma, quyin khdch"
(cho dar khud), la ngUdi a m h i e u t u d n g t a n n g h i l l , each thUc l a m m a c u a ddng h p va t r u e tie'p p h u t r a c h n h Q n g p h i n viec lien q u a n de'n tin ngUdng e u a ddng h p m i n h . Cho dar khud edn dUpc coi nhQ m d t "cd' va'n" c u a trUdng h p t r o n g viec q u y e t d i n h n h Q n g h a n h d d n g lien q u a n de'n dd'i ngoai. Cho dar khud k h d n g do b a u b a n , c u n g k h d n g bi p h e bd v a cd t h e cha t r u y e n con nd'i. Cd t h e ndi, ne'u coi t r u d n g hp l a ngQdi d a m n h a n chQc n a n g
" h a n h c h i n h " t h i cho dar khud c h i n h la ngUdi d a m n h a n chQc n a n g t i n ngUdng ciia ddng hp'''.
"^ Viiong ftiy Quang (2005), Vdn h^ tam linh cua ngUdi Hmong a Vwt Nam- truyen th^ng va hien dai Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin & Vien Van hoa, Ha Noi, tr.77..78
sd 3-2019
SAM THI DUONG Bd CO (FduxIPiL nhdng), l a chi h o a c e m
gai cua t h e h$ c h a c h u t r o n g h p (thupc canh tren), t h a o v a t , gidi giao t i e p , cd ddi sdng gia d i n h h a n h phiic, k h a gia. Ba cd cung khdng do b l u chpn, dUa v a o to' cha't ndi troi hdn eiia cac chi e m b e n bd' m a hpi ddng ngQdi gia t r o n g d o n g h p s u y t d n . Ba CO ed t r a c h n h i e m g i a m s a t mpi t h a n h vien trong viec thQc h i e n cac quy d i n h lien quan de'n l u a t t u c c u a d d n g hp. D d n g thdi, ba cd q u y l n q u y e t d i n h ta't ca cac va'n de lien q u a n de'n p h o n g t u c t a p q u a n cua ddng hp, mpi t a p t u c mud'n "eai" (vdi nghia la bd t a p t u e cQ) h o a e "md" (vdi nghia la t h i e t l a p hoac hpc t h e o t a p t u c mdi) deu p h a i radi b a cd ve "cbQi q u a "
(tsOUv dud) (ki§u ndi to nhU ehtti), ngUdi trong ddng hp vi p h a m , l a m s a i p h o n g t u e mud'n sc(a lai deu p h a i n h d de'n b a cd.
Ngoai ba t h a n h vidn c h i n h c u a ddng ho, edn phai kd d e n v a i trd e u a m d t sd' thanh p h i n q u a n t r p n g s a u day:
Bgc cha chd (tri Id tri zd), la hpi d d n g nhQng ngUdi cad t u d i t r o n g d d n g hp, thQdng la nhQng ngQdi cd dp t u d i n g o a i 50 trd di (phai la n h Q n g ngUdi d a dupc dat ten gia - cdn dUdc h i e u la da t r a i q u a nghi le t h a n h d i n h - t r U d n g t h a n h ) , a m hieu phong t u c t a p q u a n . H i u h e t cae cong viee ldn t r o n g d d n g h p trUdc k h i trudng hp dUa r a q u y e t d i n h d e u p h a i thdng qua y kie'n c u a hpi d d n g ngUdi cao tuoi, d i l u n a y t h e h i e n t i n h cpng d d n g r§^t ben c h a t c u a d d n g h p ngUdi. Y k i e n cua hpi ddng ngUdi cad t u o i la y c h i c u a ca hp, t r u d n g hp p h a i n g h e t h e o va d a i di§n thQc h i e n .
