TAP GHI KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 10(i46)-2010 53 SLf HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHH.N CLfL TON GIAO
OAO TIN LANH O VIET NAM: NGUON GOC, NHU'NG OAC OIEM T H A N H O C VA OOI SONG TON GlAO
D 6 Q U A N G HU'NG
TOM T A T
Khi ndi "dao Tin Lanh", dai da s6 ngwdi Viet Nam hdm nay thwdng hieu dd la tdn giao cua nhCrng ngwdi Kitd hwu thude hai Tong hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (mien Bic va miin Nam) vdi hai dia ehi quen thudc la S6 2 Ngd Tram (Ha Ndi) va 155 Trin Hwng Dao (Quan 1 TPHCM). Cdng rit ddng ngwdi Viet Nam chwa hieu dwac rang, khai niem "dao Tin Lanh", it nhit tren phwang dien phap ly cua nha nwdc hien nay, bao gom, ngoai hai Hdi thanh thudc
"Tin Lanh CMA"^^', cdn cd tdt 9 he phat khac ma Nha nwdc Viet Nam cdng nhan tw each phap nhan trong 3 nam gin day'-^'.
Bai viet nay ehi de cap den nhu-ng vin de lich SLf eua he phai "Tin Lanh chinh thing", dong dao nhit ve s6 Iwong tin hCfu, cung la cdng dong Tin Lanh hien dien lau ddi nhit a Viet Nam (gin 100 nam tuoi) la Hdi thanh Tm Lanh Viet Nam (tCfC C&MA), ten goi ngin gon quen thudc nhit.
De "phue hien" ljch sir cdng d i n g Tin Lanh CO so phan tdn giao va xa hoi kha dac biet 06 Quang Hung, Giao su tiln sT, Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Oai hoc QuIc gia Ha Noi.
nay, bang i l l t i l p can "xa hpi hpe Tin Lanh"
(Sociologie du Protestantisme) k i t hgp vdi phuang phap nghien ciru ljch sip tdn giao, ehiing tdi c l g i n g phan tieh nhipng nguIn g l c , nhipng d i u i n ljch sip (reperes historiques); quan trqng hon la lam rd duge nhipng dae diem ve than hoe, v l td chii-e, v l ddi song tdn giao eung nhu vi t h i chinh trj-xa hdi ciia cong dong nay d Viet Nam trudc nam 1975,
Nhan 100 nam Tin Lanh d Viet Nam, chic h i n ngudi tin hu-u dii d he phai nao, ke ea nhu-ng "ngudi Tin Lanh khdng he phai" d i u suy ngam ve ljch sir eiia edng dong minh va hu-dng tdi tuang lai, Bai vilt nay gop mpt t i i n g noi eiia mot ngudi nghien cipu khoa hoc v l tdn giao.
1. TIN L A N H a VIET NAM: NHLfNG NGU6N G6C VA DIEN MAO
1.1. Giai doan "tiln Tin Lanh": Sy xam nhap ciia cae "Giao hoi eai each"®
Khdng nen bd qua nhCrng cip lieu nay trong ljch sip phong trao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam.
Phong trao eai each Tin Lanh d ehau Au tip d i u t h i ky XVI, qua eac mue su tuyen iiy hoae eac tin d l la thuang nhan ngudi Phap, Ha Lan, Anh tren cac thuong thuyin ghe qua Viet Nam ngay d i u t h i ky XVII.
54 DO QUANG HUNG - DAO TIN LANH 0 VIET NAM: NGUON GOG, Nhan vat quen bilt d i u t h i ky XIX la Jean
Baptiste Chaigneau, mdt trong nhirng c l van eho Gia Long g H u l , mot tin do Tin Lanh''>,
Til' c u l l t h i ky XIX, Giao hdi Tin Lanh Cat each Phap (Eglise Reformee de France), chii yeu thuoc Tin Lanh Calvin, tang cudng truyen giao d cac xw thuoc dia trong do cd Viet Nam, V l mat t h i n hoc, nhirng ngudi Tin Lanh Calvin, lye lugng chu chot eiia Tin Lanh Phiie Am d Phap dup'c coi la nang ddng va t i l n bo han so vdi Tin Lanh Luther, Sau Hiep udc Paternotre (1884), gidi Tin Lanh Phap da cir mot s l muc su d i n Viet Nam lam tuyen iiy cho nhu'ng tin d l Tin Lanh trong eac ca quan quan sy va hanh ehinh tai Dong Duang'^'.
Nam 1894, nha thd Tin Lanh d i u tien d Dong Duong do cac muc s u ngudi Phap xay dung da xuat hien d Hai Phong, Nam 1902, nha thd Tin Lanh Phap eung da xuit hien d Ha Ndi ( p h i Hang Da); d Sai Gdn (du'dng Norodom, nay la dudng Le Duin);
cham hon mdt chiit la d Da Lat,,.
Chii dich truyin giao ciia gidi Tin Lanh Phap duge t r i l n khai kha bai ban. Nam 1918 hp thanh lap Phai bo nghien ciru k l hoach truyen giao d Dong Duong, Nam 1921, bon thanh vien ciia phai bo, dii'ng d i u la muc su n l i t i i n g P, Monet (trong dd cd hai truyin dao ngudi Viet Vu Tam T h i t va Dpi Duang) rdi Paris d i n Ha Noi. Nam 1922 phai bp eua P.Monet da thu duge nhirng k i t qua ban d i u khdng nhd; thanh lap Hdi Smh vien An Nam, trung tam hoat dpng smh vien do Tin Lanh bao trg d s l 5 Vong Dii'C Ha Noi, dac biet eho xuit ban Tap chi song ngu- Phap-Viet d l loi euln gidi tri thiPC tre d Ha Ndi*'^',
Nhipng ngudi Tin Lanh Phap thudng khdng chii truang t r u y i n giao tryc t i l p ma hudng vao eac hoat ddng van hda (de cao chip Qude ngip, bao chi, van minh va l l i sdng phuang Tay) d l truyen giao, P h i n vi thieu tai trg, d i l u kien chinh th va phap ly kha ngat n g h e o ' ' nen thang 7/1925, moi hoat dong eiia Phai bo Nghien cipu ndi tren da cham d u t Tii' dd, hoat ddng eiia Tin Lanh Phap d Viet Nam chi con duy tri trong cac hoat dong mue vu han ehe d Ha NOI, Hai Phdng (trude Hiep dinh Gionevo, 7/1954) va d Sai Gdn, Da Lat trudc 30/4/1975, vdi hai mue s u tieu b i l u la Bertrand de Luze va Pierre Medard
Chua t h i y cd nhirng danh gia v l nhu'ng trang sip truyin giao Tin Lanh cua nhirng ngudi Phap ndi tren, Theo ehiing tdi, sy t h i t bai ciia Giao hdi Tin Lanh Cai each Phap a Viet Nam ehu y l u do hai nguyen nhan sau day.
ThCf nhit, ly do ehinh trj-xa hpi. Ai cung bilt v i n d l Tin Lanh tip lau la mpt v i n d l ehinh trj-xa hdi gay g i t d Phap nai ma Giao hoi Cdng giao khdng ehi la "trudng nu'" ciia Vatican ma edn la mot t h i lye t r i n t h i ldn nhat trudc va ca sau Dai each mang t u san Phap (1789). Vdi ngudi Tm Lanh Phap, ki ire v l eupe "chiln tranh tram nam" v i n la n l i am anh vdi hp*^'. Viec e ngai ciia chinh q u y i n thyc dan Phap d Odng Dugng vdi tdn giao nay diing nhu nhan xet: "Cung chinh tai ngi truyin giao, ddi khi s y kinh djch giira Cdng giao va Tin Lanh trd nen gay g i t . Nhirng y l u t l ehinh trj va ngoai giao da r i t sdm xen vao sy xung khac va kinh dich nay nhu trong vu Madagascar (1897), khi doan truyin giao Tin Lanh Phap bi nghi ngd ed thien cam vdi nwdc Anh, mdt cudng q u I e d l i thii"'^'.
0 0 QUANG HUNG - DAOTIN LANH OVIET NAM: NGUON GOC. 55 Sau nay trong quan he vdi "Tin Lanh
C&MA" cimg vay, ngudi Phap thyc dan luon e ngai ngudi My se tao eho dirng chan qua ehinh hoat dong ciia he phai nay.
