N g i . Tha.T.T. Ngpc /T«) chi Ngbien c m Sam ngoii.Tjp 36. Si 212020) 104 -115
CHU NGHIA D A N TOC TAI H A N QUOC GIAI DOAN CUOI THE i d XIX DAU THE KI XX
Nguyen Le Thu". Tran Tung Nggc
Khoa Sgdn ngit vd I 'an hda Nan Qudc, Truang Dgi hgc Ngogi ngu, DHQGHN.
Phgm Van Ddng, Cdu Gidy, Ha Ngi, Viet Nam
Nhan bai ngay 16 thang 01 nSm 2020
Chinh sua ngay 18 thang 02 nam 2020; C h i p nhan d5ng ngay 31 thang 03 nSm 2020
T6m t i t : Chu nghTa dan tQC (Nationalism) la mgt trong so nhQng tu tucmg ducrc tiep n h ^ vao H ^ Qabc n6i rifing \ a khu vyc Dong A noi chung trong giai doan can dai cu6i th^ ki XIX - dSu thi ki XX. Day cung 1^ mpt trao luu m tuong co sue anh hudng quan trpng trong tien trinh lich sii - van h6a cua quoc gia nay. Nghien cmi nay huong loi muc tieu khii lugc lai qud trinh tiep n h ^ va quan diem cua v^ chu nghia dan lpc qua nhan djnh ciia mpt so tri thiic - hoc gia tieu bieu tai Han Quoc giai doan dau the ki XX. Dong ih&i. nghien cim \ac djnh nhihig d5c diem ciia tu tucmg chii nghTa dan tpc cimg anh hucmg ciia n6 tren mpt s6 phuong di?n ciia doi s6ng xS hpi nhu phong trao ddu tranh yeu nuoc, trao luu nghien cuu va giao dye qu6c hpc, V a binh di^n sdng tac vdn hpc nghe thu^t.
Tit khda: chii nghTa dan tpc, lich su Han Quoc can dai, Hdn Quoc hpc c ^ dai.
I. D3( vin 6k
Til nira sau the ki XIX den dau the ki X X Id giai do^n dien ra nhieu bien d p n g nhdt trong ljch sLt Han Quoc va d u p c gpi bdng c i ^ tir
"th&i ki khai sdng cgn dgf. Thoi ki khai sang c^n dai ciia Han Quoc dirge hinh thanh irong boi canh o ben ngoai la thcri d^i hoang kim ciia "chii nghTa de qudc" m u o n khdng dinh sire m ^ h va khuech truong anh h u o n g bdng nhiing cupc xam lugc thugc dia quy m o Ion, con cr trong n u a c . the che phong kien sup d 6 , p h o n g trao phan de. phan phong kien nhdm
\d> d\mg mgt quoc gia dan tgc hien dai dien ra mgt each m ^ h m e \ a d ? m net dai chiing. Day la ihoi d^i I h u i n lgi cho sir nay n o va trucmg thanh ciia chu nghTa dan tgc. Do Id qudng thcri gian den loi vd dau t h u a n g ciia Hdn Q u o c bcri Hdn Q u 6 c tro ihanh thugc dja ciia Nhat Bdn n h i m g Ui la giai doan day bien d g n g vd t h i
Tac gia Hen h( DT 84-90 489 5656 Email: thunll981@gmail com
hien r6 net tinh than d a n tgc n h a t t r o n g Iich siJ Han Q u o c . Ciing tai thoi d i ^ m nay, k h o n g gian can dai c u a H a n Q u o c d u g c bdt d a u . Nhiing trdn tro d e dat d u g c m u c tieu x a y d u n g mgt quoc gia dan tpc hien dai dii d u g c t h u c hi^n bang con d u o n g d u y tan h a y d a u tranh d e khdi phuc quoc quyen, c h a n h u n g q u o c th6, tSt ca deu trai qua q u a trinh n h a n t h u c v e "dan tgc"
trong thai dai m o i - chii nghia d a n t$c Dong A, md anh h u o n g t r u e lidp la T r u n g Q u 6 c vd Nhdl Ban. Boi vdy, thoi ki khai s a n g c | n dai con d u g c coi la thai dai phat ki€n cua (chii nghia) dan tgc m a n g mdu sdc h i e n dai a Han Q u o c ( K o Mi-sook, 2001).
T u tucmg chu nghTa dan tgc d u g c tiip nhan tai Han Quoc tir ddu the ki X X sau d6 nhanh c h o n g lan rpng ra todn xa hgi v a d u g c su d u n g mgt each rgng rai trong cdc d o a n thg q u a n Chung. T u t u o n g ndy CO vai tro quan
^ p n g t r o n g h a u khdp caclTnh vuc n h u xd hgi. ngon l u ^ Vdn hoa, Vdn hgc, g^do d u e . . . T r o n g d o , anh h u o n g cua Chu nghTa d a n tgc
Tfp chi N^icn edu Sain ngoii, T|ip 36, So 2 (2020) 104 - US 105 dirge thi hi?n rfl net nhat 6 cac Iinh vuc cu
thi; do la cdc phong trao ddu iranh giai phong dan tpc, trio lim nghien cuu quoc hgc va sang tac vdn hgc.
Nghien cuu ve chii nghia dan tgc mo ra canh dia di tun hiiu ve qua trinh cdn dai h6a cua Han Quic, gii^ Idm sang tg boi cdnh ra ddi ciia Han Quiic hgc t^i quoc gia nay. Trong s6 cac cong binh nghien ciiu ve Iy ludn chii nghia dan tgc tai Hdn Quoc thcri ki can dai c6 thi kS den mgt so c6ng trinh cua cdc nha nghien cim nhu Park Chan-seung (2016), Yun Hae-dong (2000), Yu In-jin (2000), Kim Il-yeong (2006),...
Nha nghien cihi Park Chan-seung trong ch\iyei\\d\ioDdnlgc-DdntgcchunghTa(20]6) i|p trung phan tich Ijch sir khai ni?m, tir nguyen, qud trinh tiep nhan khai ni^m Dan tpc vd Chil nghia dan tgc tai Han Quoc. Day la m§t trong nhihig cong trinh nghien chuyen sau nhal ve Iich sir khdi niem noi chung va Iich sir khai ni?m Dan lgc - Dan tgc chii nghia noi rieng t^i Hdn Quoc. Trong bai viet Phe phdn linh cgn dgi cita chu nghTa ddn tgc Hdn Qudc ding tren tap chi Nghien citu vdn di Itch sir - so 4 (2000), giao su Yun Hae-dong (DHQG Seoul) tjip trung khai qual nhiing djc trung ljch sit cua chu nghia ddn t^c vd trien vgng ctia chu nghia dan tgc trong giai doan hien d?i (Yun Hae-dong, 2000,41). Cac cong trinh nghien cuu ciia Yu In-jin (2000) hay Kim Il- yeong (2006) tap trung phan tich tu tucmg dan tpc chii nghTa tai Han Quoc ducri goc dg xa hgi hgc hi?n d^ii hay chii nghia dan tgc giai doan cam quyen ciia tong thong Park Chung-hee.
Hi?n nay t^i Viet Nam, nghien cuu ve Hch sir cjn d?!, tiin trinh c ^ d^i hoa ciia Han Quoc noi chung va chu nghia dan tgc lai Han Quoc giai d o ^ diu the ki 20 noi rieng vdn dang con la mgt di tai mdi me trong gioi nghien cuu (dioa hgc ve Han Qudc t^i Viel Nam.
