Su du nhap Nho giao
vao Giao Chau thien nien ky ddu Cong nguyen
Vii Duy Min'
' Vien Sli hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi^t Nam.
Email; [email protected]
NhSn ngay 20 thing 9 nam 2018. Chip nhan d5ng ngiy 30 thang 10 nSm 2018.
Tom tat: Trong thien nien ky dau Cong nguyen, Nho nguyen thiiy va Han Nho timg budc dugc du nhap vao Giao Chau (Viet Nam). Ngi dung Nho giao dugc du nhap chu yeu dugc trinh bay hong: Tft thu, Ngii kinh; the hien d tu tudng "tam cuong" va "ngii thuimg"; nham dat tdi "tu, te, tri, binh". Ban dau, su du nhap Nho gido thdi Luang Han da vap phai phan img cua phong tue tdp quan co tmyen dan tgc va phong hao dau hanh chdng Han hoa lan rgng d Giao Chau. Sau do, do viec hgc chft Han, hgc Nho quy cu hon (nhd cong lao cua ST Nhiep) nen nhan thiic cua ngudi Viet da thay doi. Viec hgc hanh, thi eft da gan vdi dao tao nhan tai, da gan vdi viec lam quan "cuu nudc". Nho giao ciing vdi Dao giao va Phat giao da tim dugc cbo dftng frong ddi song tinh than dan tgc Vi^t.
Tfr khoa: Giao Chau, Nho giao, Khong giao, Tam giao dong nguyen.
Phan lo^i nganh: Sft hpc
Abstract: In the first millennium BC, under the influence of Chinese culture, original Confiicianism and Hdn Nho (Confiicianism of the Han dynasty) were gradually inhoduced into Giao Chau (now Vietnam). The main contents of Confiicianism then were presented in the "Four Books" and the "Five Classics", expressed in the "three cardinal guides" and "five constant virtues", for the achievement of "self-beherment, family management, establishment and maintenance of order in society and realisation of the nation's lasting peace". Initially, the inhoduction of Confucianism in the times of the Two Han Dynasties was faced with the reaction of the Vietnamese tradihonal customs and stmggle against Sinicisation in Giao Chau. Later, the study of Chinese characters and Confiicianism became better arranged thanks to Si Nhiep, and thus changed the view of the Vietnamese. Studying and examinations were associated with haining of talents, becoming a mandarin and "saving the country". Confiicianism, together with Taoism and Buddhism, found its place in the spiritual life of the Vietnamese people.
Key words: Giao Chau (Jiaozhou), Confiicianism, three religions in harmony with one another.
Subject classification: History
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Khoa hgc xa bgi Viet Nam, so 1-2019 1. Met dau
Nho giao (hay cdn ggi la dao Nho, Khdng giao), do Khdng Tft (551 - 479 frudc Cdng nguyen (TCN), mdt nha hr tudng Idn cua Trang Q u i c c6 dai, sang ldp. Sau Khdng Tft, Manh Tu da phdt friin Nho giao theo hudng duy tam, va Tudn Tft da phat frien theo hudng duy vdt.
Nho giao hr Khdng Tft din Tuan Tft gpi la Nho Tien Tdn hay Nho nguyen thuy, dac diim ciia nd la chua than bi hda, phu hgp vdi xa hgi qudn chu phan quyen thdi Xuan Thu - Chiin Qudc d Trang Qudc. Din thdi Han, D6ng Trgng Thu, dai biiu tu tudng cua ehe dp quan chft trang uong tap quyen chuyen chi Han da phat h i i n Nho giao cua Khdng Manh theo hudng duy tara thdn bi, gpi la Han Nho.
Nho giao duge du nhap vao Giao Chdu tu nhiing nam dau Bac thude va timg la he tu tudng chinh thdng eua ehe do quan ehu, cho den gifta the ky XX. Nho giao da cd vai frd ddc biet frong ddi song tinh than cua ngudi dan Viet Nam, frd thanh mgt phan quan frgng cua nen van hoa dan tpc.
Nam 111 TCN, sau khi da thon tinh nudc Nam Viet eua Trieu Da, nhd Han bSt ddu qua frinh dat chinh quyen eai fri va dd hd Viet Nam. Trieu dinh phuong Bae muon trayen ba chu Han, van hda Hdn (dae biet la cac hr tudng Nho giao, Phat gido, Dao giao) vao dat Giao Chdu de md rpng dnh hudng eiia Trung Quoe xudng phucmg Nam, phuc vu eho chinh sdch nd dieh va ddng hda. D i thuc hien duge diiu nay, nha Hdn da di thuc md hinh to chuc chinh tri vd sinh hoat xa hgi eua Trung Hoa sang ddt Viet, nhdm tao ra tren ddt dd hd mgt ea cdu xd hgi, t h i che chinh hi, phuong thftc sdn xudt va phong hic tap quan nhu d Tmng Hoa.
Trai qua hon hai the ky, van hda Han din du nhdp vdo lang xa ngudi Viet (bang con dudng di dan, bdng hinh thftc trayen ba chir Han...). Viee su dung chft Hdn vfta nham phuc vu cho nhu cau hdnh chmh - chinh tri cua chmh quyin do hd, vua lam cdng cu de dua Nho hpc vao Viet Nam. Viec fruyin ba chu Han gdn liin vdi su xam nhap eua Nho giao. "Phong k i i n Trung Qudc mdt mdt trayin ba chft Han sang ta, mat khac, qua d6, trayin ba tu tudng Nho giao frong bd phdn nhdn dan ta, nhdm Iam mdt phuong tien xam lugc"[18, fr.368-369].