Ong cdu (dd Idu/Tsd tldng), la a n h hoac em t r a i e u a m e , ong c a u c u n g dUdc chpn tren cd sd nhQ b a cd, dd p h a i la ngudi cd p h a m cha't dao dQc td't, b i e t giao sd 3-2019
t i e p , a m h i e u p h o n g t u c t a p q u a n v a dupc hdi ddng n g u d i gia t r o n g ddng h p nha't t r i chpn lUa. O n g c a u c h u y e u ed v a i t r d t r o n g d a m cUdi c h a u gai, tQ k h i c h a u g a i dQpc n g u d i t a hdi rdi cudi, dng c a u d e u dupc mdi t h a r a gia t r o n g t h a n h p h i n c h i n h ciia n h a gai de b a n ve s i n h l l t h a c h cUdi, t h d i g i a n cudi, td chQc cQdi n h u t h e nao... d e u p h a i cd y k i e n t h a r a gia c u a dng c a u .
O n g eau c u n g la ngudi t h a m gia t r o n g viec day bao cac c h a u t r a i trd t h a n h ngUdi cd n h a n each t h e o phong t u c de c h a u trd t h a n h e h a n g r e td't. O n g la ngudi d a n dd c h a u gai mpi d i l u trUde k h i ve n h a chdng.
T r o n g d a m cudi c a u ludn ed q u a t a n g c h a u gai, lara c h u t r i d a m cUdi va t h a y m a t n h a gai d u a c h a u ve n h a chdng. Vi cd t r a c h n h i e m nhU vay, n e n khi cQdi c h a u gai dng cau se dQpc n h a n mdt p h a n q u a c u a n h a t r a i bieu t a n g . TQ vai trd t r e n m a ngUdi Hradng ed can ndi: Bdn hd sa dng cdu, ddn dng sa bd cd (tri ninh say phdu, pb liia say dd Idu).
Thdy cung, bao gdm: t h a y c u n g bdi va trQ m a td, chQa b e n h (txir nenhz) va t h l y c u n g n g h i le t a n g m a (txir dangz, e h i n h la eho daz khud).
Txir nenhz la ngUdi h a n h n g h e h o a t ddng tin ngUdng, t d n giao, ddi k h i l a m ea t h l y thudc, cung ehQa b e n h . NgQdi l a m Txir nenhz p h a i cd b a n t h d ma Txir nenhz r i e n g , trQdc k h i di l a m l l cung d ba't cQ d a u , Txir nenhz p h a i t h I p hUdng xin p h e p . Dd n g h e ciia Txir nenhz gdm mot vdng t r d n s i t (de l a m phep), c l y sao va m d t quay tdu hoac chiec tiii vai dai dQng dd cung, q u a n h n h a Txir nenhz t r d n g n h i e u eay m a n (tsir khai), cay dao (tsir duox) de x u a dudi m a t a v a l a m t a n g t h e m q u y e n p h e p . Dd'i vdi t h l y c u n g NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q ]
GIA TRI CUA DONG HO N G U C J I HMONG...
ngUdi Hradng, hp khdng ddi hdi tien edng, khi giup chQa b e n h t h i ngUdi b e n h s a u k h i dupc chUa den dip t e t m a n g m p t con ga trd'ng de'n t a le.
T r o n g bd m a y td ehQc ddng hp ngQdi Hradng, mdi ngudi d e u cd mdt vi tri, v a i trd khde n h a u , cac ca'p q u a n ly can t r a n h t h u p h a t h u y t i e n g ndi e u a hp de q u a n ly cdng ddng ngUdi H m d n g . Vdi mdi ngudi cd uy tin t r o n g ddng hp ngUdi Hmdng, c h u n g t a cd t h e t r a n h t h u theo mdi l i n h vUc nha't dinh.