Do nhChig ddc tinh phiic tap ciia boi canh Hch sir giai doan cu6i thi ki 19 - dau the ki
20, tu tucmg chii nghia dan tgc da dugc gicri tri thiic va sau do la quan chiing tai Han Quoc tiep nhan va pho bien mgt each chu dgng. Tuy nhien, tu tucmg ve chii nghia dan lgc ciing c6 su bien thien khong ngirng qua cac thai ki Iich sir trong do co Ihi ke den trao lim ddn tgc chii nghia cua cac chi si tieu biiu nhu Shin Chae- ho, Park Eim-shik,... va giai do^n dau the ki 20, trdo luu tan dan tgc chii nghTa ciia cac chl sTdai dien la Anh Jae-hong. Trong ph^un vi bdi viet nay, chiing toi tap trung di vdo tim hieu qua trinh truyen bd vd tiep nhan tu tucmg chu nghTa dan tgc tai Han Quoc, cic inh huang c\i the cua chii nghia din tgc trong cic ITnh v\rc tren, lir do nit ra nhiing d$c diem khdi qudt ve chil nghTa din tgc 6 Han Quoc dau the ki XX. Diy Ii giai doan diu lien co y nghia quan trgng trong tiin trinh tiep nh?n lu tuong din tgc chii nghia tai Han Quoc, dong thai xac l^p vi tri ciia trio luu ndy trong lich su tu luofng Han Quoc.
2. Q u i trinh truyen b i vd tiep nhan tir tirotig chu nghTa dan t$c t^i Hin Quoc dau the ki XX
2. J. Su du nhdp cua tu tu&ng chu nghm ddn lgc Khai ni?m Nationalism khi du nhdp vio khu virc Dong A dugc liep nhin va bien djch Ihinh cdc khii niem chit nghTa ddn tdc, chu nghTa qudc gia, ehu nghTa qudc ddn .. trong d6 6 moi quoc gia, cich bien dich vi sic dung lai khong dong nhdt voi nhau. Giai doan diu the ki XX, trong khi nguoi Hin Qu6c thucmg de cap den chu nghTa ddn tgc ( K i ^ i f t ) , nguoi Nhit Ban v i ngucri Viet Nam sir dung tir chd nghTa qudc gia ( S ^ i S ) , thi ngucri Trung Qu6c Iai gidi thich vai ngi ham y nghTa ciia chil nghTa di qudc ( ^ ^ i M ) (Park Chan- seung, 2016, 131).
Khii niem Chu nghTa ddn tdc bat ddu dugc du nhap vao Han Quoc vio khoang ndm 1906 Cling voi khii niem chu nghta di qude. No dugc tiep nhin thong qua cac du hgc sinh tai
106 NfrL 1*«. T.T. Nt9f ^ T«) cl" > ocnNiracDgoai. I ffijot >:»•-«— - Nhat Ban va nhibig tn ihiic chiu anh hucmg tir
tu tucmg ciia Luong K-n.ii Sieu (\1?n N ^ e n Cliu Han Ou6c hgc Trung uong. 2019). Chii nghia ddn tgc trong tu nrdng Lucmg Khai Sieu li su ket hgp giiia cac > eu to dan tgc vk din chil. giiia bio ton cic gii tri ciia din tgc \'a vay mugn cac \eu to tir phucmg Tay. Hinh thiic cua chil n ^ a din tgc Lucmg Khdi Sieu la hinh thanh cgng dong din tgc uen nen tang c b ^ g 191 cic the l^c ben ngoii vi ty minh vuun len (Cao Cuonc & Luu Hai Linh. 2002). Mgl cdch khii quit, chii nghTa dan t ^ cua Luong Khii Sieu bao g6m ngi dung c6 kit c^ng dong din t$c de bio v^ quoc gia trudc nhiing veu to xim th\rc tir cic the Iuc ben ngoii.
Shin Chae-ho (fp^^, 1880-1936) dugc coi Id nhd tri thiic dan tQc chii nghia tieu bieu o Hin Quoc giai do^n cu6i the ky XIX - diu the ki XX Nh^n thirc cua ong ve chii nghTa dan tgc cting bao him rat nhieu diem tuong dong voi quan dicm cua Lucmg Khdi Sieu.
Trong bdi vict Chit nghia di qudc vd Chu nghid ddn tgc {i^]^^S\3^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ) ding Uen Dgi Hdn mdi nhgt ldn bdo ( : ^ f t S fl ^ tti) so ra ngiy 28'5/1909. Shin Chac-ho giai thich chil nghTa din tgc theo cic goc dg: (1) Chil nghia khong can thi^p vao ddn tgc khic;
(2) Dit nuoc ta Id do dan t$c ta lim chii. Chu nghTa din tgc theo Shin Chae-ho "chi cd mgi phdp mdn bdt nhi Id bdo lodn ddn tgc " (Shin Chae-ho, 2017), dd li vii khi de chong I^i su binh trudng ciia chii nghTa de quoc.
M$t khic, theo bii viet ciia Choi Dong- shik ding tren Honam hgcbao(?iS^¥ffi)s6 ra ngdy 25/10/1908 thi chii nghia din tgc eg nghia !d "viie nhitng ngu&i cd eiing lap tuc.
ciing vdn tu, ngdn ngu vd chung tgc, chiem cd tdy mdt vimg ddt nhdt djnh, dimg sue manh cua minh di tu tri vd duy tri nin dgc lap cimg vdi ddng bdo eua minh. nhdm lot mgt lgi ich chung vd di phdng nhiing ddn tgc khac ' (Choi Dong-shik, 1908). Theo do. chti nghia
din t ^ ha> tinh thin din tgc thdi ky ndy d Han Qudc khdng don thuin chi la chii truong vi nhiing d$c rinh co hChi ciia din tgc ma con Id su cd suy cho phong trao ddu uanh ddi dgc lip, n^ do.
Cimg vdi \ iec tiip nhin nhiing quan diem vi dan tgc v i tu tudng chit nghia dan tgc, nhu cau khing djnh rinh ban sic - bin the ciia c^ng ddng din tgc d i dugc di ra trong bdi canh dau thi ki XX t^ Hin Qudc. Theo dd, su khdng djnh rinh bin ihi vi m$t Ijch sii - vdn hoa di kit hgp vdi tu ludng chii nghia din tgc de hinh thinh nen chii nghia dan tgc vdn hda (cultural nationalism) - mgt d^c tnmg rieu bieu cua chii nghia dan tgc Han Qudc dau the ki XX.
2.2 Bieu hiin ciia chu nghTa ddn tgc vdn hda lgi Hdn Qudc
D§c trung ciia chii nghTa ddn lgc khi du nh^p vdo ban ddo Tneu Tien la su ket hgp vdi cic yeu td vin hda, truyen thdng bin dja de hinh thinh nen chu nghTa ddn tgc vdn hoa (cultural nationalism). Chii nghia ddn tgc vdn hda dd xay dung nen mgt he thdng cac bieu tugng, gia tri tugng trung lim try c^t cho tinh chmh the ddn tgc ma moi cd nhin Id ihdnh vien trong din tgc dd diu ki thira, Tu tudng cd thi dugc lim thiy trong phucmg thiic sinh boat vi cugc sdng ciia mgt dan tgc trii dai trSn cdc phuang di?n nhu phong tuc tap quin, ngh?
thuat, truyen thdng, ngdn ngii,... (Lee Jong- kwon, 2006). He thdng biiu tugng dugc lua chgn li gid tri ciia cgng ddng bao gdm nhiing gii trj phd biin, mang tinh quy pham.
