TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHQT HONG BANG
PIN NHIEN LIEU - NGUON DIEN NANG SACH CUA TirONG LAI
FUEL CELLS - CLEAN ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE OF THE FUTURE
v u DINH HUY <*) T O M T A T
Bdi bdo trinh bdy tdm tdt nhimg thdnh tuu nghien cuu gdn day cua cdc nhd khoa hpc tren the gidi vepin nhiin lieu ndi chung vd ve pin nhien lieu oxyt ran ndi riing - ngudn dien ndng sgch cua tuong lai
Tir do, tdc gid da ra de xudt dinh hudng cho cdc nhd khoa hpc tri Viet Nam trong viec nghien cini va chi tgo pin nhiin lieu oxyt ran.
Tir khoa: Pin nhiin lieu, pin nhiin lieu oxyt ran, anot, catot, chdt di$n phdn.
A B S T R A C T
This article presents a summary of recent research achievements of scientists in the world for fuel cells in general and solid oxide fuel cells in particular Since then, the author makes recommendations to guide the young Vietnamese scientists in the research and manufacture of solid oxide fuel cells.
Keywords: Fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, anode, cathode, electrolyte.
1. M d d^u
T h i gidi chiing ta dang bi phu thudc n^ng ne vao ngudn nhien lieu hda thach, nhu:
Xe lira dimg than; may bay, xe hoi, xe may, tau thuy... dimg xang, ddu; nha may nhiet dien dimg than dd va khi thien nhien...
Nhien lieu hda thach gdm than da, ddu md, khi thien nhien. Khi nhien lieu hda thach bi ddt chay, se thdi ra mot lupng Idn khi carbonic (CO2), gdy ra hieu ung nhd kinh ldm trdi ddt ndng len, ddn d i n biln ddi khi hdu todn edu mdt edeh bdt thudng, ldm ede khoi bang Idn tan nhanh, nude biln ddng cao, de dpa dim cd trai dat ttong ngn hdng thuy.
Ngoai khi carbonic ra, eac chdt thai cua nha may nhiet dien, ciia cae phuong tien giao thdng thuy, bd cdn lam d nhilm khdng khi bdi cac chdt ddc hai nhu cac oxyt cua ni to (NO, NO,), cua luu huynh (SO2, SO3). Day la chua ke nhiing vu tran dau do vd dudng dng ddn ddu; tau thuy chd diiu bi dam bdi sdng to, gid Idn, gdy ra sy pha hiiy mdi trudng nude va khdng khi xung quanh.
Hi?n nay, nhien lieu hda thach dang cd nguy eo can kiSt ddn. Nguy co nay cd thd ddn d i n hp qud xdu ve kinh te vd chinh tri ddi vdi nhieu nude, thdm chi dan den chien tranh tan khde giiia cae nude de tranh gianh cdc md ddu khi...
Trong bdi cdnh dd, viec chuyen sang mpt nen kinh te sir dyng khi hydro (Hj) lam ngudn nhien lipu sach, thay the mdt phdn hoac todn bd nhien lipu hda thach, la mdt gidi phdp day hiia hen, thiie ddy sy phdt trien nhanb chdng mot loai thiet bi phat dien mdi cd ten gpi la PIN NHIEN LIEU (FUEL CELL).
"(•) Giio sir. Tien s! khoa hpc, Giing vien SO 03 - T H A N G 9/2015 j j Q - Trucmp. DHOT Mono RAno
I TRUdNG DAI HQC QUOC TE HONG BANG 2. Pin nhien lieu la ^ ?
Pin nhien lieu la mdy phat dien kilu mdi, chuyin ddi ttyc tilp nang luong di?n hda dya fren phdn ling hda hpc giua khi hydro (H^) va kbi oxy (O^) thanh dien ndng. San phdm cua phdn ung nay gdm ed: Dien nang, rihiet ndng vd nude (H,0) than thien vdi mdi trudng.
3. Nguyoi ly boat d ^ ciia [Hn nhini lieu
Trong pin (cell) hoac dc quy (battery) thi eac hda ehdt dupe chiia trong pin hodc dc quy dd. Cdc hda ehdt nay phdn ling vdi nhau sinh ra ddng dien. Vi vdy, khi tieu thu hit cac hda chdt trong pin (hoac dc quy) thi pin (hoac dc quy) se "chet", nghia la ehimg khdng sinh ra ddng dien nira.