Ve quy Udc/lugt tuc: T r o n g t r u y e n thd'ng va h i e n t a i , quy udc/luat t u c ddng hp ngUdi H m d n g ludn h a m chQa gia t r i q u a n ly xa hdi ra't h i e u qua. Quy ude mdi t h d n ngudi H m d n g dUdc dai dien eac hd gia dinh b a n bac va t h d n g nha't t a i le cung rQng va a n hpi/ a n t h e {naox phuev / ndo song). H i n h thQc s i n h b o a t cdng ddng n a y phd bien d n h i e u v u n g ngUdi H m d n g nUdc ta. NgUdi t a t h u d n g b a n bac bd'n npi d u n g sau: (1) Bao ve t r i an, p h d n g va ehd'ng t r d m eUdp; (2) C h a n d a t gia sue bao ve mQa m a n g ; (3) Bao ve rUng va t r d n g rQng; (4). Giup dd n h a u t r o n g ddi sd'ng'^'.
K h i n g h i e n cQu ve nhQng quy Udc cua ngUdi Hmdng, N g u y e n Ngpe T h a n h da n h a n dinh: "Xa hdi ngUdi H m d n g tQ bao ddi n a y da tdn t a i quy Udc lien q u a n d e n ddi sd'ng cdng ddng, raac dQ chi t h d n g q u a t r u y e n raieng nhUng quy Ude a'y da dUpc radi t h a n h vien t r o n g l a n g t u a n t h u va duy t r i de'n h i e n nay"*^'.
H i e n n a y quy udc t h d n dUdc xay d u n g diia t r e n cd sd h u d n g d i n cua ed q u a n q u a n ly n h a nUdc (Thdng tU sd' 04/2011/TT-BVHTTDL n g a y 21/01/2011 cua Bp V a n h d a . T h e t h a o va Du lich quy d i n h v l viec thUe h i e n n e p sd'ng v a n m i n h t r o n g viec cudi, viec t a n g va le hpi). Ndi Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
d u n g quy Ude bao t r u m d l y d u cae l i n h vUc ddi sd'ng gdm: p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e - x a hpi, ve n e p sd'ng v a n hda, quy d i n h v§ viec eUdi, viee t a n g , viec l l , hdi; v e a n n i n h , t r a t tU; ve bao ve eac cdng t r i n h cdng cdng, ve s i n h mdi t r u d n g v a b a o ve p h a t t r i e n rQng... T u y eac h n h viic t r o n g quy udc c u a eac t h d n d e u gid'ng n h a u , n h U n g chi tiet quy d i n h lai cd sU k h a c n h a u .
T r o n g cdng d d n g ngUdi H m d n g , viec xt(
ly cac vi p h a m dQde xQ ly t h e o q u y d i n h c u a quy Udc v a do n h Q n g ngUdi cd u y t i n t r o n g ddng hp d a m n h i e m . Cd t h e ndi dpi n g u nhUng n g u d i g i a m s a t , thQc t h i quy Qdc ddng h p cQng cd v a i t r d g i n gid'ng nhQ To h d a giai cd sd b i e n n a y . NhQ vdy, dd'i vdi t h d n ngQdi H r a d n g dpi n g u q u a n ly l u a t tuc ddng hp va To h d a giai ed sd eung t d n t a i s o n g song, ddi k h i m p t ngQdi H m d n g vQa Id t h a n h vien c u a dpi n g u q u a n ly l u a t t u c ddng h p vQa l a t h a n h vien ciia To h d a giai cd sd.
Gid tri tin ngUdng truyen thdng cda dbng hg
Tpc ngQdi H m d n g t h e o t i n ngUdng thd c u n g td t i e n . Mdi ddng h p d e u cd t r u y e n t h u y e t , c a u t r u y e n ve td t i e n m i n h . Du k h d n g l a p gia p h a nhU eae d a n tpc khae, nhUng h p ludn y thQc n h l c n h d cho con c h a u nhd ve cac t h e h e td t i e n , h i u h e t cac t h a n h vien n a r a t r o n g ddng h p d e u nhd t e n eae bac t i e n bd'i tQ 5 d e n 9 ddi.
