ThUc hien chmh sach bao hiem that nghiep:
NhCfng han che
va ggfi y hu'dng khac phuc
Bii] THI NHQNG*
PHAM THI PHCfdNG"
Chinh sach bao hiem thS't nghidp (BHTN) quy dinh trong Luat Vi§c lam nam 2013 (co hi§u Irfc thi hanh tiJf ngay 01/01/2015) drftfc xay dufng dtfa tren ctf sof k§' thufa va phat tri§'n chinh sach BHTN trong Luat Bao hiem xa h6i nam 2006 (co hi§u Itfc tiif ngay 01/01/2009). Day la mot chinh sach quan trpng trong he thd'ng an sinh xa hfii, c6ng cu quan tri thi trtf&ng lao ddng chSng lai nhilfng rui ro do mS't vi$c lam gay ra dd'i vtfi ngtfW lao dgng (NLD) trong n i n kinh td' thi trtf&ng. Tuy nhidn, qua trinh thtfc hidn chinh sach BHTN da bdc Id nhifng h^n chd'nhS't dinh, can nhffng giai phap khac phuc de nang cao tac dung va hieu qua cua chinh sach BHTN.
KET QUA THL/C HIEN BHTN 0 nffdc ta, Luat Bao hiem xa hdi (BHXH) ban hanh nam 2006, trong do cd Chffdng V vdi 8 dieu (tff Dieu 80 de'n 87) ve BHTN va Muc 3, Chffdng VI vdi 4 dieu (Hf Dieu 102 de'n 105) ve Quy BHTN, cd hieu Iffc thi hanh tff ngay 01/01/2009, da xac lap sff can thie't va chin mudi eua vide trien khai chinh sach BHTN. Chinh sach BHTN tidp tue dffdc phat trien va dffdc quy dinh trong Luat Viec lam co hieu Iffc thi hanh tff ngay 01/01/2015. Chinh sach BHTN cd y nghTa rat quan trong trong he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi cua nffdc la, mot cong cu quan tri thi trffdng lao ddng hffu hieu vdi mue tieu hd trd NLD; bao ve, duy tri phat trien viec lam, ngan ngffa, han che sa thai lao ddng dan de'n that nghiep; tu va'n, gidi thieu viec lam, dao tao, dao tao lai tay nghe cho NLD de hp sdm Hm dffdc viec lam; thay the', bu dap mot phan thu nhap cua NLD khi that nghiep gdp phan bao dam dn dinh kinh te, chinh tri - xa hdi.
Sau 10 nam thffc hien, ben canh viec giai quye't che do nh'am bii dap mpt ph^n thu nhap cua NLD khi bi ma't vide iam, Ihi chinh sach BHXH eung hd trp Hong vide tff van, gidi thieu viec lam, hd trd ngffdi
lao ddng hpc nghd, duy tri viec lam cho NLD, kdl qua the hidn qua cac npi dung sau:
Sd' ngiidi tham gia vd ddng BHTN khong ngdng tang qua cdc nam
Nam 2009, nam diu Quy BHTN cd hieu Iffc mdi chi cd 5.993.300 ngffdi Hiam gia BHTN, Hii tdi nam 2015 (nam d^uLu|li Vide lamed hidu Iffc) da cd 10,308.180 ngffdi tham gia; nam 2016 cd 11.061.562 ngffdi tham gia, tang 7,3% so vdi nam 2015; nam 2017 co 11.774.742 ngffdi thamgia tang 8,1% so vdi nam 2016 va nam 2018 cd 12.680.173 ngffdi tham gia, tang 7,7% so vdi nam 2017, bang 87,7% tdng sd ngffdi tham gia BHXH bat budc (14,45 H-ieu ngffdi) va 361.586 ddn vi tham gia BHTN. Tdng sd tien thu BHTN khdng ngffng tang qua cac nam, tinh de'n he't nam 2018, binh quan lien ddng BHTN hang thang cua NLD la 4.937.117 ddng, tang 9,94% so vdi binh quan Hen ddng nam 2017. Tdng so Hen thu BHTN nam 2018 la 15.531 ly ddng, tang 14,9%
so vdi long sd'Hdn thu nam 2017 (13.517 ty ddng).
