NGHIEN ciru - TRAO OOI
NGUYEN NHAN CUA TOI PHAM DO NU^Cldl THl/C HIEN 6 VIET NAM
1. Khai qudt ve nguyen nhan cua tpi ph^m do nu gidi thuc hien
Nhipm vu quan trpng cua tpi pham hpc la xdc dinh ede nguyen rihdn cua tfii pham.
Chi tren ca sd xdc dinh dugc eac nguyen nhan nay, ehiing ta moi de ra dugc nhung bien phdp phdng ngira tpi pham hieu qua.
Cung nhu tpi pham noi chung, tfli pham do nii gioi thuc hipn la hifin tugng xd hfii mang npi dung, bdn chat xd hpi, co ngufin goc, nguyfin nhdn xa hfii. Cach tifip can vd nghien ciiu nguyfin nhdn td xa hpi ciia tpi pham la xu hudng ngdy cang phfi bifin vd co y nghia rfing rdi. Theo each tiep can ndy, cdn thifit phdi nghien ciiu vfi nguoi pham tpi vdi y nghTa la san pham eua xa hpi va mfii trudng xa hpi ma tpi pham xdy ra, tir do lam ea sd eho vipc xac dinh nguyfin nhdn ciia tpi phgm do nii gidi thyc hien.
Hanh vi pham tpi noi chung vd hanh vi phgm tpi do nii gidi thyc hifin noi rifing la hdnh vi cd y thiic eua con ngudi. Id ket qua ciia sy ty lya ehpn eua ehu the trong tinh hufing cu thfi. Noi each khac, tpi phgm da xdy ra la ket qud eua su tac dpng qua lgi giira tinh hufing cu the vdi nhdn each ciia ngudi pham tpi. Con ngudi vfln sinh ra chua eo nhan cdch ma "nhdn cdch Id cdu tgo mdi do tung ngudi tu hinh thdnh nin vd phdt triin trong qud trinh sdng - giao tiep, hgc tap, lao
ThS. Li" VAN QUYiN *
dgng, vui choi".^^^ Nhiing phdm chat tieu cue trong nhan each cua ngudi pham tpi khong phai do di truyfin, bam sinh ma la kfit qua cua qua trinh xa hpi hoa ca nhdn vd ngufin ciia no la nhiing yfiu to tieu cyc thupc ve mfii truong sflng, mfli truong gido due d gia dinh, nha trudng vd xa hpi. Nhiing yeu to thupe vfi mfli trudng xd hfii co vai tro chi phfii, tdc dpng hay dnh hudng nhdt dinh dfin viec thuc hifin hdnh vi pham tpi cua nii gidi mfit each tryc tiep hoac gidn tifip.
Nhu vdy, cdn cu vao ngufin gfic, xudt xu CO thfi phan nguyen nhdn eua tpi pham do nii gioi thuc hien thdnh nhom nhiing nguyfin nhan thupe mfii trudng xd hfii vd nhdm nhiing nguyfin nhdn thupe bdn than nguoi nil gidi phgm tfli.
Vai tro lam phat sinh tpi phgm ciia hai nhom yeu tfl tren trong cac trudng hgp nij gidi thuc hifin hdnh vi pham tfii cy thfi cung khac nhau (hai nhom yfiu tfi co the co vai tro ngang nhau hoac mpt nhom y6u tfl eo vai tro quyet dinh vd nhom yfiu tfi kia co vai tro thli yfiu). Chinh vi vay, theo ehiing tfii nghifin ciiu nguyen nhdn cua tpi pham do nii gidi thye hifin edn xdc dinh dugc nhiing yeu tfl tdc dfing tifiu cyc tir mfii trudng, nhiing yfiu to tdc dpng nay cfi thl da dugc
* Gidng vien chinh Khoa phdp ludt hinh s Trudng Dili hoc Luat Ha Ngi
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 8/2013
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
ngudi nu gioi tifip nhdn trd thdnh thupc tinh lech Igc trong nhan each vd nhiing hodn cdnh, tinh huflng sflng tifiu cue tac dgng dfin vific hinh thanh dpng ca cua hdnh vi pham tpi d nii gidi. Nghien ciiu nguyen nhdn cua tpi pham do nu gidi thuc hien d nude ta can phdi xdc dinh dugc cac yfiu tfl noi tren eimg nhu CO che tdc dfing dfin vific nir gidi thyc hifin hanh vi phgm tfii.
2. Nhirng nguyen nhan thuoc mfii truvng xa hoi
21. Nguyin nhdn tie mdi trudng gido ditc gia dinh
Sy hinh thdnh nhdn each cua con ngudi bdt ddu tir gia dinh. Dda tre duge sinh ra trong gia dinh vdn hod, hgnh phiie, bfin viing, bdu khflng khi gia dinh ddm dm, sflng hod thudn, tinh cdm thi ngay td ddu diia trfi da dugc gido due nhimg phdm chdt tfit dep.