T r o n g ngdi n h a e u a n g u d i H m d n g p h a i cd ndi t h d c u n g td t i e n {Xii Ca), radi ddng hp cd each b a i t r i k h a c n h a u va n h i n vao Xit
•" Pham Quang Hoan (1994), 'Vai tro cua cac thiet chi xa hoi truyen thong trong viec quan ly nguon tai nguyen cong d6ng cila ngUdi Hmong", Tap chi Bdn toe hgc, so 2, Ha Npi, tr.45- 46.
f^' Nguyin Ngoc T h a n h (2002), "NhQng quy udc cua nguoi Hmong", Tap chiDdn tpc hpc, so 6, Ha Noi
so 3-2019
SAM THI DUONG Ca cung n h a n r a dUdc a n h e m cung hg,
ciing ma. H a n g n a m , n g u d i H m d n g td chQc cung td t i e n vao cac d i p n h u : t e t a m lich, tuy tQng ddng hp n g h i l l e u n g td t i e n dUdc t i l n h a n h vao n g a y 30 t e t h o a c eac ngay tQ mQng 1 de'n m u n g 3 t e t a m lich;
Ram t h a n g rieng; T h a n h m i n h ; R i m thang bay. K h i gia d i n h td chQc eac n g h i l l tin nguong, trUde t i e n p h a i c u n g hao cao ma to tien. D i e u n a y cho tha'y, ddng bao r a t t r a n t r p n g v a t i n vao sU l i n h thidng cua viec t h d c u n g to t i e n . T r o n g ddi sd'ng ngUdi H m d n g ed ra't n h i e u k i e n g ky, lien q u a n d e n t h d c u n g to t i e n . P h u nQ khdng bao gid dUdc d p n g de'n XU Ca v a lam cac cdng viec c u n g te...
Cung vdi thd c u n g td t i e n mdi gia d i n h ngudi Hmdng cdn l a p ma cda, ma buong trong ngdi n h a e u a m i n h , n g h i l l e u n g cac ma nay cua mdi ddng h p cQng k h a c n h a u vl nghi thQc va thdi g i a n . Ma ciia dUde lap thd khi l a m xong n h a mdi va dUdc Cling vao dip t e t a m lieh, vdi y n g h i a de canh giQ, bao ve ngdi n h a . Ma budng dUdc lap khi vd chdng e h u n h a s i n h eon d a u long vdi y n g h i a c a u m o n g sU s i n h sdi, phat tridn s a n xua't.
Tin ngUdng t h d e u n g td t i e n ndi e h u n g va cac sinh hoat t i n ngUdng t r u y i n thd'ng, khdng chi la n e t dep v a n h d a m a cdn t a o nen bQe tQdng t h a n h vQng c h i c , n g a n sQ xam n h a p ciia nhQng ye'u to' t i n ngUdng, t6n giao ngoai s i n h , k h d n g phQ h d p , g i u p toe ngQdi giQ gin, p h a t h u y gia t r i v a n hoa truyen thd'ng. Ddng thdi d a p Qng n h u cau sinh b o a t t a m l i n h ciia d a i bp p h a n ngUdi Hmdng, t a o eho dQa, n i e m t i n t d n giao eho moi ca n h a n . T r o n g cac loai m a ma ngQdi H m d n g t h d c u n g , t h i m a td t i e n la quan t r p n g n h a t , con c h a u p h a i sd'ng cd
"Jao dQc, e h a m sdc t h d e u n g td t i e n c h u
dao, can t h a n t h e hien long biet dn, se dupc phQ hd, ngUdc lai n e u sd'ng k h d n g td't, k h d n g q u a n t a m de'n viec thd c u n g t h i se hi qud t r a c h , gay d'm dau, cude sd'ng gap n h i e u khd k h a n , t r i e trd. Do vay, tin n g u d n g thd cung td tien cdn cd gia t r i giao due n h a n each, dao dQe, dieu chinh h a n h vi cua con ngudi, k h i lam nhQng dieu sai t r a i , t h a t dQc, ba't hie'u, ngQdi H m d n g t i n r i n g se hi raa td tien trQng p h a t . Vdi ma huong, ma ciia... la s i n h boat tin nguSng cd tQ lau ddi, ma cda la da'u bieu de n h a n biet ngdi n h a cua ngudi H m d n g (ta'm v a i dd g i n t r e n dd cita chinh). Vi vay, t i n ngQdng t r u y e n thd'ng h a m chQa gia t r i v a n hda t a m linh sau s i c dd'i vdi ngudi Hradng.