Cdng tac tii vdn, gidi thieu viec ldm diMc dgc biit quan tam
Cac trung tam dich vu viec Iam da tap trung trien khai da dang hda cac hinh thffc, cai He'n quy trinh thffc hien nen sd lffdng ngffdi dffdc Uf van, gidi thieu vide lam tang Hieo tffng nam va chie'm ty le kha cao so vdi sd ngffdi cd quye't dinh hffdng trd cap that nghidp (tren 96,8% so vdt sd ngudi hudng trg cdp thdt nghiep). Nam 2010, chl cd 125.562 Iffdt ngifdi dffdc Iff van, gidi thieu vide lam, thi de'n nam 2015 da la 463.859 lffdt ngffdi (tang 3,6 lan so vdi nam 2010), Nam 2018, sd ngffdi 'ThS., " T h S . , Tru'dng Dai hpc Lao dpng - Xa hoi
13
TCr CHiNH SACH DEN CGOC SONG
BANG: SO SANH SO NGCTcJl THAM GIA BHTN VSl SO NGCTcJl NOP HO Sd GIAI QUYET HddNG TRCJ CAP THAT NGHIEP Chiti6u
Nam 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SfCngi^ tham ^a BHTN
5.993.300 7.206.163 7.968.231 8.269.55^
8.691,39'' 9-219.753 10.310.210 11.061-56^
11 774 742 12.680,173
SS* ho sd nOp giai quye't hrfdns TCTN
162.711 295,416 432.356 464 573 536-483 527.332 592.440 682-310 773 387 872-017 Ngu, Bo Lao dong - Thai a bmh va Xa hci dffdc tff va'n, gidi thieu vide lam da la 1.390.429 lffdt ngu'di, tang hdn 10 lan so nam 2010, Ke'l qua 7 thang dau nam 2019 da cd 936.595 lifdt ngUdi dffdc tff van, gidi thigu viec lam, trong dd so' ngUdi du'dc gidi thieu viec lam la 110.297 ngffdi.
Cdng tde ho trd hgc nghe da cd nhiing chuyen bien tich cUc
So' ngffdi dUdc hd trp hpc nghe cd xu hffdng lang, nam 2010 chi cd 270 ngifdi dUdc hd trd hpc nghd, thi nam 2015 da cd 24.363 ngUdi va nam 2018 con sd la 37.977 ngu'di dupc hd trd hpc nghe. Tinh ehung de'n thang 07/2019 da ed tren 180.000 ngu'di that nghiep dUdc hd trd hpc nghe, nhieu ngffdi that nghidp sau khi tham gia cae khda hpc nghe da cd viec lam va dn dinh cupc sd'ng. Mpt sd' dia phifdng cd so' ngu'di du'dc hd trd hpc nghe eao, nhif: TP. Ho Chi Minh, Ha Npi, Dong Nai, Binh DUdng..
Tiep nhgn vd gidi quyi't hiidng trg cap thdt nghiep CO xu hudng tdng
Tinh de'n nay da ed gan 5 trieu lUdt ngffdi nhan quye't dinh hffdng irp ca'p that nghiep va so' ngffdi hudng trd ca'p that nghiep tang deu qua eac nam. Ne'u nam 2010 chl cd 156.765 ngUdi eo quye't dinh hudng trd ca'p that nghiep, thi nam 2015 con sd'da la 526.309 ngffdi, tang gap 3 lan so vdi nam 2010. Tff khi Luat Viec lam cd hieu life vdi viec thay ddi each tinh thdi gian hffdng BHTN, ty le tang sd' ngffdi cd quyel dinh hifdng trd cap that nghiep giai doan 2015-2018 la kha dn dinh, ty le binh quan la 12,5% (nam 2016 tang 11,4% so vdi nam 2015, nam 2017 tang 14,5% so vdi nam 2016; nam 2018 cd 763.573 ngffdi hffdng trd cap that nghidp, tang 13,7% so vdi nam 2017, tang gan 4 lan so vdi nam 2010; tdng sd' ngirdi cd quye't dmh hffdng trp ca'p that nghiep tren ca nifdc 7 thang ddu nam 2019 la 483.291 ngffdi, tang 12,5% so vdi ciing ky nam 2018). Ngoai ra, iVLD hffdng trp cap that nghiep cdn dffpc eung cap thdng tin ve thi tnfdng lao dpng dd tim viec lam mdi va ve the bao hiem y te' trong thdi gian hffdng trd ca'p that nghiep, tao dieu kidn thuan ldi cho ngffdi lao ddng cd the kham chffa bdnh,
Viec chi trd cdc che'dd BHTN dUdc ddm bdo So' Hen chi tra cac che' dp BHTN tang hang nam tffdng ffng vdi ty le gia tang so' ngffdi hifdng cac che'
14
dp BHTN theo nam. Tho'ng ke 1°"8 *°
tien chi cac che' do BHTN nam 2015 l i 4.882,9 ty dong'(tana 1.3% so ydi nam 2014); nam 2016 la 5.171 ty dong (tang 5,9% so vdi nam 2015); nam 2017 la 7.831 ty dgng (tang 36,31% so vOi nam 2016); nam 2018 la 9.722 ty dong.
