Nguyen Hifu Thg vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 130(16). 95- 100
NGHIEN CtTU THU'C TRANG SAN XUAT B U d l DIEN TAI TINH THAI NGUYEN Nguyin Huu Tho'', Ngo Xuan Binh\ Hodng Thj Thiiy^
'Truang Dai hoc Nong Lam - DH Thai Nguyen.
^B6 Khoa hoc Cong nghe, ^Clu cue Bao vi thuc VQI linh Thdi Nguyen TOM T A T
Cay Budi {Citrus grandis Osbek) la cay dn qua dugc trdng vd su dung rdt phd bifin d nhieu noi tren thfi gidi cung nhu a Viet Nam Tai Viet Nam dd hinh thdnh nfin nhifiu vimg trdng budi noi tifing. Trong nhtfng nam gdn day, Thdi Nguyfin cung da phat trifin giong budi Difin Ufin dia bdn nhieu huyfin. Bang phuong phap sif dung bp cdng cu PRA vd thu thdp nhiing thdng tin thif cap trong nghifin cuu, ket qua da chi ra rdng, mac dii Id cay trdng phii hop vdi dilu kifin tu nhien tinh Thai Nguyen, cho ndng suit, chdt luong vd hieu qua kinh tfi cao, nhung nong ddn vin chua diu tu hgp ly cho cay budi. Xac djnh Id cay chu luc trong chuyln dli co ciu cay trdng vimg gd dli, Thdi Nguyfin cSn c6 chinh sdch hd trp ndng ddn phdt frifin, cdn c6 bd gidng tdt va cdi thifin trinh do tham canh ciia nong dan.
Til' khda: Budi dien, Thdi Nguyen, hiin trgng DAT VAN DE
Cay an qua chiem mot vj tri rat quan trgng trong ddi sdng ciia con ngudi. Trai qua hang nghin nam lich sif, nghl trdng cay an qua da trd thanh mdt bd phan quan trpng khdng the thilu ddi vdi nen ndng nghiep, mang Iai hieu qua kinh te rat cao. Cay Budi (Citrus grandis Osbek bay Citrus maxima Merr) la cay an qua dugc SLf dung rat phd bien d nhieu noi tren thi gidi [5]. 6 Viet Nam da hinh thanh nen nhilu vung trdng budi ndi tilng nhu budi Diln (Tir Liem, Ha Ndi), budi Doan Hiing (Phu Thp), budi Dudng (Ha TTnh), budi Nam Roi (VTnh Long), Budi Phuc Trach (Huong Khe, HaTTnh)...[l]
NhQng nam gin day, tren dia ban Thai Nguyen trong nhieu loai budi khac nhau da gdp phin dem lai hieu qua kinh tl cao, ddng thdi md ra mdt tilm nang mdi, mgt hudng di mdi cho ngudi dan noi day. Tuy nhien hien nay quy md cac trang trai trdng budi cdn nhd le, phat friln chua cd chien luge ro rang, ngu'di dan van ty tim diu ra san pham cua minh la chinh, cdng tac quan ly gidng cdn nhilu bit cap, chua ap dyng khoa hpc ky thuat va cham sdc chua dung quy trinh ky thuat nen cay tan cdi nhanh, sau benh nhieu [6], Chua tgo ra san phim hang hoa cd gia fri ' Tel 0912 530872
kinh te cao. Thuc trang phat trien cay an qua ndi chung va cay budi Diln ndi rieng tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen cdn manh mun, chua hinh thanh cac viing san xuat tap trung hang hoa vdi qui md Idn, chua dupc sy quan tam dau tu diing miic, hieu qua kinh te chua cao [6].
PHU'ONG P H A P NGHIEN CU'U Thu thdp thong tin thir cdp: Cac thdng tin thu tbap thdng qua cac tai lieu thdng ke, bao cao tdng ket bang nam, ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hdi trong 3 nam tu 2009 - 2011 cua phdng ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn cac huyen dieu tra.