Ngugc lgi dua tre sfing trong gia dinh khong hod thugn, thudng xay ra va ehgm, xung dot, difiu kien sfing ciia gia dinh khd khan; cha me chi quan tdm lo kinh tfi ma khfing quan tam dfin vific giao due vd hpe hanh eua eon cdi; cha me han chfi vfi trinh dp nen khong bifit each nufii dgy eon edi; cha me cdn tu tuong Igc hdu, phdn bifit dfli xii giiia con trai vd eon gdi; tu edeh dao due ciia cha me kem; co cdu gia dinh bifin dfli (cha me li hfln hoac cha me chfit)... cd thfi sfi dnh hudng xdu dfin nhan cdch con cdi. Tdt cd nhiing yfiu tfl nay duge thfi hifin ro nhdt d nhiing dde diem tdm li-xa hpi cua ngudi pham tpi, d eac quan difim khuynh hudng gid tri va dpng ca hdnh vi eua hp. Nhung
difiu kien khflng thudn lgi trong gia dinh dan den sy hinh thanh nhdn each lech lac eiia con gdi dugc thfi hien nhu sau:
Mgt Id gia dinh cd cau triie khflng ddy dii (thifiu cha hode me hoae cd hai). Ket qua nghifin ciiu nhiing gia dinh cd cau tnic khflng day dii ciia 368 phgm nhan pii cho thay: Cha me li hfln 3,5%, cha hoac me chet 34,2%, ca cha va me dfiu chfit 18,5%.'^* Nhu vay, sfl dflng nij gioi phgm tpi xult than tir nhiing gia dinh co edu tnic khfing ddy du.
Viee bfl me Ii hfln hode chfit khifin con cai, nhdt la con gdi mdt chfi dya tinh cam, thudng rai vao trgng thdi tdm li tifiu cue, dan d^n tre cd nhung phdn ung tieu cye nhu chflng dfii, quay pha, bd nhd di lang thang, tham gia vao eac tfi nan xa hpi hoac phgm tfli. Mat khac, edu tnic gia dinh khflng ddy dii gay kho khan cho vifie gidm sat, qudn H con edi nfin tpi phgm do ngudi ehua thanh nifin thuc hien tdng Ifin. Trong giai doan 2005 - 2012, s6 ngudi nu- chua thanh nifin phgm tpi tang 58%, sfi ngudi nam chua thanh nifin pham tfli tang 22%.'^^ Ro rang la cha me li hfin hoac cha me chfit da tdc dpng tifiu cue dfin su phat trien nhdn cdch vd hdnh vi cua con gai Ion han so voi con trai, ddn dfin nii chua thanh nien phgm tpi efi miic dp tang gdp doi so voi nam ehua thanh nien phgm tpi trong giai doan hifin nay.
Hai Id cha me thifiu trdch nhifim trong vifie nufii dgy con. Nhifiu trudng hgp cha me do difiu kien lam vific hode mdi kilm tifin md khfing cd thdi gian cham sdc, day dfl con chu dao, khong quan tam gdn gui,
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 8/2013
NGHIEN c i r u - TRAO DOI
ndm bdt tam tu, tinh cam ciia con, khong kifim sodt dugc eon trong hpc tap vd sinh hogt. Vifie gido dye con dugc "khoan trdng"
cho nha trudng va xa hgi. Do thilu sy quan tam, cham soc cua gia dinh nen khi eon cfi nhung bifiu hifin lech lac, cha me khong phdt hifin vd ufin ndn kip thdi. Ket qud la eon tifip tuc phdt trifin nhdn each theo chifiu huong lech lae, bifiu hien ra ben ngoai bang nhung hanh vi sai l^ch dudi dgng vi pham cac quy tac xa hgi vdi tan xuat ngay cang nhifiu va tinh chat nghiem trpng hon. Ket qud khdo sat 368 pham nhdn cho thay trong nhifiu truong hgp, nir gidi di vao con dudng pham tpi md trude dd hp cd qud trinh hinh thdnh nhdn each lech Igc bieu hifin bdng nhiing hdnh vi nhu: Noi tuc, chui bay 1,9%;
gdy rfii ddnh nhau 0,8%; bd nha lang thang 1,1%; su dyng ma tuy 15,2%; uong rugu 1,9%; bdn ddm 1,4%; trpm edp 8,2%.*"'
Do vdy, CO the ket ludn cha me thifiu trdch nhifim trong giao dye con, dgc biet Id doi vfii con gai Id mOt trong nhiing nguyen nhdn phat sinh tgi pham.
Ba la cha me khfing eo phucrng phap gido due eon gdi, nhdt Id d nhflng gia dinh ma bfl me co trinh dp vdn hoa thdp, nhdn thdc cdn han che.
Phuang phdp gido dye eiia cha me Id mpt trong nhung yfiu to quan trpng huong dfin sy phdt trifin nhan each eua con. Cha me nuflng chilu con thudng lufln thod man nhiing doi hfii ciia con mgt each vfl dieu kifin. Con doi gi dugc ndy ma khfing yfiu cdu eon ldm nhihig viee md lira tufii ciia con can phai
lam. Theo thdi gian, diia tre thanh hu hong ehi bifit ddi hoi, huong thy, hinh thdnh loi sflng an bdm, sy luoi bieng, tinh ieh ki. Khi gia dinh khflng dap irng dugc nhiing nhu eau vdt chdt thi eon oan trach cha me, bo nhd theo bgn xdu tham gia vdo edc te nan xa hfli nhu mai ddm, ma tuy, cd bgc, trpm cdp.