Trong dd, chi cho trO cS'p that nghiep chie'm 92.8%, chi liS trO hoc nghe chie'm 0.9%, chi cho ttr va'n gid' thi6u vi6c lam chie'm 2,2%, chi bao hiem y te chie'm 4,1%. Theo bao cao ciia BHXH Viet Nam, udc ke't dti Quy BHTN tinh de'n cuo'i nam 2018 la 79.073 ty dong, du- bao de'n nam 2020, Quy BHTN v i n dam bao an toan.
Cdi cdch thii tue hanh chinh gidi quyet chedO BHTN theo hittiig tinh gon
Tai cac dia phu'dng, sd lao dpng - thu'dng binh va xa hpi cac tinh, thanh pho' trtrc thupc Tirung tJdng, trung tSm dich vu viec lam thupc Sd va BHXH cac tinh da chii dpng xay dtfng dieu chinh Quy che' phoi hop ve BHTN theo quy dinh ciia Luat Viec lam, cu the hoa quy tiinh va trach nhi6m giu'a hai ben; xac minh thong tin trong qua tiinh giai quyet hudng cac che dp BHTN dpi vdi NLD; lien theng ve cd si!f dii lieu thu, chi va qua trinh hildng cac che' dp BHTN ciia NLD. Cai each thii tue hanh chinh hudng de'n giap dich dien tu' trpng ITnh vile BHXH, BHYT va BHTN de tap dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac do'i tiidng tham gia va thu hudng chinh sach. D6ng thdi, dang tiien khai xay dilng cd sd dtt lieu ve giai quyet cac che dp BHXH de hen thong durlieu thu, chi va giai quye't cac che' dp BHTN giila cac ben trong thdi gian tdi.
NHONG TON TAI, H A N CHE . ? ' " ?'>"'" nhBng ke't qua dat du'dc, qua tnnh men khai thilc hien chinh sach BHTN chp thay con CO mgt so t6„ tai. han che';
BHTN con dien ra phg bie'n. Theo ri soat cua BHXH Viet Nam dfn hft thang 07/2019. NLD,rong • , h S i „ i a "
BISH B"fiTN7'S?"«"^P*™S-
l ^ p H , BHTN dan den phai thu hoi so ' 7 " h-Idng tro cap tha't nghiSp ,4 hdn 71.952 ty dong. Nhung thuc tl! ,f ° "
ti«n phii thu h6i sau M c f c a u ' S ' ^ "
i a s o a t l a , l a h O n 7 4 . 5 6 9 ? | | P ' ' ? ! " 8 den h/t thang 07/2019. tgno . h i f .hoh6idiIOclaho„24.643,faTngSng
33% so vdi ldng sd'tien phai thu hdi sau khi ra soat lai), so tidn edn lai tie'p luc phai thu hoi la 49,925 ty ddng.
- Chinh sach BHTN chffa thffc sff gan vdi thi trffdng lao ddng, chffa cd nhieu bien phap hd trp de NLD duy tri viec lam, Hanh bi sa thai; dd'i tffdng tham gia BHXH chffa dffdc md rpng de'n NLD CO hdp ddng lao dpng tff du 01 thang de'n dffdi 03 thang - day la dd'i tffdng cd nguy cd ma't viec lam cao; cac quy dinh ve dieu kien hd trd dao tao, bdi dffdng, nang cao trinh dp ky nang nghe dd duy tri viec lam cho NLD la kha chat che, it cd kha nang xay ra va chffa cd giai phap hd trd ngffdi sff dung lao ddng duy tri viec lam, ngan ngffa sa thai lao ddng;
chffa cd giai phap hd trd cho ngffdi lao dpng dffdc bdi dffdng, phat trien ky nang nghe hoac nang cao tay nghd...