Tuong t y nhu vay, viee truyen giao Tin Lanh d Trung Q u I e liie dd eung bi eoi la d i n g Ida vdi chii nghia thyc dan qua cac
"hiep udc b i t binh dang" ,,
Thw hai. ly do tdn giao. Tin Lanh Phap xam nhap vao Viet Nam nhat la eae tinh d Bac Ky trong nhu'ng dieu kien tdn giao kho khan khi "thj p h i n truyen giao" qua chenh lech so vdl Cong giao, von da co mat d Viet Nam tren dudi 4 t h i ky, Han t h i nu-a, ill truyin giao ciia Tin Lanh Phap, theo ehiing toi cd nhu'ng khilm khuyet can ban, Cac tai lieu tuyen truyin it di ciia hp chua lam n i l ro tinh ehit each mang, trudc hit ve t h i n hoe cua dao Tin Lanh vdi ba k h i u hieu ldn Chi cd Thien Chua (Dieu seul):
Ch! cd Kmh thanh (LEcnture suel) va Chi cd An sung {La grace sea/)''°', nghia la nhCi'ng dae trung t u tu'dng can ban ciia dao minh. Ho cung chua chii trong diing mii'c d i n viee dao tao nhan sy trong khi die moi sii-c lye vao edng cuoc giao due, hoat ddng bao ehi, hoat dong xa hoi chii y l u trong gidi hpe sinh, sinh vien,,,
Sii- gia Le Hoang Phu khi vilt Lich sCr Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam, da hoan toan khong noi d i n nhirng trang sir truyin giao cua Tin Lanh Phap, mac dii dng nghien cii'U kha ky tinh hinh xa hoi va cae ton giao ldn d Viet Nam duong thdi, Le Hoang Phu CO nhan dinh kha tmh t l ma ehiing toi nghi no CO hen quan d i n "dilm y l u " noi tren cua cae muc s u ngudi Phap: "Cae giao sT d i u tien eiia Tin Lanh tai Viet Nam da tim thiy mot dan toe v l dao giao, luon luon khat vong hoc hdi nhu'ng quan d i l m mdi
v l sieu hinh hqc va luan ly hoe de duong d i u vdl nhung xa hoi b i l n chuyin mau chong ciia thdi dai, Sy md tam tri tuang d l i n i y da k h i l n sy gap gd giu'a eac dai dien ton giao eiia h i u het eae dire tin duge em ai va k i t qua it hay nhilu, n h i t la trong 20 nam d i u Tin Lanh eo mat trong xu 1(11)
Cung phai noi them ring trong cong cuoc truyin giao, nhu'ng ngudi Tin Lanh Phap va ehau Au noi ehung khong co lgi t h i . Tip cull t h i ky XVIIl, mac dii d chau Au, trong va sau Phong trao Thue tinh (reveil), da xuit hien nhilu hiep hpi truyin giao nhu Hot truyen giao London (1795); Hot truyen giao Ha Lan (1795); Hdi truyen giao Bale (1815): Hdi Truyen giao Phue Am Paris (1822): Hdi Truyen giao Berlin (1824)...
nhung d thdi d i l m d i u t h i ky XX nudc My da eung c i p tdi mpt nii'a kmh phi truyin giao (1914) va nam 1960, ho da cung c i p tdi 2/3 nguIn nhan luc'''^',
NOI cho ciing, sy that bai ciia gidi Tin Lanh Phap trong cong cuoc truyin giao d xw Dong Duong c6 nguIn g l c sau xa tip ehinh lich sii' va vi t h i ciia Tin Lanh Phap d chinh quIc. Tin Lanh xuat hien d chau Au, tip sy phan ly khdi Cong giao La Ma, nhung ndi chung no khong the thing t h i d CU'U lue dia, nd chi thing t h i va phat triln mpi ehilu kich d nudc My tre trung va nang dong, nai ma Tin Lanh khong ehi gianh duo'c vi the ton giao quan trqng nhit eiia quIe gia nay ma cdn trd thanh mpt can tinh van hda, ehinh tri My.
1.2. Sy hinh thanh va phat triln "Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam"
Song song vdi hoat ddng truyin giao ciia nhu'ng giao si Tin Lanh eai each Phap, tii'
56 DO QUANG HUNG - DAO TIN LANH 0 VIET NAM: NGUON GOC, eudi the ky XIX, ddng truyin giao eiia cac
giao sT My, ehii yeu thude Hdi truyen giao Phuc Am Lien hiep eung dwac t i l n hanh vdi nhu-ng budc di cd nhilu net khac biet, Nhung d i n d i n hieu qua truyin giao ciia hai lye lugng Tin Lanh nay lai hien ra vdi xu t h i trai nguge: trong khi nhirng ngudi Tin Lanh Phap da t h i t bai va sau nam 1975, khdng de lai vet tieh gi thi nhipng ngudi Tin Lanh B i c My lai d i n d i n gianh duge c h l dipng kha virng ehic. Chi xin nhie lai vai s y kien chinh Ijeh sip hinh thanh va phat then ciia Hdi thanh Tin Lanh
Viet Nam dudi day.
Nhwng bwdc di diu tien:
- Nam 1887: T i l n sT A.B.Simpson, ngudi sang lap Hpi Truyin giao Phiic Am Lien hiep (C&MA), d i n Ddng Duang va tim each truyin giao d i n Viet Nam.
- Nam 1893: Mue s u D. Leiacheur d i n Sai Gdn.
- Nam 1897: Mue su C H . Reeves tip Long Chau (Trung QuIc) d i n Lang San.
- Nam 1899: Giao si R.A. Jaffray d i n Ha Noi.
- Nam 1901: Muc su Dryan d i n Hai Phdng.
Nhung cung phai d i n nam 1911 khi giao sT R.A. Jaffray, P.M. Horler vdi s y giiip da eiia mpt truyin dao ngudi Phap la Bonnet (ngudi cua Thanh kinh hdi), da mua duge d i t va dyng nha thd, lam tru sd truyin giao d Da N i n g , dugc eoi la d i u m l e khdi dau thyc s y eiia dao Tin Lanh a Viet Nam.
Giai doan hinh thanh cua cdng ddng Tin Lanh d Viet Nam liic dd dugng nhien cdn gap r i t nhilu khd khan. Cac giao sT ngudi My v i n ludn bj nghi ngd va khdng it ngudi da bj true xuit''^'. Cd t u lieu ndi r i n g , nam
1915, ehinh q u y i n thudc dja Phap edn c i m cae giao si t i l p xiic vdi ngudi Viet'^'*'.
Chinh giao sT Jaffray nam 1916 da phai gap Toan quyen Odng Duang d l giai tda bdt nhipng cam each trong viec truyin giao d cae "xip bao hd" nhu d Hai Phdng, Ha Ndi, Da N i n g .. cung nhu d Campuchia va
L a o < ^ ^ ' - • ..••
Trude nam 1927, net n l i bat la viee cac giao sT C&MA tap trung nd lye eho viec truyin giao theo c h i l u sau, dao tao muc s u va t r u y i n dao. Ldp hoc Kinh thanh d i u tien "dugc day tai ehuing nudi ngya, sau dd moe len ngdi nha thd d i u tien b i n g tranh d Da N i n g " , nam 1919. Trwdng Kinh
Thanh Da Ning, thanh lap nam 1921 la mdt d i u moe quan trpng khac'^®'.
Mac dii nam 1927 Hpi thanh mdi cd dudi 5.000 tin hipu va 74 Chi hpi nhung Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam da b i t d i u "giai doan tw lap, dde lap ve hanh ehinh". Nam 1927, Ban Tri si/ Tong Lien hdi ra ddi trong Oai hpi d i n g khda i ciing vdi H i l n chugng, O i l u le Hdi Tin Lanh ( g l m ba thip tiing Viet, Phap, Hoa), dugc p h i b i l n va ap dijng.
Cho tdi Cach mang thang Tam (1945), Tin Lanh g Viet Nam da trai qua nhieu ten gpi phan anh nhipng budc t i l n cua nd: Hoi Tin Lanh Ddng Phap (1927, vi ed ca cac Chi hdi g Campuchia va Lao), Hdi Tin Lanh Viet Nam Ddng Phap (1936); Hdi Tin Lanh Viet Nam (1945). Tip nam 1950 trd di, mang ten Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam.
Trong giai doan nay cd mpt so d i l m n h i n dang ehii y ve eg c i u t l chiPc: hinh thipc
"Dja hat" t u a n g ipng vdi "ba Ky" theo nen hanh chinh thai thudc dja; ra ddi Hoi dong quan tri tai san {^942)...
0 0 QUANG HUNG - DAO TIN L A N H 0 VIET NAM; NGUON GOC „. 57 Giai doan 1954-1975 cd vj tri dac biet d
c h l vi ly do ehinh tri Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam da "taeh biet" lam ddi la Tong hdi mien Bac va Tong Lien hdi mien Nam'^^^K Day la giai doan "trong tam Tin Lanh Viet Nam" da hoan toan chuyin v l m i l n Nam va Sai Gdn (nam 1970, tru s d T i n g Lien hpi duge k i l n thilt tai 155 T r i n Hung Dao, Quan Nhipt, Sai Gdn; eung nam dd thanh lap Nha in Tin Lanh Sai Gdn). Nam 1960, Trwdng Kinh Thanh Da Nang da ddi vao Nha Trang, goi la Thanh Kinh thin hoc vien.
Doi net Ijeh sir v i n t i t ciia Hp/ thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam eho ta t h i y r i n g day la he phai tieu b i l u va ldn nhit cho cdng d i n g Tin Lanh d Viet Nam. Dii r i n g tip nam 1954 d i n 1975, d m i l n Nam xuat hien hang loat he phai, cac nhom Tin Lanh khdng he phai'^*'* quoc t l va eua cong dong Tin Lanh Viet Nam, nhung vj t h i ehii dao eiia Tin Lanh C&MA trong moi quan he chinh trj-xa hoi, van hda va tdn giao la d i l u hien nhien.
Cung sip gia Le Hoang Phu khi "ting kit"
nhipng chang dudng Ijch SLP eiia Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam trudc 1965, da nhin manh ba thanh edng ea ban cua qua trinh
"hon 50 nam c l g i n g truyin giang va 38 nam Hpi thanh q u I c gia t i n tai" nhu sau;
1) Ong eho r i n g , dii sao "ngay nay Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam vugt trdi h i n t i t ea cac Hdi thanh trong s l 31 quIc gia ma Hpi Truyin giao Phuc Am Lien hiep dang hoat dpng..., Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam cung la Hdi thanh d i u tien da hoan thanh nguyen t i c ban xip hda ciia Hdi Truyin giao trong thdi gian ma h i u h i t cac Hdi thanh khac dang edn p h i n d i u vdi ehinh saeh nay". Le Hoang Phu cdn eho day la
mdt "kiet tae" ciia sy truyin giao toan e i u cua Hdi Truyin giao Phiie Am Lien hiep; 2) Tae gia eho r i n g v l s l lugng tin hipu, cdng d i n g Tin Lanh Viet Nam, theo ty le dan s l dipng thip hai a Ddng Nam A, sau M i l n Dien (liie dd cd 600.000 tin d l ) . Nhung d i l u thii vj la "trong nhirng dan too cd nhdm Phat giao ehilm uu t h i tai Ddng Nam A, thi ty le ngudi " d i n tip b l i eanh Phat giao" ehuyin qua Tin Lanh d Viet Nam lai ddng nhit; 3) Cdng d i n g Tin Lanh g Viet Nam chu y l u la ngudi Kinh, nhung trudc 1965 do Hdi Truyin giao Phiie Am Lien hiep triet d l sir dung kinh nghiem ciia nhan hoe tdn giao, nen da cd t h i truyin giang b i n g r i t nhilu thip ngdn ngip eua cae dan toe thilu s l d Viet Nam, nhd dd da truyin giao ed k i t qua nhit djnh d mot s l dan toe thilu s l d Tay Nguyen va Tay B i c Viet Nam''^'.