Bieu hi?n dau tien ciia chu nghTa dan tgc vin hda Id vi?c xay dung khii nifm QuSc hon ( ^ ^ ) vi QuSc tuy (mn). Thdi ky ddu the ki XX, trong gidi du hgc sinh Tniu Tien rdt diinh hinh khai mem Triiu Tien hon ( i - ^ - ^ ) . Cd quan diim thdi bay gid cho rdng: -'Gidrig nhu mdi con nguai deu cd linh hdn thi qudc gia cung co qudc hdn vgy, qudc gia cdn thi hdn cdn, qudc gia mdt thi hdn mdt.
Tfp cU Nghien cvn Nir6t ngou, Tfp 36. So 2 (2020) IM -115 107 hai khdi nifm ndy (quoc gia vd qude hdn) dit
chi mgt chut thoi cUng khdng the ndo phdn Iv dugc" (Park Chan-seung, 2016). Tucmg duong vdi khdi niem Trieu Tien hdn la khai n i ^ Tinh thdn Dgi Hdn ( : ^ ^ i ^ | f - cich dung ttr cua Park Etm-shik).
Biiu hi?n thii hai ciia chu nghTa din tdc vin hda li su nhan m ^ vdo tfn ngirdng chung thif ciing quoc td. d Hdn Qudc, tu tirong simg bii Dangun (Dan Quan, ^-S") phdt trien mOt cdch m^nh me ngay sau Cdi cich Giip Ngg (1894). Thdi bdy gid, cac sich giio khoa ljch sii deu nhdn manh den vai tro khai quoc vi dia vi thuy td dan tgc ciia Dangun. Ndm 1909, Dangun giao ra ddi tai Seoul vdi 10 tin dd dau lien, sau ndy phal trien thdnh D(ii Tdng Giio (i^ ^ Jil). Su nhin manh vao tin ngu&ng thd ciing Qudc td da ud thinh dicm tua de xic dinh, ciing cd niem lu hio ve xuit thin cao quy cung nhu hch sii ldu ddi ciia din lgc. Thuit ngir con chdu Dangun ( ^ 5 " ^ ''•\^) dugc sir dyng rgng rai tren bdo chi, vdn hpc, sii hgc,... nhu mgt bieu tugng de khai ggi ldng yeu nudc va cd ket din tgc.
Bieu hi^n thOr ba ciia chii nghTa dan ldc vdn hoa li nhin manh vai trd ciia giio due Quoc sir. Giao due Qudc sir dd trd thdnh phuong ti?n hihi hieu nhat de truyin bd linh than yeu nirdc, tinh thdn phdn khdng, dau tranh giinh dpc lip d Han Qudc. Cic su gia tieu bieu cua nen sir hpc dan tgc chii nghTa thdi ki dau nhu Shin Chae-ho, Park Eun-shik, Choi Nam- seon,... da sii dyng nhiing cdng trinh nghien Cliu cua minh nhu mgl cdng cu hiiu hieu de giio dye vi truyen ba long yeu nudc. Ddng thdi, nen sir hgc din lgc chii nghia cung ddng
\ ai trd quan trgng trong viec chdng lai sir quan thyc dan cimg nhiing nd luc ddng hda vd bdp meo ljch sir Han Qudc cua chinh quyen cai tri Nhit Ban.
Bieu hi?n thii tu ciia chii nghia dan tgc vdn hoa la viec nhan manh vao viec si> dyng chir
Quoc ngfr. Tai Hin Qudc, Triiu Tien ngu hgc hgi (^L-tl^H ^^) ra ddi ndm 1942 di rdt no lyc trong viec "phd cap chii Hangeul, thdng nhit ve chinh t i vi quy dinh ngdn ngii chuin".
Hoat dgng ciia Triiu Tien ngii hgc hgi ciing Id mdt phong trio diu tranh nhim ki thira truyen thdng vdn hda din tgc (Ban bien soan giag trinh Han Qudc hgc, 2005). Tren riin trinh cich mang, viec tuyen truyen hgc tdp vi sir dung chii Qudc ngu nim giO vi the die biet quan trgng. 0 Hin Qudc. \ iec hgc lip vi truyen bi Qudc ngii cimg chii viit Hangeul vira id su chdng l^i chinh sach ddng hda ve mdt ngdn ngii - vin hda ciia Nhit Bin, vita li su nhdc nhd \ e tinh than dgc lap, tu chii vi truyen thdng vdn hda, thdi ky phit trien cudng thinh dudi trieu vua The Tdng - nhd vua dd sing tao ra chii Hangeul.
Bieu hien thir nim cua chu nghia ddn tgc vdn hda Id sy hinh thinh cua mgt nen vdn hgc mdi vdi myc tieu "ngdn vdn nhit tri", dua chii Hangeul Ud thanh "qudc ngir" vi xiy dyng mgl nen "qudc vin" cho mgt "qudc gia" mdi.
Nhu cau khao khii thdng tin, sy chuyen ddi phuang thirc liep nhdn thdng tin tir "nghe bdng tai" mang tinh tap the sang "dgc bdng mil"
mang rinh cd nhin da thuc day sy phit trien ciia hinh thirc ngdn luan Id bio chi. Yeu cau ve tinh mdi, tinh cap nhat cua bio chi li Uen de cho sy ra ddi cua nhimg mdn an tinh than mdi - dd li cdc bdi xa luan, nghj luin xa hgi, truy?n ngdn, riiu thu\ el ddng nhieu ki, tin vin, v.v... Van hgc dugc khoac len mgt sii menh mdi - dd Id gidc ngd vi thdi dai va thuc tinh nhan ihiic dan tgc cho ngudi dan Han Qudc.
3. Anh hirdng ciia chii nghia dan t$c tai Han Quoc diu the ki XX
3. J. Anh hu&ng cua chu nghia ddn tgc l&i phong trdo yeu nu&c
Trong qui trinh tiep nhin va phit trien, tu tudng chii nghia (ian tgc da cd nhiing anh hudng siu sic tdi phong trao diu tranh yeu
!0S NgJ, Tha. T.T Ngpc / TH» dli N0iiMi cmi >iiOT ngoii. I »p J * « - ' — nudc i^i Han Qudc giai do$n diu the ki XX
\'ao thip nien 1910, sau khi Hin Qudc chinh thiic b) thdn tinh vi sap nhip vio Di qudc Nhat Ban, nhicu tri thirc di tim each luu vong
\a ho^t dgng tai nudc ngoii. Hg di sii dung tu tudng chu nghia din tgc nhu mgt vu khi nhim dau tranh khdi phyc I?i nen dgc lip dan tgc. Cic tri thiic luu vong t^i Tnmg Qudc di tim cich phdt trien \ a khuich truang sue dnh hudng ciia Dai tdng giio (cfl^ Jil) - mgt tdn giio xuit phdt tu rin ngudng bin dja cua dan tgc Hin.
Td chirc ddu nen cua tdn giig nay dugc thinh lip \ao ndm 1909 \di sii menh phyc hung tin ngudng bin dia trudc nguy co ngo^i xim \ a su xam nhip cua Tdy hgc (Thien Chiia gido). Nhiing nha ho^t ddng cua D^i tdng gido dd cdng bd ve sy Triing quang ( S > t ) cua Dangun (Din Quin, ^ " S , thuy td din tdc).
Nhan m ^ h vio lin ngudng siing bii qudc td, D^i tdng gido de ra thuyet Tam vi nhit the dua Uen sy h^ thdng hda cic thin linh bdn dja bao gdm Thin T90 hda Hwanin (iSfb*^ ^'?1), Thin Gido hda Hwanung (Stftff ^•%-), Thin Trj hda Hwangeom (feftSf ^ ^ ) nic Dangun (Uy ban bien soan Dai su dien bdch khoa Hin Qudc hgc, 1994). Tren co sd dd, nhihig Iri thuc luu \ong da nhin manh vdo tinh ddng chdt ciia din toe Hdn dya tren quan diem "con chdu Dangun" ( ^ ' S ' ^ ^\^), tir dd cd vii, khich I? long yeu nudc va phong trio diu tranh giii phdng dan tgc.
