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BAN VE NGUYEN TAG "SUY DOAN VO TO!"
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guyen tac suy dodn vd tdi la mdt nguyen tic nhdn dao, gdp phin hiiu hieu vao vide bao vd quyen con ngUdi trong td tyng hinh sU. Phap ludt cua nhiiu nUde trdn the gidi da quy dinh nguyen tae nay la nguydn tac to" tung hinh sU. Cf nUdc ta, khoa hpc phap ly ciing da de cap nhieu dd'n nguydn tac nay. Tuy nhidn, nguyen tac "suy dodn vd tdi" vdn ehUa dUdc quy dinh trong Bd ludt To' tung hinh sU (BLTTHS).1. Phdn bidt nguyen tic "suy doan v6 tdi" vdi nguydn tac "khdng ai bi coi la co t$i khi chiia co ban an kd't tdi cua Toa an da CO hidu lufc phap luSt" (Diiu 9 BLTTHS nam 2003)
Trong BLTTHS hien hanh cua nUdc ta ciing nhu nhdng vdn bdn phap ludt cd lien quan khdng ed quy dinh vl nguydn tac "suy dodn vd tpi". Cd nhiing quan didm cho rang, nguyen tae "khdng ai bi eoi la ed tpi khi ehUa ed bdn an ke't tpi cua Toa an da cd hieu lUe phap ludt" chinh Id nguydn tac "suy doan vd tdi", vi the' ma nhiing quan diem nay da gpi nguyen tae tai Diiu 9 BLTTHS la nguydn tac
"suy dodn vd tpi".
Tuy nhidn, theo quan diem cua tac gia, nguydn tac "suy dodn vd tpi" va nguydn tac
"khdng ai bi coi la cd tdi khi chUa cd ban an ke't tdi cua Toa an da cd hieu lUc phap luat"
khdng gid'ng nhau vl npi ham.
* Ddi vdi nguyen tdc "khong ai bi coi Id co t^i khi chua co bdn dn kit tpi cua Tod dn dd co hi$u luc phdp lugt"
Diiu 9 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh nguyen tic nay ed npi dung nhU sau: "Khdng ai bi coi la cd tdi va phai chiu hinh phat khi chUa cd ban dn ket tpi ciia Toa dn da cd hieu lue phap ludt".
Nhu vay, khdng dupc eoi ngUdi hi bupc tpi la cd tpi neu ngudi dd chUa hi Toa dn ket an
Ths. Hodng Thi Huyin Tran^
bang mpt ban an da ed hidu lUc phap luat. Quy dinh ndy hudng ddn viec nhiing ngddi cd thim quyin giai quyet vu an hinh sU khdng dUdc c6 nhffng hdnh dpng, dd^i xu* vdi ngUdi bi bupc tfii nhUngUdi ed tdi, ma phai tudn thu nhi?ng quy dinh ve ehd dd tam gid, tam giam trong BLTTHS va nhiing vdn ban phdp ludt cd lien quan. Bdi ed thd thay nhdng ngUdi bi bupc t6i do ed the ed diy dd chiing eii dd kdt tdi ho nhUng eiing cd the ho dddc Toa an mySn khdng cd tdi khi khdng cd hoac khdng du can elide ke't tdi hp.
Vdy thi, lieu rang mpi nghi ngd trong quS trinh chu^g minh tpi pham diu phdi dUdc giii thich theo hudng cd Ipi cho ngUdi bi dnh nghi, hi can, bi cao cd nam trong npi dung ciia nguyen tac d bilu 9 BLTTHS khdng? Day ehi Id si^
phan tieh mang tinh quan didm, bdi khdng c6 cau chii nao trong Diiu 9 BLTTHS ndi len diiu nay. Nguyen tae nay chi dl cdp den viec chdng nao chUa cd mdt ban an ke't tpi ciaa Toll dn thi khdng dupc xem mpt ngUdi la cd tpi, hh dn dupe tuydn khi ma hdnh trinh di tim sU th§t cua vu an da de^n dich, nghTa la sU thdt vu dn dd dupc ehdng minh, lam ro, ngUdi thuc hiSn hdnh vi pham tpi phai chiu trdch nhidm cho hdnh vi nguy hidm cua minh bang mpt hinh phat dich dang. Cdn vide chdng minh chUa dh dich, ke't qua chUa dupe ldm ro thi khdng the xem mdt ngUdi la cd tpi, bdi .cd the bidt dau ngUdi khac thiic hidn hanh vi pham tdi chii khdng phai ngUdi dang bi bude tdi thUc hiSn.