Chiing tdi m u l n ndi them ring, cung e i n ed them nhipng nhan xet v l nhipng thanh tyu va han c h l eiia ljch sip truyin giao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam liic dd. V l mat tdn giao, dii so lugng cong dong tin hiru Tin Lanh khdng ldn so vdi eac tdn giao chii y l u va da hien dien lau ddi d Viet Nam nhu Phat giao va Cdng giao, nhung nd lai la "mot tdn giao xa hoi va hien dai", ed vj t h i trong cae m l i quan he q u I c t l Ddng-Tay, dac biet la quan he eua eae nudc A ehau vdi B i c My.
O i l u dd da dugc Chinh phu Ho Chi Minh nhin nhan tip r i t sdm, diing nhu nhan xet eiia Le Hoang Phu; "Tuy nhien, eho d i n nay, r i t it ai d l tam nghien eiPU mpt trong nhirng bd phan quan trpng nhit eua xa hpi Viet Nam, i y la doan t h i Tin Lanh QuIe Gia, mac dii thanh p h i n eua nd tuang d l i cdn tre va nhd, nhung da dugc nhit tri eoi la mpt trong cac Tdn giao ciia xw \w hoi
58 DO QUANG HUNG - DAO TIN L A N H 6 VIET NAM: NGUON G O C Chii tieh Hd Chi Minh edng bo Tuyen Ngdn
Doc Lap thang 8 nam 1945"'^°'.
2. NHO'NG DAC OIEM T H A N HQC
2,1, o l h i l u nhu'ng dudng net t h i n hoc eua HdJ thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam, chiing ta khdng t h i khdng tim h i l u t u tudng than hoe eiia Hpi Truyen giao Phiie Am Lien hiep. Nhung muon t h i , cd le trudc het eung c i n phai bilt nhipng dae d i l m eg ban eiia Tin Lanh d My tip nica dau t h i ky XX.
2,1,1, Cung tugng t y nhu truyen t h i n g chinh tri ludng dang, dao Tin Lanh d My r i t da nguyen nhung dai the da ed sy phan hoa Idn thanh xu hudng "Tin Lanh ea t h i " va "Tin Lanh cdng dan", Phat hien eiia Martin Marty trong e u l n De che chinh tn da ndi rd tinh each cua khai mem ludng eye dja-tdn giao nay d My'^'', Nam 1967, Robert Bellah da khuyin khich loai "tdn giao cdng dan" d My trong dd co vu "eae tin ngudng va gia trj, dae biet la sy tin tudng vao Dipc Chiia Trdi dang k i l m soat van menh ciia nude My va dat nudc My d xa eae nude khae.,, Sy cang thang giu-a ea nhan va cpng d i n g da trd thanh mot d i u hieu xac nhan tieu chuin v l kinh nghiem tdn giao d My. Bi thu hiit d i n cae t h i c h l tdn giao nhu-ng ngudi My v i n t i l p tue tao ra nhu-ng t h i gidi ea nhan ed y nghla"'^^'.
v i n d l la d c h l sy phan hda cd tinh ludng cyc ciia t h i gidi Tin Lanh d My se d i n d i n nhirng thai do khac nhau trong ddi s i n g ehinh trj va dao dii'c, trudc h i t la thai do ddi vdl truyen thdng va hien tai. ehii nghia t y do ca t h i va ehii nghia cpng dong, Mpt nghien cii'u khae ciia Fred Kniss, tren ea sd phat t h i n luan d i l m ciia Toequeville trong euln Nen dan chu a My eho ehiing ta t h i y "tdn giao truyin thing d My da k i t
hgp vdi t u Igi khdng bj rang budc d l khuyen khich phiic Igi chung, Ngugc lai, canh ta d My lai k i t hgp ehu nghia hien dai vdl chii nghia cdng ddng iing hp ca hai t y q u y l t dao diPC ciia ca nhan va d i l u khien hoat dong kinh t l va chinh tri trong viec bao ve Igi ich chung*^^', V i n di la d chd Hoi Truyen giao Phiic Am Lien hiep dirng g vj tri nao trong canh hipu hoae canh ta a My'? Theo ehiing tdi cimg nhu n h i l u he phai Tin Lanh thupe he thing Tin Lanh Phiie Am, Tin Lanh C&MA thupc eanh hiru?
Chiing ta d i u b i l t rang, truyen thing ThCrc tinh (Reveil) quan trpng nhu- t h i nao d l i vdi Tin Lanh My. Nd khdng chi dem lai eho ngudi My "sau dam tam h i n tdn giao", ma cdn thiic d i y tinh thi tue manh me eiia ton giao. Vdl nhirng giao phai tieu b i l u nhu Baptisme va Methodisme, Tin Lanh My da dem lai n h i l u sy thay d l i eho ddi s i n g tdn giao trong m l i quan he vdi ddi s i n g chinh trj-xa hpi va van hda.
T i l e rang d i l u nay chua duge in d i u trong ddi s i n g tdn giao ciia Tin Lanh Viet Nam khi m i u Hpi ciia nd lai n i m g eye ben kia eiia sy da nguyen hda Tin Lanh.
2.1,2. Ai cung biet Chu nghTa Toan thong (Fundamentalism) ed y nghia nhu t h i nao d l i vdi edng d i n g Tin Lanh d My. Tip c u l l t h i ky XIX d i u t h i ky XX dudng nhu Tin Lanh d My chju s y tae ddng cua hai khuynh h u d n g than hpe la Fundamentalism va chii nghia t y do (Liberalism). V l mat ly thuylt, chu nghia Toan t h i n g sinh ra d My va ed xu hudng chdng lai chii nghia hien dai. Jean Bauberot cd mpt nhan xet trong cuon sach n i l t i i n g Lich sCr dao Tin Lanh cd lien quan
DOQUANGHUNG - DAO TIN LANH 0 VIET NAM: NGUON GOC 59 den viee "dmh vi" thai do than hoe ciia he
phai C&MA: "Mpt phong trao phan khang chii nghia t y do than hoc My n l ra va dan d i n viec m i n vao nam 1909 mot loat cuon saeh mong Phiic am nhan d l "NhO'ng trao Iwu chinh th6ng". Su mac khai va tinh khong sai lam ciia Kinh thanh dugc khang djnh manh me cung nhu sy hi smh de cii'u t h i gidl loai ngudi ciia Chiia Jesus, thyc t l nhirng sy trii'ng phat toi ldi vinh eii'u, ea sy can thilt phai eai tao eiia ca nhan, Tii' do trd di, ddi khi nguoi ta goi cac Giao hoi Phiie Am bang cum tip "Trao luu Toan thong" (tin tuyet d l i vao Kinh thanh), Cung c6 ngudi len an nd la "bao thii", Tren thyc t l thi mipc do ciia nd cung tiiy thuoc vao eae giao hdi cu thl"'^'"'
Ngudi sang lap Hoi Truyen giao Phiic Am Lien hiep, A,B, Simpson von la mot muc su thuoc Giao hoi Trudng Lao (Presbyteriene) d Canada, tru'dc khi ong td'i New York d l thanh lap Hpi Lien hiep Co Doe va T r u y i n giao nam 1887, Ong chap nhan eae nha truyin giao thuoc nhilu xu hu'dng khac nhau gia nhap hpi, miln la nhu-ng ngudi i y tuan thii nguyen t i c lam viec chung eiia Hpi, trudc h i t la viec se thilt lap eae giao hoi ban dia trong qua trinh truyin giao,
Phin ldn eac giao sT tieu b i l u nhit ciia Hoi Truyin giao Phiie Am Lien hiep khi qua Viet Nam cung da t h i hien ro xu hudng thin hoc "Toan thong" eiia ho trong viec truyin giang phiie am qua sach vd, tip d i l n ma hp bien soan cimg nhu qua chuong thnh dao tao mue su, truyin dao ngudi ban xip trong trudng Kinh thanh Da Ndng (1921) hoac Thanh Kmh thin hoe vien a Nha Trang (1960).
Theo tmh than do, Hoi Truyen giao Phiic Am Lien hiep luon coi viee truyen giang Kmh Thanh la ngudn g l c diPC tin cho Ca Ddc nhan, la kho tang dir'C tin dugc Chiia Mac khai cho con ngudi Kinh Thanh c6 quyen toi thuong chu' khong phai theo truyen thong, Giao hoi hay Giao chii. Moi dmh che, each thiic thd tu cung nhu cac bi tich khong phai la nhu'ng phuong tien, dau chl ciia Thien Chiia ban an dilm eho con ngudi. Moi tin do deu ed tinh each tu te va tao nen cong dong Hoi thanh,,, Mac dii sau nay tin huu Tin Lanh d Viet Nam khong co nhilu d i l u kien d l ban v l t h i n hoc nhung sy khac biet do ngay vdi t h i n hoe Cong giao cung dugc cac giao si day cong giang giai va truyin ba
Truoc nam 1975 gan nhu khong co cuon sach than hoe nao n6i can ke ve "ba khau hieu Idn" cua Tin Lanh noi chung, Tin Lanh Phiic Am ndi rieng. Nhung qua viee kien tri dudng hudng ve mot "Kinh Phiic Am thuan khilt", cac giao si C&MA da dat nen mong vu'ng c h i c cho nhu'ng can ban t h i n hoe eiia Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam.