Thdi ky ndy, nhiing ngudi theo hgc chii Hdn chu y i u la con em quan lai, dia chii Han tdc va con era mdt sd tang ldp fren cua Giao Chau. Cac sach kinh d i i n cua Khong giao (nhu Tlf thu, NgU kinh) la nhiing tai lieu ddu tien dimg d i giang day. Sd ngudi hpc hanh dd dat du chua nhiiu nhung cftng dugc tuyen lua vao bg may cai tti. Tuy nhien, chinh sach giao due dd hg hoan toan ban che viee tuyen ehgn nhan tai ngudi Viet.
Quan lai ngudi Han dua Nho giao vao Viet Nam dudi nhieu hinh tbftc nhu: tmyen ba dien Ie hdn nhan - gia dinh (Thai thii Tich Quang, Nhdm Dien); thiet lap phap che (Thai thu Td Dinh, Ma Vien); cd dgng tin nguong (Thft sft Dd Tue Dp, Tiet do sft Cao Bien);
md frudng day hpc (Thai thu ST Nhiip) [8, ft.
298]. Da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cftu ve van de du nhap cua Nho gido vao Giao Chau thien nien ky dau Cdng nguyen. Nhung vdn de nay cdn nhieu y kien khac nhau, bai viet gdp them y kien phdn tich them v i vdn d i do.
2. Ndi dung Nho gi^o du nhap d Giao Chau Kiiih dien cua Nho giao d Giao Chdu thdi ky Bac thupc chu y i u la Tif thif va A^^ kinh.
Ngi dung eua Tu thu va Ngii kinh la ndi dung CO ban cua Nho giao, quy dinh quan he gia dinh vd cac quan he xa hgi. Tie thu va NgQ kinh, dugc ggi chung la Kinh truyin.
"Tft thu" gdm Lugn ngir. Mgnh Tu, Bgi hpc va Trung dung.
Lugn ngie la sach do cac hgc ttd ciia Khdng Tft biSn ehep lai ldi gidng cua thay (ve eae vdn de chinh tri, triet ly, luan ly, hpc thudt...). Bp Lugn ngif luu hanh ve sau la bd sach do Chu Tft tap chu, gdm 10 quySn 20 chuang.
Mgnh Tu la sach do Manh Tft soan, bdn ve dao dftc, nhan nghTa, nhung ban d phuong dien Idn (vi dy nhu sach do cho i ^ g con ngudi lam chinh tri phai cd nhdn nghTa radi mong tranh khdi tai hpa, biin loan va chiin hanh, giiip ngudi ddn sdng an binh thinh tri).
Dgi hoc la sdch cua Tdng Tft dien lai ldi cua Khdng Tft, nham day dao lam ngudi qudn tu. (Theo saeh nay, ngudi qudn bi phai hiiu cdi ly ciia sy vat, cd dat den mftc chi thien de thanh ngudi giiip ich cho xa hgi). Ndi cdch khdc, Dgi hoc la cai hpc cua dai nhaa
Trung dung la saeh thudt lai y chi cua Khdng Tft. Sach day nhiing tieu chudn lam ngudi quan tft, ban ve tnmg dung, trung hda, ban ve chi thanh. Xuat phat tu vii ttu ban the luan, Trung dung ban ve tu dudng, dao dftc [21, tt.54].
"Ngii kinh" (gdm 5 bg kinh dien cua Nho gia) Id Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu. Kinh Li. Kinh Dich vd Kinh Xudn Thu.
Kinh Thi la suu t$p cac bai tha ddn gian va cung dinh, cd ba bd phan: Phong, Nha, Tung. Phong la tha dan gian phdn dnh phong tue tap quan nhdn ddn cdc nudc chu hau.
Nha la bdi hat phan anh eae che dp eung dinh vuong trieu. Tiing la tha ca tung nen thinh tri ciia vuong qudc. Hgc Kinh Thi ed thi di dudng tinh tinh va md rgng tti thftc cfta con ngudi, cd the cdra phat y ehi, cd thi
xem xet diiu hay dd. Gan frong nha thi biet thd cha, xa ra ngoai thi biet each thd vua...
Kinh Thu viit vi lich sft thugng cd Trang Qudc. Kinh Thu chep nhirng dien, md, hudn, eao, the, menh cfta vua tdi day bao khuyen ran nhau tu thdi Nghieu, Thuan cho den ddi Ddng Chu. Trong Kinh Thu, cd 4 ndi dung chinh: Ngu Thu, Ha Thu, Thuang Thu, Chu Thu. Bg Kinh Thu la bp sft thdi thugng cd Trang Qudc, dugc Nho gia coi frpng va hudng dan lam tu lieu lich sft minh chimg cho Nho giao.
Kinh Le viet ve te ll thdi Chu. Cd ba bd sach: Nghi le, Ky le vd Chu le. Nghi le trinh bay each bd tri mdt li rat chi tiet ve ngay gid, ngudi hanh Ie, vi tri cac ngudi thara gia Ie, cac thay cung, thay bdi, than Iinh... Npi dung ghi rat day du de td chftc mpt budi le hodn chinh. Nghi li ndi ve Ie tiet ddi vdi vua, ban, chao ddn tiep khach, yen tiec, frieu kien, tang le, hien sinh... Ky li ghi lai nhieu tu lieu, frong do dan ldi cua Khdng Tft giang ve cac sy kien ve le. Chu le trinh bdy he thdng td chftc qudn ly nha nudc cac cap frong ngoai trieu dinh khdng cd ldi cua Khdng Tu,
Kinh Dich la sach bdi toan xem su viec cat (tdt), hung (xdu). Luc dau ngudi ta dung 50 epng cd thi, ve sau diing thanh fre nhd, ddng tien... de bdi, xae dinh que. Trong Kinh Dich, cac tu tudng dm duong ngu hanh, thien menh, phuong vi hgc, dia Iy hgc, toan hpc, thien vdn hgc, sft hpe... cimg hgi nhap thanh Dich hoc vd mang tu tudng Nho giao.