Nguyen tac ndy cho chdng ta bidt thdi didm mdt ngUdi bi eoi la cd tdi. Trdn thdc te', dd cd nhifng vu an md ngUdi tid'n hdnh to tyng da
"tao dung" chiing cu* cd tdi khi khdng du cd s6 bude tpi mdt ngUdi, vi du nhu vy an NguySn Thanh Chin; hodc ra ban kd't ludn diiu tra quyet dinh tmy td, ban an kd't tpi khi chiing cd
' Gidng vien Khoa Luat. Da,! hpc Hug"
CD
So4thang7/2Q14-NamthiJChm
vinchUadiy du.
Nhu vdy, BLTTHS vdn chUa cd quy dinh rd rdng vd cu the de nhdng ngUdi ed thim quyin gidi quyet vy an hinh sU nghieng vl vide gidi thieh dieo hudng cd Ipi cho ngUdi bi finh nghi, hi can, bi edo trong qua trinh diiu tra, tmy td, xdt xd.
* Ddi vdi nguyin tdc "suy dodn vd tpi"
Ban chit cda nguydn tae suy dodn vd tdi dUdc hieu Id khi chdng cii bupc tpi khdng diy du, thidu tinh viing ehae thi cd quan tien hanh td^ tung phdi suy dodn, gidi thich theo hudng cd Idi cho ngUdi cd hanh vi dd, nghTa la dUa ra kdt ludn ngudi dd khdng thiic hidn hdnh vi pham tpi. Du cho bang nilm tin ndi tdm, nhiing ngudi ed thim quyin cd thd nhdn dinh ehinh ngudi dd da thUe hidn hanh vi pham tdi, nhUng qua nhdng boat ddng td tung hinh sii, da hdt thdi han dd ehiing minh sU that vu an ma khdng thu thdp dUdc ehiing eii nao hoae chiing cii khdng day du dd ket ludn ngUdi dd da thUc hidn hdnh vi pham tpi thi phai dp dung vide suy dodn theo hudng cd Idi eho ngUdi ed hanh vi dd, nghTa Id suy dodn ngUdi dd khdng thUc hidn hdnh vi pham tdi.
Se ed nhdng lo ngai rkng neu suy dodn nhU v^y lidu cd bo Ipt tpi pham hay khdng? Chung ta phdi nhin nhan mdt thUc te' Id cde cd quan tidn hdnh td tyng khdng phdi luc ndo cung tim ra dupc sU thdt ciia ta't ed edc vu dn, nbi?ng ngudi tidn hdnh td tyng khdng phdi d mdc tuydt ddi hodn hdo vl trinh dp, ehuyen mdn, nghidp vy. Vay thi ne'u rdi vdo trUdng hpp bdng nilm tin ndi tam, nhiing ngUdi tid'n hanh to tung tin ring ngUdi dd da thuc hidn hanh vi pham tdi, nhUng khdng chiing minh dUdc tdi pham cOa hp vd phdi suy dodn hp vd tdi, diiu cin ldm luc ndy Id cdc cd quan tid'n hanh to' tung phdi xem xdt lai nguydn nhdn, td phia con ngUdi, td phia ehuyen mdn, nghidp vu, hay td mOt khdu ndo dd trong qud trinh xii ly vu dn.. .dd td dd, dua ra nhdng hudng khac phye, diiu chinh kip thdi.