Ngugc lai, cd nhCmg gia dinh cha me lgi qud nghifim khde, dfii xu thfl bgo hode eo tu tuong Igc hdu "trpng nam khinh nii", hdnh hg, nguge dai, ghet bo eon khifin dda tre trd len Ii Igm, budng binh hoge co don, rut re, nhiit nhat. Kfit qua khao sat 368 pham nhdn nu^ cho thay cam nhdn eua hp khi sflng trong gia dinh nhu sau: Sfing cfi don 15,8%; sfing khfing hanh phiic 26,6%; sflng khflng co ty do 2,4%.*^'
B6n Id gia dinh Ifli keo eon tham gia vao hoat dfing phi phdp vd phgm tpi. Thflng thudng gia dinh hanh phiic, cha me Id tdm guong tflt cho con, dgy bao con lam nhung difiu tfit vd tranh ldm nhiing difiu xdu.
Ngugc lai, nhiing gia dinh md ban than cha me tham gia vdo edc tp nan xa hpi da lfii keo con tham gia vdo hoat dpng pham phap va pham tpi. Trong sfi 368 pham nhan nil dd khdo sat tren, sfl ngudi pham tgi do gia dinh Ifli keo chifim ti Ie 7,9%.'^'
2 2. Nguyen nhdn tie moi trudng gido due trudng hgc
Nhiing tac dpng tieu cyc trong mfii trudng giao due trudng hpe anh hudng khfing tfit eho vific hinh thdnh nhdn each tre em, do Id: "Chuang trinh, ngi dung, phuang phdp dgy vd hgc cdn lac hdu, chua gdn kit
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 8/2013 37
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
chdt che gitta ddo tgo vd yeu cdu sie dung Iao dgng cua xd hgi... chdt lugng gido diic cd mat bi buong long, gidm sut, nhdt la gido due dgo due, ldi sdng ".^
Mgt Id tinh trgng thifiu truong, phong hpe O Viet Nam, tinh trang ddn sfl tdng nhanh hon khd ndng tao vifie Idm, difiu do khfing chi gay ap Iuc du thira Iao dflng ma con gdy dp lyc dfin gido dye. Dan sfl tdng nhanh co tde dpng mgnh dfin nhu cdu cham soc tre cua trudng mdm non, cho hpe cho cdp tifiu hgc va tat yfiu doi hdi tang sfi trudng hgc, tang sfl lugng gido vifin va ddu tu tdng thfim trang thiet bi, phdng hgc. Nfiu ddu tu khfing tdng tuong ung vdi nhiing yeu edu thyc tfi phat sinh tir su gia tang dan so thi chat lupng giao due se co nguy ca giam vd gidm nhanh. Do tinh trang thifiu trudng, thifiu phdng hpe ddn dfin lop hge dfing, sfi lupng trung binh 45 - 50 hpc sinh/Iop ma vdn eon nhiing em din tufii khflng dugc theo hpe.
Hai Id ehua thue hifin diing quan diem gido due toan difin, hpc di dfii vdi hdnh.
Thuc te van eon tinh trang nhifiu truong ehgy theo thanh tieh, ehi day tap trung vao eac mfin hpc chinh (cac mfin thi tflt nghiep, thi dgi hgc) ma khfing quan tdm diing muc dfin viec gido due nhdn each, xem nhe eac mon gido due dgo due, phdp luat, thfi chdt, mT thudt, nhac hpa vd van hoa giao tiep trong nha truong. Thu vien cua nha trudng thifiu sdch phuc vu cho hpc tap vd giai tri. Thifiu phong thi nghifim, phong tap da nang vfi thl dye, tiifi thao. Thifiu sy phfii kfit hgp giua gia
dinh vd nhd trudng dfi trao dfii eu the nh&ng van dfi lien quan tdi vipc hgc cua eon em hg;
thifiu chuong trinh hpc ngoai khoa hode chuang trinh gido dye vi cgng dflng. Thilu bg phan tu van, dinh hudng nghe nghiep va sy lien kfit giiia nha trudng vdi cac ca quan, doanh nghiep, eae tfl ehue xd hpi. Tdt ca nhiing yeu tfl trfin da tdc dfing tifiu cyc din sy hinh thanh nhdn each eua hpe sinh.
Ba la tinh trang hpcsinh thdt hpc, bo hpc tang theo cap hpc.
Sfl lieu thflng ke cua Tflng cue thong ke eho thay sfl hpc sinh bd hpe d cap tifiu hpc la 0,34%; trung hpe ea sd la 2,28%; trung hpc phfi thflng Id 3,53%.*^'
Ti lfi bo hpe ciia hgc sinh nii cao hon nam, nguyfin nhdn la nhifiu gia dinh (nhdt la d nflng thon) vdn cdn quan niem lae hdu la con gdi chi hgc cho bifit chii, cdn eon trai mcri can phdi hgc cao, gdy dyng sy nghifip, dia vi xd hgi... Do quan niem nhu vdy ddn dfin viec gia dinh chi quan tdm ddu tu, tao difiu kien hgc tap cho eon trai, tir do trinh do hpc vin cua nam gidi thuong cao ban nfl- gidi.
Tuy nhifin, tinh trgng hpc sinh bo hoc con do nguyfin nhdn thufic vfi nhd trudng.