Kinh Xudn Thu viet ve lich su nude Ld tft nam Ld An Cdng thft nhdt (722 TCN) din nam Ld Ai Cdng thu 14 (481 TCN).
Sdeh Xudn Thu cd ba chu di chinh: chinh danh tu (phai biet y nghTa vd vi tri timg chft, vi dy thien tu chSt phai viit la "bang",
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Khoa hoc xa hgi VietNam, so 1 -2019 vua chu hdu chit thi viet Id "hoang"...);
dinh danh phdn (ngudi nao cd danh phan khong chinh dang, thi ddu phdm chftc gi, ciing ehi chep cd mgt ten tye ma thdi); ngu bao biim (cd khi ehi vi mdt chft ehe ma mang tiing xdu mudn ddi, mpt chft khen ma dugc tieng therm thien cd).
Tu tudng CO ban cua Nho gido the hien trong Tii thu va NgU Kinh la tu tudng tam cuang, ngu thudng va tu, te, tri, binh. Tam cuong la ba mdi quan he cua dao dftc phong kien: vua-tdi, cha-con, chong-vg (theo dd, thdn ddn ddi vua phdi trang; con ddi vdi cha me phai hieu nghTa; vg ddi vdi ch6ng phai theo dao tam tong cd tinh chat tdn ti frdt hr). Ngu thudng la eac dfte tinh nhdn, nghia, le, tri, tin; cae dfte tinh do cd vai frd duy tri quan he xa hgi tot dep. Tu, te, binh tri. la dudng ldi ehinh tri, theo dd trade tien mdi ngudi phdi m dudng ban thdn (m than), phai xdy dyng gia dinh tdt dep (te gia), rdi mdi ed t h i cai fri ddt nudc (trj qudc) va cudi cimg an dinh thien ha (binh thiSn ha).
3. Qud trinh du nhap Nho giao d Giao Chau 3.1. Giai dogn Bdc thuoc Idn thu nhdt ( I I I TCN - 40 SCN)
Cudi ddi Tay Han, Tich Quang cai tri Giao Chi, Nham Dien cai fri Cftu Chan. Hg dyng nhd hgc hieu, day ddn noi theo nhdn nghTa [19, tr.218]. Day la hai vien quan ngudi Han ddu tien tich eye trayin ba chu Han va dao Nho vao Viet Nam. Ndi dung cua Nho giao duge Tich Quang va Nham Dien fruyin day cho ngudi Viet lue do chft yeu la nghi le hdn nhan kieu Hdn, phuang thue canh tac, san xudt ndng nghiep...
Sach Dgi Viet sii hy todn thu eho biit:
Tich Quang la Thai thu Giao Chi, ngucii qudn Han Trung. Nam Kien Vu thu 5, khi 6 Giao Chi, dng Idy le nghia day ddn [11, t.l, fr.213], day ddn lam mdng bang frdu bo, eay bfta nhu ngudi Hdn.
Nham Dien Iam Thai thu quan Cim Chan nam 25 (sau CN). Ong t y la Tradng Ton, la ngudi Uyin, mdi 12 tudi da thdng hiSu Kinh Thi. Kinh Dich, Kinh Xudn Thu, n6i tiing frong trudng Thai hpc, ngudi ta ggi dng la Nhdm "thanh ddng" [19, fr.l39].
Nham Dien da day dan Viet ldm m6ng, day ddn td ehuc nghi Ie hdn nhan. An Nam chi lucre chep: "Theo phong tye tap quan thi ngudi Cim Chdn chi lam nghe ddnh ca va san thu, chu khdng biet cay cay. Nham.
Dien day dan vd dat hoang frdng Iiia, dSt mdi nam mdi rad rpng them, dan dugc no dft giau cd. Cdn hdng ngan dan ngheo khdng cd tien cudi vg, thi Nham Dien bit quan Tradng su trd xudng phdi chiu bcrt luong bdng de giftp ddn ngheo. Vi vay, s5 ngudi cudi vg trong mdt luc tdi 2.000 ngudi. Nam dy, mua gid thudn hoa, cac gidng lua deu duge mua. Nha nao sinh dugc con eiing ddt ten la Nham. Nhdm Dien eai tri d Cihi Chdn dugc 4 nam thi v i Trung Qude, ngudi Cftu Chan lap nhd sinh tir d§
' t h d " [ 1 9 , f r . l 4 0 ] .
Ve tmh chdt, nho hgc thdi ky Tich Quang va Nhara Dien du nhdp vao Viet Nam khdng phai la dao Nho nguyen ban thdi Tien Tan, md la thft dao Nho pha hgn vdi thdn hpc thdi Ludng Han (Tdy Han, Ddng Han), dao Nho nay nhdm phuc vu dk luc cho dudng ldi ddi ngi, ddi ngoai cua nha Han. V i dai t h i , nd gdm ba thanh t6
"tam cuong, ngu thudng" cua Khdng Manh de dam bao ky cuong, rudng mdi frong xa hpi qudn chu; "hinh danh" eiia Hoang Lao
nham cung cd chinh the trung uang tdp quyen; "van menh luan" cua cac nha Am duang ngft hanh, Idy tu tudng "tdng phap"
va "vuong quyen than thy" lam ndng cdt [17,fr.l3].
Dao Nho trayen ba nhung quan diem chinh tri, dao dftc, phong tue, nghi le rat Idiac vdi phong hie cd trayen cfta ngudi Viet. Vi vay, ttong giai doan Bac thudc lan thft nhdt, viee ttuyen ba chu Han va van hda Hdn d Giao Chdu da gap nhimg ttd luc nhat dinh.
