T^p chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Luat hgc, Tap 34, So 3 (2018) 71-
Tap chi Khoa hpc Djii hpc Quoc gia Ha N6i: Lu$t hpc Website: htqis://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Nguyen tac bao dam phap che xa hoi chu nghia trong to tung hinh su nhin tu thuc tien hoat dpng cua cac ca quan co thkm quyen ti§n hanh to tung a thanh pho Hai Phong
Nguyen Quoc Hiing
Cong an Thdnh phd Hdi Phdng. sd 2 Le Dai Hdnh, Hdng Bdng. Hdi Phdng. Viet Nam Ngay nhan 25 thang 8 nam 2018
Chinh sua ngay 15 thang 9 nam 2018; Chap nhan dang ngay 28 thang 9 nam 2018 Tom tat: Nguyen tac bao dam Phap che xa hoi chu nghTa trong to tung hinh sir 6.\xgc quy dinh tai DiSu 7 Bo Iuat To tung hinh sir (BLTTHS) nam 2015 the hien dinh hudng to chiic, ho^t dgng td tung ddi vdi qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh sir, Nguyen tac n£iy ddi hoi phai thirc hien cac bao dam de tang cudng phap ch6 khi tien hanh cac hoat dgng to tung hudng tdi muc dich xac dinh sir that khach quan vu an; ton trgng, bao ve quyen con ngudi; bao ve trat tir phap Iuat; bao ve quyen Icfi ich ciia the nhan, phap nhan, nha nudc va xa hgi Bin viet nay nghien ciru nguyen tac bao dam phap che xa hdi chii nghia (XHCN) trong to tung hinh sir (TTHS) tu thuc tien hoat dgng td tung ciia cac ca quan c6 tham quyen tien hanh to tung (CQCTQTHTT), ngudi c6 tham quyen tien hanh to tung (NCTQTHTT) d thanh pho Hai phong tren ca sd phan tich cac quy dmh ciia phap luat ve nguyen t3c nay. Ket qua nghien cmi se dua ra mgt so de nghi, bien phap nham tang cirdng bao dam phap chi XHCN trong TTHS.
Tir khoa- Nguyen tic, phap chS, 16 tung hinh sir, bao dam, thirc thi phap luiit, Hai Phong, ca quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung.
1. Noi dung nguyen tac bao dam phap che xa (TTHS), dugc thigt ke dua tren nguyen tSe tap h6i chu nghia trong t6 tung hinh su- theo Bo trung quySn lire ciia nha nuae phap quyen luat to tung hinh sy nam 2015 XHCN, TTHS duge coi la quan he cong quyen,
doi hoi moi ehii the TTHS, dac biet doi voi co Nguyen tae "Bao dam phap che xa hoi chu A^ ' .I,=™ - .-' u- t, *" ^
» •' . *^ ^ . - quan, nguoi co tham quyen tien hanh to tung nghia trong to tung hmh sv (D.eu 7) dugc p^-j ^ ^j^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ j ^ j ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^
quy dinh dau tien trong he thong cac nguyen tac ^^^ p,,.^ ^^^ ^^ ,;.^ 1^^^^ ,x j ^^x, CO ban, vol tinh ehat la nguyen tac hien dinh, • M - .- - U L.- '- • i , ' t - ; • ' vu an. Nguyen tac nay chi phoi eac nguyen tac dat nen tane cho moi hoat dong to tune hum su i L • .L L • L - ^u - i • •. c
• ^ . . . 6 . 6 . khac, theo huong hoac cu the hoa nguyen tac D dam phap che trong boat dgng khoi to, di6u DT, 84-913375566.
Email: [email protected] htlps-//doi,org/10.25073/2588-lI67/vnu!s.4173
tra, truy to, xet xii, thi hanh an; hoac lam co so cho viec bao dam nguyen tac phap ch6 I
N Q. Hiing / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tgp 34. Sd 3 (2018) 71-i
each dua ra cac quy dinh de cae chu the TTHS tuan thu trong eac hoat dong giai quyet vu an hinh sir. Nguyen tic bao dam phap che XHCN trong Lu^t TTHS Viet Nam phan anh ban chat cua Nha nuoc Viet Nam la Nha nuoc phap quySn XHCN, eua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan, the hien tu tuong chii dao doi voi toan bg hoat dgng TTHS 6 ch6 lam cho qua trinh TTHS frong thuc tiln (khoi t6, diSu tra, truy to, xet xir va thi hanh an) duge van hanh mgt each trat tir, on dinh, thong nhat, dong bg va dat hieu qua cao, ciang nhu cae co quan tien hanh to tung, nhiing nguoi tien hanh to tung va nhiing nguoi tham gia to tung trong khi thuc hien quyen va nghia vu to tung phai triet de tuan theo nhihig quy djnh eua phap luat TTHS Viet Nam Theo GS.TSKH Dao Tri Uc thi "khi md quan hi td tung chu yiu Id quan he quyen luc thi yiu cdu bdo ddm phdp che dugc ddt ra tru&c het vd chu yeu la ddi v&i ca quan cd thdm quyen tien hdnh td tung vd ngu&i cd thdm quyin tiin hdnh td tgng" [3, tr.59], roi sau do moi den cac chu the khac eua TTHS. Do vay, Dieu 7 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy djnh nguyen tic bao dam phap che xa hgi chii nghia trong TTHS, nhu sau: "Mgi hogt ddng td tung hinh su phdi dugc thuc hien theo quy dinh cua Bd lugt ndy. Khdng duac gidi quyit ngudn tin ve tdi pham, khai td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xu ngodi nhirng cdn cu vd trinh tu, thu tuc do Bd ludt ndy quy dinh ".