Tuy vay, trong nhu-ng nam 1960, viec truyin giao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam eiing eo sy phat t n l n rd ret. Liic do, thay vi truyen ba nhu'ng "nguyen ly Tin Lanh" chung nhit, Hdi Truyen giao hai ngoai Bac My (North Amencan Protestant Ministries Overseas) da thiie d i y viec truyin ba Phiie Am vdi ba d i l m n h i n : "Od la Thuyet Phuc Am trong chieu sau (Evangelism in Depth), Phat trien giao hdi (Church Growth) va Sw md rdng giao due than hoc (Theological Education in Extension)" va xem do nhu ba phong trao t h i n hoc Idn'^^',
60 eO QUANG HUNG - DAO TIN L A N H 6 VIET NAM: NGUON GOC.
Nhirng d i l u nay se in d i u trong "Thu tjeh Tin Lanh" d Viet Nam ma ehiing tdi se trinh bay v i n t i t dudi day.
2.1.3. Mae dii x u i t hien mudn nhung Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam cung sdm cd nhipng ea sd dao tao, bao ehi va x u i t ban.
N I U nhu ngudi Cdng giao phai m i t 379 nam k l tip khi dat chan d i n Viet Nam, ngudi tin d l ban xip mdi ed t h i duge dpe Kinh Thanh qua ban djeh t i i n g Viet'^^*, thi nam 1926, bp Kinh thanh da duge nhipng giao sT Tin Lanh x u i t ban d Ha Ndi, cd sy trg giup die lye ciia hoc gia Phan Khdi.
Trudc nam 1945, "thu tjeh Tin Lanh" chua nhilu l i m , ehu y l u dugc x u i t ban bdi nha in ciia Hdi Tin Lanh Ddng Phap a Ha Ndi.
P h i n ldn nhii'ng e u l n saeh nay do cac giao sT ciia Hdi truyin giao, hoae ban than cae mue s u Tin Lanh Viet Nam tham gia vilt nhu: Ldi khuyen ve each hiu viec Chua ciia Homera Homer-Dixon (1936);
So sanh Thw Nhit vdi ThCr Nhi (tiPC Cyu udc va Tan udc), khdng rd tac gia (1929);
Ms Jackson, Cac quy tic cua Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Ddng Phap (1927); Den eung DCrc Chua Jesus (djch tip tiing Trung Quoe, 1924); Dan dan quy dao eua Mue s u Huynh Van Nga (1937)...
Nhung cd le e u l n saeh t h i n hoc Tin Lanh do so n h i t g nudc ta trudc 1975 la cuon Thin dao hoe ciia MLIC S U John Orange Olsen, mpt trong nhirng vj D i e hpe n l i tiing eua trudng Kinh Thanh Da Nang'^^'.
Bp sach day g i n 1.000 trang theo l l i giao trinh t h i n hoc truyin t h i n g ciia Au-My, da trinh bay can ke, l i n d i u tien d Viet Nam, tong luan v l than hoc trude khi Luan ve
Thanh Kinh, Luan ve DCre Chua Trdi, Luan ve ioai ngwdi, Luan ve toi loi, Luan ve
Ding Chnst... N h i l u muc s u ten tudi qua cae t h i he ciia Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam d i u chju anh hudng ciia bd saeh nay.
Trong nhipng saeh nhu t h i , n l i t i i n g hgn ca la e u l n Phwdc Am yeu chi ma Le Hoang Phu cd n h i e d i n (tr. I l l , sdtd).
Cung la saeh djch tip tieng Trung QuIe, tac gia la ngudi eiia Hdi truyin giao, e u l n sach nay d l lai n h i l u d i u i n t u tudng eho ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam bdi le nd dugc v i l t vdi ndi dung t h i n hoc can ban cd chon lpc, t h i hien theo l l i v i n dap, phong each t u duy A Ddng'^®'.
Trudng hgp e u l n Chan, gia luan (Nha in Tin Lanh Da Lat, x u i t ban nam 1939) lai gay nen nhirng phan ipng khac. Tap saeh nay khdng chi gidi thieu v i n t i t ve Chiia ba ngdi, Phep ripa, Cipu rdi... ma cdn tryc tiep d l cap den moi quan he cua ngudi Viet vdi Tam giao, cac hinh thiPC tin ngudng dan gian eho den bdi toan, phong tuc tap quan... Cai nhin Kitd hpe qua cipng r i n eua saeh nay (dii tren nhan quan eua Tin Lanh eai each) da gay nen s y phan irng cua n h i l u tin do eae tdn giao khac cung nhu ngudi dan Viet ndi ehung.
Le dT nhien H i l n chugng va D i l u le cua Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam la tai lieu eg ban n h i t de ta suy nghT ve can ban than hpe cua nd. Dieu d l t h i y la nhii'ng Dai Hpi dong d i u tien ( l i n thip I, 1924 d i n l i n thip ill, 1926), vdi tinh each boi linh, hiep nguyen nen ehua cd q u y l t nghj. Tip Oai Hpi ddng l i n thip IV, 1927 g Da Nang, Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam b i t d i u ghi nhan trong H i l n chuang, O i l u le eua minh. Ve dai the, eac ban H i l n chuang cua Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam ludn cd d i l u
DOQUANGHUNG - DAO TIN L A N H 0 VIET NAM: NGUON GOC 61 khoan d i u tien "Hdi thanh nay la cir theo
saeh Cwu wdc va sach Tan wdc, tire la Kinh Thanh cua Dipc Thanh Linh soi d i n ma lap ra", d i l u ma Jackson trong euln Cac quy tie cua Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Ddng Phap ndi tren da ehi rd'^^\
Trong thyc t i l n truyin giao va ddi s i n g thupc linh eiia ngudi tin hu-u, le dl nhien nhipng giao d i l u can ban tren thudng xuyen chi p h i i hp. Nhung d i n d i n "ddi song t h i n hoe" ciia eae mue su, truyin dao, tin htpu cimg cd sy thay d l i theo ehilu hudng ngay cang sat hgp han vdi ddi sing thudng nhat.
Tip nhipng nam 1940, khi Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam da d i n d i n trd thanh Hoi thanh t y ehu t y lap vdi Giao hoi Mp thi trong ddi s i n g t h i n hpe, nhirng v i n d l nay tro nen c i p thilt. Hpi Truyin giao Phiic Am Lien hiep, nhu da ndi d tren, tip lau da CO ehinh saeh v l "Hdi thanh ban xip"'^°*.
Nam 1955, tai Hdi nghj A ehau eiia Hoi Truyin giao Phiic Am Lien hiep, ngudi ta da ban d i n nhipng v i n d l c i p bach, cu t h i hon d l nhanh chdng chuyin giao traeh nhiem va tai san eho cac Hdi thanh ban xii' ty lap...
Vdi tu duy than hpe, eac mue s u ngudi Viet nhu Le Van Thai, Le Dinh Tuai, Ong Van Huyen, Huynh Van Nga... thudng cd nhipng suy t u ve van de nay. Nhung cd le ngudi tieu b i l u n h i t cho nhii'ng y tudng v l
"thin hpe Tin Lanh ban dja" cua Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam la Muc s u Le Hoang Phu. Trong e u l n luan an t i l n sT v l Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam ndi tren, ben canh viec dao sau va triln khai ba nguyen tic xay dyng mdt Hoi thanh t y tri, t y lap ma C&MA da d l ra la tw tuc (self-support),
tw quan (self-government) va tw truyen (self-propagation), dng da c6 sang kiln dua them hai nguyen t i c nira la tw dwdng (self-nature) va tw dien (self-expression).
Hai nguyen t i e tw dwdng va tw dien khdng chf dung d i n nhirng v i n d l v l tam ly, t l chipc CO c i u Hdi thanh (mot Hoi thanh quIe gia ed tinh t y tri, khdng ehi vuon tdi sy t y chii nhit djnh v l tai chinh ma edn ty trj v l phuang each xay dyng Hpi thanh), ma edn sdm dung d i n v i n d l nhay cam bae nhit cua cong d i n g Tin Lanh d Viet Nam la thai do vdi van hoa dan toe. Tren ea sd quan niem tw dien, nghia la eo the ty d i l n ta dire tin bing cac hinh thipc van chuang, nghi l l , nghe thuat theo truyin thong ban xii-'^^*, Le Hoang Phu da cd t i m nhin xa va bao quat hon: "Mpt Hpi thanh dich thyc ban dja la ehi khi nao cac dac tinh tw dwdng va tw dien dat d i n mot trinh dp cd t h i d i l n ta b i n g mpt trilt ly rieng biet ciia minh, mot t n l t ly dugc xay dyng khdng nhirng tren co sd Kinh Thanh Co D i e , ma cdn trong hinh thirc van hda ban xip, lam cho minh trd nen mot thanh t l ciia san nghiep dan too va d i n g thdi la mpt ddng gdp vao san nghiep ea d i e p h i quat tren t h i gidi"'^^'.
Thdi gian da qua di, ngay hdm nay, cd le ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam b i t k l thupc he phai nao cung edn "mdn ng" vdi y tudng t h i n hoc va ddi song tdn giao dimg d i n i y . 3. MOT s6 VAN oe ve DCy\ S6NG TON
GlAO
Le dT nhien "ddi s i n g tdn giao" bao gom nhilu mat. Dudi day chiing toi lya chpn hai khia canh: vi tri cua Tin Lanh Viet Nam trong ddi song chinh tri-xa hdi va vai net dae sic ve truyen giao.