Ciing Uong giai doan thdp nien 1910, nhirng tri thirc lim vong di vugt ra khdi chu nghia din tgc tu cudng ( ^ l " ^ ^ ^ " J l ^ ^ ^ ) vdn khdng the phii nhin hodn loan chii nghia de qudc, de chuyen sang sir dung ly luin vi chu thuyet binh ddng ( ^ - ^ ^ ^ 1 ) \a chii thuyit din tgc ty quyil ( ^ ^ ; t > ^ ^ ) . Tu nrdng ve chil nghia din tgc mdi dugc xiy dung thi hien rd net qua bin Dgi Dong dodn ket tuyen ngon ( t f l - ^ ^ ^ t - ^ ' S ) do Shin Kvoi Shik vi
Park Eun-shik s o ^ thao ndm 1 'i 1" Trong dd, cic nhi dan tdc chii nghia d i bic bd tu mong bao hodng vdi quan diim chu quyen i h u ^ ve hoing di xa hudng tdi tu tudng cgng hda noi chii quyin thupc \'i qudc din. Tu nrdng dan tgc chu nghia cd su kit hgp vdi chii nghia din chu cgng hda na>' chju su inh hudng rii Cich m^ng Tin Hgi t^ Trung Qudc (1911), Cdch m^ng Diic va Cich m?ng Thing Mudi Nga (1917) (Hgi nghien cim Ljch su Hin Qudc, 2009).
Nim 1919, tren co sd chu nghTa dan tgc ty quyit, 33 tri thiic y6u nudc di ky vdo bdn Tuyen ngdn dgc lip 3 • 1(3 • I ^ ^ - I d ^ l A i ) . Phong u i o 3 • 1 (•^''^-S:^) mic dii khdng thinh cdng vi bj chinh quyen thyc dan din dp, song di di l^i y nghia ljch su quan trgng.
Day Id lin diu tien ke tir khi du nhip, tu ludng vi "Din lgc Hin" dugc ket tip thinh mgt lin sdng dau tranh manh mS ciia quan chiing khdng phdn biet thin phan, giai edp, dja phuang, tdn gido,... Phong trio d i cimg CO tinh thin yeu nudc v i diu tranh cua ngudi Han, Irvc liip din ldi sy ra ddi cua Chinh phii Lim thdi D^i Hdn Dan Qudc vd td chiic Han Qudc Quang phyc quan hoat dgng chii yeu t^i Trung Qudc.
Budc sang diu thip nien 1920, phong trao yeu nudc theo khuynh hudng dan t^c chu nghTa lai Hdn Qudc dugc triin khai manh mfi dudi dang cac phong udo vin hda (•&:S]-^-f-) ma muc tieu cua nd nhan manh vdo tinh quan h-gng ciia vi?c nudi duang, vun boi thuc lyc chudn bj cho dgc lap dan tgc. Phong trdo vdn hda mang hoi hudng din t^c chu nghia dugc ke tyc vd phdt trien tir chii nghia dan tgc ty cudng dugc ting ldp tri thiic mdi xdy dyng giai doan thap nien 1910. Gidng nhu phong u i o cii each d Vi?t Nam, ly luan ctia phong trdo vdn hda tai Hin Quoc chu ttirong thanh loan nhimg yiu td vdn hda di cii, lac hdu, xay dung nin vdn hda mdi liin bg thdng qua giio dye, phdt triin thuc nghiep (cdng nghidp,
TfP eU N ^ K n cnn Nnarc ngoai. T | p 36. So 2 (2020) 104 -115 109 thucmg nghi?p), dit trgng lam vio phat trien
sire m^nh, thuc luc cua qudc gia. Chi nhu viy, din t$c mdi cd dii ndng lyc v i tu cdch de giinh dugc dgc lip. Yiec xiy dyng nin vdn hda mdi cin phii bdt dau tir mdi ngudi ddn, bdi Ii siic m^nb ciia dan tgc chinh la siic manh t&ig hda tu moi c i nhin (QuJ Lich sir Ddng Bic A, 2019).
Trong giai d o ^ nay, cdc phong trdo nhu khuyin khich sin xudt ( # ' t l " ' ^ ^ - i : - ^ ) , phong ri-do xay dung dai hgc tu thyc (^^cfl«}'7l'^^-S:-^), phong ri-io ddu tranh ty trj (^f^i ^ - ^ ) dugc de xudng thyc hi?n.
Cung vdi dd, nhdm nhiing nhi dan tgc chu nghia trgng nudc bit diu cd su phan hda.
MOt bO phin xa rdi vdi chii thuyet din tgc ty quyet vd dgc lip tuyet ddi (-^ ifl ^ ^ ) v i cd dien bien thda hiep vdi chinh quyen thuc din. Tuy nhifin, dai bg phin cdc nha dan tgc chii nghia vd xa hgi chii nghia kich liei phdn ddi tu tudng ty tri va duy tri myc tieu dgc lap tuyfi ddi chg din tgc. Td Nhat bio Joseon (i-*1 "^ ti) mi An Jae Hong ddng vai trd tich cyc trd thinh co quan ngdn luin tieu bieu cho tu tudng dgc lap tuyet ddi, phii nhin tinh kha thi ciia phong Irao ty trj (Hgi Nghien ciiu Ljch sii Hin Qudc, 2009). Phong Irao ly Iri do viy tiep lyc tdn tai din khoang ddu thap nien 1930 thi bi dap lit.
M$c du tu tudng din tdc chu nghia lien tuc cd sy bien ddi, phdn hda va the hien dudi nhifiu hinh thiic khdc nhau, song tuu tnmg lai, phong trio dau tranh din tgc chu nghia da cd nhihig ddng gdp tfch cyc trong qua trinh dau tranh giinh dOc l^p cua Han Qudc. Cy thi, chu nghia din t ^ la mgt phuang ti?n hiiu hieu fJfi cd xu\' tinh than yfiu nudc, tu tudng dan t^c \'eu nudc, tinh thin dodn kit dan tgc cua ngirdi Hdn. Mgt mdt cic phong trao vin hda
^ir^c khdi xudng cung da de lai nhieu thanh qui trong vi^c xdy dung thyc luc ddn tgc va Wiai sinh ra nin qudc hgc mdi.
3.2. Anh hu&ng ciia chii nghia ddn lgc trong nghiin ciru qudc hgc
Trong bdi canh xa hgi cin d^i cudi thi ki XDC - diu thi ki XX, nhu ciu phdn djnh rd ve linh din tgc hinh thanh, tao co sd &h phdn khang trudc mdi de dga ctia chu nghia dfi qudc va su xam lugc cua vdn hda phucmg Tdy qua phong Uao Tay hgc. Diiu do dS tryc tifip thiic diy sy hinh thanh ciia nin Quoc hgc so ki. Phong u i o nghifin ciiu qudc hgc bdt diu khdi xudng tir nhiing llnh vuc co ban Id ngii vdn vd Iich sii. Trong do, nhiing nha nghien cijudd budc diu ap dung nhiing thinh tyu cua phucmg phip luin can dai de chung minh cho tinh dgc dig vd tinh din tgc cua ngdn ngOr, chii viet vd ljch sir ciia ddn tdc minh.
Phong trio van ddng qudc ngii qudc vin ( ^ ' H ^-S-ffT-f-) hinh diinh rii cuoi thi ki XIX dudi dnh hudng cua udo luu khai sing.
