NHAN THUC CO BAN VE TAI NGUYEN VI THE BIEN VIET NAM PRINCIPAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE SEA POSITION RESOURCES OF
VIETNAM
Tran Dire Thanh, Nguyen Huu Cu, Tran Dinh Lan Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng bien, Sd 246 Da Nang, Hai Phdng Tom tat:
(7 Viet Nam, vi thi dang dugc coi Id mdt dgng tdi nguyin ddc biet vd quan trong. Tdi nguyen vi thi biin Viet Nam Id cdc Igi ich cd dugc tir mot khu vuc, mdt nai a biin hoac ven ba biin, dugc ddt trong mdi quan hi khdng gian cua khu vuc dy, nai dy. Chung bao hdm cd cdc hgp phdn tdi nguyen sinh vdt vd phi sinh vdt, nhung chu dgo Id cdc Igi ich cd dugc tir gid ia tri hinh the vd vi tri khdng gian.
Gid tri ciia tdi nguyin vi the biin dugc ddnh gid theo ba tiiu chi: Gid tri vi the (dia) tu nhiin; gid tri vi the (dia) kinh ti vd gid tri vi thi (dia) chinh tri. Ve phuang dien kinh ti, tdi nguyen vi thi biin Id nen tdng cho phdt triin kinh ti
dich vu - thdnh phdn trong yiu cua nin kinh ti thi trudng da dugc dinh huang.
Dgng tdi nguyen ddc biet ndy cdn dugc quan tdm nghien ciru, ddnh gid ve cd phuang dien khoa hoc vd irng dung, sam cd mdt chiin luge sir dung hgp ly theo
dinh hudng phdt trien bin virng.
Abstract:
Position resources in Vietnam are now considered to be special and important.
The saea position resources of Vietnam can be defined as benefits from an area or a site at sea, or in the coastal zone confined to the space of this area or site. They are compsed of biotic and abiotic resources, but mainly of benefits from the sea space and coastal land-forms.
The sea space resources are evaluated through three categories, which are the values of physiogeographic positon; the values of geo-economic position, and the values of geo-politic positon.
The sea position resources are economically a base for service sector, a key sector of the market oriented economy. These special resources should be taken interest in both theory and application in order for a suitable utization strategy towards the sustainable development.
L Mddau
Vj the hoac tai nguyen vj the gan day dugc ndi den kha nhieu va dugc danh gia la rat quan trgng, nhirng co sd khoa hgc ciia nd van la van de cdn mdi me ddi vdi nude ta [1, 7].
Viet Nam cd vj the dac biet quan trgng d Ddng Nam A nhd ed mdt viing lanh thd trai dai tren ba nghin km d ria tay Bien Ddng va mdt viing bien rdng tren mdt trieu km^, gap ba lan dien tich lanh thd. Qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nude hien nay va nhat la sir phat trien ciia nen kinh te thj trudng dua tren nen tang eiia ITnh virc djch vu sau nay ddi hdi phai phat huy dugc tiem nang to Idn ciia tai nguyen vj the bien. Mudn vay, trudc het phai cd nhan thirc dung dan ve tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam va tiem nang cua nd ddi vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
2. Quan nif m co" ban
Tai nguyen bien la mdt pham trii rdng de chi cac tai nguyen sinh vat biin (ddng va thue vat), nude va ddng chay, day bien va bd bien ed ehii the. Nd cdn bao gdm cac tai nguyen van hoa cd chu the, tir xac tau dam, den bien cho din cae di chi khao cd, Ijch sir van hoa ciia
Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Biin ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
cdng ddng ban dja. Theo ban chat tu nhien, tai nguyen thien nhien biin dugc chia thanh tai nguyen sinh vat va tai nguyen phi sinh vat. Theo kha nang tai tao, tai nguyen thien nhien bien dugc chia thanh tai nguyen tai tao va tai nguyen khdng tai tao, tai nguyen tieu hao va tai nguyen khdng tieu hao.
Cdng ddng Chau Au (2002) chia tai nguyen thien nhien thanh 5 dang: tai tao khdng tieu hao; tai tao cd tieu hao; khdng tai tao - khdng tieu hao; khdng tai tao- tieu hao; tai nguyen khdng gian (vj thi) [2]. Tai nguyen ven bd Singapor dugc chia thanh ba nhdm: dat ven bd va khdng gian biin (vj thi), tai nguyen tai tao va tai nguyen khdng tai tao [6].
Thue tl, nhiing quylt sach kinh tl quan trgng nhat ciia mdt viing bien chinh la dvra vao tai nguyen khdn^ gian bien [3,4]. Nhung khdng gian bien ehi la mdt ndi ham trong tdng the tai nguyen vj the biin. Viec van dung co sd tai nguyen vj the ngay cang md rdn^ va cd djnh hudng rd rang, nhung co sd ly luan cua vdn de tai nguyen khdng gian hoac vj the chua dugc djnh hinh, cdn nhieu ban luan.