Gid tri lich sd
Mdi ddng hp ngUdi Hradng d e u cd q u a t r i n h h i n b t h a n h va p h a t trien, g i n lien vdi dia d a n h va cac bie'n cd xa hdi ndi ngUdi ddng hp da tQng s i n h sd'ng. Cd ra't n h i e u eau e h u y e n lich sQ lien q u a n d e n ddng hp tQ e h u y e n di cQ, eho d e n t h a m gia l a m each raang... g i n vdi cac sU kien lich sQ Viet N a m va eac quo'c gia l a n g gieng. Dien h i n h nhU ddng hp VUdng P h u y e n Ddng Van, t i n h H a Giang. Theo gia p h a , t i n h de'n n a y ddng ho V u d n g da dupc 10 ddi. Ve m a t lich sii, vao thdi ky trUdc each m a n g T h a n g 8/1945 V u d n g C h i n h DQc (VQdng D u n g LQng, ddi thQ 4) da lap r a mpt t r a t tQ xa hdi ma d a n gian t h u d n g gpi la "Vua Meo". Khi do thUc d a n P h a p da phong quyen eho VQdng C h i n h DQc lam B a n g Ta va l a p r a bp m a y thoiig t r i thUe d a n m i a p h o n g kie'n d v u n g ddng bao H m d n g ndi day. D e n n a m 1937, VUdng C b i n h DQc q u a ddi, eon t r a i dng la VUdng Chi S i n h t h a y cha c a m quyen. T h e che N h a VUdng keo dai dupc h a i ddi, k h i each m a n g t h a n g T a m n a m 1945 t h a n h
Sif 3-2919 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q ]
GIA TRI CUA DONG HO NGUOl HMONG..
edng, V u d n g Chi Sinh dupc giac ngd cdch m a n g , k e t n g h i a vdi Bae Hd lara a n h e m . N ga y nay, k h i len Ddng V a n , chiing t a ed t h e t h a m q u a n k h u D i n h t h u n h a VuPng, d t r u n g t a r a xa Sa Pbin, dd la mdt di tich m a n g gia t r i lich sii dien b i n h ve mdt ddng h o ngUdi H m d n g .
Cd m d t diem c h u n g ve m a t lich sQ c u a ddng hp cae n h d m H m d n g la khi hdi co, ai cQng nhd mpt thdi lich sii bi t r a n g xa xQa d T r u n g Qud'e va cupc da'u t r a n h ehd'ng sQ t r u y s a t cua ngUdi H a n . Cae n g h i le t r o n g t a n g m a ngUdi H m d n g c h i n b la sU p h a n a n h c h a n t h a t nha't lich sQ ddng hp, tdc ngudi. Cac n g h i thQc nhU: m a c ao d a i h i n h y e m cho ngUdi c h e t la d a n dng de gia lam p h u nQ, t r a n h sQ t i e u diet gid'ng ndi eua giac H a n ; n g h i Ie duoi m a giac H a n (mdi ddng hp cd sd' l l n duoi v a sd' ngudi t h a m gia k h a c n h a u ) ; t h u t u c e l t q u a n ao ngudi chet trudc k h i chdn cat; cac bai k h e n d a n dd ngQdi chet each ddi phd vdi m a giac H a n , t r o n g ndi d u n g b a i k h e n T h u Q u a n cd n h a c de'n dia d a n h cd d T r u n g Qud'e dd la Long C h a u : Ong gido sU (Bax khud) nhd ngUai/ Ben trdi che len trdng/ Ben phdi dap len mdu/ Bd Cling khdch dinh khdch ddm/Bd ciing nguai di giao qudn tan ddt Long Chdu)^^\.. Ta't ca da p h a n a n h thdi ky lieh sii, s u g i n ke't b i n c h a t t r o n g da'u t r a n h chd'ng giac ngoai xam... dieu dd da t a o n e n nhQng gia t r i lich sQ ldn lao t r o n g ddng hp ngQdi H m d n g .
