QUYEN vA NGHIA VU T 6 TUNG CUA DU^ONG SlT LA CA NHAN TRONG VU AN DAN SlT
Le Thanh Lain
T6m tat: Bdi viet phdn tich mpt sd vdn de ve: Khdi niem ngu&i ki thira quyin vd nghia vu td lung cUa duang su Id cd nhdn trong vy dn ddn su (sau day gpi tai Id nguai ke thira to tung); phdn biet hai khdi niem "nguai ke thira td tung" vd "ngu&i thica ki";
mot sd vu&ng mdc phdt sinh trong tru&ng hpp ngu&i ke thira to tung cung chet khi vu viec ddn su vdn chua gidi quyet xong; cdc vdn de ve quyin khdng cdo. thai hgn khdng cdo cua ngu&i ke thica to tung cUng nhu cdch xie ly cua Toa dn trong tru&ng hgp duang su chit sau khi co bdn dn, quyet dinh sa thdm md th&i hgn khdng cdo ciia hp vdn cdn.
Abstract: This article analyses issues on: the concept of heirs with respect to their rights and obligations in a related civil case (litigation heirs); distinction between
"litigation heirs" and "heirs"; obstacles arising in case litigation heirs die when the case has not been solved; issues on litigation heirs' right to appeal and time limits for appeal as well as how a court reacts to a litigant's death after it renders its first instance decision but time limits for appeal are not expired.
1. Khai niem nguM ke thua quyen va nghia vu to tung cua dirorng su
Bg Iudt To tung Dan sy nam 2004 (sua doi, bo sung nam 2011) khSng quy dinh rieng ve ngudi kfi thira to tyng ciia duong sy noi chung, va ngudi kfi thira t i tyng cua duong sy la cd nhan noi rifing. Theo do, chi dy lieu mgt trudng hgp, khi "duang su la cd nhdn dang tham gia td tung chet md quyin vd nghia vu vi tdi sdn ciia hp duac thica ke thi ngu&i thica ke tham gia td tung" (khodn I Diiu 62).
Nhu vgy, ngudi kfi thua to tung la ngudi tiiua ke ciia duong sy, chi xuat hien khi thoa man hai dieu kien: Mgt la, duong sy dang tham gia t6 tyng chfit; vd hai la, quyen va nghTa vy vfi tdi san ciia duang sy nay dugc thira ke. Tat ca quyen va nghTa vy to tyng cua ducmg sy dd chfit dugc ngudi ke thira
Toa Dan sy - Toa an nhan dan tinh Sflc TrSng.
cua hg tiep noi va thyc hien, khong nhdn danh chinh minh raa nhan danh duong sy da chet. Noi each khac, "ngudi thua ke" cua duong su sau khi "ty nguyen" ke tuc quyen va nghia vy cua duong sy de tiep noi vu kifin con dang dd, se trd thanh "ngudi ke thira t6 tung" ciia ducmg sy. Day la difim cot Ioi de phdn bifit hai loai chii thfi nay.
Tuy nhien, thyc tifin dp dyng da co sy nhdra Ian giiia hai khai niem "ngudi ke thira to tung" va "ngudi thira kfi", xem viec tham gia td tung nhu la nghTa vy bat huge ciia ngudi thira ke, neu ngudi de lgi di san cho hg dang tham gia td tung chit. Tir sy nhdm ldn trong each hieu ddn dfin thyc tiln xet xii da d i n g nhat hai Iogi chu the nay. Cy thi, c6 trudng hgp sau khi duang su chit, Toa an dua tdt cd ngudi thira kfi vao tham gia t i tung, du mgt trong sd nhiing ngudi nay tir chii tham gia td tyng. Hau qua phap Iy cua viec nay la lam thay doi tham quyin gjai
quyet vu vific tir Toa an cdp huyfin Ien Tda dn cdp tinh, va phat sinh hdng logt thii tue phdp Iy rdt phiie tap. Sy nhdm lan eon dugc thfi hien trong cdc vdn ban td tyng ciia Toa an, thay vi sir dung thugt ngii "ngudi ki thira quyen vd nghia vy td tyng cua duong su" till rdt nhiiu ban an, quyit dinh lai ghi
"ngudi thira ki quyin vd nghTa vu td tung..."
