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30 5-2014 I>81/yaI^>CMgt vai bien pliap sir ptiam m sir dung do dung trifc quan quy iTfic theo liu'dfng pliat liuy tinli ticli circ trong day hoc ljch sir & trirofng pho thong
PHAM THI THEU Hpc vien cao hpc Khoa Lich sCf, Dai hpc SU phpm Hue
T
rong nhDng nam gan day viec ddi mdi phUdng phap dpy hpc theo hudng la'y hpc sinh lam trung tam, ngudi thay giO vai trd to ehUe, hudng dan giiip hpe sinh tieh eye chii ddng tim tdi, kham pha, Unh hdi kien thUc mdl song song vdi viec hinh thanh cac ky nang co ban, Vdi dac trUng ciia bp mdn Ljch sir thi viec doi mdi phUdng phap dpy hpe la vd eiing can thiet va cap bach, bdi vi ngoai viec eung cap cho cac em kien thifc cd ban bo fch thi giao vien cung phai boi dudng cho cae em nhUng phUdng phap hpc tap.ThUe tiln giao duo hien nay cho thay mpt bp phan khdng nhd giao viSn van chua ti^n hanh ddi mdi phUdng phdp dpy hyc theo hudng lay hpc sinh lam trung tam ma cdn van nang ve phuong phap dpy hpc truyen thdng "thay dpe, trd chep", nhat la mdn ijch sir. Do dd, trong thyc te giang dpy v l n chUa phat huy duyc tinh lieh eye hpe tap ciia hpe sinh. Mudn nang cao chat luyng va hieu qua Irong dpy hpc l]ch sii, giao vien phai SLi dyng nhieu bien phap, Irong dd: "Xay dUng vi sCfdung dd dOng trUc quan quy Udc theo hudng phat huy tinh tth c^c cua hge sinh~
trong day hoc lich SLC la mdt bien phap cd 9 nghTa quan trpng, gdp phan vao viee ey the hda npi dung ljch sir, giup hpc sinh nhd ky, hieu sau nhOng kidn thUc lieh sis. Ben cpnh do, cdn phat tnen kha nang quan sat, tri tUdng tuyng lu duy va ngdn ngOf, gdp phan rat Idn trong vipc giao dye tu tudng chinh tri va tinh cam dpo dUc eho cac em, Bdi thye te, eac hinh anh trye quan tae ddng tryc tiep gay cam xue mpnh me, eiing eo niem tin, Idng kinh yeu eac lanh ty, nhCTng anh hiing, chien sy da hy sinh vi doc Ipp, ty do cho To qude, Idng qu^f trpng va yeu men nhan dan lao ddng, cam thii bpn eudp nude va ban nudc.
De SLf dyng dd dung tnJc quan quy Udc theo hUdng phat huy tinh lieh eUc ciia hpc sinh trong dpy hyc lieh sir d trudng pho thdng cd hieu qua, giao vien can phai SLf dyng mdt sd bien phap cd ban nhU sau'
Mdt latSii dung do dUng tn/c quan quy Udc dephat huy tfnh tfch cue cua hge sinh phai: dung idc, dung chd, phu hdp vdi ndi dung t)ii hoc trong sich giao khoa Giao vien can can cU vao no! dung, yeu cau giao dUdng, giao dye etia bai hpc de lUa chyn phUdng phap sis dyng thich hyp, dam bao phat huy duye sy ehu y va tinh tfeh eye ciia hpe sinh, Bien phap nay ddi hdi giao vien khi sir dyng dd dung trye quan trong day hpe ndi
chung, dpy hpc lich sir ndi rieng phai biet iUa chpn thdi diem thich hyp, phai dam bao viec sis dyng eae lopi dd diing tryc quan q,uy Udc theo hUdng phat huy linh tich eye hpe lap ciia hpe sinh. Ndi each khac la sir dung khi can thiet, khdng dUa ra trudc de phan tan sy chu y ciia hpe sinh cung nhU khdng de lau sau khi da sii dung xong. Giao vien phai dan dat, neu van de, gyi y de hpc sinh phai quan sat, nghien cUu do dung trye quan quy Udc phil hyp ndi dung ciia bai, dam bao cd lac dyng tieh eye ddi vdi viec hpc lap ciia hpc sinh, Tranh tinh trpng sis dung qua nhieu, qua lau cac loai do dijng true quan quy Udc trong mdt gid hyc lam cho hpc smh met mdi, phan tan sy tap trung chO y ciia cac em.
Hal la: SCf dung do dung trUc quan quy Udc ket hdp dc bai tudng thuat, mieu la dephat huy tfnh tich cUc hoc tap cda hge sinh.