62 DO QUANG HUNG - DAO TIN LANH O VIET N A M : NGUON G O C ,
3,1. Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam trong ddi s i n g chinh tri-xa hpi
3,1,1, Ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam tip' trude d i n nay thudng tam niem "dirng ngoai ehinh trj", d l duy tri vj t h i doe lap vdi Hpi truyin giao, vdi cac t h i c h l ehinh tn trong nudc, Mue s u Le Van Thai dugc eoi la tieu bilu cho dudng hudng nay*"^^' tip nam 1945
Nhu da ndi d tren, viee xuat hien kha muon mang cong d i n g Tin Lanh d Viet Nam trong bdi eanh ehinh tr|-xa hoi dae biet. Ougc coi la "dao Hoa Ky". Tin Lanh Viet Nam da tirng trai qua cgn c i m each ciia Toan q u y i n Odng Duang (1915), d i n s i c lenh 15/12/1929 ehinh q u y i n thyc dan va Nam trilu mdi huy bd "chinh sach cam Tin Lanh tren ly thuylt"'^'''. Nhirng d i l n b i l n chinh trj t i l p theo dudi thai Toan quyin Deeoux, Nhat dao chinh Phap, cho d i n ea tinh hinh ehinh th d m i l n Nam Viet Nam sau 1954, dao Tin Lanh eung ludn d vj t h i c i m each, nghi kj hoac k i l m tda...
Phai Chang nhii'ng d i l u nay cd anh hudng d i n thai do ehinh trj ndi tren?
Truyin thong t h i tue von r i t manh d My, trong dd cac he phai Tin Lanh tieu b i l u tuy
"ty taeh minh" khdi cae hoat ddng chinh tri dang phai, nhung vdi t u each ca nhan ho v i n tham gia tich eye vao hoat ddng ddi song chinh trj-xa hdi. Ljch sir Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam chua hien rd dae tinh nay.
Tuy vay, liic nay liic khac, khu vyc nay hay khu vyc khac, ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam cung cd nhipng trang sip nhu t h i . Mdt tai lieu quy h i l m ndi r i n g , mac dii Muc s u Le Van Thai tip chdi, nhung Hoi Tin Lanh khang chien Nam Bd van ra ddi va hoat ddng tip nam 1947-1948*^^'.
Mdt hinh anh h i l m hoi khac ve "ngudi Tin Lanh Ha Ndi" tham gia khang c h i l n chdng thyc dan Phap eung d u g c chiing tdi phac hpa qua tai lieu eiia ba qua phu Mue su Bill Hoanh Thip*'^',
Thyc ra, nhipng kinh nghiem ljch sip nhu t h i eung nhu cai nhin hien dai v l "ddi s i n g ehinh trj" eiia mdt tdn giao nhu Tin Lanh khdng h i mau thuan vdi nhipng trang sip i y . Ngay nay, Hien chwong ciia Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam eung thudng ghi rd "Phung s y Thien Chiia, phpng s y T l qude", eung g i l n g nhu anh em Hdi thanh Bap-tit Viet Nam ghi r i n g "Kinh Chiia yeu ngudi, lam trdn nghia vu ngudi edng dan, phue vu To quIc" ( H i l n chuang, 2001), 3,1,2. v i n d l Tin Lanh Viet Nam trong ddi s i n g xa hdi eung cd mot trd ngai khdng nhd ma tip lau ban than eae mue s u Viet Nam da phat hien nhu nhan djnh eiia Muc s u Le Van Thai: "Hdi T r u y i n giao Phudc Am Lien hiep la hdi chuyen rao giang Tin Lanh khap t h i gian ma khdng lo viee xa hpi va giao due. Giao sT cua Hpi n i y khdng bao gid d l cap d i n nhipng v i n d l xa hpi va giao duc"'^'''.
Thyc ra, mue tieu t r u y i n giao tren toan c i u liie dd eua C&MA cung ed "tinh hgp ly' eiia nd. Nhung v i n phai k h i n g djnh r i n g Hdi T r u y i n giao Phuc Am Lien hiep it nhilu da
"bd quen" kinh nghiem ljch SLP c l dien ciia Tin Lanh trong t r u y i n giao la thuyet 3C (Chhst, Commerce, Civilization tipc la:
Chua, Thwong mai va Van minh).
Cdn vdi Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam, khi nd da cd budc phat t h i n n h i t dinh, thi mdt
"chiln lugc" hoat ddng xa hpi n i u ehua m u l n ndi d i n "hdi nhap van hda" nhu Mue s u Le Hoang Phu da d l x u i t i t phai dat ra.
DOQUANGHUNG - DAO TIN LANH 0 VIET NAM: NGUON GOC 63 Max Weber da tii'ng khang dmh sii'c manh
va tinh each tdn giao xa hdi ciia Tin Lanh, J, Bauberot, g i n day ndi eu t h i han: "Van hoa Tin Lanh, hien than eua nhirng khau hieu t h i n hpe cai each tdn giao, da lap ra mo hinh eiia mot dang ngudi san sang vao nha thd va vao xa hoi ma khong chd do'i su cuu giiip eiia phia ben nay hoae eiia phia ben kia, va ludn giip mot khoang each nhit djnh ngay ben trong nhu-ng cam k i t va nhirng m l i quan he tinh cam eiia minh nhim bao ve cho minh "moi quan he ca nhan vdi Chiia", Dd chinh la kha nang eua ho d l tilp tuc sang tao trong mot khong khi mdi ciia the tuc hda va cua giao hoi the gidi, ciia xu hudng ca nhan va hien tai hda nhirng gia trj rieng cua ban than"'"^',
Co t h i nhirng t u tudng mdi me nay chua hien rd d i y dii trong t u duy ciia ngu-di Tin Lanh Viet Nam trude 1975. Nhu-ng ed t h i khing djnh ring ciing vdi qua trinh p h i n diu trd thanh mpt Hpi thanh tw lap, tw tri, tw truyen it nhit tip thap ky 1940, Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam eung da ed nhilu n l lye to ldn d l d i n than xa hoi, trudc h i t la d l nang cao ddi s i n g vat chit, tinh t h i n ciia chinh con cai Chiia trong Hoi Thanh, Nhu'ng hoat dong nhu t h i , dae biet trong giai doan 1954-1975, chu y l u chi d i l n ra d mien Nam, Nhung ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam v i n cd dugc nhu'ng kinh nghiem nhit djnh. Mpt mat hp hudng tdi viec xay dyng va phat trien "nhipng eg sd ha t i n g eiia giao hpi" nhu day edng nang c i p trudng Kinh Thanh Da Nang, Trudng Trung-Tilu hoc Bit-le-hem (tip 1953).,, mat khae, tang cudng cae hoat ddng tip thien va ciPU trg xa hoi nhu thanh lap Cd nhi vien Tin Lanh (1950, Nha Trang), C h i n y vien Tin Lanh (Nha Trang, 1961)...
Nhu'ng hoat dong nhu t h i , cang ve sau cang ehiu ap luc bdi mot thu'C t l khac, Khi eac he phai Tin Lanh khac, ciing vdi su co mat ngay cang dong dao cua cae lye lugng xam luge My d m i l n Nam Viet Nam, xuit hien ngay cang nhilu thi cung la liic eae hoat ddng tip thien, xa hoi nay bi thu hilt bd'i cac t l chiic phi ehinh phii, thong qua eac he phai ndi tren Nhung day la mot cau chuyen khac khong thuoc pham vi bai vilt nay.
3,2. Trd lai nhu'ng hoat dong truyin giao Nhu da ndi d tren, viec truyen giao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam trudc nam 1975 van dugc coi la co "kit qua Idn va doc dao", Chiing toi muon khep lai bai viet nay bang mpt s l nhan xet sau day,
ThCf nhit, cung gilng nhu Cong giao, viee hinh thanh cong d i n g Tin Lanh d Viet Nam CO sy ddng gop quylt djnh ciia cac giao si Hdi Truyen giao hai ngoai Bic My va nhirng nd lye b i n bi ciia cae t h i he mue su, truyin giao ngudi Viet,
Riit kmh nghiem tip nhipng t h i t bai ciia cac giao si Tin Lanh cai each Phap, dudng nhu cac giao si C&MA, vdi sipc manh vat ehit va t l chipc, tinh each quIc t l rong ldn eiia hoi minh da tao ra dudng hudng, phuang phap truyin giao kha thich hgp, Lfu d i l m noi trdi la hp da ap dung t i t eac phugng phap truyin giao theo kilu nhan hoc ton giao (Anthropology of Religion) ma ho CO nhilu lgi t h i , Viee sir dung thanh thao tiing Viet, tiing cae dan toe thilu s l , djch Kinh Thanh nhanh vdi nhilu ngdn ngip, l l i truyen giang thilt thyc,,. la nhu'ng net tieu bilu, Sy ehuyin tai t h i n hoc ciia ho eung cd nhirng net khae biet so vdi eae giao si MEP duang thdi, Dau i n ciia
64 D 6 Q U A N G H U N G - DAO TIN L A N H 6 VIET NAM: NGUON G O C nhipng mue su, ngoai T i l n sT A.B Simpson
(1843-1919) la nhii'ng nhan vat nhu D l . Jeffray, E.F. Irwin, W.C. Cadman, D.