Nha trudng thifiu dpi ngii dpi ngu giao vien gioi, tam huyet vdi nghfi va ehdm dfii moi phuang phap day hge nfin mgt sfl hgc sinh khflng eo hung thu hpe tap, nhat Id eac mfin khflng phdi thfi manh eiia nu: gidi (cac mon thupc khoa hgc ty nhien). Nhd trudng chua quan tam diing mire din cae em hgc sinh ca biet dfi giup da rifing, ddc biet la dfii vdi nhiing em tifip thu chdm, ed thai do de cdm
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 8/2013
NGHIEN Ciru-TRAO DOI
voi nhd trudng. Vifie quan li hgc sinh cua nha trudng chua tfit, khong phdt hifin hode phdt hipn cham nhung hdnh vi sai Ifieh cua hgc sinh, vi vgy khfing ed bien phap sua chu'a, ufin nan kip thoi, Khi hpe sinh vi phgm d miic do nghifim trgng mdi duge phat hi^n vd bi ap dyng bien phdp dufli hgc. Viec bo hge dan dfin trinh do hge van thdp, kha ndng nhdn thiic han chfi vd edeh xir sy thieu van hoa la nguyen nhan phgm phap va pham tOi. Difiu nay h' gidi tgi sao nG gidi pham tgi d nudc ta trong nhiing nam qua chii ylu la co trinh do hgc van thap. Ket qud thfing kfi trinh dp hpc vdn cua nu; gidi phgm tfli qua 434 ban an hinh sy xet xir so thdm voi 525 bi cao nii cho thdy: Khong biet chu 9,14%; trinh do tieu hgc 27,05%; Onng hge ca sd 36,38%; trung hpc phfi thong 26,10%; cao dang, dgi hgc 1,33%. ket qua dieu tra vfi trinh dp hpc vdn doi vdi 368 phgm nhdn nii cho thdy: Khfing bifit chfl: 8,2%; tiiu hpe 31,3%; trung hgc ea sd 45,7%; trung hgc phfi thflng 14,4%. Vfi trinh dp ehuyen mfln kT thugt cua ngudi pham tpi la nii eho thdy: Chua qua dao tgo nghe 95,1%; tnmg hpc ehuyen nghiep 2,2% va cao ddng, dgi hpc 2,7%.*'*
Ket qua trfin phdn dnh thyc trgng da so ngudi pham tpi la nii ed trinh dp hpc van thap va chua qua ddo tgo nghfi.
Nguyen nhan dan dfin nu gioi phgm tgi khfing ehi do trinh do hpe vdn thdp md eon la do thieu hifiu bifit ve cac chudn myc phap lugt vd cde ehudn myc xa hgi khae.
Nghien ciiu nhan thdn ngudi phgm tpi nii
cho thdy y thuc phap luat thap, hp it tim hifiu vfi phdp ludt, kfi ed nhiing quy dinh phdp luat vfi quyfin lgi cua nii gidi. Sfl ndy chilm ti Ie 64%.'"*' Nhu vay, eo the noi y thiic phdp ludt thap, viec tuyen truyfin, phfl bifin giao due phap luat cho nfl: gidi con nhifiu thilu sdt la nguyen nhdn Iam phat sinh tgi pham d nii gioi.
Nhu vdy, giao due trong gia dinh vd nha trudng cd vai tro rdt quan trpng quyet dinh viec hinh thanh nhdn cdch, loi sfing va hanh vi cua eon ngudi. Con ngudi dugc giao dye phat trifin todn dien ve thfi chat, tri tue va nhdn cdch thi se co khd ndng lam vific tfit, CO nhan thiic diing ddn cac chudn myc dao dire, phap luat va cdc quy tac xd su khde, cd y thue ty gidc chap hanh phap ludt cua nhd nudc, khflng phgm phdp va khflng pham tpi.
2.3. Nguyen nhdn tie moi trudng ldm viic vd cu tru
Nhiing nhan tfl tieu cyc tir mfii truong Iam vific hode eu tni eiing dnh hudng xau din sy hinh thdnh nhdn each ca nhdn nhu: Ki ludt Iao dpng khflng nghiem; trong eo quan, don vi ed nguoi say rugu, nghien ma tiiy, cd bgc, mai ddm, gdy rfii; hdnh vi vi pham dao due, vi pham phap ludt eua cde can bp trong cac CO quan Nhd nude, trong cde tap thfi Iao dflng... Ben cgnh do, thifiu sy phfii ket hgp vd tinh kfi thda trong vifie ede hinh thiic kifim tra xa hpi khac nhau tir phia ngudi than thich trong gia dinh, tir tdp thfi lao dpng vd tir cdc ca quan nha nudc; vipc tfl chuc hogt dpng vui choi eho thanh thifiu nifin ehua tfit, cfing
TAP C H I L U A T Hpc S6 8/2013
NGHIEN CiAJ - TRAO OOI
tac tfl chiie vd hogt dgng doan the nhdt la hpi phu nu, tfl hod giai chua tflt; chua cham sdc tflt tre em mo eoi, lang thang ca nha; chua gidi quyfit tfit viec hgc nghfi va tgo vipc ldm eho thanh thilu nifin bo hgc; vific eac ca quan chiic ndng phan iing cdn yeu, chua kip thfii dfli vdi ede hdnh vi vi pham, dgc bifit la dfli vdi cdc hanh vi phgm tpi; nhifiu dia phuang chua thyc hifin tflt Nghi dinh Chinh phli sfl 19-CP ngay 6/4/1996 vfi quy ehe giao due tai xa, phudng, thi tran dfii vdi nhiing ngudi vi pham phdp luat, nhat la cac dfli tugng tham gia tp ngn xa hgi nhu gai mgi dam va ngudi nit bi ket an phat hinh phgt khfing bi tudc ty do hoac phat tii eho hufing dn treo vd ngudi nu: phgm tfli man hgn tu trd ve vdi cgng dflng cung la nhiing nguyen nhan dan den nii gidi phgm tpi hode tifip tuc pham tpi mdi.