Theo quan difim ciia tac gia, "ngudi ki tiiira ti tyng" Id mgt khdi niem rgng hon
"ngudi thira ki". Mat khac, ngudi ki thira ti tung chiu sy dieu chinh ciia phap luat ti tung dan sy (ludt hinh thirc), con ngudi thiia ke chiu sy dieu chinh ciia phdp ludt dan sy (ludt nfii dung). Thyc tiln xet xii cdn co su phdn biet giua hai loai chii thi nay. Ding thdi, khi duong sy dang tham gia to tung chet md quyen va nghTa vu vi tdi san cua hg dugc thira ke, thi viec co tham gia ti tyng hay khong Id "quyen", ehii khong phdi la
"nghTa vy" cua ngudi thira kfi.
2. Ngu-di ke thua quyen va nghta vu to tung cua duong su la ca nhan dang tham gia to tyng chet khi vu an chua du-ffc giai quyet xong
Thuc tien cdng tdc xet xu cho thdy, co trudng hgp khi duong su Id cd nhdn dang tham gia td tung chfit, Toa an da dua ngudi thiia kfi ciia hg vao thara gia t6 tung vdi tu each ngudi kfi thira to tyng theo quy dinh tgi khodn I Diiu 62 cua Bg ludt To tyng Dan sy. Tuy nhien, do vy viec cd tinh chdt phiic tap, thdi gian giai quyfit keo dai qua nhifiu ldn, nhiiu cdp xet xu, khi vy vi^c con chua gidi quyit xong thi chinh ngudi ke thira to tyng nay cung chet. Toa an tiep tuc dua ngudi thira ki ciia ngudi nay vao tham gia ti tyng nhung lgi khong xac dinh duge tu each thara gia to tyng ciia hg Id gi. Bdi vi chi cd thfi ggi hg la "Ngudi kfi thira quyin
va nghTa vy to tyng cua ngudi ki thira quyin vd nghTa vu t i tung eiia...(n ldn) cua nguyen don, bi dan hoac ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghTa vu lifin quan". Nhu vgy la khong hgply.
Theo tac gia, difiu nay xuat phat tir su nhdm lan trong each hieu vd nhan thiic vi bdn chdt cua quy dinh tai Diiu 62 cua Bg luat Ti tyng Dan sy hien hdnh. Ben canh do, vific phdp lugt chua co quy dinh ro rdng ddn dfin nhifiu quan difira khac nhau trong qua trinh dp dyng. Quan difim thii nhdt cho rang, khi Toa an da dua ngudi thira ki cua duong sy vao tham gia to tyng nghTa la hg CO quyen vd nghia vu trong vu an do, quyfin vd nghta vy nay phat sinh tir quyfin thira kfi ciia hg doi vdi di san do duong sy chfit di lgi (di sdn nay thye chdt la quyin vi tai san).
Quan diem thii hai cho rang, ngudi thira ki ciia duong su dugc Toa an dua vao tham gia td tyng khong c6 quyfin tac dgng tryc tifip den tai san (hodc doi tugng khac) dang tranh chdp. Hg chi tham gia to tung thay cho ducmg sy dd chet va nhan danh ngudi md hg kfi thira trong vific quyet dinh cac van dfi co lifin quan trong vy an. Viee thira kfi di san dugc gidi quyet rieng giua nhiing ngudi thira ke eiia duong su, neu c6 tranh chap thi giai quyfit bang mgt vu kifin khac.
Tac gid dong tinh vdi quan diem thii hai vi phil hgp va phdn anh diing ban chat ciia quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Difiu 62 Bg ludt Td tung Ddn sy hifin hdnh. Do chinh la khai niera "duang sy" dugc sir dyng d quy dinh nay. Theo quy dinh tgi khodn I Dieu 56 ciia Bg ludt T6 tung Dan sy, duong sy trong vy an ddn sy la "cd nhdn. ca quan, id chiec bao gdm nguyin dan, bi dan. nguai cd quyin lgi, nghia vu lien quan". Dan chieu den quy dinh tai khodn 1 Difiu 62 ta thdy, phap ludt hien hanh chi de cap dfin viec kfi thira quyfin
29
va nghTa vy to tung cua "duong sy"; nhiing ngudi tham gia td tung khac nhu ngudi dgi difin hgp phap cua duong sy, ngudi bao vfi quyen vd lgi ich hgp phdp ciia duong su, vd ddc biet Id ngudi kfi thiia to tyng cua ducmg sy khong phai la doi tugng dugc nhac dfin tgi quy dinh nay. Do do, khi nhiing ngudi nay dang tham gia to tyng raa chet thi quyen vd nghTa vy to tung cua hg ciing cham diit.