Gid tri vdn hda, vdn nghe
Ddng hp eac n h d m H m d n g cd ddi sd'ng s i n b b o a t van, v a n n g h e m a n g d a m b a n s i c v a n h d a tdc ngUdi, t r o n g dd ndi len la h a t q u a n l a n g t r o n g d a m eUdi va cac bai k h d n t r o n g n g h i l l t a n g ma.
T r o n g d a m cUdi cua ngUdi H m d n g , mpt 0 1 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
so' ddng hp edn duy t n tin ngQdng t r u y e n thd'ng, t h u d n g h a t q u a n lang, gdm cac b a i nhQ: Bai Xin md ciia (khi doan n h a t r a i de'n n h a gai t h u d n g ddng ciia, luc n a y q u a n l a n g n h a t r a i p h a i t r d tai h a t t h a t h a y , t h i n h a gai mdi md ct(a cho vao); Bai Xin bdy cdi bdn (khi n h a gai da md ec£a eho doan n h a t r a i vao, t h i q u a n l a n g n h a t r a i tiep tue h a t bai nay); Bai Mdi ma td tien (mdi a n edm, ud'ng rUdu de bao eao ve d a m cQdi);
Bai Xin ddn ddu vi; Bai Chia Tay v a bai Ran do, chuc phdc cho con gdi. H a t q u a n l a n g t r o n g d a m cQdi la s i n h b o a t v a n hda, v a n n g h e phd bie'n t r o n g tpc ngUdi Hmdng.
Tuy nhien, h i e n n a y d mpt so' dia phQdng h i n h thQc s i n h b o a t v a n hda, v a n n g h e n a y d a n g d i n bi m a i mdt, t h a y vao dd la a m n h a c hien dai. Ddi vdi edng ddng ddng hp ngQdi H m d n g d m o t sd' dia phUdng, h a t q u a n l a n g v l n dUdc dUdc duy t r i t r o n g cac d a m cudi, dd la n e t dep t r o n g v a n hda, c I n k h u y e n kbieh p h a t h u y .
Gia t r i v a n h d a , n g h e t h u a t ciia ddng hp ngudi H m o n g edn dUdc t h e h i e n h cac b a i k h e n va cac dieu m u a k h e n t r e n g t a n g m a . T r d n g cac n g h i l l t a n g m a ciia ddng hp n g u d i H m d n g tQ ma tUOi, ma kho, d e n ma trau d e u p h a i ed n h a c eu k h e n va mdi n g h i thQc lai cd m p t b a i thdi k h e n r i e n g va k e m t h e o la dieu n h a y m u a . K h i k h a m Iiem la b a i Khen Len NgUa, k h i giao I p n / t r a u cho ngQdi c h e t la b a i Khen giao con vdt; K h i d u d i m a giac H a n la b a i Khen dudi cUdp va Khen thu qudn; Khen ngUdi den phdng vieng, Khen cam sdng, Khen cam trUa, Khen hda vdng;
Va cdn ed b a i k h e n g i a n h r i e n g eho tQng dd'i tUdng ngUdi c h e t n h u : Khen trai tre,
"^ Hung Dinh Quy (2005). NhOng bdi khen cua nmtdi Mnns dHd Giang, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi, t r j 7 ^ 3 ^
S6 3-2019
SAM THI DUONG Khen gdi son, Khen ngUbi gid, Khen dn Id
ngdn,... Trong nghi l l tang ma cd tdi 36 bai khen, vdi npi dung mang triet ly, quan niem ve vu tru, nhan sinh eua tpc ngQdi Hmong. Chinh vi vay, cung vdi nhac cu khen, thi npi dung cac bai khen thdi va cac diSu miia khen trong cac nghi ll tang ma cua ngUdi Hmdng ham chQa cac gia tri nhan van sau sic, cIn dudc bao tdn va phat huy.