2.4. Nguyen nhdn tie moi trudng xd hgi vimo
Nhiing nhdn to tifiu cyc tu mfli trudng xa hpi vT mfi eimg cd vai tro quan trgng trong vific tdc dgng, hinh thanh, phdt trifin nhan each Ipch Ige eua ed nhdn ngudi nu pham tgi.
Nhiing nhdn tfl tieu cue tu mfli trudng xa hpi vT mfl CO thl Id:
Mgt la tinh trang that nghifip, doi ngheo va bdt binh dang xd hgi.
Giai doan 2001 - 2010, nfin kinh tfi dat tfic dp tang truong GDP hdng ndm la 7,25%. Ddi sflng vdt chdt vd tinh thdn ciia ngudi dan timg budc duge edi thipn va nang eao. Ti lfi ngheo theo thu nhdp gidm tir 18,2% ndm 2002 xuflng 14,2% ndm
2010.*'" Tuy nhien, nfin kinh tfi-xd hpi phdt trifin van con nhifiu han chfi chua thfi gidi quyfit dugc da dnh huong dfin vific phgm tpi ciia nii gidi. Trude hfit phai ke den mau thudn gifl-a miic tang dan s6 vd khd ndng tao vifie lam eua nen kinh tfi, ti sfl viec lam tren dan sfl dgt 75,2% trong nam 2010."^' Dang vd Nha nude ta luon quan tdm ddn vdn de binh dang nam va nii nhung thue te khong thl phii nhan rdng ca hgi tim vific lam doi vdi nu" giod khd hon so vdi nam gidi. Nhieu ca quan, tfl chuc, doanh nghiep khflng co nhu edu tuyfin dung lao dpng nu" vdi li do phy nu: thy dfing, khflng nang dgng bang nam gidi; hon niia, phu nii phdi thuc hien thifin ehue lam me nen thdi gian sinh eon v^
nufli con nho se dnh huong den cong vi?c, ndng sudt lam vific se khflng cao. Mat khac, khflng it phy nii dang co vific lam fin dinh lgi bugc phai nghi vific d nhd ngi trg, chdm soc con cai...
Nghifin Cliu nghe nghifip eiia 554 ngudi nu' gidi phgm tgi trong 434 bdn dn hinh sy so thdm d tren cho thdy: Khflng ed vipe lam (33,90%), nong nghifip (22,29%), bufin ban, kinh doanh nhd (19,62%), Iao dpng ty do (10,48%), can bg, vien ehue nha nude (4,57%), cde nghfi khde (9,14%).*'^*
Nhu vdy, hau hfit nu: gidi pham tpi la ngudi khong cd nghfi nghipp, tilp den la ngudi thifiu vifie lam va ngudi eo vipc lam khfing fln dinh hoac cd thu nhdp thap nhu lao dgng nfing nghifip, bufln ban vd kinh doanh nhfl, lao dgng tu do.
Do that nghiep va thifiu viee Iam hode
TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 8/2013
tuy cfi vific lam nhung thu nhdp thdp, kinh tfi cua gia dinh khong the du chi cho nhflng nhu cdu sinh hoat tfii thieu hang ngay nen nii gidi da lya chpn vific tham gia mai ddm hode pham tpi dfi co thu nhdp cho ed nhdn vd gia dinh hoge bi lfii keo vdo eon dudng phgm tgi va lya chgn vific phgm tgi de muu sinh.
Thyc tfi eho thdy khfing phdi tat cd nfl gidi that nghifip deu pham tgi. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu trudng hgp, khi nu' gioi bi thdt nghipp hoge thu nhap khong fln dinh, bi thieu doi, hp co the rai vao trgng thai mat edn bdng tdm Ii nghifim trpng ddn dfin sy thdt vpng, ehan ndn hoge lieu ITnh. Trong trang thdi bi hire bach do dp lyc kifim tifin muu sinh, hg tim mgi each de kiem tifin kfi ca bdng con duong bat hgp phap nhu tham gia vdo t^ nan xd hfii (nhu mgi dam, cd bae) hoac pham tgi (nhu trpm edp, lira ddo, mua bdn trdi phfip ehat ma tuy...). Vi du, vy an Dang Kim Lien d phfl Hod Binh, phuong Nam Thanh, thi xa (nay Id thdnh phfl) Ninh Binh, do khflng co nghfi nghifip, hodn cdnh gia dinh kho khan, chfing chet, mpt minh nufii hai con nhd, da phgm tpi mua ban trdi phep chat ma tuy.*'''*
Hai Id su gia tang cdc mdu thudn trong xd hfii, nhdt la trong ITnh vyc dat dai.