Ca chi hoat dpng ciia mot loai pin nhien heu Hinh 1: Co che hoat draig cua pin nhien lieu
Khac vdi pin hodc dc quy, trong pin nhien lieu (fuel cell) khdng cd chd chiia hda ehdt. Cac hda ehdt phai dupe dua vao pin nhien lieu mpt each lien tue: Nhien lieu la khi hydro (hoac chdt cd khd nang tao ra hydro) dupe nen va thdi vao vimg dien eye anot (eye duong), cdn khi oxy (hoac khdng khi) dugc nen va thdi vdo vimg dien eye catot (eye dm) eiia pin nhien heu (hinh 1).
Giiia vimg anot va catot eua pin nhien Ueu la mpt chat dien phdn d dang ldng hodc ran, ddng vai trd chat ddn cation (ion duong) hoac anion (ion dm).
Phdn ling sinh ra ddng dien nhu sau:
Tren hi mat di?n eye anot, eac phdn tu khi hydro bi oxy hda sinh ra proton (H^) va giai phdng ra dien tu (electron e"): H^ -> 2H* + 2e' (1)
0 Cdc dien tii chay tii anot qua mach dien ben ngoai (qua tai) din catot, sinh ra ddng dien mpt ehilu.
0 Neu Id pin nhien lieu mang trao ddi proton (nghia la mdng chdt dien phdn ehi cho proton di qua) thi cac proton (H^) tao ra tir phdn ling (1) di chuyin tii vimg anot di qua mang chat dipn phdn (chi eho proton qua), den vung catot; tai day, cac proton phdn ling vdi phdn tii khi oxy va cdc dien tu, tao thanh phdn tii nude vd gidi phdng nhiet nang: 4H^ + O^ + 4e- -^ IHjO + Nhi?t ndng (2)
Phdn img tdng quat: 2H2 + O^ ^ 2H2O + Dif n nang + Nhiet nang (3) S Neu Id pin nhien lieu mang oxyt ran (nghia Id mang chdt dien phdn lam bdng oxyt dang rdn, nd ehi cho ion oxy O^' di qua) thi cae dien tii tao ra tii phan ling (1) chay tir anot qua mach dien ben ngoai (qua tdi) din catot, sinh ra ddng dien mpt ehilu.
Khi cdc dien tii den catot, tren bl mat catot se xdy ra phdn irng khii phdn tii khi oxy:
Oj + 4e ^ 2 02- (4)
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Cac ion oxy O^" tao ra tii phdn ling (4) di chuyin tir vung catot xuyen qua mdng chdt dien phdn dang oxyt rdn (chi cho ion oxy O^" di qua), den vung anot va tuong tac tinh dien vdi proton (H^), tao thdnh phan tu nude va giai phdng nhiet nang:
4H* + 2 02- -> 2H2O + Nhi^t nang (5)
Phan ling tdng qudt: 2Hj + O j -> ^HjO + Dien nang + Nhiet nang (6).
4. Cdc p h u o n g phdp c o ban tao khi hydro
Hien nay, cdc nha khoa hpc da tim dugc ba phuong phap t^o ngudn khi hydro d&
cung cap cho pin nhien lieu la:
+ Chuyen hda hydrocarbon (nhien lieu hda thach, sinh khdi) bdi nhiet (Reforming);
+ Dien phan nude (Electrolysis);
+ Phuong phdp sinh bpc (Biological method) 4.1 Hda nhi$t hydrocarbon
4.1.1 Hda nhiet khi thiin nhiin (Natural gas steam reforming):
Thdnh phdn chii yeu cua khi thien nhien la metan (CH^). Khi metan tdc dyng vdi hoi nude tao thanh khi carbon oxyt (CO) va khi hydro (H,) theo phdn iing sau:
CH4 + H2O -> CO + 3H2 (d 900«C, edn xuc tdc) CO + 3H2O -> CO2 + 3H2
4.1.2 Khi hda hydrocarbon ngng (Gasification heavy hydrocarbon), tiic Id khi hda ddu md, than da:
Bpt caebon (C) trdn vdi nude (HjO), hda nhiet d nhiet dp cao (1400°C):
C + HjO -> CO + Hj + vai san phdm phu CO + 3H2O ^ CO2 + 3H2
(Cd the tach va thu hdi khi carbonic COj rdi chdn Idp khi COj).