Sy ket hyp tudng thuat, mieu la vdi do diing tryc quan quy udc giao vien phai trinh bay that sinh ddng gyi hinh anh, gay cam xije mpnh me cho hpc sinh. Trinh bay cd hinh anh cdn khOi day d hyc sinh sy boi hdi xue dong, tinh cam, hiing thu hay hieu ky, sy dong tinh hay phan doi, vui sUdng hay dau khd -.Sy hdi hop xue ddng lam tang sU ham mudn ciia hpc sinh ddi vdi hpc tap ijch siJ, hinh thanh nhan each eiia eac em, nang cao ehat luyng tri giae, nhd Ipi lU duy va van dyng kien thiic vao hoc tap vao cupc sdng, Vi dy khi giang bai 19, mye 111 "Phong trao dau tranh chong quan xam iudc iviinh va khdi nghTa Lam Sdrf {Uch sir 10 - ChUdng trinh chuan) Giao vien sir dyng ban do
"Bin dd khdi nghTa Lam Sdn (1418- 1427)".
Ngoai viec ehuan bj ban dd, va hUdng d i n hpc sinh
"dpc" ban dd, giao vien cdn phai chuan bj irUde mot sd lai lieu lien quan de cd the tUdng thuat mieu ta nguyen
• nhan biing ien eupc khdi nghTa do Le Ldi lanh dao d Lam Sdn {Thanh Hda). Giao vien cd t h i nhd mdt em hpc sinh dye mdl doan trfch bai "Binh Ngo Dai Cio"cCia NguySn Trai- {Ban djch cua Ngo Tat To).
"_ NUdng dan den tren nggn iCia hung tan VOi con dd xudng dUdi ham tai va Ddi trdi IQa dan du mudn ngan ke Gay thd ket oan trii may mUdi nam J'
Nhu vay, SUs dyng ban do ket hyp vdi tudng thuat va mieu ta duyc chat ipc lU nhQng doan trich ijch sCf, van
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hpc se lam eho hpc sinh hUng thO giup cae em hieu ky ve nguyen nhan, d i l n bien-.ve chu nghTa anh hCing dan tdc,
Ba la: SU dung dd ddng trUc quan quy Udc kdt hdp vdi tranh inh lich siy de phat huy tinh tfch cUc trong hge tip cda hoc sinh.
Dieu nay ngoai viec gdp phan tpo b i l u tuyng, hinh thanh khai niem lieh sCr, cdn giiip hpe sinh phat trien kha nang quan sat, trf tudng tuyng, tu duy,"ngdn ngCi' va nSng lyc thyc hanh bd mdn, Viec sir dung do dCing tryc quan quy udc ket hdp tranh Anh giiip khdi phye lpi hinh anh eQa sy vat, hoat dpng eiia eon ngUdi, ddi sdng xa hd, mpt each hoan chlnh va gdp phan phan anh nhiJng mpt djnh luyng va djnh tfnh eua qua
trinh ijch sis. Do dd, khi quan sat cac lopi do dung Icuc quan quy Ude kel hdp vdi tranh anh hpc sinh se phai huy ddng cae thao tae tu duy de nhan xet va khdi phyc Ipi cac sy kian ljch sii da tUng d i l n ra trong qua khd, Thdng qua qua trinh dd ma cac kT nang cija tu duy nhU phan lieh, tdng hyp, so sanh, khai quat... va ca kTnang khai thae, sir dyng tranh, anh se ngay mot dUdc nang cao. Chang hpn, khi dpy bai 20 "Xiy di/ng vi phat then van hda dan tdc trong cac the ky X- XV" (Lich sii 10 - ChUdng trinh chuan), muc II "Giao due, van hoc, nghe thuat vi khoa hoc - ky thuat", giao vien sCf dyng "Nien bieu tinh hinh giao due tu thd fcj? X- XV. Kel hyp vdi bUc anh "Bia Tidn sT trong Vin MiSu (Ha Ndi)".