Thu thdp thdng tin sa cdp: Su dung phuong phap danh gia ndng thdn cd su tham gia (PRA), quan sat thuc te, dilu tra phdng van trye tiep cac hd gia dinh trdng budi Dien bang bang hdi da dugc xay dung san. Do dia ban nghien ciiu kha rdng nen chi tien banh nghien cii'u cac hd gia dinh san xuat budi theo hudng san xuat hang hoa.
Cach ehgn hd phdng vin: Qua phdng NN&PTNT cac huyen dieu tra tim hieu va dugc cac can bd ndng nghiep gidi thieu den cac vudn budi cd qui md ldn, sau do den tien hanh dilu tra, thu thap sd lieu. Tdng sd mau dieu tra tgi cac hd la 30 mau.
Phuang phdp long hop, xii- ly sd lieu ' Phuang phap ehgn Ipc tdng hop cac thdng tin thir cap can thiet
95
Nguyfin Hiru Thg vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 130(16): 95-100 - Su dung cac cdng cy tren may tfnh nhu:
microsoft word, excel de tdng hpp va xii ly thdng tin sa cap
KET QUA vA T H A O L U A N
Hien trang phat trien cay budi dien tai Thai Nguyen
Trong nhung nam gan day nghe trdng cay an qua yen dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen dac biet la cac huyen viing cao phat trien het su'c mgnh me, gdp phan chuyen djch co cau cay trdng, tang them thu nhap cho ngudi dan.
Tong dien tich trdng cay an qua tai tinh Thai Nguyen nam 2013 la 17.103 ha, b8n egnh nhung logi cay an qua truyen thdng cac loai cay an qua nhu nhan, vai, chudi, na chiem dien tich ldn nhat, da dugc ba con ndng dan
Bang 1. Tinh hinh sdn xudt cdy dn
trdng til' lau ddi, thi cac loai cay an qua mdi nhu : Budi, cam, quyt, tao dang dan dugc ba con trdng mdi, va dien tich tang len dang kl theo tirng nam. Trong dd dien tich trdng budi la 475 ha, nang suit dgt 128,11 tg/ha, san lupng dat dupc la 5227 tan.
Trong nhifng nam gan day dien tich trong budi (chii yeu la budi Dien) tren dja ban tinh Thai Nguyen tang len dang ke. Nguyen nhan ia do mdt sd trang trai san xuat kinh doanh budi da thanh cdng, mang Igi ngudn lgi nhuan Idn, chat luong ddi sdng dugc tang Ien. Thay dugc hieu qua kinh te ma cay budi dem lai, cac chu yang trai da manh dan dau tu ve phan bdn, kT thugt, cdng siic, trdng mdi nhieu ha budi.