Nguyen tic bao dam phap che XHCN trong TTHS dinh huong cho qua trinh xay dimg va thuc thi phap luat trong moi boat dgng t6 timg giai quyet vii an. Tren phuong dien nhiing gia tri hien thirc dat dugc, eac nguyen tac nay bao dam qua trinh t6 hing duge tien hanh tbdng nh4t voi phuong cham bao ve quyen con nguoi, lgi ich hgp phap ciia cong dan, phap nhan ciing nhir nang cao vai tro, trach nhiem eiia eac eo quan co tham quyen tien hanh to tung trong dSu tranh xii li tgi pham. Mat khae, bao dam phap chg XHCN trong TTHS con la bao dam hieu qua thuc te cua cae van ban phap luat do Nha nuoc ban hanh. Phap luat TTHS duge ban hanh
chi CO gia hi tren thirc tS khi dugc tuan thu day du, nghigm chinh trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat se dap iing dugc yeu cau, doi hoi ciia nhiem vu each mang cua dat nuoe o timg giai doan phat triSn. Ngugc lai, nSu phap luat TTHS khong dugc chap hanh nghiem chinh se lam mat di gia tri dieu chinh cua no, dong thai cac CO quan c6 tham quy6n tien hanh to hing khong thuc hien dirge chiic nang diu tranh xii li tgi pham ciia minh, Trong bit ki ITnh vue nao dii phap che deu co nghTa la bao dam tinh hgp hien, hgp phap, nghiem chinh thirc hien phap luat. Trong to tung hinh su, tuan theo nhiing can cii, tham quyen va trinh tu, thu tue to hing la yeu cau so mgt" [3, tr.59].
Vdi quy dinh tai Digu 7 BLTTHS nam 2015, nguyen tae bao dam phap ch€ XHCN trong TTHS co nhirng ngi dung chinh sau day:
Thic nhdt, hinh thanh he th6ng phap luat TTHS day du, phu hgp voi thyrc tiln diu hanh xir li tgi pham, vol di6u kien phat trien dit nuoc bao dam hieu qua, cong bing, dan chu trong TTHS lam eo so cho viec tuan theo phap luat triet de trong TTHS. Cac boat dgng t6 tung; trinh tu, thu tue khoi to, dieu tra, truy t6, xet xir va thi hanh an hinh sir; chiic nang nhiem vu, quyen han va moi quan he giiia cac CO quan co tham quyen tien hanh to tung;
quyen va nghTa vu cua nhiing nguai tham gia to tung va eiia cac co quan nha nuoc, to chiic xa hgi va eong dan phai dugc quy dinh trong luat TTHS. Nhiing quy dinh nay phai cu th6, ro rang, phii hgp vdi thirc te va khong mau thuan, chong eheo, co nhu vay cac quy dinh do eua luat TTHS trd thanh co sd viing ehae cho eac boat dgng TTHS;
Thu hai, doi hdi viee thue hien phap luat nghien chinh, tu giac, day du trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh sir cua cac chu th6 TTHS, ma tnrdc hit la eo quan, ngudi co thim quyfin tiSn hanh td tung. Muc dich giai quyet vu an theo hudng phat hien nhanh ehdng, xir li cong minh, kip thdi mgi hanh vi pham tdi, khdng de
N. Q. Hitng/Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Ludt hoc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 71-6
Igt tdi pham va khdng lam oan ngudi vo tpi chi cd the dat duge khi cd su chip hanh mdt each tu nguyen, biet d6 phap luat TTHS ciia cac chu the. Nhiem vu tuan thii phap luat td tung hinh su tmdc het thudc ve eac co quan tien hanh td tung va nhiing ngudi ti6n hanh td tiing vi mgi hoat ddng eua hg dSu dai dien cho Nha nuoc va cd anh hudng nghiem trgng tdi vi8c giai quyit vu an ciing nhu den cac quyen, lgi ich hgp phap cua edng dan. Viec triet de tuan theo phap luEit cua nhiing ngudi tham gia td tung la co sd de cac CO quan tien hanh td tung bao ve cac quyen va lgi ich hgp phap ciia hg ddng thdi do ciing la nghia vu ma hg phai tuan theo. Ddng thdi, ciing ddi hdi CO che thuc thi phap luat ddng bg, cd hieu qua bao dam cac co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh to tung khdng nhiing thuc hien tdt cac chiic nang td tung ciia minh ma cdn cd sir phdi hgp nhip nhang giira cac co quan do hudng tdi muc tieu ehung cua cong eugc dau tranh phdng ngira tdi pham.