Thdng qua cic cdng trinh nghien ciiu ddu lien, cic hgc gia dd xac lap nfin ting ve mil ly luan vd nhiing quy pham cho ngdn ngii vifit tai Han Qudc. Mgt sd cdng trinh tifiu bifiu thdi ki nay cd thfi kfi dfin nhu: Qudc vdn lugn (W^
~X^, 1896), Tdn dinh qude vdn (ff J l ^ i , 1905), Nggn vdn {W.%, 1909) ciia Ji Seok- young, Qudc vdn chinh ly ( S : S : ^ ^ , 1897) cua Lee Bong-woon, Dgi Hdn vdn dien ('^^
^ ^ , 1908) cua Yoo Gil-jun, Dgi Hdn Qudc nga vdn phdp ( : ^ ^ S i S 5 : f e , 1906), Qudc nguvdn diin dm hgc (W^'X^'e^, 1908), Qudc nga vdn phdp {W^'X.'&, 1910), Am thanh cia l&i ndi (°^^ ±.^, 1914) cua Joo Shi-kyung,...
Ndm 1907, Vifin nghifin ciru Qudc vdn ( S : 5 : i ? 5 L ^ ) dugc thinh lap da dua ra dudng hudng nghien ciiu mang tinh qudc gia ve ngii van Hdn bao gdm ca nguyfin ly, ljch sii qui trinh, cich sir dyng va dinh hudng luong lai.
Ndm 1909, Vifin nghien ciiu Qudc vdn dua ra Dfi an ve nghien cuu qudc vdn tdng hgp lai cac bdi luin ve cich dimg tir, quy djnh quy
no
NgJ-TW. T.T. NCTC / T«) chl Nghita ciu Node ngoii, TIP JO, 3tic ghep \'in, sip xfip lai h^ thdng v&n ty quoc vin,... nhdm khic phuc tinh trang him lo?n trong vi?c sii dyng ngdn ngii diu thfi ki XX
Hgc gia Joo Shi K\-ung ( ^ S # g , 18"6 - 1914), mgt trong nhiing try Cflt ciia phong trio nghifin ciiu ngdn ngii diu thfi ki XX, da nhdn m^nh ve \i tri, vai trd ngdn ngii v i chii \ifit cua mgt din tgc. Trong dd, chii the sii dyng ngdn ngii vd chii viet li nhan dan, thugc ve qudc gia. Ngdn ngtr bao gdm ldi ndi vi chii vifit mang rinh die thii \ a tinh dgc lip ciia din tgc. Qua dd, khing djnh mdi ngudi din uong nudc deu phdi tdn simg va yfiu mfin ngdn ngii vi vdn hgc din tgc (Kwon Young-min, 2010).
Thing 12 nim 1921, Trifiu Tifin ngu hgc hgi(3L-aol«J-a])raddi.ThinglOniml929, td chlic Hgi bien s o ^ tir difin rifing Trifiu Tien (i-*iolA>:»1^^>Sl) dugc thanh lip. Vdi myc dich bifin so^n mot cudn tir difin nhdm bdo hg ngdn ngii, linh thin vi vin hda ddn tgc, hgi da cd nhiing ho?t dgng tich cyc Uong vific nghifin ciiu vi phd cap chii qudc ngur vdi nhifiu cdng trinh nhu Di dn tbdng nhdl cdch ghep vdn Hangeul (^^3^^^^'^91), Diiu Ira vd xdc lgp ngdn ngu tieu chudn ( f S $ | g S
"M), Biiu thf lu ngogi lai (^^^S.7\)...
Ben canh ngii vin, Ijch sir Id mdt llnh vuc nghifin ciiu quan trgng nim xac lip tinh bin sic vi rinh chinh thdng ciia qudc gia dan tgc.
Giai d o ^ diu thfi ki XX dinh diu sy ra ddi ciia khujiih hudng sir hgc ddn tgc chu nghia vdi nhiing tfin tudi Idn nhu Shin Chae-ho.
Park Eun-shik.
Shin Chae-ho dugc ddnh gid la mdt uong nhihig sii gia ldi lac nhit ciia nen sii hgc can d^i Han Qudc. Ong tip trung nghien ciiu ve ljch sir cd trung dai vdi cic cdng trinh tieu bieu nhu Dgc su Idn lugn ( S ^ f i l f t , 1908), Triiu Tien thugng cdsu(^^}i^^, 1924), Bdn thdo nghien cuu Ifch sir Triiu Tiin (f^]^
£ W ^ ^ , 1924), Triiu Tiin sit ludn (^m^
m, 1946), .. Shin Chae-ho vdi tuyfin ngdn ndi
tiing "Ljch sii ta cudc diu tranh giiia Ngi vd Phi ngi" di dimg sii hgc nhu mgi vu khi hiiu dyng uong cugc dau uanh chdng l?i sir quan thyc din mi cy thi li Hgi bifin so^n Ljch su Triiu Tien dugc lip ra bdi Trifiu Tifin Tdng ddc phii vdi myc dich bdp meo hch sii Trieu Tifin phyc vy cho qud trinh xim lugc va cai trj.
Cic tic phim cua Shin Chae-ho da gdp phin chiing minh rinh iruyin thdng, tinh dgc ddo vi tinh chinh thfi cua ljch sii Triiu Tien.
Park Eun-shik(*;HS:t@, 1859 - 1925) tip trung vdo mang ljch sii can d^i vdi cac tic phim chinh yiu nhu An Jung-geun {^^^, 1914), Lich sit cgn dgi cdc nuac ( ^ I S i S ^ ,
\9\S), Hdn Qu&e thdngsu{^^%^\, 1915), Huyii su vi phong Irdo dgc lap Hdn Qudc ( ^ ^ ^ - f ^I^'^-K 1920). Bfin canh do, dng cung cd nhiiu lac phim nghien cuu sii hgc co trung d^i hoic sing tic vdi dfi tii ljch su nhu Dgi Ddng cd dgi sit lugn {i\%'^iX^Wi), Nhiing ghi chip vi Ddng Minh Thdnh Vitang (Mmm^mi), Bgt Hdi Thdi Td kiin quoc ehi ( ) ^ ) ^ i ; ^ S S ^ ) , Mgng bdi Kim Thdi Td ( # ^ ^ ^ ; i c s a ) , . . . cimg mgt sd cdng ttinh djch nhu Bgt Hdi su (mM^), Kim su ( ^ ^ ) . Trong cac cdng trinh nghien cuu, Park Eun-shik da dfi xuit khdi nifim Qude hdn, theo dd sy himg vong, thinh suy ciia ddn l^c deu ndm d vific cdn tdn tai, cdn gin gift dugc qudc hdn hay khdng. Khdi nifim Tinh thdn hay Hdn din tgc dugc tifip ndi qua cac trudc tic ciia sii gia Jeong Il-bo, d^c biet la cdng trinh Nghifin Cliu Hch sii Triiu Tifin (:2:-ti'^l-*Si^).
Jeong II Bo dat niem rin die bi?t vao sy tdn t?i cua Dangun - thiiy td cua dan tgc Hdn song chii truong nhin nhan nhan vil niy dudi gdc dg nhan each hda riiay vi thin thinh hda nhu quan diim cua Dai Tdng Gido (Trung tim nghifin ciiu Ljch sir Dai hgc Korea, 2017).
