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I TRAO D 6 I - DIEN D A N
Thirc trang, nguyen nhan gay 6 nhiem nirdc tir hda chat va de xuat cac giai phap kiem scat 6 nhiem nirdc
NGUYEN THI T H O Y H A
Trung tdm DU liiu vd Ung pho sU eo hoa chdt Bd Cdng Thuong
THU'C TRANG 0 N H 1 £ M N u ' d c T 0 HOA CHAT H I £ N NAY
Hoat ddng san xuat, kinh doanb va sfl dyng hda chat dang pbat triln manh trong thdi gian gan day. Hau bet doanh nghilp san xuat trong eac ngdnh edng nghilp khai thde, cdng nghilp che bien thfle phdm va do udng, ebl biln thuoc Id, san xuat san pham dit, may m^e, da vd gia da... diu sfl dung hda chat.
Qua cdng tae kiem tra thUe tl tai eac doanh nghilp dang boat dpng cd lien quan den hda chat bi|n nay eho thay, vdn cdn tinh trang mpt sd doanh nghilp, cd sd ehUa quan tam cdng tdc dam bao an toan trong boat dpng hda chat.
Nhilu doanb nghi|p ehfla cap nhat thong tin ve phieu an toan hda chat ehfla day du, kbdng CO nban mac, kbdng sfl dyng bao hd lao ddng trong sdn xudt, bd tri kho ehua ngan nap...
D|c bi|t, viec dd ri cdc hda chat dpe h^i ra mdi trfldng cdn lam d nhiem ngudn nflde.
Theo Bdo cdo Hiln trang Mdi trUdng Qudc gia nam 2012, tai Iflu vflc sdng (LVS) Cdu ed nhilu khu cdng nghi|p (KCN), khu chl xudt (KCX), cde cd sd san xuat kinh doanh tap trung chu yeu vao cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep nang nhfl san xudt luy|n can thep, giay, bda chat, khai khoang... Do dd, nUdc tbdi thfldng cd hdm Iflpng TSS, kim loai nang vd dau md kha cao, chfla nbilu cdc chat hflu cd (BOD , COD). Nudc thai cdng nghiep hinh thanb do qua trinh sfl dung nflde trong san xuat vd dieu ki|n hinh thanh nfldc thai, Iflu Iflpng, thanh pban nfldc tbdi rat khac nhau. Thanh phan va tinb chat cua nfldc thdi tfl cac nganb san xuat eung ed tae ddng khac nhau tdi chat Iflpng nfldc. Vi dy, nfldc thai cua nganh ed khi - chl tao mdy ehfla nhieu dau md vd chat ran Id Iflng, nfldc thai cua nganh che biln thflc pham cbfla nhilu chat hflu cd, nfldc thai cua nganb san xuat d|t nhudm chfla nhieu loai hda chat nhfl xut, thudc tSy, phen, nhfla thdng, pham mau...
Bin c?nb dd, trong boat ddng san xuat ndng
• Ngdy 18/9/2015, ngUdi ddn xd Thanh HUng. tinh Diin Biin phdt hiin nUdc trong dong suoi Nam Khdnh ehuyin thdnh miu do do 6 nhiim hoa chdt
nghilp, ngUdi ddn thfldng sfl dung nbilu loai pban bdn d l tang nang suat cay trdng cung nhfl nhilu loai hda chdt trfl sau, diet cd, day la mpt trong nhflng ngudn nghiim trpng gay d nhiem nfldc.