Theo chiing tdi, tdi nguyin vi thi Id nhirng gid tri vd Igi ich cd dugc tir vi tri dia ly vd cdc thudc tinh vi cdu true, hinh thi san vdn vd cdnh quan, sinh thdi cua mot khdng gian, cd thi sir dung cho cdc muc dich phdt triin kinh ti - xd hdi, ddm bdo an ninh, qude phdng vd chii quyin qude gia [7].
Nhu vay, tai nguyen bien gdm ed bdn nhdm co ban: tai nguyen sinh vat; tai nguyen phi sinh vat, tai nguyen vj the (khdng gian) va tai nguyen nhan van. Ban than tai nguyen vj thi bien khdng chi don thuan la ngudn gdc tu nhien, ma cdn mang cac yeu td tai nguyen nhan van chira dung trong khdng gian ciia nd. Tai nguyen vj the d Viet Nam trong nhieu van ban quan ly hien nay mang ham y rdng hon tai nguyen khdng |ian (space) trong cac tai lieu nude ngoai, bao ham ea gia trj dua lai cua khdng gian trong mdi quan he ve vj tri dja ly cua nd vdi cac tmng tam, dau mdi kinh te, chinh trj khu vuc, quan he vdi cac vanh dai, hanh lang kinh te tren bien, ven bien v.v. Tai nguyen vj the bien cd nhiing ndi ham rieng, mang tinh ban chat, la cae yeu td hinh the va vj tri trong khdng gian.
Tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam dugc danh gia theo ba tieu chi. Gid tri ve vi thi (dia) tu nhiin [1] la cac Igi ich cd dugc tir vj tri khdng gian; tdng the cac yeu td hinh the va cau tnic khdng gian ciia mdt khu vuc nao dd va tinh dn djnh ciia cac qua trinh tir nhien va kha nang it chju tac ddng cua thien tai. Gid tri vi thi (dia) kinh te [5,7] la cac Igi ich ed dugc tir cac dac diem dja ly anh hudng den tien trinh phat trien kinh te cua mdt viing, mdt qude gia, tham chi mdt khu virc. Gia trj dja kinh te gan vdi vai trd dau mdi trong td chiic lanh thd va lanh hai, tir giao luu va quan he kinh te, sire hap dan va khdng gian anh hudng. Gid tn vi the (dia) chinh tri [5] la Igi ich ket hgp cua Igi the ve dia ly tu nhien va nhan van, vdi mdt bdi canh chinh trj va kinh te nhat djnh. Vj the tu nhien cd tinh dn djnh kha cao, trong khi vj the kinh te ed tinh dn djnh tuong ddi va vj the chinh trj cd tinh dn djnh thap, cd kha nang tao co hdi Idn hoac thach thirc Idn ddi vdi phat trien kinh te. Vj the dja tu nhien ed gid tri tiem ndng, vj the dja kinh te cd gid tri khd kiin va vj the dja chinh trj la gid tri hd trg. Viec phdi hgp va sir dung phat huy tdt ca ba tieu chi gia trj nay se tao nen gid tri hien thirc ciia mdt thue the tai nguyen vj the.
Nhieu qude gia dao coi tai nguyen vj the la tiem nang Idn nhat de phat trien kinh te dich vu va du Ijch, ma thanh edng Idn nhat la Singapore. Nhieu nude khac da biet tan dung ket hgp vj the vdi cac danh thang tir nhien, cac ky quan sinh thai va dja chat de tao nen su phat trien vugt bac ve du Ijch sinh thai bien.
3. Tiem nang tai nguyen vi the bien Viet Nam
Cd the xac djnh tai nguyen vi thi viing bien va ven bd Viet Nam la cac he thdng thiiy he hoac dja he vdi ca ba hgp phan nen dat (hoac day), nude va khdng khi, nam trong pham vi chii quyen qude gia, bao gdm cae viing bd, cac dao va quan dao, cae thuy vuc ven bd (viing
vinh, cira sdng, ddm pha) va cae viing nude ngoai khoi v.v. Tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam dirge phan cap nhu sau:
Cdpl: Bien Viet Nam; Cdp 2: Cac viing bien cua bien Viet Nam. Theo ddi vT tuyen:
Vimg bien Vjnh Bac Bd, Viing Bien Tmng Bd; Viing bien Nam Bd va Vjnh Thai Lan. Theo cae ddi xa bd: Dai ven bd bien, viing them luc dja va vimg bien sau (ling vdi sirim luc dja va long chao nude sau). Trong mdt sd tmdng hgp ed the danh gia tai nguyen vj the theo cae viing phap ly (Nghj quyet ngay 23/06/1994 eiia Qude hdi nude CHXHCN Viet Nam phe chuan cdng udc ciia Lien Hiep qude ve Luat bien nam 1982): viing them luc dja, viing dac quyen kinh te va viing tiep giap lanh hai; hoac tham chi theo cae vimg: ndi thuy, lanh hai, quyen chii quyen va quyen tai phan. Cdp 3: Cac thuy he - dja he nam trong cac viing bien ciia bien Viet Nam, tao thanh cac he thdng rieng. Dd la he thdng cira sdng, viing vjnh, dam pha va hai dao.