2. Bao dam phap chg xa hdi chu nghia trong ho^t d$ng td tung hinh su- d cac w quan cd tham quySn ti€n hanh td tyng d thanh pho Hai Phong
a Tinh hinh vd kit qud xu li tdi phgm cua cdc ca quan cd thdm quyin tien hdnh td tung a thdnh phd Hdi Phdng
Hai Phong la thanh phd do thi trung tam loai 1 cap qudc gia, mdt trong ba dinh eua tam giae kinh te trgng diem mien Bac (Ha Ndi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh) dang trong qua trinh xay dung trd thanh thanh cong nghiep phat trien hang diu dit nudc ma mui nhgn la san xuat san pham xuit khau va kinh te bien. Do dac diem kinh tg, xa hdi ciia thanh pho nang ddng, phat hien cd vi tri trung tam tam giac phat triSn kinh te, diu moi giao thdng va cua ngo cua vung d6ng bing bic bd trong giao thuong qudc t6 thdng qua eang bien nen tinh hinh an ninh, trat hr xa hdi co dien bien kha pbirc tap, Theo bao
cao ciia VKSNDTP Hai Phdng, trong thdi gian qua, tinh hinh tgi pham dien bien bet siie phitc tap. Nam 2013 khdi td 1686 vu an hinh su tang 94 vu bang 5,9% so vdi nam 2012; nam 2014 khdi td la 1704 vu, tang 18 vu bang 1% so vdi nam 2013; nam 2015 khdi to la 1733 vu, tang 29 vu bang 1,67% so vdi nam 2014; nam 2016 khdi td la 1834 vu, tang 101 vu bang 5,8% so vdi nam 2015; nam 2017 khdi to la 1644 vu, giam 190 vu bang 10,3% so vdi nam 2016;
Trong dd, nhieu loai tdi pham nguy hiem tang nhu eae tdi pham v8 ma tiiy, giet ngudi, hiep dam tre em, cudp tai san va eae tgi gay rdi trat tu edng cdng, buy hoai tai san gay hau qua nghiem trgng. Hinh thiic pham tgi ciia cac ddi tugng ngay cang tinh vi hon, sir dung cac loai vii khi nguy hiem dac biet la nhieu loai vu khi do Trung Qude san xuat duge luu hanh trai phep tren dja ban thanh phd lihung qua edng tac giam dinh lai khdng phai la vii khi quan dung:
col xoay, col has,.. Tinh chat tgi pham ngay cang nguy hi6m hon, ed nhidu ddi tugng ddng pham ban... [1].
Tdi pham ve ITnh vuc trat tu xa hgi, sd vu an da phat Men khdi td tir nam 2013 den nam 2016 cd chieu hudng tang, dien bien phitc tap ca ve tinh chat, miic do, thu doan pham tdi...
nhieu vu an gay hau qua dac biet nghiem trgng.
Dien hinh la vu Nguyen Diing Giang pham tgi giet ngudi, cac tgi pham xam pham tinh due tre em gia tang. Trong nam 2011 xay ra vu an vi pham eae quy dinh ve phdng chay chiia chay gay hau qua dau thuang, tang tdc lam 13 ngudi chet, 25 nguoi bi bong nang va thiet hai khoang 800 trieu ddng. Tgi pham v6 kinh t8, chiic vu:
sd vu an da phat hien khdi td ehu yeu trong ITnh vyc tai ehinh, dat dai... ve cac tdi tham d, Igi dung chire vu quyen han chiem doat tai san, cd y lam trai cac quy dinh eiia Nha nude gay hau qua nghiem trgng, luu hanh tien gia, budn ban hang hda qua bien gidi, trdn thue, vi pham cac quy dinh ve quan li dat dai... Dien hinh la vu vi pham quan li nha nudc ve dat dai d Dd Son va xa Tii Scm - Kien Thuy. Tgi pham vl boat ddng tu phap: sd vu an da phat hien khdi td tir
N.Q. Hitng/ Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hoc. Tgp 34. S6 3 (2018) 71-8(
nam 2013 den nam 2017 cd sd lugng it va cd chieu hudng giam; chii yeu la tdi trdn khdi noi giam; nam 2014 cd 01 vu budn lau, dua va nhan hdi Id [2].
b. Mot sd uu diem trong viec bdo dam phdp che XHCN trong hogt dgng TTHS a cdc co quan cd thdm quyen tien hdnh td tung thdnh phd Hdi Phdng
Ket qua giai quyet cac vu an hinh su neu tren phan anh ro net nhat mirc do thuc hien nguyen tac bao dam phap che XHCN trong TTHS, cd the dua ra mot sd nhan xet sau:
Thie nhdt, cae vu an hinh sir dugc cac co quan ed tham quyen tien hanh td tung thanh phd Hai Phdng giai quyet theo diing trinh tu, thii tue luat dinh.
Luat TTHS la luat hinh thirc nham giai quyet vu an hinh su tren co sd luat hinh sy (luat ndi dung). Khi xae dinh ed hanh vi pham tdi do Bd luat hinh sy quy dinh, cae eo quan tien hanh td tung bat tay vao viec tim ra co che, tinh ehat, mice do eiia hanh vi pham tgi bang cac bien phap do phap luat quy dinh. Vi vay, qua trinh giai quyet vu an dien ra theo tuan ty eae bude, cae giai doan ma trong luat hgc ggi la trinh ty, thu tue. Neu khdng tuan theo eac trinh ty, thu tuc nay thi coi nhu vu an dugc giai quyet khdng hgp phap. Nhin chung, cac vu an hinh sy deu tuan thu nghiem ngat thii tuc td tung do BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh. Khi cac ca quan c6 tham quyen tidn hanh td tung ap dung cac thii tuc td tung vao giai quyit vy an hinh sir eu thi da cd y thirc chip hanh nghiem chinh diy dii eae quy dinh ciia phap luat, nhat la cac quyet dinh anh hudng tdi quyen va ty do cua con ngudi. Viec vi pham thii tue td tung chiem sd lugng khdng nhieu va dugc kiem tra, giam sat phat hien sdm, udn nan kip thdi. Dac biet, qua trinh tiln hanh TTHS cd sy kilm soat chat che ciia Vien Kiem sat va cac td chdc hixu quan khac nen cac bieu hien vi pham phap luat trong qua trinh td tung ve co ban duge khac phuc nhanh chdng.
Thie hai, cac vu an duge giai quyet nhanh ggn, dam bao thdi han td tung.