Cung vdi do, trong nbflng ndm gdn ddy, boat dpng khai thae va chl bien khodng san (HDKS) phat triln mdt edeh d at, gdy nhflng tae ddng tieu efle tdi mdi trfldng, dac bilt gay d nhiem va suy thoai ngudn nfldc san xuat ndng nghiep. Trong boat ddng khai thde khoang san, nflde dupe sfl dyng vdi kbdi Iflpng ldn cho bau hit cdng doan san xuat. Qud trinh san xudt, thao khd md, do thdi...
da gay nhflng tdc dpng tilu cue tdi ngudn nUde san xuat ndng nghiep d khu vflc xung quanh kbai trfldng nhd thay ddi dia binh, h | thdng nfldc
mat, dieu ki|n tang trfl va thodt ndde (tdc ddng eP hpe) lam thay doi tinh chat vdt Iy, thanh phan hda bpc cua nddc (tdc ddng hda hpe). Song song vdi nbflng tae dpng cd hpe den ngudn nddc noi chung va ngudn nfldc ndng nghilp ndi riing. nhflng tae dpng hda bpc ddi vdi nguon nfldc cflng rat dang ke. Si^ pha vd eau true efla ddt da chfla qudng kbi tiln hanh ddo bdi va khoan nd se thuc day cac qua trinb hda tan, rfla lua cdc thanb phan chfla trong qu^ng va dat dd, qud trinb thao kbd md, do cac chat thai vdo ngudn nfldc, chat thai rdn, byi thai khdng dfldc qudn ly, xfl 1^ chat cbl, tham gia vao thanb phan nfldc mfla, nfldc chdy tran cung cap cho ngudn nfldc tfl nhiln... la nbflng tdc dpng bda hpe ldm thay ddi tinh chat vdt ly vd thdnb phan
24lMdi trddng 5611/2015
TRAO D 6 I - D I £ N D A N i ™
hda bpc cua ngudn nddc xung quanh cac khu md. Mflc dp d nhiem hda bpc cde ngudn nddc phy tbudc vao nhilu yeu to nhd dae diem than quang, thanh phan thach bpc vd dd bin vflng cua dat dd chfla quang, phfldng phdp vd trinh dp cdng nghl khai thdc, cbe bien quang, biln phdp quan ly va xfl ly ehat thdi...
Nfldc d cac md than thudng ed ham Iflpng cao ion kim loai nang, a kim, cdc hpp ehat hflu CP, cac nguyin td pbdng xa... cao hdn so vdi nfldc m^t va nflde bien khu vflc doi chflng vd eao bdn TCVN tfl 1-3 Ian. Ddc biet Id khu vflc tfl Qudng Yin den Cfla Ong. Sfl bien doi chat Iflpng nguon nfldc. tai lupng mpt sd chat thai trong nfldc tbao khd cae md than.
Trong cac md thilc sa khodng, bieu hien chinh cua d nhiem hda bpc la lam due nUde bdi bun - set Id Iflng, tang hdm Iflpng cac ion sat va mdt sd khoang vdt nang. Viec kbai thde vd tuyin qu|ng vang pbai dung den thudc tuyen chfla Hg, CN-,.. ngoai ra, cac nguyen td kim loai nang cpng sinh nhu asen, antimoan, eac loai quang sunfua co the rfla, hda tan vdo nfldc. Vi vdy, d nhilm hda hpe do khai thae va tuyen quang vang la nguy ed ddng lo ngai ddi vdi ngudn nfldc sinh boat va nfldc ndng nghilp. Tai nbflng khu vflc ndy, nude tbddng bi nbiem ban bdi bun set va mpt sd kim loai ndng vd htfp chdt ddc nhd CN, Hg, As, Pb...
ma nguyen nban cbinh la do nddc thai, ehat thai ran khdng ddpc xfl ly do bfla bai ra kbai trudng vd kbu vUc tuyen.
NGUY£N NHAN GAY O NHIEM
Nl/dCTtrHOACHXT
Tfl thfle tr^ng trin cho thay, cdng tae qudn 1^ d nhilm nUde do hda chat cdn nhilu bdt cap do eac nguyen nban:
He thdng cde ca quan quan ly nba nddc vl boat dpng hda chat cdn chong cheo nhd Bd Cdng Thuong, Bd TN&MT, Bd NN&PTNX Bd KH&CN, Bd Cdng an, Bd Qudc phdng, Bd Y tl, Bd Lao ddng ThdPng binb vd Xa hdi.