Ben canh do, chiing ta thdy rang quy dinh tai Difiu 62 de bao vfi quyfin va lgi ich hgp phdp cua duong sy dang tham gia td tung ttong vu vific dan sy doi vdi "di san"
ma hg di Iai ttong vy an sau khi chet. Theo do, dieu kifin de dua ngudi thira ke ciia duong sy vdo tham gia td tung vd tiep tuc gidi quyfit vy an la khi duong su dang thara gia to tung chet md "quyen vd nghia vu ve tai sdn" ciia hg duge thira ke. Day bat huge phai la quyfin va nghia vy ve tai san ttong vy an do Toa an dang giai quyet ma khong phai la quyen vd nghia vu khac (nhu quyfin vd nghia vy ve nhdn thdn, quyen vd nghTa vy to tung,...) hogc quyfin vd nghia vy ve tai sdn ngoai vy an. Ciiinh vi vgy, vific dua ngudi thira ke ciia ngudi ke thira to tyng cua duong sy vdo tham gia td tung sau khi ngudi nay chet la khong diing vdi tinh than quy dinh tgi khoan I Difiu 62 cua Bg luat Td tung Dan su. Quyen va nghTa vy md ngudi ke thua to tung eiia duong sy dfi lai sau khi chet trong vy dn khong phai la quyin va nghTa vy ve tai san, ma chi la quyin va nghia vu td tung; va khi con song, ban than hg chi tham gia to tyng nhan danh ngudi hg kfi tiiira (duong su) ma thoi.
Trong trudng hgp duomg sy dang tham gia to tung chet ma chi co mgt ngudi thira kfi d hdng thira ke thii nhat da dugc dua vao tham gia vdi tu each ngudi ki thira ti tyng cua duang su, va sau nay khi dang tham gia
to tung ngudi nay cting chit, thi Toa an se tiip tyc 4ua hang thira kfi thir hai cua duang sy vao tham gia t i tyng. Hang thua ke thli hai nay ciing se tham gia to tyng vdi tu each ngudi ki thira ti tyng ciia duong sy da chet, nhdn danh duang sy da chfit, giong nhu trudng hgp chdm diit hgp dong uy quyfin vdi mgt ngudi dai dien nao do, va tiep tuc uy quyfin cho ragt ngudi dgi dien mdi ma thoi.
3. Ngudi ke thua quyen va nghia viji to tung trong truong hgp duomg su chit sau khi cd ban an, quyet dinh eua Toa an ma thoi ban khang cao ciia ho van con
Quyen khdng cao ciia duong sy dugc ghi nhdn tai diem s, khodn 2 Dieu 58 ciia Bo Iuat To tung Dan sy, dara bdo nguyfin tac thuc hifin chfi do hai cap xet xir. Ben canh do, nhiing ngudi co quyen khang cao con dugc quy dinh md rgng hon' tgi Difiu 243 cua Bg luat, cu the: ''Duang su. ngu&i dgi dien cua duang su. ca quan. to chuc khdi kien cd quyin ldm dan khdng cdo bdn dn, quyit dinh lgm dinh chi. dinh chi gidi quyit vu dn cua Tda dn cdp sa ihdm di yiu cdu Toa dn cdp Iren true tiep gidi quyet lgi theo thu luc phuc thdm"- Song theo quy dinh ndy, nhom chu the co quyen khang cdo lai khong bao gora ngudi ke thira to tyng cita duong su. Nhu vdy, van de dat ra la ai se thuc hien quyfin ca ban nay de dam bdo quyen vd lgi ich hgp phap cua duong sy trong vu an duong su da chfit; ngudi kfi thiia quyfin va nghTa vy to tyng cua duang sy co dugc ghi nhan quyfin khang cao hay khong, va nfiu CO thi thdi difim bat ddu cua thdi han khang cdo dugc xac dinh nhu thfi nao ttong trudng hgp duong su chet sau khi co ban an, quyfit dinh cua Toa an ma thdi han khang cao cua hg vdn cdn?
Doi vdi vdn di thii nhdt, dii khdng dugc quy dinh ro nhung thuc tien xet xir cho thay, ngudi ki thua quyin vd nghTa vu to tyng CO ddy du quyfin khang cdo, vi co ban quyen khang cdo eung la mgt "quyen trong to tyng", ma hg dugc ki thda tir duang sy da chet.