4.1.3 Quy trinh hi^n dgi tgo ra khi hydro tir khi thien nhiin, khdng thdi ra khi carbonic
( K v a r n e r C a r b o n Back and Hydrogen Process)
Quy trinh eung cdp plasma d nhiet dp cao (1600°C), tdch hydrocarbon (ddu md, khi thien nhien) thdnh khi hydro (Hj) va than den (C). Than den tinh khiet dupe tao ra dimg hong sdn xudt vd xe hoi, ldm chdt khii trong luyfn kim, hoac dimg de luu trii khi hydro (dudi dgng dng nano carbon).
Nha may ddu tien dya tren quy trinh hien dai ndy ddt tai Canada, bat ddu san xudt t i r t h d n g 6 n a m l 9 9 9 .
4.1.4 Khi hda sinh khdi vd nhiet phdn (Biomass Gasificasion and Pyrolysis) Mdnh gd vyn (sinh khdi thyc vdt, rac thai ndng nghiep, rae thai dd thi...) dugc khi hda d nhi^t dp cao -^ Chuyen thanh hoi nude chiia hydro -^ Ngung ty trong ddu nhiet phan -> Hda nhiet -> Hydro (Khdi lugng khi hydro thu dugc bang 12-17% khdi lugng ciia sinh khoi). Vi nguyen li?u la chat thdi sinh hpc, nen phuang phdp san xudt hydro ndy tdi tao dupe (renewable).
4.2 Bi$n phan dung djch kiem nhd ddng difn mpt chieu (Binh dien phdn cd mdng ngdn cdch giira hai ^fn ctrc anot vd catot)
Phdn ling tren di?n eye anot: 40H" -^ Oj + 2H2O + 4e"
Phan Omg tren dipn eye catot: 2H2O + 2e" -> H2 + 20H"
Phdn ling tdng qudt: 2H2O + dien ndng -> 2H2 + Oj
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4.3 Phuong phdp sinh hpc
Mdt sd tao va vi khudn sdng trong nude thai ndng nghipp hoac nude thai sinh hoat cd khd ndng phan hiiy ede chdt thai hiiu co sinh hpc, tao ra khi hydro trong qua hinh trao ddi ehdt cua chiing.
5. Phan loai pin nhien lieu
Trong khodng 15-20 nam gdn day, cac nha khoa hpc tren the gidi dd nghien ciiu vd phat minh ra bdy loai pm nhien lieu, bao gdm: Pin nhien lieu kiem [1-5]; pin nhien lieu mudi carbonat ndng chay [6-12]; pin nhien lieu vi sinh [13-16], pin nhien lipu mdng trao ddi proton [17-33]; pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn [34-59], pin nhien lipu axit phosphoric [60-67] va pin nhien lieu methanol [68-72]:
H Pin nhien lieu kilm (Alkaline Fuel Cell, viit tdt Id AFC).
S Pin nhien lieu mdng trao ddi proton (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, viit tdt Id PEMFC).
H Pin nhien lipu axit phosphoric (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell, viet tdt la PAFC).
H Pin nhien lieu carbonat ndng cbdy (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, viit tdt la MCFC).
S Pin nhien lipu vi sinh (Microbial Fuel Cell, viit tdt la MFC) S Pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn (Solid oxide Fuel Cell, viit tit Id SOFC).
E Pin nhien lieu methanol (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, viit tit la DMFC):
S n h 2. Pia nhien lien m a n g trao doi proton HiBk 3. Pbi l U n Hfi Idtm (I) vi Pli aUn ! ( • uft phHpborh (b)
Hiah 4. Pin nhien liea oxit rin (a) va Pin nbien lila carimut Boag chay (b) E l l Sd 03-THANG 9/2015
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHQT HONG BANG
6. So«lnhciclofipinnlii£nli(n
Dsnf; pin nhiin Ma C h i t di^n phin
Nbift a^
vfln U n h Linh v ^ ihi£ dyng
Vndieni
Khuy^t ffi^m
B i n g l PEMFC Polytnei U ^ c o i i n , mong.
chi cho proton dl qua
80- 100"C - ThiSt bi diln c ^ tay (dl dOng, nhd) -Giao thdng v§n tii (xe c$)
- Hieu su&t pin 40-50%.
- Cdng suit ddng ra 2 kW-250kW.
- Chit di^n phan II ran ngn gjim I h i ^ nhftng vin d l an mdn \i bio tri.