qua tai tinh Thdi Nguyin nam 2013 STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12
Loai Cam Buoi Chanh Quyt Nhan Vai Dua Chu6i Xoai Hong Na Tao
eSy an q u a
C A P khac
Dien tich (Ua) 220 475 277 166 1471 3472 180 1794 464 458 785 1329 6012
DT cho san ph^m (ha)
199 408 249 154 1379 3472 167 1673 447 458 738 1314 5991
N3ng suat (la/ha)
41,01 128,11 43,57 42,46 28,45 38,27 90,72 137.32 33,15 36,94 85,69 42,72 42,76
San luoTig (tin)
816 5227 1.085 657 3.923 13.286 1.515 22 973
1.482 1.692 6.324 5.614 25.616 (Ngudn- Sd Nong nghiip vd Phdt trien nong thdn tinh Thdi Nguyen ndm 2014) Bang 2, Tinh hinh sdn xudt budi cua Tinh Thdi Nguyen ndm 2013
STT
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
' ^ ^ ^ ^ Chi tigu Dja p h u o i i g ^ ^ ^ TP Thai Nguyen TX Song Cong Dinh Hoa V6 Nhai Phu Luong D6ng Hy OaiTtf Pliii Binh Pho Yen Tong
Dien tich (Ita)
79 38 21 18 9 61 62 117 70 475
Dien tich cho siin pham
(ha) 79 36 21 14 9 41 60 100 48 408
Nang suat (la/lta)
120,76 115,28 128,57 123,57 131,11 131,71 137,00 130,00 132,29 128,11
San luong (Tdn)
954 415 270 173 118 540 822 1300 635 5227 (Ngudn • Sd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt triin nong thdn tinh Thdi Nguyin ndm 2014)
Nguyen Hiru Tho vd £ Tap chl KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 130(16): 9 5 - 100 Bang 3. Dien tich budi Diin trin dia bdn cdc huyin diiu tra
Huyfin D a i T u v e Nhai Phli Luong Djnh Hoa Ddng Hy TP Thai Nguyen TX. Song Cong Phli Binh Phd Yfin
T6ng
Dien tich trong buoi D 40,8 11,7 4,7 9,3 31,3 38,1 31,2 67,2 28,3 262,6
>iln( ha )
(Nguon. Tong hap tit so lieu diiu tra ndm 2013) Bang 4. Tinh hinh su dung phdn bon cho budi Dien tai cdc hg diiu tra
Loai phan Lu-gng phan 1-4 tudi NKP diu trau 0,5 - 1 NKP Lam thao 1
Kali 0,5
Phan chu6ng 30 Nuoc ca ngam
D6 ng6 ngi lien
(kg/cay) Thdi ki bon 5-10 tudi
1 -2 T h a n g ] , 8 , 11.
2 Thang 1,8, 11 1 Thdng 1-3, 5, 8 50 Thdng 8, 9
1 Thdng 8, 9 0,7 Thdng 8, 9
Ti Ifi cac hd bdn phSn 57,14%
28,57%
28,57%
57,14%
14,28%
14,28%
(Ngudn- Tdng hap tic sd lieu dieu tra ndm 2013) Bang 5. Yiu cdu diiu kien sinh thai cUa cdy budi Dien tren dia bdn nghien cuu TT Yeu 16
1 Dat
2 Nhiet dp
3 Lugng mua 4 Do am
Dilu ki^n thich hop - Cat pha, dat thjt nhe.
- Dp d i e til' 3 - 8"
- pH tu 5,5 - 6,5.
- Giau chdt dinh ducmg.
Tu 1 2 - 3 9 ° C trong dd' + Giai doan nay Igc Tu 12 - 20''C (miia xuan) Tu 25-30"C (miia he) + Giai doan ra hoa, kfit trdi T u 17-20''C + Giai dogn nuoi qua:
T u 29-3 5 ^ T u 1.600- 1.800 mm
Tu 75 - 80%
Difiu kien thyc le tai cdc h$
trong bu'di tinh Thai Nguyen - D a t thjt trung binh.
- D d doc tir 6-8°
- Giau chat dinh dudng TyiO-38°C trong do:
+ Giai doan nay ldc: Tir 10- 20''C (miia xuan) Tu 25-3 5''C (miia he) : -1- Giai dogn ra hoa, kfit trai'
Tu 17-20''C
-1- Giai doan nudi qua: Tir 29- 35''C
Tu 1,800-2.500 mm.
Ty 70 - 80%
Anh hu'ong - True tifip den sinh trudng, phat frifin vd chat lupng qua.
- Ndng suat, chat lugng qua.
- Giai dogn ra hoa.
phdt trien qua.
- Han chfi sy dau qua, gidm kich thudc va chdt iugngqud.
Qua bang 2 cho thiy tat ca cac huyen, thi cua Tinh diu trong budi, trong dd huyen Phu binh cd dien tich trong ldn nhit (117 ha), huyen Phil Luong cd dien tfch trong it nhit (9 ha).