Trong qud trinh do thi hod va cfing nghipp hod, nhifiu thifiu sot trong viec thu hfii dat, thyc hifin ede du an da lam phat sinh khifiu kifin keo ddi d nhifiu dia phuang;
mau thuan, tranh chap trong linh vuc dat dai eiia ngudi dan cham dugc cac cap, cdc ngdnh gidi quyfit. Day Id mpt trong nhung
nguyen nhan dan dfin xuat hien nhihig difim nong vfi mat an ninh trat ty d mpt sfi dia phuang. Do viee giai quyfit khflng cuang quyet, diit diem cac tranh chdp ddt dai ciia ngudi dan ciia mpt sfl cap chinh quyen da ddn din tinh trgng ngudi dan co phdn dng tifiu cyc, trong do co viec pham tfii nhu gay rfii trat ty cfing cfing, chfing ngudi thi hdnh cflng vy, CO y gdy thuang tich; vi phgm cac quy dinh ve su dung ddt, ehuyfin nhugng dat trai phep. Vi du: Vu an Nguyin Thi Nhac pham tgi chong ngudi thi hanh cfing vy d thi xa (nay la thanh phfl) Ninh Binh, tinh Ninh Binh. Nguyen nhdn eua vu an la do khfing dong tinh vdi viee den bii quyen sir dung ddt trude nhd thupc Dy an thi eong quflc 16 10, tir cufii nam 2001, Nguyin Thi Nhgc da nhieu Idn Iam dan khifiu nai dfin cac cap chinh quyfin yfiu cau xem xet tien den bii. Vifie khifiu nai trfin dd dugc Uy ban nhdn dan thi xa (nay la thanh phfi) Ninh Binh va Uy ban nhan dan tinh Ninh Binh giai quyet. Biic xiic vi cho rang each giai quyet ciia chinh quyen dia phuang khflng thoa dang, Nguyfin Thi Nhac tiep tuc khieu kien va co hdnh vi chflng dfli, tu minh chuyen len trdn nha cac logi nhu can, chai, lg, biii nhui, xfi, xdng dau, da; sau do dot lira trude nhd, ho het, ehui bdi, nem chai xdng ddu xufing khu vuc chuan bi giai tod.
Ddy thang vd diing xo, gau dfi do xang pha nhdt thai vdo dau, mat ngudi dang thi hdnh cfing vu.
Ba la sy gia tang cua cae tfi nan xa hfli.
Tac dflng tifiu cyc cua tfi ngn xa hgi thdi
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 8/2013
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
ki md cira ciing gdy anh huong nhdt dinh dfin viec pham tpi cua nfl- gidi. Theo thfing kfi cua Uy ban qufic gia phdng chflng AIDS, phdng chflng ma tuy vd mgi ddm thi tfi ngn xd hgi vdn phat trifin gia tang vfi sfl lugng va gdy dnh huong xdu cho xa hgi. Day Id nhung yfiu tfl xa hgi tifiu cue cd anh huong trye tiep dfin tgi pham do nu gidi thuc hifin d Viet Nam trong nhung nam qua. Thflng kfi xet xii sa thdm cac vy an hinh sy cua Tod dn nhan ddn tfli cao tir ndm 2007 - 2009 cho thdy, ti lfi nguoi nghien ma tiiy pham tfli xam pham sd hiiu chifim 3,28% troig tfing sfl bi cao pham cac tpi xdm pham sd hiiu; nhiing nguoi nghifin tham gia mua ban ma tuy dfi duge tifin Chech lech hoac trd thdnh ngudi dua tin, ngudi giao hang, ngudi tnmg gian giu'a ngudi Sli dung va nguoi bufin ma tiiy ehiem ti Ifi 34% trong tfing so bi eao phgm cac tpi phgm ve ma tiiy.*'^* Ket qua dieu tra bang phifiu hoi doi vdi 368 pham nhdn nfl" eho thdy: 15,2% pham nhdn nu: sd dyng ma tuy va 1,4% da thye hien ban ddm.*"* Difiu nay ll giai tgi sao tfli pham do nu' gioi thuc hifin CO ti lfi cao la cdc tgi pham lifin quan den tfi ngn xa hfii vd tdi san tihu; Tang trfl", van chuyen, mua bdn trdi phep ehat ma tiiy; trpm cap tai sdn; chda mgi ddm, mfii gidi mai dam; ddnh bae. Dia phuong cd nhieu nii gioi thyc hien tfii pham ciing Id nhiing dia phuang ed nhieu ngudi nghien vd gdi bdn dam nhu: Thanh phfi Hfi Chi Minh, Ha Ngi, cac tinh Tdy Ninh, Qudng Ninh, Kien Giang, Nghfi An, Hai Phdng, Ba Ria-Viing Tau, San La, Thdi Nguyen, Thanh Hod.