- Nhi^t dp v3n hinh th4p (150-20tf'C) n€n c6 thi d t i ^ sii dyng rpng i3i cho cac dn% dyng thdng thudng.
- Khdi dpng nhanh
- Nhi^t dd diip nen ddi hdi xfic t ^ dii tiin (ohii platin) - Nhay cim cao vdi <9P chit cua nhien li^u , ddi hdi khi hydro i ^ lit tinhkhilt
So sinh 5 dyng pin nhiSn li AFC
Dung dich kilm
90-100"C -Qii3nsy -Khdng gianvutiy
- Phin lii^
6 catot nhanh hon tiong chit di?n phin kilm
- Tdn chi phi cho vi$c khii COi khoi n h i ^ li$u vA ddng khdi^khf
PAFC
£)ung dich axit pho^hoiic
ISO-ZOO^C - Tliilt hi d i ^ d ^ t n o D g tda nhi.
khich 590, b ^ n h v i ^ - Giao thdng v ^ t i i - Hi|u suit d9t 40-80%.
Cdng suit 20{&W.
- Cd the sii dyng n h i ^ U$u khckig tinh Uiilt (lln i ^ chit CO din 1,5%)
- Ddi hdi nic tic platm dii tiin - Cho drag d i ^ cudng d $ l h ^
- N$ng, kich cdtoldn
- Bd i^iSn b&a tDHig [riiiihlnaxit
nciiinh MCFC Muoi carbonat n<kig chiy ciia Li, K Na, Mg
650*0 -Tifmphit di^(ldn)
- Hi§u suit cao dat 60- 80%. COng suit diu ra 2MW- lOOMW.
- Cd thi ili'mg dupe nhieu logt nhite h^u dau vio khic nhau - Cd tbi dimg dupe cac to9i xuc tic khic nhau
- Nhi^ dd cao lim ting in mdn vi cd thi lim gidn vd can tnJccua pia Ion CO)^" se bj sii dyng hetdin,nen phii (hra tbSm COi buvio
SOFC Oxit rin ciia ziiconi.
ceri, chi cho ion oxy diqua
600-1000''C -Trympbitdi|n(ldn).
Nhiitthiia ihipc tii t ^ dyng dl t90 diSm nguMdi^bSsung.
- H i ^ suit IdioiJg 60%.
Cdng suit diu ra 10(H[W - Cd Ihl diing dugc nhilu lo9i nhiin U ^ diu vio khic nhau QM diign nhign, xing.
methanol, ethanol.
diezel, hydro) - Cd tbi dClog duQC cic lo^i xiic tic khic nhaii
- Chit di|n phin l i r i n o ^ giiffl ding kl nhOng vin dl in mdn vi bio tri.
- Nhiet dd cao lim tSng 3n mdn vi cd thi lim gidn vd ciu tnic cAapm
Bdng 1 eho thdy nhiing mi dilm, khuylt dilm va khd ndng umg dyng eua 5 loai pin nhien lieu chinh. Ngoai ra, eiing can ke den pin nhien liSu methanol (DMFC) duae irng dyng cho di$n thoai di dpng va cac thiet hi cam tay (laptop, mdy nghe nhac).
LTU dilm ciia pin nhien li?u methanol la: Nhiet dp lam viee thdp (50 -\20°C), an
toan hong tdn trft vd van chuyin. » Khuylt diem eua pin nhi€n li$u methanol la: Hieu sudt vd mat dp nang luong thap;
ddi hdi xiie tac platin ddt tien; nhien Ii?u la methanol ldng cd tinh ddc cao vd khdng re.
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Trong sd ede loai pin nhien lieu ke tren, cd hai loai pin nhien heu dupe ehu y nhieu nhdt bien nay la: Pin nhien Heu mdng trao ddi proton va pin nhien lieu oxyt ran ma chat dien ly la mdng ceramic hoac composit ddn ion oxy (O^').
Khuylt dilm Idn eua pin nhien lieu mdng trao ddi proton la ehi sii dung dupe mdt loai nhien Ueu duy nhdt la khi hydro phai cd dp tmh khilt rdt cao. Hien nay, viec dilu ehi mdt luong Idn khi hydro tinh khilt cao edn gap rat nhieu khd khdn ve ky thuat vd gid thdnh.