Ben canh dd, huyen Dai Tir, Dong Hy va thanh phd Thai Nguyen cung cd dien tfch tir
(Ngudn: Quy trlnh trdng buai [IJvd kit qud dieu tra ndm 2013) 60 din 80ha. Nang suat budi cua cac dja phuong kha ddng deu, khdng cd su chenh lech nhilu, dilu dd chiing td hiu het dieu kien tu nhien ciia cac huyen deu cd the trong budi.
Dac biet, neu so vdi nang suat budi viing Phu Diln, Tir Liem, Ha Ndi thi nang suat nay
97
Nguyfin Hifu Thp vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 130(16): 95- 100 ciing tuong duang (Budi Diln tgi Phu Dien
cd nang suit tir 120-140 ta/ha) [4]. Dieu nay chiing td, gidng budi Dieu tai Thai Nguyen hoan loan phit hgp va ngudi dan cd trinh do canh tac cung tuong ddi cao.
Thyc te thay rang, dien tich trdng budi cua tinh Thai Nguyen kha ldn (456 ba). Tuy nhien dien tich trong tap trung khdng nhieu, cac hd trdng nhd le, chii yeu phuc vy cho gia dinh.
Dien tich cd quy md tren 0,5ha/hd khdng nhilu. S6 li?u bang 3 cho thiy di?n tich trdng budi Dien cua tinh Thai Nguyen nam 2013 la 262,6 tap trung nhieu nhat d huyen Phu Einh va Dai Tir.
Qua bang 4 ta thay ti le cac hg bdn phan chudng va phan NPK dau trau la phd bien.
Bang 6. Tinh hinh sdu benh hai cdy budi
chilm 57,14%, phan NPK lam thao va phan ica li la 28,57%. Ngoai ra, mdt so hd su dung nudc ca ngam hoac dd ngd nghien ngam lam phan bdn, chilm gin 30%) sd hd dieu tra. Dac biet, phin ldn cac hd trdng budi trong nhdm hd dieu tra sii dung phan chudng hoai muc de bdn cho cay budi (57,14%). Qua day cQng thiy ring, ndng dan trdng budi chua tuan thii theo mdt quy trinh nhat djnh, cd phan gi bon phan dd. Dieu nay chac chan anh hudng den nang suat, chat lugng qua budi [2].
Kit qua dieu tra so bd hien trudng tgi cac hg ndng dan trdng budi thay rang, xet ca ve dieu kien dit dai, nhiet dp, am do va lupng mua thi cay budi dien hoan toan cd co sd phat trien tdt tai tinh Thai Nguyen.
Diin trin dia bdn cdc huyin nghiin cuu
TT Sau bfinh Thdi diem gSv hai
Muc ao
gay hai Thdnh phan gay hai /. Sdu ftai
1 2 3 4 5
Sdu ve biia Sdu due thdn (cdnh) Nhin dd Rep sdp Ruoi due qud
Thdng 4, 5 vd thdng 8, 9 Thdng 3. 4 vd ihdng 7, 8
Thdng 5 - 8 Thdng 11, 12
-!- -1- -1- -H
-1- -1- -1-
Ld non, qud non Thdn, cdnh
Ld, qud Ld non. ldc non, ri
Qua //. Benh hai
1 2
Benh vdng la Binh gl sdt
Thdng 2, 3. 7, 8 Phytophlo Citrothora
-H -1-
Cd cdy Thdn, cdnh (Nguon Kit qud dieu tra nam 2013) Ghi chii' -I- -H -H: gay hai ndng
+ +. Tuong ddi phd biin (gdy hat trung binh) +-. It pho biin (gdy hai nhe)
Budi la cay trdng co kha nang chdng chju tit vdi sau benh hai [3]. Thyc tl dilu tra vl sau benh hai trong cac vudn budi ciia tinh Thai Nguyen cung cho thay, hau bet cac loai sau benh gay hai deu d mifc do nhe, hoac it phd bien. Ca biet cd sau ve bua la loai sau gay hgi nhieu tren cac vudn budi cua tinh Day cung la Iuu y ddi vdi ndng dan trdng budi ciia tinh Thai Nguyen.