Olsen... la khdng nhd trong s y tao dyng hinh anh ngudi Tin Lanh d Viet Nam, Rieng vdi cac mue s u va truyin dao eiia Viet Nam cung dugc ghi nhan: " S l ngudi truyin giao Viet Nam eho eae bp lac ma tdi gap da khiln tdi kinh ngae v l s y phung h i l n thupc linh, kha nang ngdn ngip va kha nang quan trj eiia ho. Trong moJ phugng each, tdi coi hp la nhirng vj edng nhan dung cam n h i t cho D i n g Christ"'^^'. Cae muc s u tien phong ciia Hpi thanh tip Hoang Trpng Thipa, Dugng Nhii- T i l p , Le Dinh Tugi d i n Le Van Thai, Biii Hoanh Thip, Ong Van Huyen, Ooan Van Mieng... cung da ed nhipng ddng gdp quan trpng cho sy phat t h i n Hpi Thanh.
ThCr hai, Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam tuy ra ddi r i t mupn so vdi ngudi anh em Cdng giao, nhung hp cung sang tao cho rieng minh nhilu kinh nghiem truyin giao thich hgp vdi mdt xip thudc dja, quan he ehinh trj-xa hpi r i t phirc tap khi lien he vdi " M i u Hpi". Od la cac phuang phap truyin giang n l i tiing nhu "chirng dao ea nhan", truyin dao theo toe hp "mpt ngudi tin ca nha dugc ciru", tip le thudc vao cac giao sT nude ngoai d i n viec chu dpng trong truyen giang t h i n hoc, cimg c l dCrc tin va "sang tao" ra cae hinh thirc t l chiPC thich hgp vdi Hpi thanh ban dja. Dan d i n ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam eung ap diJng cae phuang phap truyen giao "hien dai" nhu SCP dung truyin thdng dai ehiing, doan tuyen uy, tan dung eae quan he quoc te...
ThCf ba, v l doi tugng truyen giao. La tdn giao gap khd khan trong dat chd dirng
chan, gianh "thj p h i n truyen giao". Tin Lanh Viet Nam mdt thdi gian dai da xac dinh t i n g Idp trung luu, thj dan la doi tugng eg ban. Hp dan d i n eung nhan t h i y hai d i l m yeu. Trwdc het, hp ehua thu hiit dugc n h i l u gidi tri thirc tinh hoa (elite)'""'.
D i l u nay la cd thyc, mdt p h i n vi tam ly e ngai dao Tin Lanh cd khi cdn k h i t khe han so vdi s y e ngai vdi dao Cdng giao trudc day trong cac gia dinh quan lai tri thirc ngudi Viet liic dd. Sau nwa, Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam cung chua t h i thu hut d u g c n h i l u tin htpu tip khu vyc ndng thdn.
D i l u nay e h i e han cd ly do sau xa. Tin Lanh vdi net trdi eua thir "tdn giao hien dai va ca t h i " , t y nd d l xung dot vdi truyin t h i n g cdng dong lang xa eua ndng dan.
Tuy vay, viee gianh d u g c mpt sd k i t qua quan trpng trong viec t r u y i n giao ngi d i n g bao dan tpc thieu s l a Tay Nguyen trudc nam 1975 chi la k i t qua cua "Idgic chiln tranh"'''^>.
ThCf tw, v i n de he phai. Cho d i n trudc 1975, ve dai the khai niem "dao Tin Lanh"
g Viet Nam bao gom ba bp phan: i) "Tin Lanh chinh thong" tire Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam, nguon goc C&MA, vdi Tong hoi ( m i l n B i c ) va Tong Lien hoi (mien Nam);
ii) Nhdm cac he phai, td chirc lien he phai va cae to chipc khdng he phai, trong dd r i t n h i l u la "cae Hgi thanh t u gia" va dac biet nhdm he phai ciia nhirng tin huu tin va thyc hanh Linh An (An tip Thanh linh) vdi ten gpi chung la cac he phai Ngu Tuan.
Ngoai ra cdn cd, iii) nhung nhdm phai ma Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam coi la "ta giao" nhu ChCrng nhan Gie-ho-va, nhdm Mormons, Hoi thanh Ca Ddc Phuc Lam (nhdm L l t u gia), Tan sir do, Hdi thanh Duy nhat...^^^\
DOQUANG HUNG - DAOTIN L A N H O V I E T NAM: NGUON GOC 65
Day cung la v i n d l t l chirc tdn giao cd tinh chiln lugc vdi dao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam ndi ehung, ndi rieng la vdi Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam. Se cdn phai ed nhirng nghien ciru xa hoi hoe tdn giao ky han v l dieu nay, nhu sy van dpng t i t y l u ciia tinh da nguyen, dpe dao cua Tin Lanh ndi chung. Muc s u Pham Xuan Tin da cd nhipng y k i l n cua minh trong tap saeh nhd v l cae he phai Tin Lanh d Viet Nam.
Chiing tdi m u l n gidi thieu mpt t u lieu thii vj khae eiia Muc s u Ooan Trung Tin v l "eay t h i he" ciia Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam, dae biet eiia T i n g Lien hpi Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (miln Nam), nhu mpt tham khao eho v i n d l he phai Tin Lanh d nude ta'"^'
it nhit thi qua sa do nay cung cho t h i y s y
"phan taeh" cac he phai Tin Lanh cd nguon glc tip Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam, trong d6 vdi tinh each to chCrc theo hang doc truyen thong eua C&MA, HdJ thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam van td ra la he phai Tin Lanh manh me, cd sire s i n g nhit d nude ta'"'*'. N I U SO sanh vdi he phai Baptist d nudc ta, mot he phai von theo to chCre hang ngang, dii rat manh d My, nhung d nudc ta thi s y phat t h i n lai han c h l . Vdi hinh thirc "Tin Lanh T u gia" cung vay, qua so do tren cung t h i y s y phat triln manh cua nd. O i l u nay cung la mdt he luan nira trong kinh nghiem ljch sir v l td chiPC eua Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam.
LOI K^T
Chiing tdi m u l n khep lai bai v i l t nay b i n g mpt cam nhan ehung rang, Ijch sir dao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam, it n h i t qua he phai
"chinh t h i n g va tieu b i l u nhit" la Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam trudc 1975, cung cho ta thay qua trinh xuat hien, nhirng chang
dudng phat triln gap ghenh cua tdn giao dac biet phuang Tay nay. Ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam liie i y , ed khi edn "la hon" ngudi Cdng giao trong eon m i t ngudi Viet ngoai Kitd giao, khiln cho ho chua t h i phat huy nhirng sire manh t y than eiia nhu-ng ngu'di
" s i n sang di vao nha thd cimg nhu di vao xa hpi", tdn giao ciia tinh hien dai trong dd
"dire tin vao Chiia Trdi" va su giai thieng ludn di Iiln vdi nhau. T i t nhien la co v i n d l "eiia nhirng d i l u kien ljch sip", Nhung c h i c h i n dd v i n la nhipng suy t u ciia ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam hom nay,a
GHUTHIGH
''' The Ghnstian and Missionary Alliance of Amehca, Day la each viet trong cu6n Sd tay cdng tdc tdn giao cua Ban T6n giao Chinh phu.
Ha NOI, 2010, tr,12, Thuc ra Hpi thSnh ndy c6 ten gpi ph6 bien hon la Hdi Truydn gido Phuc Am Lien hiep, ten tieng Anh The Christian and Missionary Alliance, viet tit la C&MA, Trong cu6n sir duy nhit ve Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam cua Muc su, Tien sT Le Hoang Phu (Luan an de trinh 6- Dai hoc New York, My, 1972), ban tiing Viet cua ong co ten la Ueh sQ Hdi thdnh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (1911-1965) vdi phu d l tieng Anh A Short History of the Evangelical Church of Viet Nam. Trong bai viet n^y chiing tdi sir dung ban tieng Viet do Muc su Ooan Trung Tin giri tang, gom 415 trang, gom ca thu myc tham khao rat phong phii, GP nha nghien CLPU trong gidi Tin Lanh m^ch chiing toi ring, luSn an nay con co ban tieng Anh, tiec ring chiing toi chua tilp can duoc,
'^' Ngoai T6ng hoi Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (mien Bic) duoc cong nhan nam 1958, Tong Lien hpi Hpi th^nh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (mien Nam) nam 2001; lin luot 9 he phai duoc cong nhan la: Hpi Truyen giao Go D6C Vi$t Nam (2007); Hpi thanh Lien huu Co Doc (2007), Gi^o hpi Co Doc Phuc lam Viet Nam (2008);
66 0 6 QUANG HUNG - D A O TIN LANH 6 VIET N A M : NGUON G O C
Tong hoi B i p tit Viet Nam (An dien Nam phuong) (2008); Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Trudng lao Viet Nam (2008); Hoi thanh B i p tit Viet Nam (Nam phuong) (2008): Hoi thanh Phuc Am Ngu t u i n Viet Nam (2009); Hoi thanh Chung nhan Jehovah (2009) va Hoi thanh Menonite Viet Nam (2009), Gae he phai nay deu du'oc Ban Ton giao Chinh phii cap giay cong nhan, tru' nhom Chu'ng nhan Jehovah va Hoi thanh IVIenonite Viet Nam (do TPHGM cap) Ve mat phap ly hien thay co hai c i p do "co tu each phap nhan" hoac "duoc dang ky hoat dpng" O Viet Nam, hien chf co cuon sach ciia Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Dao Tin Lanh tren thd gidl va Viet Nam. Nha xuat ban Ton giao, 2004, gioi thieu tuong d l i d i y dii cac he phai Tin Lanh truoc 1975,
Vol tinh hinh hien nay, khai niem "dao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam" da thuc s u thay doi, noi theo ngon ngu- xa hoi hoc ton giao la da co sy tai ciu hinh (reconfiguration), phan anh diing d i n ban c h i t da nguyen cua ton giao nay
'^' Trong t h i giO'i Kito giao, dao Tin Lanh duoc coi la bp phan t h i hien sinh dong n h i t m6i quan he giu'a hai can tinh tinh thdng nhdt (unite) va tinh da dang (diversite), T h i gioi Tin Lanh tinh d i n giQ'a the ky XX da hinh thanh ba bp phan chinh: Tin Lanh Cai each (Giao hdi lutheriennes. Tin Ldnh Cai each hay Calvinistes va phong trao Anabaptistes hay Cat each bdo thu); Tin Ldnh Phuc Am (tieu bieu la Baptisme va Methodisme) va phong trao Ngu tudn {Le Pentecdtisme) Nhu vay giai doan "tien Tin Lanh" d Viet Nam chii yeu chiu anh hudng ciia Tin Ldnh Cai each chau Au,
'"' Xem G, Bois, Lich sii' truyen giao d Dong Duong va nhung ngudi Tin Lanh Ph^p, nguyen van tieng Phap Histoire des Missions en Indochine et les Protestiantes francais 1952, Avignon, Phap Day la giai doan ma cac giao si HOI truyin giao nuoc ngoai Pans ngay cang co anh hudng voi nha Nguyin, truong hop J B, Chaigneau, mot nguoi Tin Lanh co vi tri i y that la ca biet
'^' Theo tai lieu G Bois noi tren thi l i n luot xuit hien cac muc s u nhu T Boisset (Hai Phong, 1884), J Pannier (Ha Noi 1902-1905), Mestayer (Sai Gon, 1902). L Saint-Andre (Ha NOI, 1904-1911), A. Richemont (Ha Npi, 1906) cac truyen dao nhu Bonnet (Hai Phong 1902-1911; Da N i n g 1902): U Soulier (Ha N6i 1922-1923): P Monet (Ha N6i 1922- 1925) va dac biet ban than G.Bois d Ha Noi 1923-1925; B Luze (Sai Gon, Da Lat 1949).