Tien do giai quyet an cGng n6i len trinh do, kha nang cua eo quan tien hanh td tung va ngudi tien hanh td tung. Vi thi, thdi han dugc luat TTHS quy dinh yeu eau eo quan, ngudi eo tham quyen tiln hanh td tung phai hoan thanh cdng viec nhiem vy td tung. Thoi han rang budc trach nhiem ciia co quan tien hanh td tung nhung ddng thdi eiing la quyin lgi eua ngudi hi eao budc pham tdi va nhiing ngudi tham gia to tung khac do dd cac co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung cua thanh phd da chap hanh nghiem chinh thdi han td tyng theo quy djnh ciia phap luat, Ddi vdi nhiing vu an cd tinh chat pbirc tap, miic do nguy hiem ldn eho xa hdi thi thdi ban dieu tra, truy td, xet xir dugc ngudi dimg diu eae co quan cd tham quyin tiln hanh td tung chi d?o, yeu eau ngudi true tiep tiln hanh td tung tap trung giai quyet nen phan ldn cac vu an hinh su dugc giai quyet trong thdi ban cho phep.
Thu ba, quyen eon ngudi, lgi ich cua ca nhan, phap nhan tham gia td tung dugc bao dam.
Xu hudng dan ehii hoa ddi sdng chinh tri- phap li cua lUian loai ngay cang eao nen nhung ddi hdi nha nude bao dam quyen lgi eho hg la ehinh dang. Dieu nay khdng nhiing phu hgp vdi eae Cdng udc qudc te ve quyen con ngudi ma cdn bao dam hieu lyc ciia cac quy pham phap luat da dugc phap dien hoa. Bg luat TTHS 2015 tren eo sd ke thira Bg luat TTHS 2003 va tinh hinh kinh te - chinh tri dat nude thdi ki ddi mdi da dua ra mdt quy che phap li kha toan dien de cac quyen lgi ciia ngudi tham gia TTHS dugc bao dam.
Trong giai quyet cac vu an hinh su hien nay, ngudi tham gia td tung hoan toan c6 quyen lam nhirng gi phap lugt khdng cim. Vi vay, hg cd quyen ddi hdi Igi ich ehinh dang cho minh tir phia ngudi pham tdi va cac co quan nha nudc.
Ngay ea ngudi bi nghi da thye hien mgt tgi pham cung ed thi dua ra lap luan dl phu nhan kit luan ciia cae eo quan tiln hanh td tyng mac
N.Q. Hitng / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 71-80
dii nghTa vu ehung minh thudc ve cae eo quan tien hanh td tung. Khi hg khdng yeu cau bao ve quyen Icri thi tir phia eac ca quan tien hanh td tung cflng phai ehii ddng moi ngudi bao ehiia cho hg trong mgt sd trudng hgp nhit dinh theo Dilu 57 BLTTHS nam 2015 bg luat to tung hinh su 2015. Thu tuc mdi ngudi bao ehiia hong nhiing trudng hgp nay la bat budc, neu khdng ed se d§n den sai lech td tung va khdng dat dugc eac myc dieh ciia ehinh saeh phap luat. Quyen lgi ciia ngudi tham gia td tung dugc bao dam edn the hien d quyen khieu nai ddi vdi hanh vi td tung, quyet dinh td tyng cua cae co quan tien hanh td tung, quyen khang cao ddi vdi ban an eua Toa an nlu ho thiy khdng thoa man va phat hien cd dau hieu vi pham phap luat. Cac CO quan tien hanh td tung cung giai thieh co sd phap li ro rang de hg thye hien dugc quyen nay.
Tren thyc te, ngudi tham gia td tung da sir dung quyen nay mdt each triet de khi cd cac ban an phiic tham da sua hoac huy an so tham, Di8u nay cang khiing dinh tinh khaeh quan va toan dien khi xet xu eac vu an hinh sir cung nhu nang cao quyen tu do dan chii ciia cdng dan.
c. Nhirng hgn chi trong viec bdo ddm phdp che xd hdi chu nghia trong hoat dgng td tgng hinh sir & cdc ca quan cd thdm quyin tiin hdnh td tung & thdnh phd Hdi Phdng
Ben canh nhimg mat dugc, uu diem neu tren trong cac qua trinh tien hanh td tung giai quyet vu an cdn bgc lg han che, bat cap eua eac CO quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung, van con de Igt tgi pham, lam oan ngudi vd tdi va vi pham phap luat khi giai quyet vu an hinh sy, Han che, bat cap do dugc bieu hien d nhiing khia canh sau:
Thie nhdt, nhan thiic vl eae quy dinh ciia phap luat chua day dii, thdng nhat nen viec thyc hien, ap dung khi giai quyet vu an dan den sai xot, vi pham. Cae quy dinh cua phap luat Hinh sir, luat Td tung hinh su va nhiing quy dinh ciia phap luat khac cd lien quan la co sd de eac co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung thyc thi,
ap dung trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an. Vi vay, nhan thirc dimg dan, ehinh xae quy dinh eiia phap luat la yeu eau quan trgng dau tien ddi vdi cac CO quan, ngudi ed thim quyin tien hanh td, Thue tiln hoat ddng giai quyit vu an d thanh phd Hai Phdng eho thay da cd nhan thirc khac nhau cua quy dirdi phap luat ve eung mdt van de nen dan den ket luan, quyet dinh td tung cua Co quan dieu tra va Vien Kiem sat, Tda an mau thuan nhau. Chang ban: Theo khoan 3 dieu 110 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh ve tham quyen dieu tra eiia Vien Kiem sat: "Co quan dieu tra eua Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan Tdi cao dieu tra mdt sd loai tdi xam pham hoat dgng tu phap ma ngudi pham tdi la can bg thude cac eo quan tu phap". Thanh thir ra Vien Kiem sat giii chiic nang thyc hanh quyen cdng td va kiem sat dieu tra eac vu an hinh sy ma lai tryc tiep dieu tra thi lam sao ed the phat hien ra dugc vi pham trude ket luan dieu tra eiia chinh minh. Bat cap nay dan den hau qua tat yeu cd ngoai le trong thue hien chite nang vi tham quyin dilu tra khdng c6 su chuyen biet. Hoac BLTTHS nam 2015 ciing quy dinh kha ro tham quyen khdi td vu an cua CO quan tien hanh td tung. "Vien Kiem sat ra quyet dinh khdi td vu an hinh sy trong trudng hgp Vien Kiem sat huy bd quyet djnh khdng khdi td ciia cac co quan quy dinh tai khoan nay va trong trudng hgp Hdi ddng xet xu yeu eau khdi td vu an. Hgi ddng xet xir ra quyet dinh khdi td hoae yeu cau Vien Kiem sat khdi td vy an hinh sy neu qua viee xet xit tai phien toa ma phat hien duge tdi pham hoac ngudi pham tdi mdi can phai dieu tra". Den day, nhirng quy dinh nay ciing chira dyng nhiing mau thuan.