Vi dy, ttong vy an "Tranh chdp hgp dong vay tdi san" giiia nguyen don la ba Nguyen Thi N va bi dan la ba Khuu Thi T, dugc Toa an nhdn ddn thdnh ph6 S, tinh S xet xii so thdm ngay 16/7/2013. Sau khi ban an so tham tuyen, ngdy 20/7/2013 ba T chfit, dfin ngdy 02/8/2013, cdc con cua ba T la ong Chdu Phdt L vd ba Chau Nggc H co don khdng cdo todn bg bdn an so thdm. Ho so vu an the hien bd H la ngudi dai dien theo uy quyfin cua ba T tham du phien toa so thdm (bd H cd mdt) nhung khong dugc uy quyfin doi vdi viec khang cao ban an . Nhu vay, vfi nguyen tac dfi dam bao quyen Igi chinh dang cua ba T, trong trudng hgp nay Toa an bugc phai dua dng L va ba H vao tham gia ti tung ke thira ba T va xem xet dan khang cao.
Ngoai nhiing thii tuc can thifit de thong bao, ting dgt ban dn cho nhirng ngudi thira kfi ciia ba T nhdra dara bao quyen khang cao ciia ducmg sy, thi viec xac dinh thdi difim bdt dhx tinh thdi hgn khang cao cua ngudi ki thira ti tyng cua bd T trong trudng hgp nay cung kho khdn, bdi phdp ludt hifin hanh chua CO quy dinh cu thfi. Trong khi viec xac dinh ndy cd y nghia rat quan trgng khong
' Theo huong din tai khoan 8 Difiu 2 Nghj quyet so 06/2012/NQ-HDTP ngay 03/12/2012 cua Hgi dflng Thim phan Tfla an nhan dSn tfli cao, thi vific khang cao ban an, quyfit dmh cua Tfla an cip so tham cua ngufli dai di^n theo uy quyen chi dugc chip nhan nfiu van ban uy quy^n thfi hi?n rfl ngi dung uy quyfin khang cao ban an, quyet djnh ciia Tfla an cap so thim.
chi ddi vdi viec co tiep tyc giai quyfit vu an theo ttinh ty phiic thara theo don khang cdo hay khong, ma con quyfit dinh thdi diem cd hieu lue cua ban an, quyit dinh cdp so thdra.
Vfi nguyen tac, thdi hgn ti tyng dugc quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Diiu 157 cua Bg lugt To tyng Dan sy la ''^mpl khodng th&i gian dugc xdc dinh lir thai diem ndy den th&i diem khac de ngicdi lien hdnh to lung, ngu&i tham gia td lung hodc cd nhdn, ca quan, td chuc cd lien quan thuc hien hanh vi Id tung". Trong trudng hgp nay, hdnh vi td tung chinh Id hanh vi "khang cao"; nfiu qua thdi han ngudi co quyen khang cao mdi thyc hien viec khang cao thi dugc xem la khdng cao qud hgn, va vific chap nhdn hay khdng viec qua hgn nay la do Hgi dong phiic thdm gom ba Tham phan xem xet (Diiu 247 Bg ludt To tyng Dan sy). Thdi diem bdt ddu ciia thdi han khang cao dugc quy dinh tai Difiu 245 ciia Bg ludt T6 tyng Ddn sy va tiiy thuoc vao ngudi co quyen khdng cdo c6 mat hay khong c6 mat tai thdi difim Toa dn ban hanh ban an, quyfit dinh so thdm. Cy thi, niu duong sy co mat thi tinh td thdi diem ban hanh (tuyfin an), neu duong sy khong co mat thi dugc tinh tir ngay ban an, quyet djnh dugc giao cho hg hodc dugc nifim yit. Het thdi hgn dugc quy dinh ma khong co khang cao, khang nghi thi ban an, quyfit dinh ciia cap so thdm co hieu lye phdp luat.