So vdi pin nhien lieu mang trao ddi proton thi pin nhien lieu oxyt ran cd uu diem ban hdn, vi nd ed kha nang su dung duac nhieu loai nhien lieu trong binh phan ung dien hda, nhu: Khi hydro hoac khi tu nhien, xang, ddu diesel, hydrocarbon ldng, than da, sinh khdi (biomass). Han nua, trong pin nbien Heu oxyt ran thi mang chdt dien phan la ceramic rdn hodc composite ran ben dn mdn, nen van de an mdn vdt liSu se it phai quan tam so vdi trong cae pin nhien lieu loai khac.
7. Pin nhien lieu oxyt ran
7.1 So luoc lich sir vi pin nhiin lieu oxyt ran
Nhd khoa hpc Nemst ngudi Due d Gottingen da tim thay oxyt zireoni la chdt cdch dien d nhi^t dp phdng, nhung trd thanh chat dan dien ion d nhiet dp cao, tii 600 din 1OOCC, va trd thanh chat dan dien tii - ion d nhiet dp cao ban nvca, khoang 1500°C.
Nemst vd cdng sy da neu ra y tudng che tao pin nhien lieu oxyt ran lan dau tien vao cudi the ky thu XDC [74-76]. Nhung phdt minh cua Nemst da bi lang quen hon 100 nam, mai cho den cudi ndm 1930 thi khai niem vl pin nhien lieu oxyt rin dua tren zireoni oxyt mdi dupe hai nha khoa bpc Baur vd Preis ehung minh trong phdng thi nghiem [77-79]. Cdc nha khoa hpc nay da su dung ndi dang dng lam tir zireoni dupe dn dinh hda bang 15% yttri lam chat dien phdn. Sit hoac carbon dugc su dung lam anot vd oxyt sat tir (FegOJ duac sit dung lam catot. Hydro hoEic carbon oxyt Id nhien lieu d phia trong ciia dng va khdng khi la chat oxy hda d phia ngodi dng. Tam pin nhien lieu nhd (cells) duac mdc ndi tilp thdnh bd pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn ddu tien (the first SOFC stack). Mai din nhimg nam 50 ciia thi ky XX thi he thdng thu nghiem pin nhien lieu oxyt rin mdi duac thilt kl tuang ddi hodn ehinh va phdt hiln eho den ngay nay.
Nhung phdi dpi din nhung nam 90 eiia thi ky XX, khi nhu cdu tim kilm mot ngudn ndng lupng thdn thien vdi mdi hudng eho hiong lai, thi cac nha khoa hpc mdi dac biet quan tdm den viec nghien cuu vl pin nhien lieu ndi chung vd vl pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn ndi rieng [1-72, 74-104].
7.2 linh hmh nghien cuu trin thi gidi vi ^en cifc anot cua pin nhiin li$u oxyt rdn Trong ba bd phan chinh cua pin nhien lieu 0x5^ rin (dien cue anot, di6n cue catot vd ehdt dien phdn) thi dien cue anot la bd phan quan trpng nhdt, ddng vai trd quyit dinh dgn SIT phdt dien cua pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn. Vi vay, tt-ong khoang 10-15 nam gdn ddy, da xudt hien nhieu bdi bdo nghien euu vl dien eye anot eua pm nhidn Heu oxyt rdn.
7.2.1 Hudng thir nhdt: Chi tgo dien cue anot ldm bdng composite ddn dien Pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn YSZ (yttria - stabilized zireonia) vdi eac phu gia Id eeri va lantan nhu chdt dien phan ddn ion oxy dupe nghien cuu nhilu ban cd. Dien eye catot eua pin la composite xdp ciia YSZ va ceramic ddn dien LSM. Dien eye anot eiia pin nhien lieu oxyt rin YSZ la composite cua ni ken (NiA'SZ composite anodes). Trong Ni^YSZ anodes thi Ni ed hai tac dung: ddn dien tii va xiic tac cho phan ling oxy hda khi hydro. Ni eving Id chdt xiic tac tdt cho phan ung CH^ + H2O ^ CO + H^ [80,81].
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Nhupc dilm cua cae anot (Ni/YSZ) la Ni lai xiic tdc cho su phdn buy hydrocarbon tao thdnh kit tiia carbon lam tic nghen anot [82-84]. Han nila, dien cue anot (NiA'SZ) dl bi nhiem dpc ngay bdi mpt lupng rdt nhd (Ippm) tap ehdt luu huynh cd trong nhien Heu [ 85-86].