Trd lye thft nhdt la sftc manh cua nen vdn hda ban dia - nen van hda van minh Van Lang - Au Lac (van hda Ddng Son) dugc tao dyng tft trudc khi ti8p xdc vdi van hda Hdn. Van hda ban dia, mgt mat, cdn ttd su anh hudng ciia van hda Han, mat khdc, cdn lam Viet hda nhihig ngudi Han tdi sinh CO ldp nghiep tai day. Cu the nhu tradng hgp Trigu Da. Khi Lye Gid mang dn den thi thdy Trigu Da "bfti td, ngdi xdm" ma ti6p khdeh. Ddy la nhftng cu chi van hda sinh hoat cua ngudi Viet, hoan toan bi mat di tinh Hoa Ha. Chi tiit nay eho thay tuy chu Hdn da du nhdp vao ddt LTnh Nam, nhung dao Nho, tftc la cdi 16 nghTa kieu Han ttong ftng xu van ehua the dugc tiep nhan frSn dat nudc hg Trieu [26, tr. 87].
Sdch Hdn thu chep rdng: "Ma Vien chia thanh timg diiu khodn tau len rang ludt ngudi Viet va luat ngudi Han khac nhau hon mudi viec" [26, h. 87]. Dd la sy khae nhau frong phong tyc ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ma Nho giao chua the ddng vai frd dimg hgp hay giup ngudi Vipt tiep nhdn nhimg tu tudng mdi ma Nho gido mang tdi.
Trd luc thu hai ddi vdi viec trayen ba chft Han va van hda Hdn la phong frdo dau ttanh ngay mgt lan rdng tten dat Giao Chau, md dinh eao Id cupc khdi nghTa cua Hai Ba Trung. Day cung la ttd luc xuyen sudt thdi ky Bdc thupc lan thft nhat.
3.2. Giai dogn Bac thugc Idn thu hai (43 SCN- 544)
Bdt ddu tu giai doan nay ttd ve sau, each nhin eua ngudi Giao Chau vdi van hda Han cd su thay ddi. Sau cudc khdi nghia cua Hai Ba Tnmg thdt bai, ngudi Viet da chuyen sang tu lap tu eudng, nudi chi dgi thdi. Hp ddn hiiu ra chu Hdn ehi la cdng ey de ghi chep, khdng nen danh ddng chft Han vdi ke dd hd; rang ed the dimg chft Han, van hda Han di bpc tap, phat ttien nhdn tai, xdy dyng nen van hda thdnh vdn, phuc vu eho sy nghiep giai phdng ddt nude.
Viec trayin ba Nho giao trong thdi ky nay gan lien cdng lao va ten tudi cua Thai thft ST Nhiip. Tuy khdng phai la ngudi ddu tien truyen ba Nho giao vao Viet Nam, nhung ST Nhiep la ngudi ddu tien td chuc viee hgc hanh - giao due theo tu tudng Nho giao mgt each chat che va cd he thdng. Day la ddng gdp dang ke eua dng trong thdi gian cai tri nudc ta.
ST Nhiip (137 226) tu la Ngan Uy, ngudi huyen Quang Tin, qudn Thuang Ngd.
Td tien dng la ngudi Van Duong, nude Ld, Iuc loan Vuong Mang d Bac trieu (Trang Qudc), ttanh sang dat Giao Chau, den ST Nhiep la ddi thft 6. Cha ciia ST Nhiep la ST Tft, thdi Hdn Hoan de (nam tri vi 147 - 167) lam Thai thu qudn Nhat Nam. Nam 187, vua Han cu ST Nhiep dang lam Huyen lenh d Vu Duong, lam Thai thft qudn Giao Chi, ST Nhiep ndm quyen hanh d Giao Chi nhu ragt chinh quyen cat eft, ddng try sd d Luy Ldu, xay dyng Luy Ldu frd thanh trang tdm chinh tri, kinh te, vdn hda. Sy nghiep cua ST Nhiep bat dau tft day, gan bd vdi vung ddt Giao Chi han 40 nam, nhdn dan tam dugc yendn[19, tr.l45].
Trade khi tiep thu Nho giao, ngudi Viet da cd mdt nen giao dye dan gian. Dac diim 39
Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, si 1-2019 cua nin giao due nay la fruyen mieng nhirng ndi dung ehinh nhu rdn day ve each ftng xft frong quan he gia dmh, giao tiep xa hdi va kinh nghiem lao dgng san xudt. Thay giao la dng ba, cha me, la nhftng ngudi Idn mdi frong gia tdc, frong cdng ddng [10, tt.24-25]. Phai din khi du nhap Nho giao, ngudi Viet mdi bdt ddu cd giao due nhd frudng, ed thdy gido, cd hpc tro, va cd sach vd vdi nhiing ngi dung chfta dyng nhieu kiin thftc, dugc ghi chep Iai thanh van ty.
Ngudi cd cdng lao dau tien xdy dyng nen tang bpc thuat dy Id ST Nhiep.
Hien tai, ngudn tai lieu ghi chep ve cae hpc trd va frudng Idp thdi ky nay rdt hiem hoi. Cd chang, chi cdn lai nhftng dia danh, di tich it di cd nhdc den cdng viec gido due, ddo tao cua ST Nhiep. Mpt trong sd dd la den thd ST Nhiep d frong thdnh Luy Ldu. Tuang trayen ddy la ed trach cua ST Nhiep, ddng thdi la noi dng day hgc. Ben song Dau trade cfta thanh mang ten Ben Gao, la noi cha me hpc sinh thudng chd gao den cho con era an hpc. Chua Binh Id noi hgc trd binh van, va chiia Dinh la noi dinh tai van chuang de chgn ngudi tdi ra ldm quan. Dac biet Id nghe Iam but myc trayen thong d lang Tu The, mgt lang d phia Tay Bac thanh Luy Ldu, ciing dugc trayin la co tft thdi ST Nhiip, nhdm muc dich giiip eho cdc sT tu den Luy Lau an hgc, thi eft. Than tieh ldng Lung Khe eho biit rdng, ST Nhiip dyng tradng, day ddn hgc chft Hdn, cd rdt ddng hge trh. Ngay tai cde Img dy diu cd din thd. Nhung di tich nay chfta dyng nhiiu ndi dung trayin thuyit va huyen thoai. Nhung chdt Ipc tft tniyen thuyit, huyin thoai dd chiing ta se thdy duge phdn nao quy md, hoat ddng giao due thdi dy [5, tr.57].