Thd'i gian 1070 1075 1462 1484
Su-kifn L^ Thdnh Tdng cho lap Van Mieu Khoa thi qudc gia dau tien duac to chiic Quy che thi cii dupe ban hanh Nha • nudc dyng bia ghi ten tien sT
Y nghfa Khuyen khich viec hpc tSp
Tuyen chpn ngudi tai gidi cho dat nudc Thi cu da di vao quy che
Vinh danh nhimg ngudi tai gioi
Tren cd sd cho hpc sinh quan sat nien bieu va hinh anh, giao viSn kel hdp eung ea'p thdng tin ve eac bia Tien sT trong Van Mieu "Nam 1484, vua Le Thanh Tdng chd trUdng khic ten nhQng ngUdi do tidn sT lin bia da d Van Midu. l\^oi khoa cd mdt tdm bia. Trong so 82 bia Tien sTcdn l^i cho den ngiy nay, bia idn nhit dUng nim 1484 khic ten cic vi Tien sT dd khda thi nim 1442, bia eudi cOng di/ng vio nim 1780, khic ten cac Tien sT dd khoa thi nam 1779-Moi tdm bia Tidn si diu dUde cham khic cdng phu, tl ml cd chieu cao trung binh tU 1,5m den 1,9m, rong tU Im din 1.3m. Trdn tim bia thudng khic hinh hai con rdng chau mit nguyit, diSm bia dUgc trsng trf bing hinh hoa la. Ndi dung mdi tim bia diu ed hai phan: phan van bia vi phin danh sach cac vj Tidn sTdo irong khoa thi do. DQdi mdi tim bia diu cd mgt con rOa da duge tac cdng phu va sinh ddng".
Ket thiic doan trich tren giao vien dpi cau hoi: "Y nghTa cOa viec dyng bia Tien sT d Van Mieu? NhU vay, chfnh nhQng hinh anh tryc quan sinh ddng se d l dang an sau vao tiem thUc cOa cac em, kfch thfch linh cam va
hinh thanh d cac em linh yeu que hUdng, da't nude, tdn kinh eac bac tien nhan. TU dd se gdp phan lo Idn trong viec nang cao chat luyng, gay hUng thu va phat huy tfnh tfch cue cija hpc sinh,
Bon la: SU dung do dung tri/c quan quy Udc kdt hgp ndu cau hai nhan thUc de phat huy tinh tfch cUc trong hoc tap cua hoc sinh.
Khi Sii dung do dCing trye quan quy Udc ket hdp neu cau hdi nhpn thUc ngudi giao vien can xac djnh mdi quan he giOa cae eau hdi nhan thUc vdi cac sy kien, hienlUdng trong dd diJng trUc quan c i n khai thac, Tren ed sd do diing IrUc quan quy Udc giao vien phai biet dpi ra va giiip hpc sinh giai quyet eac eau hoi nhpn IhUc co tfnh chat kich thfch sy phat trien tU duy cua hpc sinh,
Vf dy, khi giang bai 17: "Qua trinh hinh thinh vi phat tridn cda nha nUdc phong kien (td the ky X ddn the ky XV)"
{Ljch sCf 10 - Chuong Irinh ehuan) mue // "Phat trien va hoan chlnh nhi nUdc phong kien d cac the ky' Xi - Xl/"„Giao vien sii dyng "Sd do chinh sach ddi ndi va ddi ngoai cda Nhi nUdc Phong kien Dai Viet XI - XV" ket hdp
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J(3){1) NhQng chfnh sach ddi ndi cua nhi nUdc phong kien Dai Viet?
(2) NhQng chfnh sach ddi ngoai ddi vdi phong kien phUdng Bie?
(3) NhQng chinh sach ddi ngoai ddi vdi cac nUSc ling giing?
(4) Nhan xet tie dung cua nhiing chfnh sidi cua nhi nUdc phong kien?
Quan sat sd dd trSn vdi he thd'ng kien thCfc can dien vao sd do de tra Idi eau hdi hpc sinh cd dieu kiln nam vOng ndi dung cac sU kien va di sau hieu duyc ban ehat eiia su kien. Bang each dat eau hdi gyi va'n d l , kel hdp viec giao vidn hUdng d i n hpe sinh mieu ta cac sy kien hien tuyng duyc phan anh IQ dd diing tryc quan quy Ude de tif dd cac em riit ra nh&ng ket luan khai quat ve Ijeh sif. Nhiing bien phap nhU vpy giup hpe sinh nhd ngay sy kien ed ban d tren Idp, ddng thdi kich thfch tfnh tfch cue hpc tap d eac em,
Tdm i^i. cac bien phap cd ban tren cd mdi quan he chat che, thdng nhat, bien chdng vdi nhau, Moi bien phap cd vi tri, vai trd rieng song chiing Iudn cd sy tae ddng qua lpi, hd try nhau nham nang eao ehat lUdng sir dyng do diing IrUe quan quy Udc trong qua trinh dpy hyc Ijch str 6 trudng pho thdng. Vi vay, mdi giao vien lich sir can phai nghien cCru, n i m chac va van dyng mpt each nhuan nhuyen, linh hopt cac bien phap tren vao qua trinh dpy hpc cua minh.
