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LIEN KET GlCfA TRlJOfNG DAI HOC VA DOANH NGHIEP TRONG DAO TAO
NGUON NHAN L U C NGANH DU LICH
• NGUYIN NGOC TRUNG - NGUYIN THU HUONG - CAO THJ PHUONG THUY
TOM TAT:
Tbeo thdng ke sd bd nganh Du lich Vidt Nam, nffdc ta cd khoang 1,3 trieu lao ddng phuc vu trong linh vffc du lieh (chidm 2,5 tdng so' lao ddng trong ca nffdc), bong dd ed khoang 20%
ehi dffdc huan luydn tai chd, chffa qua dao tao chinh quy vdi chat Iffdng mang tinh chuydn nghidp. Tai Vidt Nam hidn nay cd khoang hdn 412 b^dng dai hpc. Tuy nhien, sff bdp tae giffa doanh nghidp va nha trffdng vSn chffa dffpc quan tam dung mffc hoac cd mpt md binh hen ke't phil bdp de bdp tac dao tao ngudn nhan lffc cho n^n kinh te du lich qud'c gia. Dao tao chffa gan liln vdi nhu elu cua xa hpi, trong dd dac biet la nhu cau cua cac doanh nghidp.
Bai viet tap trung dffa ra cd sd ly thuye^t cua md'i lien ke't giffa trffdng dai bpc va doanh nghidp, md hinh lidn ke't trong dao tao nham dap ffng nhu cin ngudn nhan Iffc nganh Du lich.
Tii khoa: Dai hpc, ngudn nhan Itfc, nganh Du lich, dao tao nhan lffc.
1. Gidi thi^u
Trong bd'i eanh hidn nay cua eae nen kinh td' tren thd' gidi, cd bai yd'u to' cbi phd'i tdi md hinh to ehffc va cd chd' boat ddng giao due dai bpc;
Thff nha't, cac khoan dau tff edng cho giao due ngay cang giam di, nha't la nguon ngan sach nba nffdc; thff bai, giao due dai bpc dang phai eanh tranh gay gat d^ dao tao va cung ca'p ngudn nhan Idc va eac san pham dich vu cha't Iffdng cao dap dng ydu cau ludn thay doi cua nen kinh te.
Vdi ldi thd'so sanh mang tinh bd' sung, trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghidp cd nhieu c(i hdi de tang ctfdng hdp tac vdi nhau nham giai quye't nhffng moi quan tam ciia nhau mot each bieu qua. Lidn ket giffa dai hpc vdi doanh nghiep la md'i quan he cdng hffdng, trffdng dai hpc se dffdc hd trd tai chinh de phat trid'n dao tao ngudn nhan Iffc chat lu'dng cao, chuyen giao edng nghe theo nhu cau cua doanh nghiep. Doanh nghiep dffdc thffa
hffdng nguon nhan Iffc dd, giam cbi phi cho vide dao tao lai va eac Ioai chi phi cd hpi khac. Dong thdi, doanh nghiep thdng qua qua trinb bpc hdi va lien ke't kha nang ha'p tbu edng nghd se dat hidu qua eao, ngudn tai chinh dffdc cai thien.
Hien nay, theo thd'ng kd sd bd cua nganh Du lich Viet Nam, nffdc ta cd khoang 1,3 trieu lao ddng phuc vu trong ITnh vffc du licb (chiem 2,5 tdng so' lao ddng trong ca nffdc). Trong dd cd khoang 20% chi dffde hua'n luydn tai chd, chffa qua dao tao ebinb quy vdi cba't Iffdng mang tinh chuydn nghidp. Do vay, cung vdi tid'n bd tang trffdng du lich nhff hidn nay, ddi bdi mdi nam can phai dao tao them 25.000 lao ddng mdi, ke't hdp vdi cdng tac khdng ngffng dao tao va bdi dffdng nang eao cha't Iffdng ngudn nhan Iffc hidn cd vdi so' Iffdng tffdng tff (Tap chi Du licb, 2019).
Tuy nhidn, sff hdp tac giffa doanh nghidp va nha trffdng van chffa dffdc quan tam dung mffc hoac ed
TAPCHJGONBTHIldNG
mdt md hinh lien ket phti hdp dd hdp tae dao tao ngudn nhan Iffc cho nen kinh te' du lich qud'c gia.
Dao tao chffa gSn lien vdi nhu cau cua xa hpi, trong dd dac bidt la nhu cau ciia cac doanh nghidp.
Phan Idn sinh vidn td't nghiep khd tim dffdc vide lam hoac cdng vide kbdng pbu hdp vdi ehuyen mon dffdc dao tao (Phung Xuan Nha, 2008).