Trong hon 40 nam, ST Nhiep da frgng dai, tap hgp ddng dao tdng ldp fri thiic Tnmg Qude chay loan, lanh nan tai Giao Chau. Chinh hp da frd thanh hat nhdn tich eye giup ST Nhiep frong viec trayen ba Nho hpc. Cd thi ke mot sd ngudi nhu: Hoan Viet, Hfta TTnh, Trmh Binh, Luu Hy, Dong Phung [19, fr.177-179]... Day vua la dgi ngii quan lai, vua la nhung ngudi day hoc vd trayin ba Nho hpc vao Giao Chdu, ma trade hit d Luy Lau (nay thugc Thuan Thanh, tinh Bdc Ninh).
v i tinh chdt, Nho hpc do ST Nhiep trayin ba la thft dao Nho nguyen bdn ling ghep vdi tu tudng dao Phat va dao Lao.
Dao Nho liic bdy gid tuy vdn d ngoi chinh thing, nhung khdng cdn dugc ddc tdn nhu giai doan trade, ma phai thudng xuyen dan tranh vdi dao Lao va dao Phat de tdn tai va phat trien. Dao Nho thdi ky nay diing trifit ly Lao Trang de luan chung cho sy hgp ly cua "cuang thudng danh giao" ddng thai tiep thu thuyet "vd nga, vd thudng", "tu nhdn, tich dftc" cua dao Phdt.
ST Nhiep tuy theo dao Nho nhung van hpc hdi nhirng tinh tfty trong tu tudng dao Phdt, dao Lao de tap hgp, doan kit nhftng quan lai tri thftc theo nhiiu khuynh hudng hpc thudt khac nhau d Giao Chdu thdi bdy gid. Ong chft y phat triin Phat giao, khuyin khich viec xay dung chua chiin, tac tugng Phdt... Ong biit dya vao Phat giao de day chu Han, di tao nin cho su phat frien Nho hpe. Do vay, nha chua da trd thdnh trudng hgc day chft Han va nha su khdng chi la nhftng ngudi trayin ha hr tudng dao Phdt, ma cftng trd thanh ngudi trayen bd Nho hpe. Hp la tang ldp tri thftc cd vai frd Idn trong bd may chinh quyin va xa hdi sau nay.
40
ST Nhiep la mdt frong nhihig ngudi ddu tien thudc "ldp ngudi Han-Viet", tuy la ngudi "gdc Han" nhung cd "chat Viet dam da". Vi thi, ST Nhiip rdt am hiiu sinh hoat van hda va tin ngudng dan gian eua ngudi Viet. Ong da dung hda dugc tinh thdn cua dao Nho, dao Phdt vdi tin ngudng bdn dia.
Dieu nay khien ST Nhiep thanh cdng hon nhftng ngudi tien nhiem ttong viee dua Nho giao tham nhap vao ddi sdng Giao Chdu, han chi dugc su chdng ddi cua nhdn dan vdi giai cap thdng tri. Cd the tihay, d Giao Chdu thdi bdy gid, Nho - Phdt - Lao bat ddu quyen vdo nhau dudi sy chi huy ciia Thdi thu ST Nhiep, ngudi ma cac nha Nho Viet Nam ddi sau gpi la "Nam Giao hpc td", tue dng td eda Nho hpc phugng Nam, khac vdi Nho hgc phuong Bdc[17,tt.l4].
Ddnh gia ve ST Nhiep, cac sft gia d tiing ttiiu dai qudn ehu Viet Nam cd nhieu caeh nhm nhdn khdc nhau. ST Nhiep dugc nhieu ngudi coi la mdt "vi anh hftng" eiia dat nude, dugc phong Id "Dai vuong", dugc ggi Id "bdc tti" va cho rdng Viet Nam "la mgt nudc van hien bat dau tft ST Vucmg".
Giai doan Bac thugc Idn thu hai eiing da diln ra mdt sd cudc franh Iuan gifta dao ISlho vd dao Phdt de ttanh gianh vj the dgc tdn.
Vao khoang th6 ky II - HI dien ra cudc franh ludn vi sy phan minh giua Phdt giao va Nho giao, bieu hien qua Ly hodc lugn va ban than Man Tft. Ciing chinh tft ddy, xudt hien quan diem Nho - Phat - Lao hay la quan diem ve "Tara giao ddng nguyen"
frong van hda xd hdi eung nhu trong lich sft tu tudng Viet Nam.
Mdu Tft la ngudi quan Thuong Ngd, Trang Qudc. Vao nhung nam 195 - 198, Mau Tft viet sdch Ly hogc ludn, nhdm ly giai nhihig dieu me ldm cua mdt sd ngudi khdng hieu dao Phdt. Tac phdm gdm ed 37
cau hdi va dap, frong do chi cd 5 cdu dau ndi vi Phdt va Phat giao, 7 cau sau cung ndi vi Lao Tu va Lao giao, 25 cdu cdn lai la nhiing edu Nho gia hdi Phdt giao va Mau Tft fra ldi. Kit cdu cudn Ly hogc lugn cho thdy rdng thdi bdy gid Phdt giao Id ddi tugng cdng kich chinh eua Nho giao, vd Nho giao cftng la ddi tugng phan bac chinh eua Phat giao. Ndi chung, cdi sai frong thdi dd phe phan cua cae nhd Nho ddi vdi Phdt giao la d cho, hp bao gid eiing Idy Nho giao Iam chuan muc cfta chdn Iy, tuy rang Phat giao khdng cdng nhan chudn myc do. Cho nen khi frd ldi, Mau Tu da vi Phdt giao nhu mat frdi d gifta, Nho giao nhu dudc sang, Phat gido nhu nfti Thdi Son, nhu sdng Trudng Giang, cdn Nho giao thi gd ddng, nhu ngdi lach.