Bang 7. Diin biin sdn luang budi Diin trung binh/cdy ciia cdc ho diiu tra lic ndm 2011 - 2013
Chi tifiu Ndm 2010 Ndm 2011 Nam 2012
Sd qua trung binh trfin cdy
Trong luong trung binh (gam) 20,10±2,79 47,97±2,83
866,43±21,14 (Ngudn- Tdng hap tic so lieu dieu tra ndm 2013) Qua bang 7 ta thay san luong trung binh ciia budi Dien d ,cac hd dilu tra tang qua cac nam, cu the: San lugng trung binh nam 2011 la 9 qua/cay, nam 2012 la 20 qua/cay, nam 2013 cd san lugng cao nhat la 48 qua/cay. Ket qua dieu tra cho thay san lugng qua tang len la do dp tuoi ciia
Nguyfin Hiju Thp vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 130(16): 95- 100 cay tang len (hiu het cac vudn dilu tra cay budi diu d tudi 4-5), cay tir 5 nam tuoi trd len cho nang suit dn dinh, chat lugng qua tdt, gia thanh cao bon. Nam 2013 phin ldn dien tich trdng budi budc vao thdi ki thu hogch cho nen san lugng budi tang rit nhanh so vdi nam trudc. Trong nhung nam tdi dy bao san lugng budi Diln cdn tang len dang kl. Qua thyc t l san xuit 100% so hp dieu tra cho biet cay budi cho nang suit dn dinh la do tudi cay, ngoai ra chl dp cham sdc, sau benh cQng anh hudng den nang suat, san lugng budi.
Bang 8. Sa bg ddnh gid hiiu qud kinh te cdy budi Diin trong thai ky kinh doanh ciia cdc hg diiu tra _ _ ^ ^ .^ T>VT. Triiu ddng/ha Chi tifiu Thanh tien
I. Tong chi phi 1.1. Chi phi phan bdn 1.2. Chi phi thuoc trtr sau 1.3. Chi phi khac IL Tdng thu nhap III. Gid bdn BQ (nghin dong) IV. Loi nhuan
12,906 12,321 0,585 0 367,502 18,5 354,596
Ket qua dieu tra cac vudn budi d tudi 4-5 thay rang, hau bet cac hp trdng budi, mac du vdi quy md tren 0,5ha/hd, nhung viec dau tu cho phan bdn khdng dang ke, chu yeu la tan dung cac san pham phy trong gia dinh. Chinh vi vay, hang nam cac hd chi dau tu trung binh khoang gan 13 trieu ddng/ha/nam (khdng bao gdm cdng lao ddng). Trong khi dd, vdi gia ban trung binh la 18.500 ddng/qua, tdng thu nhap tren mdt ha dat tdi 367,502 trieu, sau khi trir chi phi cho phan bdn cdn lgi la 354,596 trieu ddng.
Giai phap phat trien cay birdi Dien tai Thai Nguyen
Chinh sdch:
- Tinh cin cd quy hogch dl phat trien budi Diln nhu la san pham chii dao cho vimg trung du va mien niii.
- H6 trg von cho ngudi dan de ngudi dan chuyln dich ca ciu cay trdng bang cay budi Diln. Vi diu tu phat triln mdt ha budi Dien ton kha nhieu tien.
Ve gidng:
- Dam bao gidng dupc dem trdng tai vudn d tinh Thai Nguyen phai dugc nhan gidng tir cac cay budi Dien da dugc tuyen ehgn Ve ky thugt:
- Ndng dan trdng budi cin tuan thii quy trinh ky thuat cu thi, phu hgp vdi dieu kien sinh
(Nguon. Tong hap tic so lieu diiu tra ndm 2013) thai ciia viing de budi Dien cho nang suat cao, chit lugng tdt. Mudn lam duoc dilu nay thi quy trinh can phai dugc nghien ciiu cho phii hgp, he thdng khuyen ndng phai tu van cho nhifng ndng dan cd nhu cau trdng budi.