Tuong ty, nhim ciing cd cho sii quan din tgc chu nghia vd keu ggi rinh thin dan tgc, sir gia Ahn Jae-hong d i dfi xuit khai nifim "Chinh
T|f> M N^icn cmi Nirdv ngoii, Tfp 36, So 2 (2020) 104 -115 111 Idii din tdc" ( ? 1 ^ ^ 7]) trong tac phim Triiu
Tien thugng co sir gidm ( S - ^ -^Jl'^1-^^) hay su gia Moon H-pyeong vdi khii niem "Trieu Tien tim" (3:-^-y) irong cudn Triiu Tien sir thogi {3i-^^}^) (Seo Eui-shik, 2010).
Nghien ciiu ciia cic sii gia theo Irudng phii din lgc chii nghia di ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng Uong thdi difim ljch su: duang thdi.
N6 di CO vii cho rinh thin yeu nudc, ddu tranh gianh dgc lap ty do ciia dan tgc Han. Sii quan dan tOc chii nghia cung Id vii khi huu hieu dfi ching I?i sii quan thyc dan cua gidi nghifin cihl dugc chinh quyen Nhat Ban hdu thuan nhim bdp meo ljch sii Han Qudc.
Vi mil Iy luin, mac dii cdn h ^ chfi vfi mat phucmg phip vi rinh thyc chiing, song so vdi sir quan phong kiin tnrdc do, sir hgc din tgc chii nghia di cd nhimg budc tifin quan trgng d^i nen mdng cho sii hgc can hien dai Hdn Qudc.
Sir hgc dan t^c chii nghia ciing da ddng gdp vao phong trio diu tranh gianh dgc Idp dan tgc nhu mpl vii khi sic ben vi mdl Iy luan.
Tmdc het, thay vi cic vuong trifiu, dan tdc dirge coi li chii thi ciia Ijch sii. Vai trd ciia quin chiing nhan dan dugc de cao ben canh sir khdng djnh vfi vi tri ciia nhirng anh hiing tifiu bifiu Irong ljch sii dan tgc. Nhan dan chinh ia nhQng "ngudi anh himg vd danh" da tao dyng vi duy tri Ijch six.
Thii hai, Ijch sii da dugc sii dung nhu mgt phuong tien di giao dye truyfin thdng, y thiic dan tgc cho quin chung nhan dan. Thdng qua vi?c khdng dinh vfi Quoc td Dangun, cic sii gia di Cling cd y thitc ro rang vfi cgi ngudn din tpc, ddng ihdi khai ggi, nudi duang long ty hdo din lgc va chu nghia anh hiing.
Thii ba, Hch sii dugc coi la vii khi dau tranh chdng l^i the lyc ngoai xam. Mdi tie irfiira sir hgc, van hgc sii ddng vai ird la mgt bin an to cao chfi dg thuc dan de qudc. Khdng ding 1^ d dd, sii hgc cdn hudng tdi kfiu ggi
quan chiing nhan din dung Ien diu uanh giii phdng dan tdc. Ddng ihdi, bin thin sir hgc dan tdc chii nghia cung tnrc tifip diu tranh chdng lai chinh sach ddng hda dan tgc vd chu truong bdp meo ljch sii Hin Qudc ciia chinh quyin Nhat Ban.
Thii tu, each nhin nhin ve vai trd vd trich nhifim cua sir gia cung cd nhiiu thay ddi.
Nhung nha sii hgc nhu Park Eun-shik, Shin Chae-ho dfiu li nhiing nha dan tdc chii nghia vd la nhi each mang tifiu bieu giai doan diu the ki XX. Xet trfin phuong difin cdng hiin vfi mat sii hgc, nhihig quan difim luin Ihuyit, tu tudng ciia hg da md ra mgt thdi ki mdi cho lich sir sir hgc din tdc, ddng vai ud gach ndi giua sir hgc truyin thdng va sii hgc hi?n dai.
3.3. Anh hu&ng eua chit nghia ddn Ige trong sdng tdc vdn hgc nghe thudt
Trong nhiing nam cudi thi ki XIX dau the ki XX, van hge giii vai ud quan Ugng trong vific truyfin ba tu tudng khai sang d Trifiu Tien, thiic tinh ngudi dan Triiu Tien vfi nhifim vu xay dung qudc gia dan tdc, van menh ciia Trieu Tien trong thdi dai mdi. Vdn hoc khdng cdn la tim guong phan chifiu he tu tudng yfiu nudc trung nghta truyen thdng mi di vio hai nhifim vu trgng tam chinh: tdn vinh cdc gia iri truyen thdng de khcri ggi ldng yeu nudc, tinh thin dan tgc ciing nhu y chi gianh dgc lap, bdo ve chii quyen dit nudc; dfi cao tu tudng khai sang van minh, nhu cau dugc hgc hdi cii mdi. Thdi dai da sin sinh ra mdt thfi he nha van, nha tho tran ud vdi pham irii "dan lgc".
Nhiing tic gia di ddu uong nhan thiic vfi dan ldc d Trifiu Tien dau thfi ki cd thfi kfi ra Id Shin Chae-ho, Lee Gwang-soo, Yeoro Sang-seop.
Shin Chae-ho ( ^ l ^ i S , 1880-1936) khdng chi dugc biet dfin la mdt nha su hgc, mgl chi si yeu nudc ma cdn la mgt nhi vin chan chinh vdi nhiing rieu thuyil chinh ui mang dam tinh khai sang cua thdi dai. Tac pham "Bau trdi trong mo" ciia dng la minh chiing difin hinh cho
112 Ngi- Thn. T.T. Ngpc /Tfp cU Nghim cnn NB*C ngoai. T|p 3*. N> - '' vip: xiy dyng hinh tugng din tgc trcmg \ i n
hgc. Shin Chae-ho dd ngugc vfi cgi ngudn ciia dan lgc Hin: dd chinh la Thin thoai Dangim.
Dangun trd thanh trgng lim ciia vdn hgc Shin Chac-ho va tu tudng Dangun chinh la tu tudng xujfin sudt uong thi gidi \dn hgc cua dng.
Vdi Shin Chae-ho, Dangun chinh li nhin vdt cd thi doin kit dugc toin the nhdn din Trieu Tifin trudc nguy co phai ddi mit vdi sy xam lugc ciia thi Iuc ngg^i xdm. Ong cho rdng chi cd Dangun mdi khoi ggi va Iam sdng tai tinh thin tu hdo dan tgc ciia ngudi din Triiu Tifin. Dangun Id thuy td. Id cgi ngudn ciia nhihig ngudi dan song trfin bin dio Hin;
qudc gia do Dangun kien t^o nfin la mdt qudc gia dgc lip vd thinh vugng, hodn todn ddi lip vdi hifin thyc ducmg thdi. Shin Chae-ho di djnh hudng ngudi dan cimg hudng ve mdt chinh thi ddn tgc, qua dd thdi bung y thirc dan tgc dang d Uong Uang thai hoang mang, phin hda vd dang dan b( mai mgt. Bing su ldn vinh Dangun ciing nhu nhiing nhan vat ljch su tieu bifiu ciia Trieu Tifin, qui khii oai himg ciia din tgc. Shin Chae-ho da khcri diy linh thin dan tgc ty cudng ciia ngudi Triiu Tien, khang djnh Unh chinh ddng ciia nen dgc lip ty chii cua din tgc Trifiu Tifin. Co thfi ndi, nfin tang ciia nhimg sang tic ciia Shin Chae-ho chinh Id sy thiic rinh, sy giic ngg din lgc cimg hudng ve cgi ngudn de doin ket, thdng nhit, ciing nhau
\a\ dyng qudc gia din tgc. Chinh vi viy, vdn hgc Shin Chae-ho mang dim miu sic chinh trj, hon li hudng dfin muc tieu khoi diy cam hiing giai tri ciia dai chiing.