Sau nay, vao ddu the ky V, cd them eude ttanh ludn dien ra tai Giao Chi, dudi hinh thuc ttao ddi thu tft gifta hai ben, mgt ben la Sft qudn Ly Mieu (ngudi Trung Qudc) va mgt ben la hai nhd su Giao - Chdu Thich Dao Cao va Thich Phap Mmh. Hp ttanh ludn ve viec "thdy hay khdng thay ehdn hinh cua Phat". Trong 6 la thu trao ddi, ndi len 3 vdn de: ly do tdn tai cfta Phdt giao txin ddt Han Id gi? Ly thuyet Chu - Khdng (Nho) cd phai la mdu myc cho viec giai quyet sy viec ddi nay hay khdng. Ndi ve kiep sau thi Iy thuyet cua Phat giao khde gi Nho gido khdng?
Trong la thu thft nhdt, Ly Milu dat edu hdi: tai sao khdng thdy dugc hinh anh that cua Phdt d ddi? Trong thu ttd ldi, Thich Dao Cao da ndi: khdng thdy dugc hinh dnh that eua Phat, cilng nhu luc bdy gid khdng the khdng tin. Trong la thu thft hai, Ly Mieu hdi: viec Phat ngay nay d dau? Thich Dao Cao da frd ldi rdng: chd nao ciing la
Khoa hoc xahgi Viet Nam, s6 1 -2019 viec eua Phat, khdng thi quy h i t vao vai frd cua Nho.
Viec Dao Cao, Phap Mmh mugn Phdt de ching Nho thuc ra chi la mgt biiu hign cua eude ddu franh gay go, phftc tap, nhieu mat eua ngudi Viet Nam nhdm bao ve nen van hoa cd fruyin ciing su sdng cdn cua ddn tde ttudc am muu nd dich va ddng hda eua ngoai bang dudi thdi Bde thudc.
Cac cudc franh ludn tren cho thdy, ca ngudi theo Nho giao va ngudi theo Phat gido d i u ra sue ehiing minh tinh dung dan va sy cdn thiit cua minh frong xa hgi. Le cua mdi ben, cho thdy Nho giao khdng the ty minh gidi thich het cudc sdng, cdn phai cd Phat giao bd sung; Phdt giao cftng khdng thi thda man het yeu cau cua con ngudi, cdn cd Nho giao them, de gidi thich thau ddo mpi doi hdi eua cude sdng xd hdi.
3.3. Giai dogn Bdc thugc lan thuba (603 - 906) Trong giai doan nay, viec trayen ba dao Nho gan vdi viee hpe hanh thi eft, ddo tao va bdi dudng nhan tai cho mdt thiet che nha nudc quan chft. Nhieu ddu hieu chftng td rang, frong tara anh hudng cua nha Dudng, tradng hpc da dugc dua den tan mdt sd thdn xa; sach kinh dien eua Nho giao ciing dugc nghien cuu va thao ludn frong phara vi rgng rai. Viet dien u linh ca nhac den chuyen Trieu Xucmg lap huong hieu (tmdng ldng) tai Dudng An. Viet Nam tap luac cho biet:
"Ddi Dudng, Vuong Phuc Thdi lam quan Lenh d Giao Chi, rdng md van giao, sT ddn eho Id ngudi cd dftc, den nay van con thd", va viec "vien Do iiy An Nam la Ma Tdng giang day Nho hgc cho ngudi dia phuang, ai ndy d i u phuc" [17, tr.123-124]. Tuy nhien, ddng co hgc Nho hpc cua ngudi Giao Chi liic bdy gid cd hai loai, mpt loai
d i lam quan dudi trieu Dudng, mgt loai khac la d i tiip thu nhung tiin bg ciia van minh Trang Hoa, th dd suy tu v i van menh qudc gia, tim each chdng Iai ach do hg.
Trong mdt Idnh thd ludn cd su ndi ddy ehdng lai ach t h i n g tri ngoai bang nhu Giao Chi, sd ngudi theo hpc Nho d day theo kiiu thft hai khdng phai la it.
Tft ddi Dudng frd di, che dp khoa eft hd nen kha phd biin. T r i i u Dudng theo dinh k>' da td chftc cac khoa thi Tien sT d kinh dd. Nhiing ngudi dd Tien sT dugc bd quan chftc, tham gia vao bd may chinh quyin ciia Nha nudc qudn chft. Thdi ky nay, Nho sT d Giao Chi kha ddng ddo. Hp ddi hdi dugc hpc tap, dugc di thi ngay cang nhieu, va nhiing ngudi dd dat, lara quan cung rat ddng. Diiu nay khdng phdi la y do cua ttieu dinh nha Dudng, nen Thien trieu da tim each han chi. Thdi Dudng Vft Tdng, nien hieu Hgi Xuong thu 5 (nara 845), quy dinh:
"con em cua cac bdc edng khanh vd fram quan eiing vdi ke sT ttong kinh k^ va si nhan ngodi chau phu ma theo ddi hgc Minh kinh va Tien sT, da ghi ten vao nhd Giam va nha Quan hpc, deu phai khao thi. Con so d cdc dao dua ve kinh d o . . . Tiin sT khdng dugc qud 8 ngudi, Minh kinh khdng dugc q u a l 0 n g u d i " [ 2 6 , f r . 9 9 ] .