KET LUAN
Hau het cac hd trdng budi chua uu lien dau tu cho phat trien cay budi Dien, trinh do canh tac cua cac hp trdng budi chua cao. Vudn budi dieu tra van sinh trudng ty nhien, chua cd cac bien phap ky thuat tac ddng vao.
Cay budi Dien sinh trudng va phat trien tdt, cho nang suat va chat lugng dn dinh va thyc te cd the khang djnh cay budi Dien rat phu hop vdi dieu kien ty nhien d Thai Nguyen Cay budi Dien la cay trdng cd gia trj kmh tl cao: Trung binh mdi ha thu nhap 367,502 trieu dong/nam sau khi trQ- chi phi cho phan bdn va thudc trir sau ndng dan thu dugc Igi nhuan la 354,596 trieu ddng/nam (chua bao gdm chi phf nhan cdng).
T A I L I E U THAM KHAO 1, Ngd Xuan Binh (2010), Ky thudt trdng budi, Nxb Nong Nghifip, Ha Ngi
2 Nguyfin Minh Chau (1997), Su dung phan bdn cho cdy cd miii, Tdi lieu tdp hudn cdy dn qud,- chii bien, Vifin nghien cuu cay an qud mien nam.
3. Cue Nong nghifip Quang Tay ( 2009 ), Ky thudt trdng bum Sa Diin, Tdi lieu hudng dan ky thudt.
Nguyin HOu Thp vd £)/g Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 130(16): 95 - 100 4. Nguyin Quynh Hoa (2010), Nghien cdu ddc 5. Ngo Thua Ldc chii bien (2007), Ung dung cong linh nong smh hpc cua cdc cdy budi Diin ehgn Igc nghfi Dai Loan trong san xuat budi, Hdi thdo budi vd dnh hudng cua mgi so biin phdp ky thugt din Phiic Trach, huyfin Huong Khe, tinh Ha TTnh ndng sudt vd phdm chdt ciia cdy budi Diin trdng 6 So Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Nong thdn tinh lgi xd Minh Khai - Tie Liem - Hd Ngi Trudng Dai Thdi Nguyen (2013), Bdo cdo long ket ndm 2013 hpc Ndng nghiep I Ha Npi. vd phuang hu&ng nhiem vu ndm 2014
SUMMARY
RESEARCH ON CITRUS GRANDIS OSBEK CULTIVATION IN THAI NGUVEN PROVINCE
Nguyen Huu Tho'', Ngo Xuan Binh^ Hoang Thi Thuy^
'College of Agriculture and Forestry - TNU.
Ministry of Science and Technology, Department of Plants Protection of Thai Nguyen province Citrus grandis Osbek is a tropical fruit, which cultivated widely on the the world and Vietnam as well. There are some wellknown Citrus grandis Osbek areas in Vietnam, Recently, this cuhivar was infroduced and developed repidly in Thai Nguyen. The sresearch was conducted by using PRA tools and secondary data collection. The result shown that, while Citrus grandis Osbek adapted and grown well in Thai Nguyen situation, produced high yield, good quality, and high income for the farmers, the investment for this cuhivar was not high enough. Defining main cullivar crop in changing farming system in upland, supporting policies should be apply and improving cultivar and technology.
Key word: Diin, Citrus grandis Osbek, Thai Nguyen
Ngdy nhdn bdi:08/l 1/2014, Ngdy phdn bien:22/l 1/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/12/2014 Phdn bien khoa hoc: TS Nguyin Thi Hudn - Trudng Dai hgc Nong Ldm - DHTN
Tel: 0912 530872 100