3. Nguyen nhan tir hoan canh gia dinh ciia ngvdi nir pham t$i
Tu tudng trgng nam khinh nii van efin tfln tai trong tu duy cua nhieu nguoi, dde biet Id nam gidi. Khong it gia dinh, ngudi vg Iam ngi trg, khong cd difiu kifin quan tdm cfing vific ciia xa hgi (nam 2010 cd nudc co 26,2%
lao dpng gia dinh khflng dugc trd luong la Iao dgng nii).*'^' Ngudi chflng la try cgt gia dinh, chi lo kilm tifin nuoi gia dinh, khong san se cong viee gia dinh, tir do xudt hien nhiing nhdn thue, quan difim bdt dflng vl gia tri xa hpi, din dfin ngudi chfing coi thudng vg, dfii xur thfi bao vdi vg, thdm chi thudng xuyen danh dgp, chdi bdi vg. Nhilu gia dinh, khi ngudi vg bi chfing danh dap hoae chiii boi thdm tfi nhung gia dinh chflng hoac to ddn phfi Iai khflng ddng ra can ngdn, hoa giai ma cho do la van de binh thudng eua chuyen
"chflng dgy vg". Ngudi vg bi lfi thuoc ve kinh tfi vao ngudi chflng hode gia dinh chfing nfin nguoi vg khfing co tieng noi trong gia dinh. Trong trgng thai tinh thdn bi buc xiic, mpt so nu gioi da thyc hien tpi phgm bao luc nhdm gidi thoat minh khdi su kim kep ve tu tudng. Cd nhflng trudng hgp do mdu thudn vg chflng keo dai khong dugc gidi quylt, nguoi vg gifit chflng nhu la Ifli thodt khoi tinh hufing phiic tap trong cugc sflng gia dinh khong hanh phiic. Trong nhung trudng hgp pham tpi ndy, suy cho cimg ngudi vp la chu the cua tfli pham nhung hg dflng thdi la nan nhdn eua nan bgo lyc gia dinh. Vi du:
trudng hpp ngn nhdn D6 Vdn H. (ngudi chong) CO Ifli ldn do nhifiu ldn danh, chui va.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2013
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
Nguoi vg khflng chiu dyng duge sy bao hanh eua ngudi chflng da lam don xin li hfln nhung nguoi ch6ng khflng cho vg nop don ra tod an. Ngudi vg ty lam nhd ra d rifing nhung lai hi ngudi chflng dfit nha. Ngdy 24/7/2004, anh H chtri vd danh vg, vi qua biic xiic nfin ngudi vg da gifit chfit ngudi chong trong trang thdi tinh thdn bi kieh dflng mgnh do hdnh vi trdi phap lugt nghiem trpng eua anh H.*'^*
Gia dinh co cau tnic khong hodn ehinh do li hfln hode do chfing chfit cung dnh huong ldn den cugc sflng ciia ngudi vg.
Ngudi vg sau khi li hfln voi chfing hode god chfing phdi nufli con nhd, bdn than lai khong cfi nghfi nghifip, cufic sflng gdp nhifiu kho khan do khong co phuong tifin hgp phap dfi muu sinh cho ban thdn vd nufli eon nfin dd lya ehpn bien phdp bat hgp phdp kfi cd vific thuc hi$n tOi phgm. Ket qua dieu tra xa hgi hgc thfing qua phieu trd ldi eiia 368 pham nhan nii cho thdy 24,2% nii gidi Ii hon phgm tpi vd 12,8% nfl- gidi god chflng phgm tgi.*^***
4. Nguyfin nhdn thuoc ban than ngu'di nv pham t$i
Nhiing yeu tfl thupc mfli truong sfing quy dinh cdch xd sy cua con nguoi thfing qua nhung yeu tfi chu quan cua nhdn each nguoi phgm tpi, trong do quan trpng nhdt Id nhu cdu vd dpng CO. Nhu cau la sy phy thupc cua con nguoi vdo thfi gidi bfin ngodi, Id nhung ySu cdu cdn dugc dap iing de dam bao cho con nguoi tfin tai va phdt trien. Con nguoi ed nhieu nhu can khac nhau, bao gfim: Nhu cdu ty nhifin (nhu dn, ngu...) vd nhu cdu xa hgi.
Nhu edu xa hOi bao gflm nhu edu tinh thdn (nhu nhu cdu nhdn thuc, nhu cdu tinh cam, nhu cdu giao tifip...) vd nhu cau vdt chdt (nhu nhu cdu vfi eac tdi san...). Phdn tich nhu edu ddc tnmg cua nguoi vi pham phdp lugt cho thdy efi nhiing dgc difim nhu: Hifiu sai Ifich vfi nhu cdu; nhflng nhu eau ea nhdn, ddc bifit la nhu cdu vdt chdt dugc de cao dfin miic yfiu sdch, md nhflng yfiu sach do khong tuong xiing vfii nhiing dong gop, cfing Men cua hg cho xd hgi vd nhifiu khi khong phii hgp vdi nhiing kha nang md xd hfii dang co;
y thuc sai ve phuang tien, bien phap dfi ddp ling nhu edu. Dfing ea dugc hinh thdnh dudi tac dflng eua nhu cau va cae difiu kien xa hOi se trd thanh dgng lyc thuc day con ngudi hdnh dgng nhdm ddp iing cdc nhu edu. Nhu vdy, dfing lye ben trong true tiep thiic day hdnh vi pham tpi cua eon ngudi ehinh Id dgng CO pham tfii.