Tuy nhien, nha Dudng ciing mudn lgi dyng viec hpc hanh thi eft d i ndm Idy kiem soat cac Nho sT Trung nguyen cftng nhu d cac Dd hd phu vdi tham vgng ddc chiem rihdn tai frong thien ha, phuc vu cho lgi ich ciia vuong trieu. Vi vay, cd mdt sd con em ngudi Viet sang hpc va thi dd d kinh do Tradng An (Trang Qudc) da bi gift lai Idm quan cho chinh quyen nha Dudng. Chdng han, Phimg Dai Tri (eudi t h i ky VII ddu thi ky VIII), hing du hgc ddt Bdc va dugc Dudng Cao Td nggi ca tai tha cua dng.
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Khuong Cdng Phu (the ky VIII), ngudi huyen Cuu Chdn, ddt Ai Chdu (nay thupc xa Dinh Thanh, huyen Yen Dinh, tinh Thanh Hda), vd cha cua dng (la Diiih) tung lam chftc Huyen lenh. Do hpe gidi va nhd gia dinh cd quyin thi, nen Khuong Cdng Phu dugc sang Trudng An thi Tien sT va do ddu, dudi ddi Dudng Dftc Tdng (780 - 804). Sau dd dng duge bd lam quan frong trieu dinh phuong Bac tdi chuc Gidn nghi dai phu, dugc vua- Dudng rat quy trgng. Khuong Cdng Phuc, la em ciia Khucmg Cdng Phy, thi do Tien sT va cGng dugc giu lai Iam quan d Trang Qudc, ehfte Ty bp lang trang. Lieu Hftu Phuang (cudi the ky VIII ddu the ky IX), ngudi Giao Chdu, ndm 815 sang Trung Qudc thi Tien sT, nhung khdng dd; sau dd thi lai va dd, ddi ten la Du Khanh, dugc bd ehuc Hieu thu lang. Ong rat ndi tieng ve tho van, timg dugc Liiu Tdng Nguyen (773- 819) nggi khen [16, tr.l35].
4. Ket luan
Ciing nhu Phdt giao, Nho giao duge du nhdp vao Giao Chdu tft thdi Bac thudc, khoang nhiing the ky ddu Cdng nguyen.
Vao thdi ky nay, Nho giao chi mdi dugc tiep nhdn frong mdt bg phdn ciia tdng Idp edm quyin, cdn phdn Idn ngudi Viet vdn sdng theo phong tyc tap quan tmyen thdng cd tu tmde.
Qua frinh du nhdp Nho giao vao Giao Chdu di tu thu ddng den ehu dpng. Tft chd xa la, ngudi Giao Chau da dan lam quen vdi Nho gido, rdi ed sy thay ddi frong nhdn thuc, trong thai dp tft phan ftng chdng ddi den tiep thu, tft cdng cu ddng hda cua ke cai tti trd thanh edng cu giao due cua nhan dan.
Khi y thuc ddn tdc duge ndng cao, tdng ldp
tri thftc Nho - Phat da phat trien han ca ve sd lugng va chdt lugng, hr hg nhdn thiy tiep thu Nho hpc la mot nhu cdu tdt yiu de gianh ddc lap, ty ehu. Vi the, hp da chii ddng hpc va phat triin md rdng tdi cac tdng ldp frong xa hpi. Hien tugng nay d cudi thdi ky Bde thupe da bieu hien rd ret.
Dao Nho ben canh dao Phdt, dao Lao hinh thanh nen hien tugng "Tam giao ddng nguyen", tdn tai frong ddi sdng tinh than, tu tudng d Giao Chau sudt thdi ky Bac thudc.
Gifta ba ddng tu tudng nay da dien ra eude ddu tranh tdn giao dm thdm, sau sac, de tao nen sy can bdng frong ddi sdng tinh than eua ngudi Viet trong sudt thien nien ky ddu Cdng nguyen. Cac tdn gido dung hda va bd sung lan nhau, thda man cdc yeu cau cfta ddi sdng xa hdi. Nho giao chi phdi con ngudi ve mat ly tinh va nghTa vu xa hpi; Phat giao chi phdi con ngudi ve raat tinh cam, tu tudng va udc mo nhan dao; Dao giao chi phdi con ngudi ve mat y chi khac phuc khd khan tran the bang phuang thuat bi dn.
Qua trinh tiep nhdn chft Han vd Nho giao budc ddu hinh thanh mdt nen giao due mdi dugc td chuc chat che va cd he thong: nen giao due Nho hpc. Dac biet tu ddi Dudng frd di, viec trayen ba Nho gido d An Nam gan lien vdi viee hgc bdnh, thi eft... Cd ngudi Viet da dd dat eao tai nhimg cudc thi d Tradng An (kinh do nha Dudng), dugc gift lai lam quan ttong bp may chinh quyen nha Dudng. Ngodi viec hpe tap quan phuong, viec hpe hdnh birih ddn vdn tiep tyc phat trien tai d mgt sd chua chien; d do, cac nha su ddng thdi la thay day hgc va eac hpc frd dugc hgc cd ve Phdt hgc va Nho hgc. Tuy vdy, dai bd phan nhan ddn, tdng Idp ehua dugc tiep can vdi he thdng giao due ciia trieu dinh, vdn luu gift nin gido due ddn gian tft
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Khoa hgc xa hgi VietNam, sd 1-2019 bao ddi, phat h i i n song song ben canh xu hudng giao due mdi hmh thanh.
Sy du nhdp cfta Nho gido d Giao Chdu thdi Bdc thupc gdp phan hinh thanh mdt tdng ldp fri thftc mdi: fri thftc ISTho gido va fri thftc Nho - Phat. Dde biet, tdng ldp tri thftc Nho - Phdt sau nay cd vai frd rdt Idn frong cong cude khdi phuc va phdt ttien dat nudc thdi Ngd, Dinh, Tiin Le, Ly- Trdn.