Trong khi dd, bp may nhan sfl quan ly hda chat tai ede dia phddng edn mdng, nhieu dia phdpng cdn tbilu can bd chuyin mdn nin trong qua trinh thdc tbi nhi|m vu cdn lung tflng. Vi|c chap hanh phdp ludt cua eac doanh nghiep boat ddng hda chat cdn chfla tdt do nhilu nguyin nhan: sfl thilu hilu biet phap ludt efla doanh nghiep, cdn tinh trang doanb nghilp CO tinh vi pham cdc quy dinh phdp ludt ve quan ly bda chat. Ben canh dd, cdng tde
tuyen truyin van ban phdp luat vl hda chdt ehfla dflpc thfle hiln thfldng xuyen...
Kiem soat d nhiem la npi dung quan trpng trong quan ly nha nfldc vl BVMT, dilu ndy dupe chUng minh tfl kinh nghiem qudc te va tbflc tien quan ly cfla Vilt Nam. Tuy nhilnj den nay ehfla ed mdt van ban quy pham phap ludt ndo dfla ra dinb nghia, khai niem, ndi dung cflng nhfl quy trinh eua KSON mdi trfldng nfldc day du vd thdng nbat.
Hpn nfla, edng tae kilm tra, pbat hiln, theo ddi, xfl Iy, khde phue ede khu vUe nfldc bi d nbilm do bda chat, xac dinb thilt hai vl d nhilm mdi trfldng nfldc chfla day du.
Cdc quy dinb vl KSONN ddi vdi Iflu vflc sdng va bien ven bd da dupc quy dinh nbUng ddi vdi eac mdi trfldng nfldc kbac dang cdn thieu cae quy dinb.
Van de quan ly cdc ngudn nflde thai tfl co sd san xudt, kinh doanb cdn nhilu bat cap. Theo quy dinh cua Luat BVMT ndm 2014, mpi ngudn thai phai xfl ly dat quy chuan ky thudt qudc gia vl mdi trfldng trfldc khi xa vao mdi trfldng tiep nhdn. Tuy nhiln, vile xdc dinb mdi trfldng tiep nban la mdi trfldng xung quanh, be thdng thoat nfldc, thfly lpi dang la van dl chdng cheo cua ede quy dinh bien hdnh.
KHUYEN NGHI MOT SO GIAI PHAP k s O N N , TRONG D O CO VAN DE O N H I E M NV6C T f H O A CHAT NOI RIENG
Hodn thiin khung ehinh sdch: Xac dinh cae trong tdm flu tiln trong cdng tdc KSONN trin toan qude trong giai doan tfl nay tdi nam 2020
d l dl xuat Thu tfldng Cbinb pbu nhflng dinb hfldng Chiln Iflpc mang tdm qudc gia vd cbo tflng dia phdpng.
T6 chdc tnin khai cdc gidi phdp dong bg de qudn ly cdc nguon thdi gdy 6 nhiim moi trUdng, tap trung Uu tiin kiem sodt cde ngudn thdi ldn, CO nguy cd gdy 6 nhiim moi trudng eao: Tbdng ke, qudn ly cac ngudn thai; tang cfldng cac biln phap gidm sat tai nguon ddi vdi eac nguon thdi ldn, ngudn thai cd nguy ed phdt sinb hda chat dde bai...
bang cac biln phap chuyin biet (nhu quan trae td dpng lien tuc, k l hoaeh kiem tra dinh ky, dot xuat, thiet ldp dddng ddy ndng, xdy dflng cP che giam sat dfla vdo cdng ddng ...); Rd soat, ddnh gia, cdng bd cac cdng ngbl xfl ly nfldc tbdi, xfl ly d nbilm mdi trfldng ndde phu hpp de cdc td chflc, ca nhdn lfla chpn, dp dyng.