De khac phuc nhupc diem cua Ni, cdc nhd khoa hpc da phu len dien eye anot (Ni/
YSZ) mpt Idp chdt xiic tac mdi CeO^ bode Ru-Ce02 [87-88].
MOt hudng nghien ciiu khdc la thay the Ni trong dien eye anot (NiA'SZ) bang kim loai khdc, nhu bdng Cu [89-92], bdng hpp kim Sn/Ni [93], hoac tao thanh dien eye composite - kim loai nhilu lap nhu: Cu/CeOj/YSZ anodes [94], Sn/NiA'SZ anodes [93], hodc (Ni,M)/YSZ (trong dd M = Co, Cu hoac Fe) [95,96].
7.2.2 Hudng thii hai: Che tgo dien cue anot ldm bdng ceramic ddn dien Trong vai ndm gdn day, ede oxyt ABO3 cau true kieu perovskite (perovskite type ABO3 oxites) da duac nghien ciiu de che tao dien eye anot cho pin nhien li|u oxyt rdn, nhu: LaSrCrFe03, LaSrCrMn03[97], LaSrFeCr03[98], LaSrTiMnOj (LSTM) [99,100], LaSrTiSrMgMnMoOg.j, [101], LaSrTiOj (LSI) [101], SrMgMnMoOg.^
(SMMO) [101]
LSTM ddn dien trong cd dilu kien oxy hda vd khii [46], LST phy thudc manh vao dp sudt eua oxy va cung cdp cho dien eye anot tinh ddn dien tu. Khi cho them Mn vao LST, sg ldm tdng ddng ke tinh dan dien tij trong dieu kien oxy hda [101]. Perovskite kep SMMO cho ndng dp cao eua cac trdng ion oxy; ldm cho cac vat lieu nay cd tinh ddn ion oxy tdt; va hda trj hdn hop ciia ede cation edn lam cho chiing ed tinh ddn dien tii loai n [101,102], Trong sd ede vdt lieu anot duoc nghien ciiu thi Sr2MgMoOg_jj bieu Id tinh chdt tdt nhdt [42]. Ldp platin (Pt) phu ngodi dien euc anot ed tinh xiie tdc tdt khi su dung nhien lieu metan. LSCM hau nhu khdng cd tinh ddn ion nhung cd tinh dan dien tii trong eac dieu kien boat dpng eua dien eye anot. Gidng nhu he LSTM, trong dieu kien oxy hda thi LSCM cd tinh din dien tu cao ban so vdi trong dilu kien khu [103].
7.2.3 Huang thuba: Che tgo dien cy:c anot xdp kieu phuc hap "composite - ceramic -kim logi"
LTu dilm eua eac anot ceramic la chung hoat ddng dn dinh vdi hydrocarbon va khdng thiic ddy su ket tua carbon.
Khuylt dilm ciia ede anot ceramic Id chiing chi cd boat tinh xiic tae rat thdp ddi vdi sy oxy hda hydrocarbon trong pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn sii dung hydrocarbon lam nhien Heu.
D I khic phyc khuyet diem eua cdc anot ceramic, cd nhd khoa hpc da de nghi che t^o diSn cue anot kep kilu perovskites SrMgMnMoO (SMMO) [101-102] hoac LSTM/
YSZ composite anode, catot la LSM/YSZ, ldp chat di?n phan la YSZ, su dung nbien li?u hydro dm [99].
Di?n eye LSCM/YSZ composite anodes biSu Id tinh chat tdt kbi boat ddng vdi nhien lieu khi hydro d 850°C. Trong khi dd, LSCM-Cu-YSZ composite anodes da duoc them Cu vdo de ndng cao tinh ddn dien tu ciia anot [104]. Nghien ciiu gdn ddy [1051 cd y dinh tdi uu hda vi edu tnic eiia LSCM/YSZ composite bang cdch thay ddi thanh phdn vd nhi?t dp thieu ket de t^o ra anot bao gdm mdt mang xdp cua cac hat nano LSCM phu len cdt YSZ. Tac gid [ 106] ehe tao anot LSCM xdp - composite YSM chiia 45%LSCM, 5%Ce02 vd 5%Pd. Pd va CeOj cd tdc dung ndng cao boat tinh xiic tac vd tinh ddn di|n tu cua anot.