Vien Kiem sat thi khdi td khi co quan dieu tra khdng khdi td hoac Hdi ddng xet xir yeu cau khdi td, vay chiic nang ciia Vien Kiem sat la gi?
Giura hai mang dieu tra va xet xu, Vien Kiem sat deu cd quyen giam sat viee tuan theo phap luat ciia Co quan dieu tra va Toa an nhung khdng cd nghia vu phai lam thay viec cho hai CO quan nay, Quy dinh ciia phap luat ve tham quyen khdi td ciia Vien Kiem sat khdng nam
NQ Hiing / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hoc. Tdp 34 So 3 (2018) 71-S
ngoai myc dich la de phat hien triet de cac hanh vi pham tgi nhung khdng vi the ma phai dm ddm cdng viec ciia cac co quan khac. Cdn ve tham quyen khoi td eiia Toa an ddi vdi tdi pham mdi phat hien tai phien toa cung lai la bat cap.
Chi duy nhat Toa an mdi cd quyen ket luan mgt ngudi cd tdi hay khdng cd tdi bang ban an hoac quyet dinh cd hieu lue phap luat. Tren thyc te, mac dii cd quyet dinh khdi td, kit luan dieu tra ciia Co quan dilu tra, Cao trang ciia Vien Kiem sat la bi eao cd tdi nhung Toa an van cd the tuyen bi eao vd tdi. Quyet dinh tuyen an vd tdi cua toa an ed gia tri phap 11 eao nhat, cd the phii nhan quan diem cua Co quan dieu tra va Vien Kiem sat. Vi the, nlu Tda an ciing duge quyin khdi td vy an hinh su ddi vdi tgi pham mdi thi lieu khi xet xir cd bao dam tinh cdng bang va dung phap luat hay khdng. Khd cd chuyen Toa an "tuyen vd tgi" ddi vdi tdi pham ma minh da khdi td vi chang khae nao Toa an vira dua ra van de va tu giai quyet van de theo quan diem ciia minh. Dieu nay dan den sy khdng vd tu va khach quan trong cac hoat dgng td tung ciia Toa an va lam giam vai trd ciia Co quan dieu tra, Vien Kiem sat trong dieu tra, truy td vu an.
Thie hai, cdn cd nhimg vi pham trong viec bao ve quyen con ngudi, quyen va Igi ich hgp phap eiia ngudi bi cao budc pham tdi, bi ean, bi cao va nhimg ngudi tham gia td tung khac eua CO quan ngudi cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung trong qua trinh td tung giai quyet vy an. Ngudi hi cao huge pham tgi, bi can, bi cao la ddi tugng chinh eiia vu an vi tir hg tndi phat sinh eac quan he phap luat td tung hinh su, phat sinh tgi pham va gay thiet hai den cae quan he xa hdi dugc luat hinh sy bao ve. Ben eanh nhiem vu phai dieu tra tim ra sy that cua vy an de ap dung eac bien phap euong chi nha nude nghiem khic nhat ddi vdi hanh vi ciia hg thi phap luat van cd nhirng quy dinh de bao ve quyen lgi cho hg phii hgp vdi cae quyen co ban cua cdng dan trong boat ddng td tung hinh su theo phap luat qudc te va phap luat qudc gia. Vi vay, trong qua trinh tien hanh td tung eo quan, ngudi cd tham quyen
tiln hanh td tung phai cd trach nhiem tdn trgng bao dam quyen con ngudi cua hg theo quy dinh eua phdp luat. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh to tung cac CO quan, ngudi cd tham quyen tien hanh td tyng cdn ed nhiing vi pham, nhu: Chua thye sy bao dam, tao dieu kien de ngudi bi cao bugc pham tgi thyc hien day du quyen bao chira ma phap luat quy dinh eho hg. Chang han: tren thue te, viec luat su dugc gap bi can dang bi tam giam cdn gap nhieu khd khan, nhieu tmdng hop bi bi chdi voi li do dilu tra vien di cdng tac hay nhiing li do thilu thuyet phyc khac; hoac thdng bao thdi gian qua gap khien luat su khdng the thu xep de tham gia cuge hdi cung dugc...