Quy BHTN chffa dffpc sff dung de chi cho trung tam dich vu viec lam thffc hien cac che'dp ve tffvS'n, gidi thieu viec lam, hd trd hpc nghe va ke ca vide thu thap, phan Hch, dff bao thdng tin thi tru'dng lao ddng, nhU't la dff Hdu vide lam trd'ng de phuc vu cho ngffdi tha't nghiep Hm kie'm viec lam.
- Nhan thffc vd BHTN cua mot so' NLD va ngu'di sff dung lao ddng cdn chffa cao; khdng it NLD va ngffdi sff dung lao ddng chffa hieu he't quyen va trach nhiem cua minh.
- Y thffc chap hanh phap luat ndi chung, phap luat ve BHTN ndi rieng cdn han che' dan de'n anh dd'n quyen va ldi ich eua NLD.
- Cdng tac quan ly lao ddng cdn nhieu bat cap do chffa cd cdng cu hffu hieu de quan Iy lao ddng, kiem soat dd'i tffdng tham gia BHTN va Hnh trang viec lam cua NLD tren pham vi ea nffdc.
- Viec phd'i hpp cua cac cd quan chffc nang trong tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thffc cho NLD va ngffdi sff dung lao ddng ve BHTN chffa that sff CO hieu qua, thie'u tinh sang tao.
D i ; BAO NGUY CO THAT NGHIEP Theo ILO (2018) dff bao, Viet Nam trong 10 nam tdi, 70% so' viec lam cd rui ro cao (cd xac sua't bi thay the' tren 70%), 18% cd rui ro trung binh (cd xac sua't bi thay the tff 30-70%) va 12% cd rui ro tha'p (cd xac sua't bi thay the' dffdi 30%), Cd rui ro dffdc hieu la nhffng cong vide cd the bi thay the' bang cac he
tho'ng, may mdc tff ddng hda. Nhffng nganh cd rui ro cao nha't bao gom: ndng, lam va thiiy san (vdi 83,3%
so viec lam cd riii ro cao); cdng nghiep che ben, che tao (74,4% sd viec lam cd rui ro cao); ban budn, ban le (84,1% sd'viec lam cd nii cao). Ngay ca edng viec trong linh vffc ndng nghiep truyen thd'ng d Viet Nam, vdi dac diem la lao ddng thu cdng va cd Hnh lap di lap lai cao, cung cd nguy cd bi thay the' bed may mdc va Ihid't bi Iff ddng. Nhffng nghe cd rui ro cao la: irdng trpt (khoang 13,7 trieu vide lam); chan nudi (gan 3,2 trieu viec lam); lam vffdn (1 trieu viec lam); danh bat va nudi trdng thuy san (0,84 trieu viec lam)...
Dac biel, dich bdnh Covid-19 hidn nay da va dang anh hffdng trffc tie'p va gian He'p tieu cffc de'n hoat dpng san xuS't, kinh doanh, 15% doanh nghiep phai cat giam quy md san xua't, sd' ngifdi de'n nop hd sd dd hffdng BHTN trong 2 thang dau nam 2020 len ldi gan 77.000 ngifdi (Trffdng Dai hpc Kmh le' Qudc dan, 2020). Day la ap Iffc ldn len nen kinh te' - xa hpi trong thdi gian tdi, ddi hoi chinh sach BHTN trong he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi phai phat huy tac dung va hieu qua gdp phan dn dinh kinh te' - xa hdi cua da't nffdc,
iVIOT SO GIAI PHAP CO BAN
Vdi muc lieu de'n nam 2025, Viet Nam phan da'u dat khoang 45% life Iffpng lao ddng Hong dp tudi tham gia BHXH va cd khoang 35% life luong lao ddng trong dp tudi tham gia BHTN; chi sd' danh gia mffc dp hai Idng cua ngffdi tham gia BHXH dat mffc 85%. Dd khac phuc nhffng tdn tai trong td chffc thffc hien chinh sach BHTN, dac biel 1^ han che' rinh Irang gian ISn, true ldi Quy BHTN, hifdng vao nang cao tac dung va hidu qua cua chinh sach BHTN trong giai doan mdi, bai vid't dffa ra nhffng gdi y giai phap nhif sau:
Mpt Id, hoan thidn he thd'ng phap luat BHTN theo cac hffdng sau:
- Nghien cffu, sffa ddi, bd sung chinh sach BHTN tai Luat Viee lam vao nam 2021-2022 theo hffdng hd trd doanh nghiep va NLD duy tri viec lam, bao dam quyen ldi chinh dang cua doanh nghiep va NLD, khac phuc Hnh trang gian lan, true ldi BHTN, phat huy cac chffc nang cua BHTN, bao dam BHTN thffc sif la cdng cu quan tri thi trffdng lao ddng.