Cac ddi tugng cap 3 tao ra nhiing dac thii trong sir dung theo he thdng, nhiiung lai td hgn theo viing bien de tao cac gia trj tdng the dac tmng cho mdi viing. Chang han, gia trj vj the tu nhien cua dai ven bd vjnh Bac Bd la td hgp cac gia trj vj the ciia cac cira sdng, viing vjnh, dam pha va hai dao nam trong pham vi ciia minh. Trong khi dd, cac viing vjnh dgc bd bien Viet Nam lai tao nen mdt he thdng tai nguyen vdi gia trj im the khac vdi he thdng cira sdng, hay dam pha.
Tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam cd tiem nang sir dung rat Idn cho cae Igi ich phat trien kinh te - xa hdi nhu phat trien giao thdng - cang, du Ijch va djch vu, nghe ea bien, phat trien cdng nghiep, co sd ha tang va dd thj hda va cac ITnh vuc kinh te khac. De phat trien, trudc het la can sir dung yeu td khdng gian (dao, bien, thuy vuc ven bd) va yeu td vj tri dja ly dac thii, sau dd la sir dung hgp ly cac yeu td tai nguyen sinh vat va phi sinh vat nam chinh trong khdng gian phat trien (tu tai) va ngoai khdng gian phat trien (siie hut).
Tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam cd y nghTa dac biet quan trgngNd ddi vdi dam bao an ninh qude phdng va chu quyen qude gia tren bien. Khdng gian bien va ven bd bien la mdt dang tai nguyen quan sir, dugc khai thac va sii dung triet de trong chien tranh chdng ngoai xam. Viec bd tri phdng thu ciing nhu lap cac phuang an tac chien tmdc het phai dua vao cac yeu td eiia vi the nhu dac diem tu nhien, dac biet la dja hinh va vi tri dja ly. Cae dao, viing cira sdng, vjnh bien, viing them luc dja rat cd gia trj phan djnh ranh gidi va chu quyen qude gia tren biin.
Lgi ich va tam quan trgng cua cae khu bao tdn bien rat Idn, bao gdm ca Igi ich kinh te true tiep (du lich sinh thai, phat trien ngudn lgi d viing chuyen tiep), lgi ich gian tiep (van hoa, khoa hgc va giao due) va lgi ich lan toa (duy tri ngudn gidng cho cac ngu tmdng lan can, noi d cho ddng vat di tni v.v.).
4. Dinh hudng phat huy
Phat huy tiem nang tai nguyen vj the bien la dap ling phat trien nen kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa; gdp phan dam bao an ninh, qude phdng va ehii quyen, Igi ich qude gia tren bien; Idng ghep sii dung hgp ly khdng gian bien ma kinh te djch vu la trgng tam, vdi bao ve mdi tmdng, bao tdn tu nhien va phat huy cac gia trj van hoa, khoa hgc va giao due.
Xay dung dugc chien luge (?) sii dung hgp ly tai nguyen vi the bien theo dinh hudng phat trien ben viing va tao kha nang dot pha ve kinh tl - xa hdi vdi kinh tl djch vu la trgng tam. Xay dung va hoan chinh co so the che, chinh sach va bd sung cac van ban phap quy lien quan den phat trien khdng gian bien va dai ven bd. Ngoai tao lap mdi tmdng canh tranh binh ddng, tuy nhien nha nude giir quyen dieu hanh va quan ly trong mdt sd ITnh vuc chii chdt khai thac tai nguyen va phat trien kinh te bien.
Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Biin ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
Td chirc tdt quy hoach khdng gian lanh thd - lanh hai theo dac thii viing mien , vai trd chii quyen tuong irng vdi cac viing them luc dja, viing dac quyen kinh te, viing quyen chii quyen va viing quyen tai phan. Tang cirdn^ hoat ddng djch vu va tmng chuyen tren bien de hd trg phat trien kinh te dao va xa bd. Phat trien manh cang hang hai, hoat ddng tmng chuyen, du Ijch sinh thai va cae hoat ddng kinh te djch vu bien trd thanh miii nhgn ciia khai thac tai nguyen vj the bien.