Hoac vi pham ve quyen eua ngudi lam ehiing, mac du hg ed vai trd quan trgng hd trg CO quan cd thim quyen tiln hanh td tyng trong viee dieu tra chimg minh lam ro tgi pham. Tren thyc te, viee ngudi lam chiing dugc bao ve tinh mang, siic khoe, danh dy, nhan phSm, tai san va cac quyen, Igi ich hgp phap khac cua minh khi tham gia td tung thudng bj eac eo quan tien hanh td tung coi nhe, chua cd cac bien phap thue te bao dam quyen nay cho hg, ddng thdi quyen dugc co quan trieu tap thanh toan chi phi di lai va nhiing chi phi khae theo quy dinh cua phap luat Cling ehua dugc thye hien mgt each diy du do khd khan v l quy dinh cua phap luat cung nhu ngudn kinh phi ap dung,
Trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh su, cac CQCTQTHTT va NCTQTHTT dugc quyen ap dyng cac bien phap ngan ehan, bien phap dieu tra thu thap chiing cu va nhirng bien phap cuong che khac bao dam cbo viec giai quyet vy an. Khi ap dung cac bien phap nay co quan va ngudi cd tham quyen nhit thiet phai tuan theo cac quy dinh ciia Luat TTHS ve can cir ap dung, tham quyen, trinh ty, thu tye va quy dinh khae eua cac bien phap do. Tuy nhien, thyc tien giai quyet vy an cho thay da cd nhurng vi pham nhu:
Khdng cd ngudi lam chiing khi ap dung bien phap bat ngudi nhat la viec bit ngudi trong trudng hgp khan cap, cd trudng hgp eo quan dieu tra khi tien hanh lenh bit ngudi trong
N. Q. Hiing / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludt hoc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 71-i
hudng hgp khin cip vao ban dem tai khu vyc vang ngudi, do viec bit cin bao dam an toan nen can bd tien hanh bat ddi tugng dua ngay vl try sd nen khi lap bien ban lai chu quan khdng cd ngudi lam chimg.
Vi pham thdi ban tam giii, tam giam thudng roi vao hudng hgp do each hilu luat chua chinh xac nen liing tiing trong viec tinh thdi han tam giii 3 ngay dugc xac dinh tii khi ra quyit dinh tam giir hay tic khi co quan dilu tra lap bien ban bat ngudi trong trudng hgp khin eip hoac pham tgi qua tang do do din din tinh trang vi pham thdi ban tam giu". Hoac viec dilu tra vien, kiem sat vien chii quan khdng theo doi sat thdi ban tam giu, tam giam nen dan den tinh trang chua kip thdi gia ban tam giir, tam giam do dd vi pham thdi ban tam giir, tam giam.
Han che neu tren mdt phan la nguyen nhan lam cho vi?c giai quyet vu an thieu khach quan va do do phap cbl khdng the dugc bao dam vi vin tdn tai nguy co xay ra oan, sai hoac bd Igt tgi pham.
Thic ba, vi pham thim quyen, thu tye, thdi han d eae giai doan td tung giai quyit vy an.
Luat TTHS la luat ve hinh thiie nen ddi hdi mgi quy dinh ve tham quyin, trinh tu, thu tye va thdi han deu phai duge thue hien dung, diy du, mgi vi pham deu dSn den hau qua phap li lam cho cac hanh vi, quyet dinh td tung eua cac co quan, ngudi cd thim quyen tien hanh to tyng khdng ed gia tri phap li, sy that khach quan vy an khdng dugc lam ro. Trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an, cac vi pham vl tham quyen, thu tuc, thdi ban van cdn xay ra d tit ca cac giai doan khdi td, dilu tra, truy td, xet xu, thi hanh an. Chang ban: cd trudng hgp ddng chi thii tradng CO quan dieu tra nghi huu, chua cd ddng chi bd nhiem mdi, de kip thdi trong edng tac dieu tra, ddng chi phd thii trudng ky quyet dinh khdi td vy an hinh sy va quyet dinh phan cdng dieu tra vien.
Thu tu, mgt trong yeu td bao dam phap chi XHCN hong TTHS la viec thudng xuyen kilm tra, giam sat, kilm sat kip thdi phat hien cac vi pham, sai lam trong qua trinh td tung giai quyit
vy an. Tuy nhien, thue tien boat dgng td tyng d thanh phd Hai phdng cho thiy: (i) Viec kiem tra h-ong ndi bd moi CQCTQTHTT cung nhu viec kilm h-a ciia CQCTQTHTT cip tren doi vdi CQCTQTHTT cua thanh phd khdng phai lue nao eung dugc thudng xuyen. Vi vay, da khdng kip thdi phat hien nhihig vi pham cua CQCTQTHTT, NCTQTHTT; (li) Vai yd giam sat ciia Hdi ddng nhan dan cac cap, eiia Mat tran td qudc, cac co quan, doan the va nhan dan ddi vdi boat dgng td tung giai quyet vu an edn nhieu ban ehe nen da anh hudng den viec thyc nguyen tac phap che XHCN trong boat ddng TTHS d thanh phd. Do nhan thiic ve cdng tac giam sat, ve phap luat hinh sy va sy ne nang eua Hdi ddng nhan dan cac cap, ciia Mat tran td qude, cae co quan, doan the, dac biet la d co sd va nhan dan nen viec tien hanh giam sat ddi vdi boat dgng td tung edn qua loa, dai khai, viec giam sat ehua dugc thudng xuyen va hieu qua;
(iii) Kiem sat la chiic nang, traeh nhiem cita Vi?n Kiem sat ddi vdi viec bao dam tuan theo phap luat trong sudt qua trinh giai quyet vu an tic khi khdi td vu an den giai doan thi hanh an.