- Sffa ddi, bd sung cae van ban lien quan de'n viec xff ly cac hanh vi vi pham trong linh vffc BHTN theo hffdng nang eao mffc xff phat, bd sung bien phap khac phuc hau qua va bo sung them cac hanh vi vi pham de tang tinh ran de, tuan thu quy dinh phap luat cua NLD, ngffdi sff dung lao ddng, cdng nhif cac cd quan, ban nganh trong qua trinh td chffc thffc hien BHTN.
- Xay dffng cac giai phap phdng ngffa, giam thieu tinh trang that nghiep thdng qua ho trp doanh nghiep va NLD duy tri viee lam; bao dam quyen Ipi chinh dang cua doanh nghiep va NLD nham tang cffdng sff lien ke't, hd trp giffa cae chinh sach BHXH, cung nhff rinh linh hoat cua cac chinh sach. Qua dd, dat dffdc muc rieu md rdng dien bao phu.
15
Ttr CHiNH SACH DEN COOC SONG
Hai la, nang cao nang Iffc ciia can bd thffc hien BHTN, dac biet la ky nang tff van gidi thieu viec lam, ky nang dao tao nghe va cac ky nang mem bd trd de vffa thffc hien hieu qua vide giai quye't cac che' dp BHTN cho NLD, vffa tuySn truyen, nang cao nhan thffc cho NLD ve quyen, trach nhiem khi tham gia va hudng BHTN.
Ba la, day manh cac hoat dOng thdng rin, tuydn truydn dd nang cao nhan thffc cua NLD ve chinh sach BHTN. Npi dung hiyen truyen khdng chi tap trung vao cac quy dinh ve tham gia va hffdng cac che dd BHTN, ma cdn can phai chii y tuyen truyen vai H-d cua chinh sach, cac hanh vi vi pham ve BHTN, hinh thffc xff phat, mffc xff phat ddi vdi tffng haph vi. Tff dd, nang eao y thffc tuan thii phap luat cua ddi tffdng du'dc tuygn truyen, giup han che hanh vi gian lin true ldi Quy BHTN.
Bd'n la, lang cffdng cdng tac thanh tra, kiem tra, ra soat. Iff ra soat Hnh hinh thamgia va hffdng cac chd dp BHTN theo hffdng:
(1) Thanh tra, kiem Ha chuyen de ve BHTN nham ra soat, phat hien nhffng van de phat sinh, tff dd de xuS't eac giai phap ho^n thien chinh sach; ddng thdi, phat hidn eac hanh vi vi pham de ed cae bidn phap ngan chan, xff ly kip thdi.
(2) Theo ddi, ddn dd'c viec thUe hien ket luan thanh tra, kiem tra nham nang cao y thffc chap hanh phap luat cua dd'i tupng thanh tra, kiem tra va dd xuS't cae bien phap de thi hanh dfft diem eac kie'n nghi cdn ton dong.
(3) Tang cffdng hoat ddng phd'i hdp ra soat, iff ra soat viec tham gia va hffdng cac che dp BHTN eua cac cd quan BHXH cac linh va cac trung tSm dich vu viee lam nham kip thdi phat hien, ngan chan va xff ly cac hanh vi vi pham.
Ndm Id, cung co' va nang cao c Iffpng hoat ddng ciia cac td chffc djch vy viec lam de thffc hien td't iff van va ho H-d viec Iam, vi day ia hffdng giai quyet ngffdi that nghiep mot each ben vffng nha't. Nghien cffu, xem xet xay dffng mo hinh chuan cua trung tam dich vu viec lam dd thffc hien tdt cac nhiem vu Iff vS'n, thdng Hn thi tru'dng lao ddng, gid^i thieu viec lam, cung cap iao ddng va day nghd...