Tri thftc Giao Chau thdi Bdc thugc la nhiing ngudi dugc dao tao qua sdch vd bdng chft Han. Ngoai gidi Nho sT gidi ve Han hpc, mgt ldp thiin su nha ehua cung rdt am tudng chft Han, vi ddy da la thu chft eua ngudi Viet dimg de thau hda va phien dieh vdn hgc An Do, nhat la ve tdn gido nhu Ba La Mdn va Phat giao. Nhd gidi chft Han ma tri thfte Phdt giao da di sdu tim hieu giao ly nha Phdt; dgc dugc kinh, ke, dich ra Han van; va qua chft Hdn, hp hpe chft Phan de hieu duge Phat giao tu gdc re cfta nd. Tft the ky VII, da xuat hien mdt sd eao tang ngudi Viet tinh thdng ehu Phan, chft Han.
Hp tieu bieu cho mdt tdng ldp tti thftc Phdt gido bat ddu hinh thanh. Tft dd v i sau, tdng ldp tri thuc Phdt gido nay chuyen ddn sang tdng ldp tri thuc ddn tdc tham gia gianh dgc lap. Nhftng hoat ddng cfta cac Thien su Dinh Khdng, Khuong Viet, Phap Thuan...
da minh chirng cho vi tri xa hdi ciia cac tri thftc Phat giao Dai Viet.
Trai qua thien nien ky ddu Cdng nguyen, vdi nhieu budc thang trdm, su du nhdp cua Nho giao da cd nhiing anh hudng nhdt dinh frong ddi sing xa hdi Giao Chdu. Tuy nhien, sy kit hgp k^' dieu ciia hien tugng
"Tam giao ddng nguyen" (Nho-Phat-Dao) cung vdi tin ngudng ddn gian cua ngudi Viet da khien Nho giao ngay mdt khdng dinh viing ehde han vj the frong xa hgi.
Tai Ueu tham khao
[1] Phan Dai Doan (1999), Mpt so vdn di Nho gido Viel Nam, Nxb Chinh tri quic gia. Hi Npi.
[2] Phan Dai Doan (1999), Nho gido vd suphat triin a Vi?t Nam, Nxb Chinh tri quic gia, Ha N6i.
[3] Le Anh Diing (1994), Con duang tam gido d Vi$t Nam tir khai nghi$p din thi ky XIX, Nxb Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, Tp. H6 Chi Minh.
[4] Quang Dam (1994), Nho gido Xua va Nay, Nxb Van h6a, Ha Npi.
[5] Ngo Vii Hai H§ng (2003), "Vai Ir6 ciia SI MiiSp trong viec x^y dung nen mong Nho hoc cr Luy Lau", T^p chi Nghien ciru Ljch sir, s6 5 (330).
[6] Nguyin Himg Hau (2003), Dgi cuong triit hpc Phgtg^do Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xl hoi, Ha Noi.
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[8] Le Van Lan (1994), "N£n vSn minh s6ng Hong va so phan cua sir xam nhap Nho giao vao cau tnic co tmyen ciia no", Nho gido tgi Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hi Noi.
[9] Nguyin Lang (2008), Vi0t Nam Phdt gido sw lugn, t.l, t.2, t.3, Nxb V5n hoc. Ha Noi.
[10] Phan Ngoc Lien (2006), Gido due vd thi cii Viet Nam truac Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm 1945, Nxb Tir diln bach khoa. Ha Npi.
[11] Ng6 ST Lien va cac sir thSn trilu Le (1967), Dgi Viet su ky todn thu, 1.1, t.2, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, HaNoi.
[12] Nhd su hoc Trdn Vdn Gidp, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, HaNoi, 1996.
[13] Nho gido a Viit Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi, 2006.
[14] TrSn Nghia (1991), "Ly hodc lugn, bong hoa dSu mua ciia Phat giao Luy Lau", Tap chi Han N6m,s6l (10).
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Mieu ve vice khong thay chan hinh cua Phat", Tjip chi Hdn Nom, s6 2 (35).
[16] Tran NghTa (2000), Suu ldm vd khdo ludn tdc phdm chic Hdn cua ngirai Viet tnr&c thi ky X, Nxb The gicri. Ha Ngi.
[17] Trk Nghla (2005), "Thii ban ve thai diim du nhap ciing tinh chat, vai tro cua Nho hgc Vi$t Nam thai Bac thugc", Tsq) chi Hdn Nom, so 1 (68).
[18] Bui van Nguyen (1994), "Vii net ve tinh thin ch6ng y thiic he Nho giao trong van hgc dan gian Viet Nam", Nho gido tgi Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, HaNoi.
[19] Le Tic (1961), An Nam chi luac. Vien Dai hgc Hue, Hue.
[20] Ha Van Tin (Chii bien) (2002), Khdo cS hgc Viil Nam: Khdo co hpc lich su Vi?t Nam, t.3, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
[21] Dinh KhSc Thuan (2009), Gido due vd khoa cic Nho hpc thai Le a Vi§t Nam qua tdi li$u Hdn Nom, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Ngi.
[22] Nguyin Dang Thuc (1967), Lich sic tu tuong Viit Nam, t l , Bg Van hoa, S^i G6n.
[23] Nguyin Tai Thu (1997), Nho hpc vd Nho hpc a Viet Nam - Mgt so vdn di ly ludn vd th\ec tien. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Ngi.
[24] Thich Thanh Tir (1973), Thien su Viet Nam, Tu vi?n Chan Khong, Sai Gon.
[25] Vien Nghien cuu Han Nom (1992), Vdn khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam: Tuyen chpn vd lugc thugt, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[26] Vi$n Triit hgc (1994), Nho gido tgi Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xS hgi. Ha Npi.
[27] Vien Tria hpc (2002), Lich su- tu tuang Viit Nam ' Van luyin: tu tuong Viet Nam tit ddu Cong nguyen din cuoi thai Ly, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, HaNoi.
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