Nguydn tie "suy dodn vd tdi" dUdc ap dung xuydn sudt trong qud trinh gidi quyet vu
dn hinh sU, nghTa Id bd't ky giai doan ndo cung phai dp dung nguyen tac nay. Ne'u C(3 quan dieu tra thu thdp khdng day du chiing ed, hoac cdn cd nhiing diem mdu thudn khdng thd kdt ludn dUde mpt ngUdi da thUc hidn hanh vi pham tpi thi khdng ra ban kdt ludn diiu tra dl nghi tmy td; tUdng tU nhU vay 6 giai doan tmy td vd xet xii.
2. Mpt so' han chd' tuT quy dinh cua phap ludt td tung hinh sii anh hiidng dc'n nguydn tac "suy doan v6 tdi"
Mae du nguyen tae "suy doan vd tpi" chUa dupe quy dinh trong BLTTHS. nhUng tinh thin cua nguyen tac nay dd dUdc dl cap nhieu trong khoa hpc phap ly. Ben canh giai phap ghi nhdn nguyen tac "suy dodn vd tpi" vao BLTTHS thi can flm ra nhffng diem cdn ban ehe ciia phdp ludt td tung hinh sii dnh hudng ddn nguyen tae nay, td dd cd nhiing diiu chinh phu hpp.
Thii nhdt, BLTTHS dang tdn tai quy dinh dnh hudng den quyen bao chUa eua bi can, bi edo khi chi ehap nhdn tai lieu, dd vat Id chdng cd neu dUdc cd quan tid'n hdnh td tung chdp nhdn. Trong khi Cd quan diiu tra, Vidn kiem sdt lai cd thidn hudng bupc tdi thi lieu rang nhdng chdng cd gd tdi se dUpc Cd quan diiu tra, Vidn kidm sat ghi nhdn mdt each tridt dd hay khdng? Ddy la mdt diem han che ddn den khdng nhiing nguyen tac "suy doan vd tpi" khd dUdc dam bdo, ma edn la diem han chc^khi ma chit lupng tranh tyng dang la van de trpng tam cua qud trinh cai cdeh tU phap.
Thvi haU tai Diiu 49, Dieu 50 BLTTHS quy dinh bi can, bi edo cd quyin tii bao chiia, nghla la bi can, bi edo cd quyin tii chij^g minh sU vd tdi bode lam giam Udch nhidm hinh sU cho minh.
Tuy nhien, dd bi can, bi cao thUc hidn dupc quyen nay thi lai phu thudc vao thien y cua edc cd quan tid'n hanh td tung, ngUdi tid'n hanh td tyng. Cd khdng it nhdng trUdng hdp khi bi can, bi eao thUc hidn quyen tii bao chiJa cho minh thi lai cho rang bi can, hi edo cd thai dp khdng thanh khan khi khai bdo, ngoan cd. Diiu do da ban che di quyen bdo chiJa eiia hi can, bi cao.
Thiiba, Diiu 10 BLTTHS quy dinh: 'Trach
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nhidm chiing minh tpi pham thupe ve cac cd quan tien hanh to tyng. Bi can, bi edo cd quyen nhUhg khdng bude phai chdng minh la minh vd tdi". Tuy nhidn, Bd ludt T^ mng hinh sU nUdc ta khdng quy dinh quyen im lang dd'i vdi bi can, hi cao, dieu nay ddn den viec nguydn tac
"suy dodn vd tdi" ddi khi bi nhiing ngUdi tie'n hdnh to tung van dung khdng dung va qudn di trdch nhiem ehiing minh tdi pham thudc vl cdc ed quan tid'n hanh to tyng. Bdi trdn thiic td, khdng It trudng hpp khi hi edo khdng khai thi da hi cho la ngoan cd', chdi tpi, tham chi bi bdc eung, diing nhue hinh.
Thd tu, ve vide trd hd sd dd diiu tra bd sung cua Tda dn vdi cdn cd "can xem xet them nhiing chdng ed quan trpng ddi vdi vu an ma khdng the bd sung tai phien tda dUdc", gid sd mdt vu an chUa day du nhdng chiing cii de bude tdi thi quy dinh nay it nhiiu da bd trd cho vide bude tpi cua Vien kiem sat cdng dUde cdng cd hdn niia. Diiu nay ddn dd'n vide Tda dn ed liie ddng ve phia bupc tpi trong qua tnnh chdng minh tpi pham, nhU vay nguyen tac "suy doan vd tpi" se khdng edn cd tac dung.