Thye tiln thyc hien chicc nang ciia Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan hai cap d thanh phd Hai Phdng cho thay cdn nhieu han ehe, bat cap. Viee kilm sat eiia Vien Kiem sat nhan dan hai cap d thanh phd Hai Phdng ehua chat che ngay tir khau tilp nhan thdng tm tir CQDT, nhat la sd thu li; viec phdi hgp cimg CQDT phan loai thdng tin, khdng de Igt tdi pham; de ra yeu cau xac minh ddi vdi td giac, tin bao ve tgi pham va kien nghi khdi td chua thyc su duge ehii dgng; chit lugng yeu cau xac minh chua cao va viec giam sat, kiem tea. xem DTV cd thyc hien hay khdng dl cd bien phap giai quyet chua thyc hien thudng xuyen. Kiem sat vien theo doi thdng ke cdn ehua chii ddng lien he vdi Can bg dilu tra phu h-ach thong ke cua CQDT dl theo doi tinh hinh giai quyit. Kiem sat vien dugc phan edng kiem sat viec tiep nhan, giai quyet td giac, tin bao ve tgi pham chua thuc sy ehii dgng lien h$ CQDT de theo ddi tinh hinh xac minh, giai quyet; ddn doc, nhie nhd can bd dieu tra, DTV diy nhanh tien do giai quyet.
N.Q. Hiing / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tgp 34. Sd 3 (2018) 71-80
3. Hirdng toi viec tang cu-dng bao dam phap che xa hoi chu nghTa trong hoat ddng to tung hinh SU' ciia c^c ca quan co thSm quyen tien hanh td tung d thanh phd Hai Phong
Tren co sd phan tich cac nguyen nhan cua nhirng han che trong viec thyc hien nguyen tae bao dam phap che XHCN trong boat ddng TTHS ciia cac co quan cd thim quyen tien hanh td tyng thanh phd Hai Phdng, tac gia dua ra nhirng kien nghi nham tang cudng bao dam phap che trong qua trinh td tyng giai quyet vy an, cy the nhu sau:
a Tdng cuong cdng tdc hodn thien, gidi thich phdp lugt
Nguyen nhan dau tien, quan hgng din den nhiing ban che cua viec bao dam phap che XHCN trong TTHS la cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ehua that su phu hgp vdi thyc t l giai quyit vy an, vdi cac dieu kien ve kinh te xa hdi va vdi he thdng phap luat ciia dat nudc. Thyc tien boat ddng td tiing cho thay mdt sd quy dinh eiia phap luat cdn cd nhung mau thuan, chang ban: Quy dinh Vien kiem sat ben canh chiic nang thyc hanh quyen cdng td lai cdn cd chiic nang kiem sat viec tuan thu phap luat trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an lieu cd bao dam tinh khaeh quan va tinh hieu qua trong viec kiem soat boat ddng td tung khdng khi Vien kilm sat lai kiem sat ddi vdi hoat dgng ciia chinh minh. . Ben canh dd, BLHS nam 2015 va BLTTHS nam 2015 da cd hieu lyc thi hanh nhung viec giai thich, hudng dan thi hanh chua kip thdi gay khd khan eho viec thye thi, ap dung phap luat trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an, chang han: Ca BLHS nam 2015 sira ddi va BLTTHS nam 2015 diu quy dinh trach rdiiem hinh sy va thu tuc truy cuu trach nhiem birdi sy ddi vdi phap nhan nhung chua cd bat ki mdt hudng dan, giai thich nao...
Vi vay, can ed dinh hudng, kl hoach: (i) Tiep hic hoan thien phap luat hinh sy, phap luat TTHS theo hudng the hien diy dii chinh sach hinh su cua Dang, Nha nude trong thdi ki ddi mdi xay dyng dat nude; phii hgp vdi cac dieu
kien kmh tl - xa hdi; Bao dam quyen con ngudi; hdi nhap qude tl; (ii) Can cd cac hudng din giai thieh BLHS nam 2015 va BLTTHS nam 2015 la ca sd dl cac CQCTQTHTT thyc hien, ap dyng nghiem chinh, diy du trong qua trinh giai quyit vu an hinh sy; (iii) Khi xay dung cac van ban giai thich, hudng dan thi hanh can dya tren ket qua cua cac nghien eiiu khoa hgc, tranh thii y kien xa hdi, nhat la ean cd sy tham khao y kiln ciia cae CQCTQTHTT d cac dia phuang-
Vdi truyen thdng va kinh nghiem ciia minh cac CQCTQTHTT thanh phd Hai phdng tich cyc tham gia vao qua trinh hoan thien phap lult va nhat la tham gia vao qua trinh xay dyng cac cae van ban giai thieh, hudng din thi hanh luat gdp phan vao viec bao dam phap che XHCN trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an hinh sy.
b. Tdng cu&ng cong tdc phd bien, gido due phdp ludt
He thdng phap luat day dii, toan dien, phii hgp vdi thyc tien va dieu kien kinh te - xa hgi mdi chi la tiln de, mudn bao dam phap che XHCN trong TTHS thi phap luat can dugc nhan thiic diing dan, thdng nhat trong ca nudc, d tat ca nhimg NCTQTHTT hong cac CQCTQTHTT.
Vi vay, tang cudng cdng tac phd bien, giao dye phap luat, nhat la cdng tac tap huan, bdi duang dl NCTQTHTT trong eae CQCTQTHTT nhan thiic diing din, thdng nhit phap luat trong qua trinh giai quyit vu an hinh su. Cdng tae nay cin dugc tien hanh kip thdi, thudng xuyen lien tuc bao dam tinh cap nhat cua eae van ban quy pham phap luat mdi ban hanh. Ben canh dd, eiing can tang eudng cdng tae phd bien, giao dye cho cac tang lop nhan dan, nhat la ddi can bd, edng chiic trong eac co quan riha nudc. Mat tran td qudc va cac doan the de hg cd dieu kien thuc hien trach nhiem ciia minh theo quy dinh eua phap luat TTHS. Ddng thdi, viee hilu biit phdp luat TTHS edn giiip hg ty bao ve mmh khi ed lien quan din td tung va thuc hien chiie nang giam sat boat ddng to tung cua cac CQCTQTHTT va
N Q. Hiing/ Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tgp 34. So 3 (2018) 71-8(
NCTQTHTT trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an huihsy.