Bai vid't tap trung gdi y nhffng cd sd ly thuye't lien quan tdi bieu qua Hen ke't, dong thdi dffa ra md hinh lien ke't giffa trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghiep trong Hnh vffc dao tao ngudn nhan lffc du lich, tff dd difa ra cae kid'n nghi nham nang cao kha nang lidn kd't giffa 2 cbii the la cac trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghiep.
2. Cd sd ly thuye't
Y nghia dd nb3n tha'y cua cac md hinb tang trffdng ndi sinh ta nenkinbte'dat tang trffdng dai ban nhd vao sff tich liiy vl vd'n kie'n tbffc va vd'n con ngffdi, de cao viec thiic day phat trid'n kinb td'thdng qua dau tff trffc tie'p vao giao due; Chinh phii de ra cac dffdng Id'i, ebij trffdng tap trung tao dieu kidn eho giao due phat trien, khuyd'n khieb eae doanh nghidp dau tff vao ITnh vffc giao due ciing nghidn effu va phat trien khoa hpc edng nghd, eon ngffdi nham tao ra ldi the' eanh tranh cho cbinh doanh nghidp Sff doi mdi dffdc thuc day bdi sff tffdng tac giffa cac nha san xua't va ngffdi tidu diing, md binh tffdng tac nay da thay the' cho eac md hinh tuyd'n tinh eo dien ve dd'i mdi, Sff hinh thanh eiia nd bao gdm ca ddngchdy va md'i quan be giffa cac nganh edng nghidp, ehinh pbii va cac trffdng dai hoc trong vide phat trien khoa hpe va edng nghe la mdt ye'u to' quyd't dinh quan trpng chd nen kmh te'.
Tbeo S.Yusuf (2007) chuyen gia ngan bang thd' gidi, trffdng dai hoc ngay nay khdng ehi bd hep trong hoat ddng giao due, dao tao ma cdn tham gia vao boat ddng nghien cffu, chuyd'n giao cdng nghd. Nguon nhan lffc cha't Iffdng cao va cac san pham edng nghd do cac trffdng dai hpc tao ra da gdpph^n cho tang tru'dng kinb te'dal ban. Md hinh Triple Helix, trffdng dai bpc ddng vai trd nang cao dd'i mdi trong cac va'n de kinb td' - xa bpi vdi vai trd phat trie'n tri thffc. Dieu nay khac hoan toan vdi ly thuye't md hinb He thdng ddi
mdi qud'c gia (NIS) coi cdng ty la quan trpng, ed vai trd bang dau trong dd'i mdi va md hinh Tam giac ciia Sabato (1975) coi nha nffdc ed vai trd dae quyen... Tuy nhidn, trffdng dai hpc phat huy td't vai trd ciia minh kbi nd nSm trong mang Iffdi lidn ke't giffa khu vffc cbinh pbu va cac doanh nghidp.
Sff phat tri^n eiia he thd'ng dd'i mdi va canh Iranh thi trffdng ehinh la vide thuc day md'i lidn kd't giffa trffdng dai hpe vdi doanh nghiep, trong dd Nha nffde ddng vai trd dinb hffdng, dffa ra cac the chd' chinh sacb tao lap ba thffc the lidn ke't:
trffdng dai hpc - doanh nghidp - cbinh phu. Triple Helix I, trong md binb nay hffdng vao trung tam bdp tac la trffdng dai hoc va doanh nghidp, die'n hinb nhff d Lidn Xd cii va eac nffdc ddng Au di theo con dffdng chu ngbia xa bdi, tbeo sau dd la eae qud'c gia My Latinb. (Hinb 1)
Hinh h Mo hinh Triple Helix 1
Md binh Triple Helix 2, trung tam hdp tac kbdng ehi ton tai giffa trffdng dai hpe va doanh nghidp ma nd bao gdm ea chinh quyen nha nffdc.
md'i quan he nay ra't chat che trong ta't ca cac Hnh vffc nhffng mdi thffc thd' Iai cd nhffng chinh sach neng bidt va cd sff ehia ca't giffa chiing. (Hinh 2)
Hinh 2: Mo hinh Triple Helix 2
200 So 4-Thang 3/2020
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Cud'i cung, md hinh Triple Helix 3 dang tao ra sff ke't hdp ha tang kid'n thffc va cac chinh sach giao thoa giffa cae bdn Hen kd't, de cao vai trd ciia md'i lidn kd't giffa cac chu the vdi nhau.
Hinh 3: Mo hinh Triple Helix 3
Giffa 3 md hinh neu trdn thi bai md hinh sau dffdc quan tam nhieu bdn va dffde coi la tieu chuan. Theo Henry Etzkowitz & Loet Leydesdorff (2000), md hinh mdt dffdc coi la kbdng thanh edng bdi cae sang kie'n ddi mdi khdng dffdc khuyd'n khich. Md hinb thff 2 lai ddi boi mdt cbinh sach kinh did'n, nhffng hidn nay vln dffdc duy tri va dffde coi la mot sd' bien phap dd' giam vai trd eiia nha nffdc.