On dinh chinh trj - xa hdi tren bien ed vai trd nen tang ddi vdi khai thac tai nguyen vj thi biin, quylt tdt cac mau thuan lgi ich sir dung nay sinh khi xuat hien do tranh chap khdng gian va tai nguyen. 6 cap quan he qude gia, tranh chap chii quyen khdng gian bien cd khi trd thanh vdn ve gay gat, lam han che kha nang phat huy tiem nang tai nguyen vj the bien. Dd chinh la vj the dja chinh trj, ed tinh it dn djnh, ed the dugc cai thien, hoac xau di trong nhiing hoan canh cu the.
Day manh dieu tra, danh gia de hieu rd ban chat, gia trj va tiem nang cua tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam, bao gdm ca viing bien, ven bd va cac dao. U'u tien cac hudng khoa hgc va cdng nghe: xay dung cdng trinh tren bien, du bao, tham dd khoang san va ngudn lgi nghe ca, nudi trdng thuy san hieu xuat cao, nude nggt cho vimg ven bien va cac dao xa bd, phat trien cac ngudn nang lugng sach ngudn gdc tir bien (gid, sdng, thiiy trieu, ddng chay v.v.), tach chiet cac hgp chat thien nhien cd gia trj cao tir ngudn vat lieu bien va che bien cac san pham bien.
Phat trien cac khu bao tdn bien nhu la mdt qude sach sir dung khdng gian bien cho phat trien ben virng. Cae khu nay, ngoai duy tri cac gia trj ve tu nhien, da dang sinh hgc va khoa hgc, cdn mang lai nhiing lgi ich kinh te to Idn nhd hd trg cho du Ijch sinh thai va nghe ca. Tang cudng bao ve mdi tmdng va phdng tranh thien tai (sdng, bao, muc bien dang cao, ngap lut va xam nhap man ven bd, xdi Id, sa bdi, ddng dat va ca kha nang sdng than).
Tang cudng hdi nhap qude te de trao ddi kinh nghiem sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen vj the bien, ma ban chat la td chirc khdng gian bien va quy hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Hdi nhap Cling tao ra co hdi va ddi hdi dau tu cho cac dir an phat trien, cd nhu cau rat cao viec sir dung tai nguyen vj the - khdng gian bien. Day manh hgp tac qude te trong dieu kien toan cau hda de hdi nhap va thue thi cac cdng udc Viet Nam da ky lien quan den khdng gian bien.
Thiic day nghien cim va dam phan nham sdm hoan thien viec xac lap bien gidi va chii quyen hgp phap tren bien. Phdi hgp ung cim cac sir cd mdi tmdng tai cac viing giap ranh, tham khao kinh nghiem, tranh thu sir hd trg, khuyen khich hda nhap cae chuong trinh qude te ve bien.
Md rdng cac hinh thiic hgp tac ve thdng tin tu lieu, dao tao, tham gia cac chuong trinh, du an khu vuc hoac toan cau phdi hgp song phuong hoac da phuong.
5. Ket luan
Vj the gan day dugc thira nhan la mdt dang tai nguyen, dii rang co sd khoa hgc ciia nd cdn dang dugc hoan thien. Tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam bao gdm cac gia trj ndi tai va cac gia trj cd dugc tir mdi quan he vdi cae tmng tam, dau mdi kinh te va chinh trj khu vuc v.v. Cimg vdi nhu cau va tiem lire phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, vai trd tai nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam ngay cang ndi bat va chiem vj tri quan trgng hang dau trong he thdng tai nguyen bien vi nhiing gia tri va lgi ich to Idn ve nhieu mat ma nhdm tai nguyen nay mang lai. Dd la nhiing lgi ich ve phat trien kinh te - xa hdi nhu djch vu hang hai, vien thdng, thuang mai, du Ijch, dau khi, nghe ca bien, phat trien cdng nghiep, co sd ha tang va dd thj hda v.v.); Dam bao an ninh, qude phdng va lgi ich, chu quyen qude gia tren bien; Bao tdn tir nhien. Sir dung hieu qua tai nguyen nay chinh la viec td chirc tdt khdng gian va quy hoach hgp ly phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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2. European Commission,2002. "Towards a European Strategy forthe. su stainable use of natural resources". Directorate General environment. Directorate A Sustainable Development and Policy Support. ENV.A2 Sustainable Resources. Meeting with Stakeholders, April 10, 2002
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Tap chi Chinh tri sd 6/2007. NXB Hgc vien Chinh trj Qude gia Hd Chi Minh.
Phan hieu Da Nang.
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http://saiR:ontimes.com.vn/2008
6. Sien, Chia Lin, 1992. "Singapore's urban coastal area: Strategies for management".
ICLARM, Coastal resources management project. Technical Pub. (1992). Series 9. P I - 100.
7. Tran Dire Thanh, 2007. "Mdt sd dgng tdi nguyen vj the bien Viet Nam". Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe biin. Ha Ndi,. .No.4. T.7.2007 Tr.80 - 93.