Tham chi giai doan 1960-1975 cung con co mat P. Mesdard d Sai Gon Rieng G.Bois tu' 1924 da lam giao s u tnet hoc truong Albert Sarraut d Ha Noi den tan 1947
'®' Tham khao Do Huu Nghiem, Phwong phap truyin gido cua Tin Lanh gido tat Viet Nam, Vien Dai hoc Sai Gon, Truo'ng Dai hpe Van Khoa, luan an cao hoc sir, Sai Gon, 1968, 319 trang, Chiing toi da co khao sat to tap chi noi tren Bulletin du Foyer des Etudiants Annamltes, s l 1 ra thang 7/1923; so cuoi ciing, s6 5-6 cu6i 1924, Tap chi song ngCr nay m l i s6 tren duoi 300 trang, thu hiit nhieu cay but noi t i i n g cua xii' B i c Ky nhu Pham Quynh, Nguyen Van Vinh, Phan K l Binh ,, P, Monet cung trong thdi gian do con eho x u i t ban tap chi t i i n g Phap 3 thang mot ky L'Evangile en Indochine Francaise (duo'c 6 s l ) , Nhu'ng dieu tren cho t h i y n l lye khong nho ciia nhung nguoi Tin Lanh cai each Phap trong viec truyen giao d Viet Nam,
''' Chinh quyen thupc dia Phap d Dong Duong chi cong nhan tu each phap nhan cho dao Tin Lanh tip nam 1937 theo S i c lenh eiia Toan quyen Dong Duong,
'®' Xem e u l n : Jean Bauberot, Valentine Zuber, Une haine oubliee L'antiprotestantisme avant le
"pacta laique" (1870-1905). Pans 2000, C u I n sach nay n h i c lai lich sir d i m mau c h i n g dao Tin Lanh d Phap truoc khi x u i t hien Luat Phan ly 1805 Cac tae gia cho r i n g , lich sir c h i n g dao Tin Lanh d Phap eung la "mot trang sir khong t h i thieu d u o c ciia Hch sii- n i n cong hoa va tu tudng the tuc" Mac du sau Cach n^ang 1789, nguoi Tin Lanh Phap da d u p c thua
0 0 QUANG HUNG - D A O T I N LANH O V I E T NAM: NGUON GOG, 67
nhan, tinh trang tron chay da cham dirt, nhu'ng ho v i n luon d vi tri thieu so va bi e ngai v l tu tu'dng va than hoc...
'^' Xem J Delumeau (Ghii bien), Le Fait religieux. nguyen van tieng Phap, Payard, Pans, tr 147
''°' Cong viec truyen ba Thanh kinh, than hoc Tin Lanh chi co cac muc s u Hdi Truyin giao Phuc Am Lien hiep lam duoc, ti> viec dich Kmh thanh ra tieng Viet, dich va v i l t cac tac pham v l than hoc, truyen giao, ma chung toi se trinh bay d p h i n t i l p theo,
' " ' Xem Muc su Le Hoang Phu, Lich sCr Hdi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (1911-1965). sdd, tr, 82.
"^' Xem cuon Le Fait Religieux . . sdd, tr 152 ''^' Xem Ky y l u Ky niem 90 nam Tin Lanh d i n Viet Nam cua Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (miin Nam), x u i t ban npi bp, 2001, tr, 4,
'"" Xem Do Hu'u Nghiem, Phuong phap truyin giao ciia Tin Lanh giao tai Viet Nam, tu lieu da din,
'^^' Theo Hiep uoc 1884, nha cam quyin Phap giai thich rang, dao Tin Lanh khdng du'O'c phep hoat dong tren cac lanh tho bao ho, niia bao hp (Bic va Trung Ky) Khi dao Tin Lanh co c h l dirng chan d i u tien d Da N i n g nam 1911 ty no phai coi la mpt t h i n g loi quan trong ve phap ly vdi chinh quyen thyc dan.
''^' Truong nay do D,Olsen, giao sT noi tiing lam 06c hoc. Nam 1927, khoa sinh vien t6t nghiep d i u tien trong do eo eac muc s u nhu Hoang Trpng Thua, Duong Nhu Tilp, Le Oinh Tu'oi, Duong T y Ap, . nam 1928, nhu Le Van Thai, Ong Van Huyen ,, da l i n luot dam trach chii'c vu Hdi trwdng cua cac Ban tn sy Tong lien hpi tip 1927-1959, Xem Ky niem 90 nam Tin Ldnh ddn Viet Nam... t u lieu da d i n .
' " ' TruOc nam 1954, Hpi thanh co chung ba Hat: B i c Hat, Trung Hat va Nam Hat, Rieng d mien Nam bao g6m hai Hat sau, TLP 1960, d mien Nam co them "Thuong Hat" (cho viing Tay Nguyen).
' O mien Nam truoc nam 1954, da xuat hien he phai Giao hdi Co Ddc Phuc Lam An Tuc Nhat (The Seventh-Day Adventist Church) tu 1929 a Can Tho, Chau Doc, Sai Gon Rpi khoi Viet Nam nam 1947, quay lai nam 1954 O l n nam 1960 co co sd d Tay Nguyen trong mot s6 dan toe it nguoi trong vung,.. Day la he phai co tuoi doi chi sau G&MA va co s6 tin d6 toi 50,000 nguoi (1975) Giao hdi Menonite (The t^enonite Church), co mat 6 mien Nam tu' sau 1954; Giao hdi Bdp tit (The Baptist Church). tU nam 1959, truoc h i t d Sai Gon, Da Lat, Nha Trang: Giao hdi "Hdi thanh Ddng Christ (The Church of Chnst), tu 1963; Giao hdi Chung nhan Giehdva (The Jehovah s Witnesses), tu 1967, Gido hdi Ngu Tudn (The Pentecostals).
CO mat d Viet Nam tu 1970, mpt he phai co sy biing phat tu nhung nam 1990,,, Ngoai ra, con rat nhilu t6 chuc Tin Lanh khong he phai,
"^' Theo thong ke eua Muc su Mangham, Hpi trudng Hoi Truyen giao Phuc Am Lien hiep tai m i l n Nam, vao thoi diem 1965 Hoi truyin giao da CO the truyen giang, ngoai tiing Viet, cho cac ngon ngCr sau day Jarai, Bahnar, Rade, Sre, Bru, Katu, Stieng, Chrao, Raglai, Thai, Quang Dong, Quan Thoai, Phap, ti^ng Han, tieng Cham, Khmer ,, Rieng d Viet Nam, chung toi cung chua thing ke chinh xac dupc co bao nhieu ban djch Kmh thanh ra tieng cac dan tpc thieu s l ,
'^°' Xem Muc su Le Hoang Phu, Lich sw Hdi thanh Tin Ldnh Viet Nam 1911-1965, Sdd, tr, 5, '^'' Xem Martin E. Marty, Righteous Empire the Protestant Expenence in America (New York:
Happer & Row, 1970),
'^^' D i n theo Charles H Lippy, Tdn gido trong tidn trinh lich sw xa hdi Hoa Ky Oang Thi Ha dich, Tap chi Chau My ngay nay, s6 8, 2002 Bai nay g6c d Encyclopedia of Amehca Social History, Vol 1, Mary Kupes Clayton, Elliot J Corn, Peter W, Williams Editiors, Ban than ehiing toi budc d i u cung the hien suy tu ciia minh v l hai dong chinh {Tin Ldnh Phuc Am va Ngu tudn) trong c i u triic ciia "Tm Lanh My",
68 D 6 QUANG HUNG - D A O TIN L A N H 6 VIET N A M : NGUON G O C
Xem bai 0 6 Quang Hung, Vdi nhan bidt vd Tin Ldnh My, trong e u l n Nghien cwu tdn gido:
Nhan vat, sw kien, Nxb. T6ng hop TPHGM, 2010, tr. 358-377.