0 dang nay hay dang khac, cac qud'c gia dang cd'gang theo dud'i md binb thff ba, Hdn kd't giffa cac ben nham tao ra mdt moi trffdng sang tao nhff cac doanh nghidp dffde tbanb lap trdng trffdng dai hpc, phat trien kinh td' ed ban dffa trdn nen tang tri thffc va lien mmh chid'n Iffde giffa eac cdng ty vffa va nhd - Chinh phu - eae trffdng dai hoc trong tat ca cac Hnh vffc.
3. Md hinh nghidn cu'u de xuS't
Nhff vay, vdi thuye't tang trffdng ndi sinh va Triple Helix thffa nhan vide lien ke't giffa trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghidp mang lai kd't qua tich cffc cho nen kinb te'. Mpt trong nhffng va'n de lidn ke't nd'i bat dffde de cap tdi nbieu nha't la hinh thffe lidn ke't trong dao tao. Lidn ke't trong dao tao se dem lai nbieu ldi leb cho cac nba trffdng va doanh nghiep. Qua lidn ke't vdi doanh nghidp, cae trffdng dao tao ed nhieu ed hdi de' tang cffdng cd sd vat
ebat. Cac doanh nghidp ed thd' bd trd giai quye't mdt phan khd khan cho nba trffdng ve giang dffdng, phdng thi nghidm, thid't bi day hpe va dao tao tai doanh nghidp. Hdp tae dao tao cd he thd'ng va cd td' chffc tai cac trffdng dai bpc cd thd' ddng vai trd quan trpng va trung tam trong phat tne'n to chffc, trong viec thue day mdi trffdng hpe tap va phat trid'n cdng dong (Dr. Dinah W. Tumuti, Prof.
Peter M. Wanderi, Prof. Caroline Lang'at Thoruwa, 2013). Cac trffdng dai bpc ed the' gitip dao tao nhan vien va khuyd'n khich hoe tap (Daniel Schiller & Ingo Liefner, 2006).
Va'n de dffde dffa ra de' thao luan, lien kd't giffa trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghiep trong hoat ddng dao tao ma cu the' la dao tao ngudn nhan Iffe du lich dffdc didn ra nhff thd' nad? bao gdm nhffng boat ddng gi?
Cac nghien effu di trffdc cho tha'y, lidn ke't dao tao ngudn nhan Iffe dffdc thffc bien bdi cac boat ddng Lidn kd't trao doi ngudn nhan lffc giffa hai chu thd' trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghiep: Dr.
Dinah W. Tumud, Prof. Peter M. Wanderi, Prof.
Caroline Lang'at - Thoruwa (2013). Lidn ke't diffc hien cac chffdng trinh dao tao dai ban va ngan han giffa trffdng dai hpe va doanh nghiep: Daniel Schiller & Ingo Liefner (2006). Lidn kd't td' ehffc thffc tap Ihffc td' cho sinh vien, tao dieu kidn cho sinb vidn tbffc tap tai doanh nghiep: Diane L Peters PE & Anne M Lucietto (2016). Lidn ke't thanh lap hpi ddng tff va'n dao tao bao gdm cae dai dien ciia doanh nghiep: Michael D. Samtoro &
Alok K. Chakrabarti (2001). Doanh nghidp se ke't hpp vdi trffdng dai hoc bang nam khao sat nhu eau dao tao eua doanh nghiep: Valeria Arza &
MarielaCarattoH(2016).
Sau khi thffc hien thao luan eae boat ddng lidn kd'tdao tao giffa trffdng dai hoc va doanh nghiep.
Chung tdi cho rang, cae hoat ddng nay la die'n hinh, trong Hnh vffc dao tao nguon nhan lffc cho nganh Du lich cd the kbdng ngoai le. Bang chffng ibLfe te' la hien tai mdi sd'cac trffdng dai hoe cd cac nganh dao tao ve du lich hoac khaeb san, da chii dpng tim dd'n doanh nghidp de hdp tac dao tao vdi nam boat dpng tren.
TAPCHJGONSTHIftiNB
Do vay, md binb chung tdi di xua't ve va'n de lien ke't giffa trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghidp trong boat ddng dao tao ngudn nhan Iffc nganh Du lich nhff Hinh 4.
Tuy nhidn, md hinh trdn dffdc dffa ra nhd sff thffa hffdng eua eac nghidn cffu di trffdc va kinh ngbidm ciia cac cbii the thffc te' da trid'n khai cae boat dpng lidn kd't dao tao ngudn nhan lffc cho cac nganh kinh td' ndi chung. De khang dinh md binb la dung dd'i vdi nganh Du lieh, cu thd' la nganh Du lich Viet Nam, can tbffc hidn cac nghien cffu sau hdn dd' ehffng minh.