Tim hifiu dpng ca pham tpi d nhung nguoi nfl: pham tpi bdng phifiu hoi 368 pham nhan nii cho thdy ea cdu dpng co ciia cdc hdnh vi pham tfii do nii gioi thyc hifin nhu sau: Dgng ca trd thu, nghen tuong, cam phan chiem ti le 9,5%, dflng eo vu lgi ehilm ti Ifi 74,2%, dgng ca khac chilm ti le 16,3%.*^"
Nhu vdy, dgng ca vu lgi chiem ti lfi cao nhdt (74,2%).Dieu nay Ii giai cho thue tifin xet xir tfli phgm do nu gidi thyc hifin hang nam d nudc ta lufln lufln chiem ti trpng cao la cac tpi phgm dugc thyc hien vdi dfing ca vu lgi nhu; Tdng trii, van chuyen, mua ban trai phep hoac chiem doat chdt ma tuy; ddnh bgc vd to chiic danh bgc; ehua mgi ddm vd moi
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S6 8/2013
NGHIEN cau-TRAOBOI
gidi mai dam; trpm cdp tdi san; Ida dao chilm dogt tdi sdn; Iam dung tin nhiem chifim doat tai sdn; mua ban ngudi./.
(l).Xem: Pham Minh Hac, Tuyin tgp tdm li hgc, Nxb.
Chinh tri qu6c gia, Hd Noi, 2006, tr. 763.
(2). Tdc gia thyc hien dilu tra xd hpi hpc doi vdi 368 phgm nhdn nO 6 tr^i giam Ngpc Li (tinh Bdc Giang) vd tr^i giam Cdi Tdu (tinh Cd Mau). CuOc di^u tra dupc thyc hi?n ndm 2008.
(3). Vi?n kilm sdt nhdn dan t6i cao, Cyc th6ng k6 tOi pham, S6 liau thdng k& hinh sy nam 2005 - 2012.
(4), (5), (6).Xem chii thich 2.
(7).Xem: Ddng cpng san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Hgi nghj lan thu 9 Ban chdp hdnh trung uang Ddng khod X. Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia, Hd Npi, 2009, tr. 36, 37.
(8). S5 li?u thdng ke, giao due, y te, vdn hod vd ddi s6ng, ngu6n: http://www.gso.gov.vn
(9). Tdc gid ty th6ng k§ 434 ban dn hinh sy sa thdm vdi 554 bi cdo ntt (cdc bdn dn dupc lua chpn nglu nhien).
(10).Xemchuthich2.
(11). Ngu6n: Trung tam qu6c gia dy bdo vd thong tin thi tmdng lao d^ng, Cyc viec ldm, Bp lao dOng- thuoTig binh vd xd hOi, Xu hudng viec ldm Vift Nam 20//. HdNpi, 2012, tr. 17.
(12). Ngudn: Trung tam qudc gia du bdo vd thong tin thj trudng lao dpng. Cue viec lam, BO lao dpng- thucmg binh vd xd hpi, tldd, tr. 13.
(13).Xem chii thich 9.
(14). Tod dn nhdn dan thi xd Ninh Binh, Bdn dn s6 105/HSST, ngdy 17/5/2005.
(15). Tod dn nhan dan thj xa Ninh Binh, Ban dn sd 105/HSST, ngdy 17/5/2005.
(16). Ngu6n: Phdng tdng hop Tod dn nhdn dan toi cao. So lieu thdng ka x^t xu hinh su ndm 2007 - 2009.
(17).Xemchuth(ch2.
(18). Nguon: Trung tam quoc gia dy bdo vd thdng tin thi trudng lao dpng, Cyc viec ldm, Bp Iao dpng- thuong binh vd xd hOi, tldd, tr. 42.
(19). Tod dn nhan dan tinh Tuyfin Quang, Ban dn sd 133/HSST ngdy 23/11/2004.
(20),(21).Xemch6thIch2.
KIEN NGHI X A Y DlTNG KHAI NI£M SAN P H A M T R O N G LUi\T TRACH NHIpM SAN PHAM VIET NAM (tiip theo trang 65)
Con sfi nay trai ngugc so vdi eac vu vific vi pham eua nha cung ling dich vy hien nay.
Vi vdy, phap ludt TNSP nen quy dinh nhung nguyen tdc chung lam ca sd phap li dp dung dfii vdi eac loai hinh dich vu cd khuyit tat, tao difiu kien cho nhiing van bdn chuyen nganh dfii vdi tung loai hinh dich vu ddc thii nhu chdm sdc sue khoe, du Iich, giao thong, xdy dung, tdi chinh... cu thfi hod vfi trach nhiem cua nhd cung dng dich vy. Dfii vdi nhiing sdn phdm vo hinh ddc biet khac nhu khi gas, difin ndng cung nen xem xet co ap dung TNSP hay khflng. Mac dii khi gas, dien nang Id nhung sdn phdm nguy hifim tu than (nguy hifim tu npi tai) vd co nhifiu khd nang gdy ra thiet hai cho NTD ca vfi mat siic khoe, tinh mang (trong trudng hgp hi dien giat, khi gas nfl) hay thiet hai vfi tai san (dien mdt bat ngd hay su co dien giat gay hong cac thifit bi difin, het gas khien cong viec nha may ngung tre). Nhung nfiu trong trudng hgp do lfii eua bfin san xudt, cung ling, truyen tdi difin, khi gas (khfing canh bao ve nguy hifim, khflng eo cac bifin phap cdn thifit de phdng ngira nguy hiem, khfing duy tri tflt cong viec eung iing difin, khi gas, khflng dp dyng cde bifin phdp bdo quan can thiet) thi van nen quy dinh dp dyng TNSP dfli vdi cac Ioai san pham ndy, trir trudng hgp do loi eua NTD (NTD khong tudn thii cdc quy tac vfi an toan ca ban nhdt)./.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 8/2013