'^^' Xem bai eua Fred Kniss, Reforming the Center American Protestantism, 1900 - to the Present, cua Douglas Jacosen & William Vance Trollinger Jr, Michigan/Cambndge, U,K 1998,
*^''* Xem Jean Bauberot, Lich sCr dao Tin Ldnh, nguyen ban t i i n g Phap, ngudi dich T r i n Sa, Nxb, T h i g i o i , 2006, tr. 166-167.
*^^' Xem bai Lup-c sCr vdn tdt: Hdi truydn gido hai ngoai Bdc My, ciia J. Herbert Kane, nguyen ban tiing Anh A Brief History of North Amencan Overseas Missions, trong e u l n Mission Handbook: North American Protestant Ministnes Overseas, lO"" Edition, NewYork, 1973, tr, 6-9.
*^®' C6 Chinh Linh, giao si MEP la ngudi d i u tien djch Kinh Thanh ra t i i n g Viet, d u o c x u i t ban tap d i u nam 1912, Nha in Nazarech, Hong Kong.
'^^' Theo Muc s u Le Van Thai, nam 1927 khi giao si D J . Olsen duoc cir lam doc hoc thi ehinh ong da thilt k l lai toan bp chuong trinh dao tao ciia Trudng Kinh Thanh Da N i n g theo hudng can ban hon. Ong cung co anh hudng Ion d i n cac chiing sinh ciia trudng nay, cung nhu CO t i i n g noi trong xa hpi liic 66.
'^^' Chuong 18 cua cuon sach mong nay nPi ve
"Sy thd hinh tuong, S y thd ong ba, Sy chpn ngSy" d§ dung d i n tam ly sSu kin, thoi quen thd eiing to tien, trdi d i t cua ngudi Viet Nam vdi l l i giai thich r i t khon ngoan, tranh mau thuin giOa viec thd phung Diyc Chiia Trdi doi chpi vdi thd cung ong ba, d i l u ma ngudi Gong giao v i p phai hang tram nam (tr, 71-72, sdd), '^®' Hiln chuong va O i l u le ciia Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam phan anh d i l u nay qua nhCrng d i l n ngon co t h i khac nhau. Ban Didu Id cua Hpi thdnh Tin Lanh Viet Nam (midn Bdc). Ha Noi, 1963, trong Tdn chi{D'\eu 3) ed ghi: " 1 . H i t long kinh thd Diyc Chua Trdi Ba Ngoi; 2. Yeu to quoc, bao ve hPa binh, thyc hien cong b i n g .
bac ai, t y do, binh d i n g va lao dong". Dieu 4 cua ban D i l u le nay co ten Sw tin kinh ghi "Hoi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam ( m i l n B i c ) chi cong nhan Kinh Thanh Cyu-Tan u d c lam nguon g l c v l cac d i l u tin kinh cua Hoi Thanh...".
*^°* Theo tai lieu chinh thirc cua Hoi T r u y i n giao Phiic Am Lien hiep, n i u nhu Hpi thanh Philippin trd thanh Hoi thanh doc lap nam 1947 thi Hpi thanh Tin Lanh Viet Nam da b i t d i u t y tri t y lap tip 1937, d i n nam 1941-1943, no trd nen
"hoan toan t y trj, t y lap, vi trong thdi ky nay, Hoi thanh c h i n g nhan nao vo luan la gi, tip Hoi truyin giao hoac tip n g u I n nao trip s l t i l n dang ciia cac giao hCTu" (Le Hoang Phu, sdd, tr. 303).
'^^' Ngudi Tin Lanh Viet Nam trudc 1975 r i t nho trudng hop nhan vat N g u y i n Chau An, ngudi d i u tien da soan Thanh Ca theo cac giai dieu am nhae dan toe, tham chi sii- dung ea cac hinh thiPC d i l n x u d n g dan gian... d i l u ma muc s u P.E. Carlson da nghi d i n tip nam 1930. T i l e r i n g nd lye nay khong di d i n dieh.
*^^' Xem Le Hoang Phu, Ueh sw Hoi thdnh Tin Ldnh Viet Nam (1911-1965), sdd, tr. 392.
' " ' S y kien ngay 8/9/1945, Mue s u Le Van Thai ciing Muc s u T r i n Van De va Biii Hoanh Thip d u o c Chu tich H i Ghi Minh t i l p k i l n d B i c Bo phu. Ha Npi ngay sau n u d c Viet Nam dan ehu cpng hoa ra ddi. Muc s u Thai da tip c h i i d l nghi ciia Ho Chi Minh v l viec lap "Tin Lanh ciru quIe", thanh vien cua Mat tr$n Vi0t Minh va xem do nhu mot tuyen ngdn chinh trj cua Hpi thanh (Le Van Thai, Hoi ky: Bon mwoi sdu ndm trong chwc vu, C o quan Tin Lanh x u i t ban, Sai Gdn, 1971, tr. 159-160). Tham khao them bai ciia 0 6 Quang Hung, Tdn gido va cdch mang, trong e u l n Nghien cwu tdn gido:
Nhdn vdt va sw kien, sdd, tr. 267-289.
'^'" Theo Muc s u Le Van Thai, mpt p h i n d i l u nay CO d u o c vi tac dong cua ba Cadman vdi Q u I c hpi Phap (xem Le Van Thai, Hdi ky: Bdn mwoi sdu ndm trong chwc vu, sdd, tr. 97). Theo hoi ky cua Muc s u Bui Hoanh Thip, ong ba Mgc s u W.C. Cardman va ba H. Dixon thudc s l it nhung giao sT tipng tuyen b l : "toi la ngudi Vi0t
D O Q U A N G H U N G - DAO TIN L A N H 0 VIET NAM: NGUON G O C 69
Nam, nudc Viet Nam la to qu6c thir hai ciia tdi " va hp hanh dpng nhu vay cho d i n khi qua doi va an nghi tai Viet Nam,
'^^' Chung tdi da cong b6 birc thu cua Hdi Tin Lanh khang chidn Nam Bd giri H6 Chu tich ngay 8/5/1948, the hien thai dp dirng v l khang chien ciia ho, Xem trong cu6n Nghien cQu tdn gido: Nhdn vdt va stf kien, sdd, tr, 283,
''^' Tai lieu nay in tren Tap chi Thdng Cdng, s6 3, thang 6/2006, Co the tham khai cu6n ciia 0 6 Quang Hung, Ddi sdng tdn gido tin ngwong Thang Long-Ha Ndi, Nxb. Ha Npi, 2010. Phin viet Ngwdi Tin Ldnh d Hd Ndi trwdc Cdch mang thdng Tam 1945 ir. 317-328,
'^''' Xem: Le Van Thai, Bdn mwoi sau nam trong chQc vu, sdd, tr, 234.
'^^' Xem J. Bauberot, Lich sw dao Tin Lanh, ban dich tip tiing Phap ciia Tran Sa, sdd, tr, 179, '''^' Y kiln cua Muc s u L L , King, thu ky doi ngoai cua G&MA nam 1967, xem Le Hoang Phu, Lich sw Hpi thdnh Tin Ldnh Viet Nam (1911-1965), sdd, tr, 381.
*''°' Dao Duy Anh tirng noi "Tin Lanh thi tot nhu-ng chi ngudi d i t mdi t i l p nhan dao iy".
Pham Quynh lai noi, d H u l "tai sao cac ong tuyen lya ngudi co hpe thipc hon d l giang dgo". Nhu-ng nhan xet nhu t h i duoc Le Hoang Phu ghi nhan r i n g : "Ay la sy that khdng choi cai duoc. Truoc de nhi t h i c h i l n , ngu'di Tin Lanh khong lam diem cham manh tren tang lop hoc thirc hoac thuong luu ciia xa hpi", Xem Le Hoang Phu, Lich sCr Hdi thdnh Tin Ldnh Viet Nam (1911-1965) sdd. tr, 377,
*"'' Nhieu nha nghien ciru phuong Tay va Viet Nam da phat hien d i l u nay: theo chan lye lupng quan dpi xam luoc My d khu vyc Tay Nguyen, Tin Lanh t y no "mpc len" trong cac dSn tpc thilu so khu vyc nay, Xem Do Huu Nghiem, Dao Tin Ldnh noi cdc ddn tdc it ngwdi nam Trwdng Son-Tay Nguyen (1928-1975), Vi$n Khoa hoc Xa hpi Viet Nam, tai lieu ehua xuat ban,
'"' ' Nhu chiing t6i da phan tich d tren, d i l u nay cung phan anh anh hudng Tin Lanh My va t h i
gioi voi hai dong lOn la Tin Ldnh Phuc Am va Tin Lanh Ngu Tudn (Tin Lanh Linh An, ten goi quen thupc khac cua nguoi Viet), Nhdm ii) la v i n d l Ion va dac biet, khdng chi truoc 1975 ma ca nhung nam g i n day. Oa cd y kiln s i p x l p khoang tren duoi 50 he phai, to chuc ciia nhom nay thanh "hai to chirc Th6ng Gong, tuc Fellowship, thuong gpi t i t la F1 va F2", Tu' khi CO Chi thi 01 (2005) cua Chinh phu voi tinh t h i n giai quyet "trpn goi" v i n d l phap ly cua cac he phai Tin Lanh d Viet Nam, v i n d l phuc tap nay da d i n d i n co huong giai quylt thuan loi nhu chiing toi da de cap,
'"^^ Phong v i n cua tac gia vol Muc su Ooan Trung Tin tai TPHCM, ngay 16/7/2006, Gam on Muc su da cho tac gia duoc sir dung tai lieu nay, '""' O My, ban than C&MA luc dau cung chi la mot to chuc "Tin Lanh khdng he phai" (Muc su Simpson, nguP-i sang lap da tu bo Trwdng lao, lap he phai nay de truyen giao rieng).
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
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