Mgl nhin vit tieu bieu niia cho nhiing luin dim ve din tgc chu nghia thdi ki can dai ciia Hin Qudc vdo cudi the ki XIX chinh la Lee Gwang-soo (^^t;*-, 1892 - 1950). Ong Id mgt uong nhiing nhi vdn cd anh hudng manh mfi ddi vdi phong trio ddi mdi van hgc dau thfi kl XX cua Han Qudc bdi nhiing dgt phi trong nhin thiic ve dan lgc vi vdn hgc. Tuy nhien.
khac vdi Shin Chae-hg, Lec Gwang-soo I91 chu truong mgt su cii td din t ^ hon la sy giic ngg din tgc. Cai td d diy mang nghia Ii sua ddi, thay ddi d i xdy dung cai mdi. Difiu nay ddng nghTa vdi biin ddi sang mgt ri-^ng thai hoan toin mdi, tuan theo cii mdi. Nhin quan dan tgc chii nghia ciia Lee Gwang-soo^ chju inh hudng cua luin thuyit "Npi Tifin nhit thi (Lfl -ii "^ ^1 - Nhdt Bdn vd Triiu Tiin la mgl)"
cua Nhit Bin. Vdi dng, Nhit Ban ehinh Id dil nudc cd thi dinh thirc tiim ning thiic tinh, khai sing din tgc. Ciing gidng nhu da s6 cic tri thiic duang thdi, dng nhin nhdn vai h-d cua vin hgc la phuang ii?n nhanh nhat va hiiu hi^u nhil trong vific giao tiep vdi dai bg phin ngudi ddn trong xa hgi (minjung - dan ehiing). Ong cho ring "cai linh" Ii sudi ngudn ciia dgo diic va djnh nghia van hgc Id nhung cau vin bao him nhiing phin tii cua "cdi tinh", Ideh bgch vin hgc trd thinh m^t ITnh vuc mang tinh dpc lip v i dua vfi pham trii nghe thuat. Bdi viy, dng ehii truang ddi mdi vdn hgc va dimg tieu ihuyel lim phuang tien thiic tinh, khai sang dai chiing, trd thanh mdl trong nhiing ngudi di tifin phong trong vi?c each mang tifiu thuyil.
Trong dd, nhung nd lue rich hgp khiu ngii vdi ngdn tir ( ^ - ^ - ^ ^ l - ngdn vdn nhdt tri) hay thdi bimg y thiic vfi cai tdi ca nhdn qua de tii tinh yeu nam nir tu do, qua dd, nhdn mgnh 3?
nghia cua vdn chuong khai sdng, khoic Ifin mdt difin mao mdi cho tieu thuyet Han Quoc giai doan ddu the ki vdi tic phim tifiu biiu dd Id "Vd tinh", "Dit dai", "Tai sinh" dd dua dng ud thdnh mgt h-ong nhirng tic gia diu lien vi tifiu biiu cua nfin vdn hgc hifin dai Han Qu^c.
Nhiing nhdn vat cua Lee Gwang-soo thudng mang dam miu sic hifin dai; dd la nhimg tri tilde tre, nhiing con ngudi dang trong tir the sin sing tiip tiiu cii mdi, cii hifin dai, ludn d vj ui tien phong, cd suy nghl cip tiin va nhin quan mdi vfi ban tiian, vi xd hgi va dit nudc, ludn uong tim die "dgy d6" nhiing ngudi dan Trieu Tifin chua dugc giac ngg vd thuc tinh. Vi
Tfp chi N^ica cnn N n ^ ngoli, Tfp 36, So 2 (2020) 104 -115 113 khi nhiing ngudi din dugc "dgy dd" a\' khdng
tbi dip nhgn dugc sy chi bag ciia hg mgt each loan difn, hg thudng roi vao trang thai budn bi, bi ai. Vi viy, cd the ndi, ehii nghTa dan tdc trong tifiu thuyit ciia Lee Gwang-sgo mang mau sdc din chii tu sdn va Ii chii nghia dan tgc phin phong kifin, chii nghia dan tgc khai sdng.
Trong dja hat vin hgc Han Qudc, khi dfi cgp din nhiing tic gia dd cd nhihig ddng gdp to ldn trong v i ^ xiy dung mgt nfin vin hgc din lgc h i ^ dgi, khdng thfi khdng nhic dfin Yeom Sang-seop imMW, 1897-1963). Hoat dgng tren vin din lu ndm 1918 cho dfin nim 1961, hon 40 nim sing tic, Yeom Sang-seop da dfi lgi hon 16 lieu thuyet, hem 160 truyen ngin vi tniyin vira ciing vdi hon 300 bii phe binh, nghi lugn (Munhak wa Jiseongsa, 2010). Cd the n6i, khii lugng sing tic nhu vay ciing tucmg ximg vdi qudng thdi gian hoat dgng sang tic, chimg kiin irgn v?n tiin Irinh phal trien ciia ljch sii ciing nhu ciia vdn hgc Han Qudc tu nhihig ndm diu thfi ki XX, khi Triiu Tien roi vao ach thdng trj eiia Nhdt Ban din nhung nim chien tranh hai mien Nam - Bic, chung kifin ndi dau ciia din lgc bi chia cil. Nhtmg c6 thfi ndi, mau chdt tgo nen vj tri ciia Yeom Sang-seop trong vdn hgc Han Qudc chinh la y nghia thdi dgi cua the gidi vdn hgc do dng tgo nfin. Yeom Sang-seop duge cgi Id "nha van dimg d vj tri tnmg tam ciia hoi thd ciia vdn hpc cgn dgi Han Qudc" bdi tinh thdi dai trong van hpc cua dng (Choi Won-shik, 1999).
Khac vdi Lee Gwang-soo, Yeom Sang- seop vfi nen mgt di?n mao sic net eua van hgc cgn hien dgi. Dd li vin hgc hudng din su giai phdng bin ngi, thdc rinh y chi eua bin ngd de ca nhin cd thfi vugt qua ndi dau tinh than va tu minh ciiu Iiy minh, khdng phdi la su trdng chd vio m§t than tugng nio cd. Tir nhiing sdng tic dau tay nhu "Chii ich xanh trong phdng tieu Iwn", "Am dg (Dem tdi)", "Tni dg (Dfim cuoi cimg ciia nim)" cho din "Trudc phong trio
Manse", "su giay vd tinh tiiin" ciia ca nhan tnrdc hifin thuc dau khd ciia Trifiu Tien chinh la tu khda quan Ugng ciia vin hgc Yeom Sang- seop. Qui trinh giiy vd tinh thdn ciing ehinh la su giic ngg ciia ci nhdn, dfin vdi nhan thiic ring chinh minh phii tu oiu lay minh vi dimg chin tai '•>• thiic vfi bin ngd mang tinh dan tdc". Ddy chinh Id ehii thfi can dai chin chinh, vugt len sy xac lip chu thfi can dai don thuin ciia hiu het cac tac gia ducmg thdi.
4. fide trinig cua chu nghia dan t$c Hin Quoc dau the ki XX
Chu nghia din lgc Han Qudc li sin phim mang tinh can dai, dugc tao ra bdi qui trinh can dai hda - qud trinh thoat khdi nhiing lu tudng phong kien da lac hiu, Idi thdi vd budc sang thdi dai khai sing, vuon tdi trd thinh mdt qudc gia din tgc hi?n dgi. Tuy nhien, qud trinh dd da dien ra dudi su can thiep cua Nhit Ban bing hinh thiic cai Iri, ddng hda. Bdi vgy, chil nghia ddn tgc ciia Han Qudc khdng chi don thuin la sy nhin ra nhiing tinh hoa, nhung ndi lyc tiem tang ciia nhimg con ngudi cimg chimg ngdn ngir, chung nhiing die diem nhan chiing va cimg sdng ufin bdn dao Hdn, mi cdn Id su ihlic tinh trudc nguy ca qudc gia bi xam lugc, dan tdc bi ddng hda. Chinh vi vdy, nhtmg tic phdm ciia thdi ki nay dfiu cd the coi li sin phdm ciia nhiing nd luc khdng mudn ddnh mdt tinh bin tfii dan tdc (^^^ ^^^-^J) trong hoan canh ddc biet - hodn cdnh thudc dja.