Nbiing nam vira qua cdng tae nay dugc cac CQCTQTHTT thanh phd Hai phdng quan tam, tuy nhien chat lugng phd bien giao dye phap luat van chua dugc nhu mong mudn. Vi?c nhan thue diing dan phap luat d ddi ngii ngudi CTQTHTT van cdn nhirng bit cap de xay ra nhiing sai sdt, vi pham dang tiec do nhan thiic khi tien hanh td tung giai quyet vu an. Vi vay, viec khae phyc can duge cac CQCTQTHTT thanh phd quan tam, cd ke hoach cy the va cd dinh hudng lau dai.
c. Hinh thdnh ca che thuc thi phdp ludt hieu qud Ca che thye thi phap luat hieu qua, ddi hdi phap luat TTHS phai duge nhan thicc va thyc thi thdng nhat trong tat ca mgi boat ddng d cac giai doan td tung eiia qua trinh giai quyet vy an ciia cae chu the td tung ma trude bet la eo quan, ngudi cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung.
Chi cd nhu vay mye dich giai quyet vy an theo hudng phat hien nhanh ehdng, xii li cdng minh, kip thdi moi hanh vi pham tdi, khdng de Igt tdi pham va khdng lam oan ngudi vd tgi mdi cd the dat dugc. Nhiem vy tuan thu phap luat td tung hinh sy trude hit thudc vl cae ca quan tien hanh td tyng va nhiing ngudi tien hanh td tung vi mgi hoat ddng ciia hg deu dai dien cho Nha nudc va cd anh hudng nghiem trgng tdi viec giai quyet vu an ciing nhu den cac quyin, Igi ieh hgp phap cua cdng dan.
Viec triet de tuan theo phap luat cua nhimg ngudi tham gia td tung la co so de cac eo quan tien hanh td tung bao ve cac quyen va Igi ich hop phap ciia hg ddng thdi dd cung la nghia vy ma hg phai tuan theo.
Thii tuc, trinh tu td tyng quy dinh cho cac hoat ddng TTHS d cac giai doan giai quyet vu an diu phai chip hanh nghiem ehinh; mgi sy khdng tuan thii deu bi eoi la vi pham va dan den he qua phap li tieu cue ddi vdi cac quyet dinh
cua CO quan, ngudi ed tham quyen giai quyet vu an hinh sy. Chang ban: Dieu 245, diem d, khoan 1 coi "vi pham nghiem trgng thu tye td tung" la can cii de tra hd so de dieu tra bd sung;
hoac khi "cd vi pham nghiem trgng thii tuc td tung trong dieu tra, truy td, xet xie dan den sai lam nghien trgng trong viec giai quyet vy an"
(Khoan 2 Dieu 371) se la can cic de khang nghi theo thu tye giam dde tham ddi vdi ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu lyc phap luat cua tda an...
Vi vay, can xay dyng co che thyc thi phap luat cd hieu qua trong qua trinh td tung giai quyet vu an.
d. Tdng cu&ng cdng tdc kiim tra, gidm sdt trong viec thuc thi phdp ludt
Viec kiem tra, giam sat ddi vdi boat dgng TTHS da dugc BLTTHS 2015 quy dinh thanh CO che tren co sd nguyen tac "kiem tra, giam sat trong td tyng hinh sy" tai Dilu 33 BLTTHS 2015, dieu ehinh hai ndi dung kiem tra va giam sat ddi vdi boat ddng TTHS, Viec kiem tra, giam sat trong TTHS la mgt trong nhiing dam bao eho yeu ciu de tang cudng phap chi XHCN la cd su kiem tra, giam sat viec thi hanh phap luat. Vi vay, viec kiem tra, giam sat hoat ddng td tung hinh su can phai duge tang cudng de phap luat dugc thye thi nghiem chinh trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an gdp phan bao dam phap ehi XHCN trong TTHS.
Tai ligu tham khao
[1] Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan thanh phd Hai Phdng, Bao cao tdng kit cac nam tix 2013 din 2017.
[2] Cong an thanh pho Hai Phong, Bao cao thong ke cac nam tir 2013 din 2017.
[3] Dao Tri Uc, He thong cac nguyen tac co ban ciia TTHS Viet Nam Iheo Bo lu^t To tung hinh sir 2015 trong sach Nhfmg noi dung mdi ciia Bo luat To tung hinh su 2015, do PGS.TS Nguyen Hoa Binh chii bien, NXB Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Noi, nam 2016
80 ^Q ^ " " g i T^^P chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludi hoc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 71-80
Ensuring the Socialist Law in Criminal Procedure through Procedural Activities of the Proceedings - Conducting
Agencies in Hai Phong City
Nguyen Quoc Hung
Hai Phong Public Security Department, 2 Le Dai Hanh, Hong Bang. Hai Phong, Vietnam Abstract: The principle of ensuring the sociaHst law in criminal procedures is stipulated in Article 7 of Criminal Procedure Code 2015. That principle shows the orientation for the organization and operation of criminal proceedings in the process of settling criminal cases. This principle requires the implementation of assurances to strengthen legislation in the conduct of proceedings aimed at determining the objective truth of the case; respecting and protecting human rights; protecting the legal order; protecting the interests of natural persons, legal persons, the state and society. This article examines the principle of socialist legal assurances in criminal procedure from the procedural activities of the proceedings-conducting agencies in Hai Phong city based on the analysis of the provisions of the law on this principle. The results of the study provide suggestions and measures to ensure the socialist law in criminal procedure.
Keywords: Pnnciple, legislation, erinminal procedure, law enforcement, Hai Phong city.