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|TRl/dNG DAI HQC QUOC TE HONG BANG
7.2.4 Hudng thit tu: Anot cho pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn sir dung true tiip carbon ldm nhiin lifu (DC-SOFC)
Vat lieu carbon cd the nhdn dugc tii than hoac sinh khdi (biomass) de lam nbien li?u eho pm nhien lieu oxyt rdn da dupe nghien cuu trong [107-110], Dien cue anot la kim loai ndng chay bode mudi carbonat cua kim loai kiem ndng chay nhdm lam de dang cho sy van chuyin eae anion oxy tii chat dien phan den be mdt eiia nhiSn li?u rdn [109,110]. Anot carbonat ndng chay cd tinh ddn ion tdt nhung hdu nhu khdng ddn dien tii. Phuang phap bua hen nhdt dl cbl tao dien eye anot loai nay Id ket hpp vdi bim carbon; biin carbon sau dd se boat ddng viia la nhien lieu viia la anot. Tbiec (Sn) ndng ehdyx;ijng dupe su dung Idm anot eua pin DC-SOFC [110].
Tdm lai, trong khoang 15-20 ndm gdn ddy, cae nha khoa bpc da dat dupe mdt sd thanh tuu ddng kl vl chi tao dien eye anot cho pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn.
Tuy nhien, nghien euu ve dien eye anot eua pin nhien lieu oxyt ran la mdt van de rat phiic tap, khdng de gidi quyet va vdn dang ldm dau dau cac nha khoa hpc tren the gidi, Vi cho den nay, cac nha khoa hpc the gidi van ehua xdc dinh dugc nguyen lieu vd thdnh phan dien eye anot tdi uu, chua xac dinh dupe loai xiic tae nao la phu hgp vl k^
thu^t vd kinh te, chua xdc dinh dugc edng nghe nao la thich hgp de cd thi thuang mai hda san pham?.
8. Ket luan
Cdn cii vdo nhfing dieu dd trinh bdy d tren, chiing tdi cho rang cdc nhd khoa hpc, cdc ky su va cdng nhdn tre Viet Nam nen tap trung nghien ciiu, chi tao pin nhien lieu ndi chung vd pin nhien lieu oxyt ran ndi rieng.
Viee nghien ciiu, ehe tao pin nhien lieu oxyt ran viia cd tinh quan trgng, edp thilt va hi?n dai; viia cd tinh khoa hpc cdng nghe vd thuc tiin Idn; viia cd tinh kha thi cao t^i Viet Nam, vi gan nhu 100% ngudn nguyen lieu dS chi tao vd van hanh pin nhien li?u oxyt rdn d nude ta deu ed sdn:
- Nude ta ed truyen thdng Idu ddi ve edng nghe vat li?u ceramic ndi ehung va gdm sii ndi rieng, ddc biet la san xudt dd gdm su d Bdt Trang va tinh Ddng Nai;
- Nude ta la mdt trong sd rdt it nude ed tdi nguyen phong phii vl ddt hilm (zireoni, ceri, lantan, rubi...). Dat hiem hien dang dupe khai thdc tai cac md: Ddng Pao, Nam Xe, Mudng Hum,Yen Phii vd cac vung sa khoang ven biln [73].
Dd la nhOng ngudn nguyen lieu quy gia dl tdng hgp va cbl tao cdc thanh phdn chinh trong pin nhien lieu oxyt ran: dien eye anot, dien eye catot vd chat dien phdn rdn.
- Nude ta cd tru lugng ddu khi Idn, hien dang khai thdc diu khi t^i ede md: Bach Hd, Rdng, Dai Hung, Lan Tay, Nam Cdn Son... d thIm lye dia Viet Nam.
Khi thien nhien khai thdc tii cdc md ddu khi nay se la ngudn nguyen lieu chdt ddt ddi ddo cho pin nhien lieu oxyt ran boat ddng, dl eung cdp nang lugng di?n sach cho Dat nude trong tuang lai khdng xa, khi chiing ta nghien euu va cbl tao thdnh edng pin nhien lieu 0x5ft ran cd cdng sudt Idn.
l a i so 03.THANG 9/2015
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DHQT H € N G BANG
TAI LIEU THAIVI K H A O Tieng Vijt
LuuMinhDai, Ddng Vii Mmh (2011), "Nghiin cuu cdng nghe vd ung dyng ddt hiem a nude ta ". Ky yiu Hdi nghi khoa hpc todn qudc "Hda vd co - Ddt hilm - Phan bdn".
Thdnh phd Hd Chi Mmh, 12-5-2011, tr.103-112.
Tieng Anh
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