3. Mdt sd' kie'n nghi
De gdp phan vao viee giam dUdc nhiing oan, sai trong qua trinh giai quydt vu dn hinh stf, BLTTHS can cd mdt sdbd sung, dieu chinh ddi vdi ede quy pham phdp ludt nhU sau:
Thii nhdt, can ghi nhdn nguyen tac "suy dodn vd tdi" thanh nguyen tac cua phdp luat td tung hinh sU.
Nguyen tac nay phai dam bdo npi dung la khi chiing cii bupc tpi khdng diy du, thieu tinh viing ehac thi cd quan tid'n hanh td tung phai suy doan, giai thich theo hUdng cd Ipi cho ngudi cd hanh vi dd, nghTa la dUa ra ket luan ngUdi do khdng thuc hidn hdnh vi pham tpi.
Ciing phai ndi rdng khdng phai ed ghi nhdn nguyen tdc "suy doan vd tpi" thi giam hodn todn dupe an oan, sai. Tuy nhidn neu ghi nhan diy du npi dung eua nguyen tic nay vao Bp ludt Td tyng hinh sU va nd cd gid tri bat bupc dd'i vdi cdc cd quan tien hanh to' tung, hp se phdi can trpng vd cd trdch nhiem hdn trong
boat ddng chiing minh tdi pham; ben canh dfi, khi cd nhdng vy dn rdi vdo trUdng hdp ehdng cii khdng day dd, thidu tinh vdng ehdc thi ngUdi ti^n hanh td tung se dd ddng hdn trong vide dUa ra kd't ludn vl kdt qua cua vy an theo nguydn tac "suy dodn vd tdi".
Thii hai, cin md rpng quyen eua ngUdi hh ehiia trong viec thu thdp chdhg cii, dam bao stf binh dang giffa ben bupc tpi vd bdn gd tpi.
Thd ba, BLTTHS cin cd quy dinh nh^n manh ve vide khi bi cao sd dyng quyin bao chife | dd td bao chiia eho minh thi khdng bi coi ]l nhffng dnh tiet de danh gid vl nhdn thdn cfia ho.
Thii tu, BLTTHS nen quy dinh quyen im , lang eua ngddi bi tam gid, hi can, bi cao.
ThUndm, di dam bao nguyen tae "suy doan vd tdi" cung nhu de eao hdn niia vai trd, trach nhidm cua Vidn kiem sat trong vide thUc hien chiie nang, nhidm vu cua minh, Dieu 179 BLTTHS ein cd sU diiu chinh vl can cii iip dung, do la tai didm a khoan 1 Diiu 179 BLTTHS cin diiu chinh nhU sau: "Khi ein xem xet thdm nhu*ng chdng cii quan trpng ed Idi cho hi cao ma khdng thd bo sung tai phien toa difdc".
Ben canh dd, BLTTHS cin ghi nhan them noi dung Vien kidm sdt dUpc bd sung chdng cii tai phidn toa neu thiy ehiing eii chUa day du dl chdng minh tpi pham. Dii Vidn kidm sat cd b6 sung dupe hay khdng thi Hpi dong xet xuT vin can cd vao nhdng ehdng cd dUdc xem xet tai phien tda de xet xd va tuyen an. NhU vay, diiu nay dat ra yeu cau trong giai doan diiu tra vJl tray to, Cd quan diiu tra, "Vien kidm sdt phai c6 trach nhidm eao, thUe hidn td't chde nang, nhigm vy cua minh de hoan td't hd sd vy an vdi diy dii ehdng cd de chdng minh tdi pham.
Ben canh dd, vide nang cao ve trinh dO.
ehuyen mdn, nghiep vy ciing nhU ydu ciu v^
pham chd't, dao ddc ddi vdi nhdng ngUdi tien hanh td tyng la dieu bet sde quan trpng, cd nhtf the thi phap ludt mdi ludn dupe tudn thd, vi§c xd ly cdc vu dn mdi ddm bdo diing ngUdi, dung tdi, dung phdp luat./.