Cd thd ndi, gia tri cua ddng hp ngudi Hmong mang dac thu rieng ma hiem cd tpc ngUdi nao cd dUdc, dac biet la tinh cd' ket ddng hp/ tpc ngudi. Do la Uu diem ndi bat de xay dQng tinh t h i n doan ke't dan tpc, dieu ma ba't cQ ndi dau, dan tdc nao, thdi diem nao cung ludn can giQ gin, cung cdva phat huy. Dae biet la sii cdket ddng hp ngQdi Hmdng khdng cd ba't ky mot gidi han nao, ngUdi ddng hp di den dau, d dd cd luat tuc ddng hp. Ngay nay, luat tue ddng hp cua ngUdi Hmong da va dang dQde ca'p uy, chinh quyen cae ea'p van dung trong quan ly xa hpi. Dieu dd cang cho thay gia tri ben vQng cua luat tuc ddng hp cua tpc ngUdi nay. Ben canh cac gia tri tich cQc, ddng ho ngUdi Hmdng cung cd nhQng han che nha't dinh nhQ:
mot sd nghi ll khdng cdn phu hpp trong tang ma, trong hdn nhan va mat trai cua tam ly cd' ket tdc ngQdi; do do, ra't can danh gia dung din ve vi tri, vai trd eua dong hp de van dung trong quan ly vQng dong bao dan toe Hmdng. Cin xem xet nhQng ye'u to' nao nen phat huy, nhQng ylu to" nao phai cai bie'n, nham dinh hudng dung din viec xay diing thil^t che dong hp tpc ngudi mpt each phQ hdp, tren cd sd quan diem cua Dang va Nha nUdc ve phat trien van hda, bao tdn va phat huy ban sic tdc ngUdi.
sfi 3-2919
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Sam Tbi Dudng (2016), 'Vai trd cua ngudi ed uy tin trong ddng hp Mdng Trlng", Tgp chi Vdn hda nghe thuat, so'390, Ha Npi.
2. Sam Thi DUdng (2014), Dbng hg cua ngudi Hmdng Trdng d xd Sd Phin, huyen Bong Vdn, tinh Hd Giang, luan van td^ nghiep cao hpc, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi
3. Nguyin Thi Song Ha (2015), "Tac dpng cua luat tuc ddi vdi quan ly xa hdi ngudi Hmdng d vung Tay Bic Viet Nam", Tgp chi Khoa hoc xd hgi Mien Trung, nam 2015.
4. Pham Quang Hoan (1994), "Vai trd cua cae thiet che xa hdi truyen thd'ng trong viee quan ly ngudn tai nguyen cpng ddng cua ngUdi Hmdng", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, sd' 2, Ha Ndi.
5. Pham Quang Hoan (1995), "Mpt so' nghi le phan anh ban sic vl tinh cd' ket ddng hp cua ngudi Hmdng", Tgp chi Nghien citu Ddng Nam d, so' 6, Ha Ndi.
6. Hoang Xuan Ludng (2004), Ludt tuc vdi viec bdo tdn vd phdt huy di sdn vdn hda truyen thdng mgt so'ddn tgc Tdy Bdc Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hda dan toe. Ha Ndi.
7. VUdng Duy Quang (2005), Vdn hda tdm linh cua ngUdi Hmdng d Viet Nam:
truyen thong vd hien dai, Nxb. Van hda - Thdng tin & Vien van hda. Ha Ndi.
8. Hiing Dmh Quy (2005), Nhiing bdi khen ciia ngUdi Mdng d Hd Giang, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
9. Nguyin Ngpe Thanh (2002), "NhQng quy Qdc cua ngQdi Hmong", Tgp chi Bdn tdc hgc, sd'6, HaNdi.
10. Thao Xuan Sung (ehu bien) va tap the tae gia, (2009), Ddn tgc Mdng San La vdi viec gidi quyet vd'n de tin ngUOng ton gido hien nay, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q