CJ vu an tren, co quan difim cho rang, thdi diim bit ddu cua thdi hgn khang eao nfin dp dyng tuong ty quy dinh tai Difiu 636 cua Bg lugt Ti tyng Dan sy ve thdi difim phdt sinh quyin va nghTa vy cua ngudi thira ki, nghTa la tgi thdi diem md thira kfi (thdi difim ducmg sy chit). Noi each khac, ke tir thdi diim ba T chit thi quyin khdng cdo ciia ba H, ong L phat sinh va thdi hgn khang cao
31
cua ba H, dng L la tiep noi thdi han khang cao cua ba T. Tuy nhien, co the gia thifit trudng hgp bd T chet vao nhiing ngdy cuoi cua thdi han khang cao, vi siic Idioe yeu nen ba khong thfi ldm thu tuc khang cdo theo quy dinh (hogc co thfi khong con nhdn thiic dugc quyit dinh cua ban an so tham da tuyfin), thi khi ba H va dng L kfi thira quyen khang cao tir ba T ciing Id liic thdi han ehi con Iai mgt, hai ngay. Trong nhiing ngay "tang gia boi roi" nay lieu ong L va ba H co the thyc hifin quyfin khdng cao tiiay cho rae minh hay khong? Tir d6 tac gia cho rang, quan diem nay khong dam bdo quyfin va lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi co quyfin khang cao.
Ben cgnh do, thyc tifin cong tdc xet xir Cling CO trudng hgp duong sy vang mat tai phifin toa ma khong co ngudi dai difin hgp phap, hay trudng hgp Toa an ban hanh quyfit dinh so tham, va ban an hogc quyet dinh nay can phai dugc tong dgt cho duong su. Cdu hoi dugc dat ra la, lieu viec tong dgt cho duang sy dugc Toa an thyc hien co lara phat sinh hifiu luc phdp ludt doi vdi ngudi kfi thira to tyng ciia hg de tir do dp dung quy dinh vfi each tinh thdi ban hay khong. Bdi vi sy kfi thica d ddy co thfi hifiu la ngudi kfi thira to tyng cua duong su phai theo duoi vu kifin ciia duong sy tren co sd tifip noi va hodn tat nhung gi duong su da lam nhung
"con dang dd". Phap ludt hifin hanh khong dfi cap dfin vific Toa dn phai co nghia vy tong dat bdn dn, quyfit dinh cho ngudi thira ke cua duong sy khi duong sy chfit raa thdi hgn khang cao ciia hg van con^. Nhu vdy, neu Toa an khong thyc hifin cong vific nay, ngudi thira kfi cua duong su khong biet
Khoan 2 Dieu 194 ve giri quyfit djnh dinh chi;
khoan 2 Dieu 241 vfi c i p trich luc ban an,., dfiu chi quy djnh viec tong dat cho duong stf, co quan, tfl chiJrc khfli kifin va Vi?n kifim sat ciing cip.
dugc quyfit dinh cuii cung cua Toa an doi vdi vy kifin eua ngudi thdn va ciing khong dugc thong bao quyin khang cdo, thi khi ban an dugc thi hanh se anh hudng true tifip den quyfin lgi ciia hg.
4. Mot so di xuat
Vdi nhiing van de phan tt'ch d tten ve ngudi ke thira quyfin va nghia vu to tung cua duang sy cho thdy, day Id chu the quan ttgng CO quyfin va nghia vy to tyng nhu duong sy. Trong khi phdp lugt hien hdnh quy dinh phai dua hg vao tham gia tfi tung vdi nhiera vy "ke thira" duong sy da chet, nhung lai bo ngd quyfin va nghTa vu to tyng cu the cua hg. Do do, qua trinh dp dung phap ludt da co su nhdm lan giu'a ngudi ke thira to tung cua duang sy vd duong sy, giiia ngudi ke thira to tyng va ngudi thira ke. Thera vdo do, nhiing van de phap ly quan ttgng nhu quyen khang cao, thdi han khang cao eua ngudi ke thira to tung cita duong su, viec tdng dgt ban an, quyfit dinh ciia Toa an... van con nhieu quan difim khac nhau ttong vific dp dyng.
Theo chiing toi, cac quy dinh vfi nguoi ke thira quyen va nghia vu to tyng cua duong sy trong phap Iuat to tung ddn sy can dugc hoan thifin nhu sau:
- Doi vdi khoan I, Difiu 162 ciia Bg Iuat To tyng Ddn su hien hanh, can quy dinh r5 thdi diem phat sinh va cham diit quyfin va nghTa vu to tung ciia ngudi kfi thira. Cy the, thdi diem phat sinh quyfin va nghia vy t6 tung khong nen xac dinh la thdi diem mo thira ke (thdi diem duang sy chfit) ma la thdi diera ngudi nay nhan dugc van ban cita Toa an vfi vific dua hg vao thara gia to tung vdi tu each ngudi kfi thira quyen vd nghia vy ti tung ttong vu an. Trong mgt si trudng hgp, hg cd quyfin tir chii tham gia t i tyng (Xem tiep trang 40)