Td chflc thflc hiln cde biln phdp phu bpp nbam theo ddi dien biln ehat lupng mdi trUdng nUdc cac Iflu vflc sdng, cac Iflu vUc nUde kin... Tdng eddng kiem soat d nhilm xuyen biln gidi, trong dd tap trung quan trdc ddi vdi cac ddng sdng xuyin bien gidi, mdi trddng bien;
Xay ddng ke bog^ch, tdng eddng ndng Ifle nbam cbu ddng trong phdng ngfla, flng phd, khac phue hdu qud mdi trfldng do sfl cd thiln tai va nhdn tao gdy ra ddi vdi mdi trfldng nfldc.
Ndng cao ndng lUc thUc thi cong tde KSONN d cdp Trung Udng vd dia phUOng:
Xdy dung cP ehe vd nen tang phap Iy, ky thuat cho vile tiep nhan - xfl ly thdng tin vl d nhiem mdi trfldng nfldc dfla vao edng ddng; Xay dflng dpi
So 11/2015 Mdi trddng 125
B
TRAO DOI - DIEN D A Nngu "phan flng nhanh" trong phdng ngfla, flng pho sfl cd bda chat, kbac phyc hau qua 6 nbiem mdi trfldng nddc do sfl cd tbien tai vd nhdn tao; Day manh viec dp dung va chuyen giao cac tiln bd khoa bpc vd cdng nghe ve theo ddi. phdt hiln, ngan chdn. xfl ly, kbac phue d nhilm mdi trfldng nfldc...
Ddi vdi viec xfl ly va phuc bdi ehat Ifldng ngudn nfldc can quy dinb chi tilt vd cy the ve xfl ly ngudn thai; Theo ddi, pbat hiln khu vflc d nhilm; Dieu tra, xae dinb mflc dd, pham vi, nguyin nhdn gay d nhiim; Xde dinh trach nhilm efla doi tfldng gay thilt hai, xfl ly den bu thilt hai; Cdi tbien, phyc hdi ehat Iflpng mdi trfldng nddc, phan cdng vd dl xuat phdong thflc thflc hien (cdng nghl xfl ly); Phdt hiln, khoanh vung, cd lap ngudn gdy d nhilm.
xdc dinh cu thi trach nhilm eua UBND tinh/
thanh phd thfldng ngudn ddng nddc phoi hop vdi UBND eae tinh vflng b^ ngudn trong dieu tra, phdt hien xae dinh ngudn gdy d nbilm.
Vai trd eua cdc to chUe xa hoi vd cgng ddng trong KSONN: Quy dinh cu the vl ehfle nang gidm sdt d nhiem nfldc eua cde cap quan ly nhd nfldc (Qudc hdi; Chinh phu; Cac Bd/ngdnh va cbinb quyen dja phfldng; Vai trd cdc td chflc xa hpi, dodn the va cdng ddng ddn ed; Thuc day cac td ehfle xd bdi, eac td chflc phi chinh phu (NGO) trong viec hd trp ngddi dan gidm sat mdi trUdng nfldc.
Cfl che xd phat vd khuyen khich nhdng diin hinh trong KSONN: Ngfldi lanb dao cd sd gdy d nhilm phdi ehiu trach nhiem den bu cbo tae hai gay d nhiem cua ed sd minb; Kbi gdy tde hai nghiim trpng, ed the bi quy eac tpi danh hinh sfl; Co che tdi chinh khuyen khich cac doanh nghilp thflc hiln tot edng tdc KSONN.
Cong nghi: Cd chinh sach hd trp vl tri thflc vd tdi chinb cbo cac boat ddng flng dung cdng nghe trong xfl ly, KSONN, dae bilt la cac cong ngbl dfla trin vi suih, phi hda chat.
Tdng cUdng cong tdc truyen thong. Truyen tbdng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong giam sat, phat hiln d nhiem nude, ddng tbdi neu gUong cac doanb nghiep tdt trong KSONN; NgUdi ddn cd quyln dUpe tilp edn cae thdng tin vl d nhiem nfldc va ehat Ifldng nfldc.