4. Kd't luan
Lien kd't giffa trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghidp trong dao tao ngudn nhan lffc nganh Du lich hien nay la ra't can thid't vdi bd'i canh
Hinh 4: M6 hinh lien ket giUa trUdng dqi hoc va doanh nghiep trong hoat dong dao tao nguon nhan life nganh Du Ijch
cu the cua Viet Nam bien nay. Tuy nhidn, de lam dffdc diiu nay, can sff vao cudc thffe sff eiia ca cac trffdng dai hpc va doanh nghiep dffdi sff dinh hffdng eua Cbinh pbu. Tbeo kinh nghidm eiia cac qud'e gia da thffe hien cac boat ddng Hen kd't dao tao ngudn nhan lffc, hai ben chii thd' trffdng dai bpc cd thd' lidn kd't trao doi ngudn nhan lffc, lien kd't thffc hidn cae chffdng trinh dao tao dai ban va ngan ban, lidn kd't to ehffc tbffc tap thffe td' cho sinh vien. lidn ke't thanh lap hdi ddng tff va'n dao tao, khao sat nhu can ngudn lffc ciia doanh nghidp, tff dd de xua't md hinb lien ke't va do Iffdng hidu qua ctia vide lien ke't.
Md binb de xua't can dffdc nghien effu sau bdn va kid'm chffng trong lien ke't dao tao ngudn nhan lffc nganh Du Hch, cung la mdt gdi y tid'p tbeo cho nhffng nghien cffu sauB
Lien ket trao doi nguon nhan luc gitJa truong dai hoc va doanh nghiep
Lien ket thuc hien cac chuofng trinh dao tao dai han va ngan han Lien ket to chirc thuc tap thuc te cho
sinh vien
Lien ket thanh lap hoi dong tu van dao tao
Lien ket khao sat nhu cau nguon luc ciia doanh nghiep HOA T DONG LIEN KET TRONG
DAO TAO DULICH
Hieu qua hen ket:
- Nang cao chat lugng nhan lire cho doanh nghiep - Tao uy tin cho truong dai hoc
202 So 4-Thang 3/2020
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Phiing Xudn Nha (2008), "Mo hinh ddo lao gdn vdi nhu cdu cua doanh nghiep d Viet Nam hien nay". Tap chi Khoa hoc Dqi hpc Qudc gia Hd Noi, Kinh leva Kinh doanh, 25.1-8.
2 Dr. Dinah W Tumuli, Prof. Peter M. Wanderi, Prof Caroline Lang'at - Thoruwa (2013). Benefits of university industry Partnerships: The Case of Kenyalla University and Equity Bank. Inlemalional Journal of business and social science, vol4No.7.
3 Daniel Schiller & Ingo Liefrier (2006), Higher educalion funding reform and university - indusln- links in developing countries: The case of Thailand, High Educ 54:543-556.
4. Michael D. Samtoro & Alok K. Chakrabarti (2001), Fimi size and Technology Cenlrality in industry - University inleraclions. MIT IPC working Paper IPC - 01-001.
5 Valeria Arza & Mariela CaralloU (2016), Personal ties in iimversity-indusiry linkages: A case-study from Argentina. Springger Sciences-Business Media New York 2016. J Technol Transf(2017) 42:814-840.
6. htlp://tapchidulich.net.vn/
Ngay nhan bai: 5/2/2020
Ngay phan bien danh gia va svla chii'a: 15/2/2020 Ngay chap nh§n dSng bai: 25/2/2020
Thdng lin tdc gia:
L N G U Y I N NGOC TRUNG 2. N G U Y I N THU HlfdNG 3. CAO THI PHl/CfNG THUY
Khoa Kinh td' va Quan ly, Tru'dng Dai hpc Di^n life
THE COOPERATION BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND ENTERPRISES IN TRAINING HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE
TOURISM INDUSTRY
• NGUYEN NGOC TRUNG -NGUYEN THU HUONG - CAO THI PHUONG THUY Faculty of Economics a n d Business Administration
Electric Power University ABSTRACT:
According to preliminary statistics of Vietnam's tourism industry, there are about 1.3 million workers in the tourism industry (accounting for 2.5% of the total number of employees in Vietnam). About 20% of Vietanmese workers in the toursim industry are trained on the job. There are 412 universities and colleges in Vietnam. However, the cooperation between enterprises and training organizations has not received enough attention and there is no appropriate cooperation model between schools and enterprises for the tourism industry. The toursim training m Vietnam is not associated with the needs of society, especially the needs of businesses. This paper focuses on providing the theoretical basis of the training cooperation between schools and businesses in order to meet the needs of human resources in the tourism industry.
Keywords: Universtiy, human resources, tourism industty, human resource baining.
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