Sdu Id, tang cifdng ffng dung cdng nghd thdng Hn trong viee thffc hien BHTN.
Hinh thanh cd sd dff lieu ve thu, chi, quan ly ddi tifdng tham gia va hffdng BHTN cf Trung u'dng; hoan thien, nang cS'p phan mem BHTN; thffc hien chia se, ke't ndi thdng Hn, cd scf dff lieu giffa cae cd quan lao dpng - thu'dng binh va xa hdi, BHXH, ke hoach va dau tu, Hiue', tai chinh, ddn vi sff dung lao ddng va NLD trong viec quan ly, thu thap, tdng hdp, Iffli trff, cung cap thdng Hn thi trffdng Iao ddng, giai quyet cac che do BHTN cho NLD.
Bdy la, day manh hpp tac Hen nganh, hdp tac qud'c te' trong ITnh vffc BHTN, nham chia se kinh nghiem, hd HO ky IhuSt vd md hinh td chffc thffc hien BHTN, hd trd dao tao nang cao nang Iffc nhSn sff thffc hien BHTN. Tff do, xay dffng mo hinh id chffc thffc hien BHTN 6 Vidt Nam theo hffdng hieu life, hieu qua^iren ep sd thdng le qud'c le va rieu ehuan tai cac cdng ffdc qud'c te, ma Viel Nam la thanh vidn.Q
TAI LIEU THAMKHAO
1. Qud'c hdi (2013). Ludt VUc ldm, sd 38/2013/QH13, ngay 16/11/2013
2. Chinh phu (2015). Nghi djnh sd 28/2015/ND-CP, ngdy 12/3/2015 quy dinh chi tiit thi hdnh mdt so dieu cua Luat Viec ldm ve bao hiem thdt nghiSp
• 3. Thu Mdng Chinh phu (2014). Quye't dinh sd'77/20M/QD-Trg. ngdy 24/12/2014 cda Thd tudng Chinh phu, quy dinh mdc ho tra hoc nghe doi vdi ngudi lao dong tham gia bao hiem tl,/l',„„l,is„
4. Thu tiidng Chinh phu (2018). Quy^t dinh so 51/2018/QB-TTg ngdv 7Vf>%nis ^ u^ i • quan ty bao hiem xa hoi, bao mem that nghiep, bao hiem y te giai doan 2019-2021
5. B6 Lao dpng - Thildng binh va Xa h6i (2015). Thong ta so 28/2015/rr B/ O T B Y H S1/07/2015 hirdng ddn thue hien Dilu 52 Ludt Viec ldm vd mot so dilu Nghi dinh ^f!7Xnnii,Ki!?^l
6. Bap hie'm Xa hoi Viet Nam (2017).j2iiy«'( <?mfc sgS95/QB-BHXH'. ngay 14/04/2017^1 hanh quy trinh thu bdo hiem xd hdi, bdo hiem y ti, bdo hiem thdt nghiep, bdo hiii
- benh nghi nghiep; qudn ly so bdo hiem xd hpi, the bdo hiim y ti m tai nan lao dpng 1. B^L^o dong-ThiianghmhvaX3Lhoi{2Ql9). Mudi ndm thuc hien chinh sdch bdn I •-' 8. Hoc vien Chinh tri Qud'c gia Ho Chi Minh (2017). Cuoc cdch mang Cdng „./'--'",. '"^'"'^^
Thdi ea vd thdch thdc ddi vdi Viet Nam, Nxb Ly lugn chinh tri, Ha Npi f^ s ep lan thii tu - 9. Trffdng Dai hgc Kmh te' Qudc dan (2020). Bdo cdo Ddnh gid tde dpng cua Covid 19 i" -•
kinh ti vd Khuyin nghi chinh sdch dng phd vdi dich Covid-19 ^ " ^^" "^^
10. ILO (2018). Trien vgng viec ldm vd xd hpi thi gidi, truy cap Hjf https://wvv.-, • ,.. - groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—ilo-hanoi/documents/pubiication/wcms_fi:.,. -,,'^^i^'' ""''^P^^