Trdch nhiim gidi trinh cua chinh quyen vd doanh nghiep: Quyen cua ngfldi ddn dfldc bilt tbdng tin, dflpc ehat van chinb quyen bode doanh ngbilp/chu dau tii ve biln tflpng d nhilm ngudn nflde; Vai trd cua Ban Thanh tra nhan dan vd Ban Giam sat dau tfl cdng ddng trong K S O N N B
XAYDUNG LO TRINH BOI HOAN DA DANG SINH HOC TAI VIET NAM
gay 30/10/2015, tai Ha Npi, Tong cye Mdi trfldng td chflc Hdi thao tdng ket Dfl dn "Tang eddng h?
thdng an toan mdi trfldng qudc gia, ldng ghep cdn nhdc da dang sinh bpc (DDSH) vao he thdng an toan moi trddng cua Viet Nam".
Tu thang 9/2014, Ngdn hang Phat trien chau A (ADB) da hd trd Tdng euc Mdi trddng trien khai Dfl an "Tdng cdtfng he thdng an toan mdi trddng qudc gia, Idng ghep can nhdc DDSH vao he thdng an toan mdi trUdng cua Viet Nam". Thdng qua Dd an, he thdng an todn mdi trfldng quoc gia ddpe cai thiln qua \iec danh gia DDSH ldng ghep vdi danh gia tae ddng mdi trddng (DTM), xay ddng hfldng ddn ky thudt danh gia tae ddng DDSH vd Id trinh boi hoan DDSH; tang eddng nang luc cua cac CO quan cd hen quati vl danh gia tae dpng DDSH. Theo do, Hddng dan ky thuat ve danh gia tae ddng DDSH trong DTM gom 6 bddc' Sang Ipc; xac dinh pham vi; md ta hiln trang nin; dd bao va danh gia tae dpng; giam thieu, quan ly va tang eddng tdc dpng DDSH; xay ddng chddng trinh giam sat va quan ly DDSH. Hddng dan cung dda ra mdt so cdng cu, nguon dii heu va danh sach mot sd cd quan, to chflc cd kha nang thdc hien danh gia tae ddng DDSH, xay ddng kl hoach quan ly DDSH va giam sat. Dl xay ddng Id trinh bdi hoan DDSH tai Viet Nam, mdt sd nghiin cflu vl phdPng phap boi hoan va CO chl tai chinh se dfldc trien khai nhfl phan loai he sinh thai, Ida chpn cac lodi chi thi, danh gia dilu kiln khu vdc song, xae dinh tilu chi dl danh gid bdi hoan...
Tai Hdi thao, cac dai bieu de nghi ADB tiep tuc ho trp de thflc hien cac ndi dung nhd tinh de tdn thdtfng cua cac loai va xdy ddng quy djnh phap ludt cu the cho vile boi hoan DDSH, xay ddng chddng trinh tang eddng nang Idc cho cac chuyin gia vl DDSH, to chflc cac khoa hoc, chdOng trinh dao tao ve DTM va cap chflng chi, ddm bao cd thi danh gia dflpc mpi yeu to lien quan trong do co DDSH,..
Phat bieu kit ludn Hdi thdo, Pho Tong cyc trddng Nguyen The Ddng cho rang, Hfldng dan ky thudt vl i danh gia tdc dpng DDSH long ghep trong quy trinh • DTM la rat quan trpng va hflu ich cho cdng tdc quan '!
ly mdi trddng ndi chung va quan ly DDSH ndi neng.
Hfldng dan se la tai lieu hflu ich eho cac nha dau td va cac nha tu van trong qua trinh xay ddng DTM. Tong cue Mdl trddng mong mudn nhan ddOc sfl ho trp ciia ADB vd cac td chflc qudc te de tiep tuc hoan thiln Hdtfng dan ky thuat vl danh gid tdc ddng DDSH Idng ghep trong quy trinh DTM va Dd thao Ld trinh bdi hoan DDSH thdng qua viec xay ddng nhflng mo hinh thi diem.
NGUYEN H A N G
s! Mdl trddng So 1