Chii nghia dan tdc Hin Qudc mang dien mao chii nghia ly tudng, chii nghia khai sing.
Mdt bd phan ldn nhiing tri Ihiic sdng h'ong thdi dai dd khi chu quyfin ddt nudc bj roi vdo tay ciia thfi lyc ben ngoai, vdi hg, con dudng ngin nhat hay vific cin lam trudc mit dfi dgt dugc mue tieu khdi phyc chii quyfin ciia dit nudc chinh li vific diing cau chir v i giio dye d i thiic tinh dan tdc dang uong tinh thfi bai vong vd hg coi dd nhu la sii menh cua bin than. Vi vay, rit nhifiu tri thirc da cimg mgt
114 NfrL T^m. T.T Ne9c/Tw chi Nghien c4» Niroc ngoii. T#p 36. Si i liic dam nhin nhifiu vai trd, nhu nha hogt d^ig
each mang. nhi tu tudng. nha giao dye, nha vdn. nha tho v.v...
Trong nhiing nim diu the ki XX. chii nghia din tgc Hin Qudc dugc bifiu h i ^ dudi hai hinh thiic: chii nghia din tgc cd khuvnh hudng dan chii tu sin vi chu nghia din tgc mang khuynh hudng dai chiing (Roh Jong- sang, 2015). Tu\ nhien, trong hodn canh thugc dja, khuynh hudng din chu tu sin di bj tu md bdi khuynh hudng din chii vd sin bdi nhu ciu dau tranh chdng lgi dp buc vd bdc lgt dfi giinh lgi vi bao vfi dgc lip din tgc mang > nghTa tich cue vi tifin bg. Ndi each khic, chii nghTa din tgc Hin Quoc cd mdi lien kfit chit che vdi chii nghia yfiu nudc.
Chu n^Ta din tgc Hin Qudc diu the ki XX cdn dugc bifiu hi?n dtrdi hinh thuc chu nghia ci nhin Uong nhgn thirc ciia mgt sd tri thiic duang thdi. Chil nghia ci nhin d diy khdng mang nghia tdn simg ci nhan cua chu nghia vj ki mi li sy dinh thuc bin ngi, dong cim vi hda nhgp vdi vin mfinh thugc dja cua dan tgc dfi xac djnh hudng di mdi phii hgp \ di chi hudng giii phdng din tgc. Ci nhan vay vimg de thoit ra khdi nhihig rang bugc ciia che dg xd hgi cii, nhgn thiic di>' dii ve hien thyc thugc dja ^ di sd phgn cua Trifiu Tifin vi vi thfi ciia Nhai Bin vi tu giic ngd vfi rinh chii ddng cua bdn than, cin phdi diing di>' hi nhiing dd nit, hoang tin de xdy dyng nhiing mim sdng mdi.
5. Kit luan
Bit ddu manh nha tir cudi thfi ki XIX, budc sang nhiing ndm ddu thi ki XX, tu tudng chil nghia din tgc tgi Hin Qudc dd cd sy dinh hinh vi dugc tifip nhin, sii dung mgt cich rdng rdi. Chii nghia din tgc giai dogn niy di cd nhiing inh hudng quan trgng dfin hiu khip cac phuong difin ciia ddi sdng xi hgi nhu phong trio diu tranh yfiu nudc, nghifin ciru, giao dye qudc hgc, sing tic vdn hgc - nghfi
thuat... Vdi nhihig dnh hudng dd, tu mdng chu nghia din tgc thdi ki diu di tro tiiinh mgt uong nhiing dgng lyc ehinh trj v i x i hgi quan ugng nhit ciia Hin Qudc giai dogn cudi tiie ki XIX diu tiii ki XX.
Mic dii cdn riip tyc biin ddi trong cic giai dogn sau nay ciing nhu sy tdn tgi nhiing hgn chi nhit djnh vi mil Ijch su, song cd tiii nh§n djnh chii nghia dan tdc tgi Han Qudc nhiing nim diu tiifi ki XX mang nhiing d$c d^mg ca bdn cua chu nghia din tgc vdn hda, ehu nghia yfiu nudc, chii nghia Iy tudng va khai sang. Cy thi, nd nhin mgnh vao cdc phgm riii nhu Quoc hdn, Qudc riiy, Quoc su, Qudc ngii, Quoc vfin... Thdng qua dd, nd xic Igp rd phgm vi ddn tgc Hin ugng sy tuang quan vdi cic dan tgc khdc md die biet trong giai dogn niy Ii Nhgt Bin, qua dd khdng djnh tinh dgc lgp vi ly ehu ciia din tgc Han.
Bifiu hi^n ciia chii nghia din tgc trfin cdc ITnh vyc cung hit sire da dang. Trong nhiiu irudng hgp, chu nghia dan lgc mang ddc trung dai chiing, phd quit, song trong mgl sd phuang di?n cy the, lien quan den sy dp dung tu tudng chii nghia din tgc vd diu tranh eich mgng, vdo sing tdc vin hge nghfi tiiugt, riiy vio timg ddi tugng su dyng md chu nghia ddn tgc cd the dugc bifiu hien mang khuynh hudng giai cip, khuynh hudng din chii tu sdn hay thgm chi khuynh hudng chii nghia c i nhdn.
Tuy nhifin, tuu Uung lai, khdng thi phii nhin ring tu tudng vi chu nghia dan tgc cimg vdi nhimg inh hudng ciia nd dd tao nfin mgt cugc cich mgng vi mil nhdn ihiie ddi vdi ngudi din Hin Quoc giai dogn diu thfi ki XX.
Cy tiifi, day la lin diu tien cd mdt su soi chiiu, su tu khing dinh vfi tinh bin sic - ban tiii cua cgng ddng dan tgc Uong sudt chiiu dai lich sir vd trfin hiu khip cdc phuong difin tu su hgc, vdn hgc, nghfi tiiuit... Nhiing ddng gdp ciia rii tudng chii nghia din tgc di uuc tiip khai sinh ra nen qudc hgc so ky va d i lgi nhifiu diu in
Tff chi N^icn cnn Nmrc ngoii, Tf p 36, So 2 (2020) IM -115 115
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NATIONALISM IN KOREA IN THE LATE 19*^
AND EARLY 20''^ CENTURIES
Nguyen Le Thu, Tran Tung Ngoc
Faculty of Korean Language and Culture.
VNU Umversity of Languages and International Studies, Pham Van Dong, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vielnam
Abstract: Nationalism is, among ideologies, an ideology penetrating into not only Korea hut also East Asian nations in the modem period at the end of 19* century and in the early 20* century. Nationalism is also a very influencial ideological movement throughout the historical and cultural course of Korea.
The paper aims to review the acceptance process of and views on nationalism under oustanding Korean inicllcctuals and scholars' eyes in the early 20* century. Additionally, the study identifies the characlensties of nauonalist ideology and its effects on social life in terms of patriotic struggle, &ends toward research and national education as well as artistic and creative literature aspects.
Keywords: nationalism, modem Korean history, modem Korean Studies