T^ip chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Luat hpc, Tap 34, So 3 (2018) 33-42
Tap chi KJioa hpc Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi: Luat hpc Website: https://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Nhimg phat trien moi cua Luat bien quoc te duai anh sang cua mot so an le gan day^
Pierre Klein
Trung tdm Ludt Quoc te. Dgi hgc Libre de Bruxelles. Vuang quoc Bi CP. 137Dgi 16Roosevelt. 50-1050 - Bruxelles. VuangquocBi
Ngay nhan 04 thang 8 nam 2018
Chinh siia ngay 10 thang 9 nam 2018; Chap nhan dang ngay 28 thang 9 nam 2018 Tom tat: Bai viet khai lugc va phan tich nhiing phat trien mai cua Luat bien quoc te thong qua mot so an le quoc te gan day, dac biet la thong qua phan quySt cua Toa trpng tai trong vu Philippines kien Trung Quoc ve cac van de 6 Bien Don^, Nhirng phat triSn duac dS cap, phan tich lien quan den nhirng van de: co che giai quyet tranli chap theo Cong uac Luat biln cua Lien Hap quoc nam 1982; Pham vi vacasocac quyen ciia quoc gia doi voi cac viing bien; Van de phan djnh bien, tam quan trpng cua thoa thuan va ket qua cong bang; Quyen, nghia vu cua quoc gia trong bao ve moi trucmg bien. Thong qua cac phan tich, danh gia dupc thuc hien, bai viet ciing khang dinh vai tro trang tam cua Cong iroc Montego Bay cua Lien Hp^) quoc ve Luat bien, dung voi ten gpi la
"Hien chuang ciia bien vd dgi ducmg".
Tic khoa: Luat bien, vu Philippines kien Trung Quoc, cong uac Luat bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS);
Bien Dong.
Gioi thieu
Trong nhihig nam gan day, cac van de ve Luat bien da tro thanh doi tugng tranh cai pho bien trong cac an le quoc te, hoac theo eo che giai quyet tranh chap ^''truyen thong" ma Toa an cong li qu6c t6 ciia Lien Hgp qu6c (ICJ) la tieu bieu, hoac theo co che phuc hgp dugc thiet lap boi Cong uoc Montego-Bay cua Lien Hgp quoc ve Luat bien (UNCLOS), So lugng eac an le
DT., 84-32-26503404.
Email. piklein@ulb,ac,be
https,//doi.org/10 25073/258S-]167/vnuls4175 'Dich gia. Nguyin Tidn Vinh - Khoa Lu?t, DHQGHN
nay hien nhien da gop phan vao viec lam phong phu, sang to them cac nguyen tac, quy dinh ve luat bien - mgt trong nhimg ITnh vuc cau thanh quan trgng cua Luat quoc te. Cac an le gan day ve luat bien - dugc dg cap trong bai viet nay - diln ra a tat ea eae ehau lue: chau My La-tinh (vu Pe-ru kien Chile); ehau Au (vu Roumania kien Ukraina); chau Phi (vu Ghana kien Bo Bien Nga); va duong nhien ca chau A (vu Bangladesd kien Myanma; dac biet vu Philippines kien Trung Quoc). Truoc khi di vao ngi dung chinh, bai viet khai quat lai co che giai quyet tranh chip eua UNCLOS va hieu qua hoat dong cua no.
p. Kiem / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 33-42
1. Co eh§ giai quyit tranh chap cua UNCLOS Truoc bgt, can nhjc lai la trong Luat quoc tg, khong CO quy dinh yeu cau eac ^uoc gia giai quyet cac tranh chap mgt each bat buoc . He qua duong nhien cua nguyen tSc ton trgng chu quyen ciia quoe gia la nguyen tae chi eo the khoi kien qu6c gia ra truoc mot co che tai phan qu6c t8 neu eo sir dong y eua quoe gia do (su ddng y hay chip thuan nay eo the dugc the hien mgt each nguyen tSc tii trude nhu viec quoc gia tuyen bd chip nhSn tham quyen eiia ICJ theo quy djnh cua khoan I dieu 36 Quy ehe cua ICJ).
V6 diim nay, nhung nguoi dam phan, soan thao UNCLOS - thuong dugc ggi la Hien chuong cua bien va dai duong - da chung to mgt tham vgng Ion hon, blng each quy dinh trong UNCLOS mgt eo che giai quyet tranh chap mang tinh rang bugc cao hon, gin v6i mgt co che mang tinh bat bugc. Tinh rang buoc nay the hien cr Phan XV cua Cong uoc, trong do Dieu 286 quy dinh rang voi mgt s6 dieu kien, nhiing tranh chip lien quan den giai thich Cong uoc
" [.,.] dugc dua ra b&i mgt ben tranh chdp", giai quyet theo mgt trong nhirng "thu tuc bdt bugc ddn den nhirng phdn quyet bat budc". Tuy nhien, tinh bat bugc nay khong trgn ven, eho phep eae quoc gia dua ra tuyen b6 loai tru khoi CO che giai quyet tranh chap bat huge mgt so loai tranh chap nhat dinh. Theo Dieu 298 cua Cong udc, duge de cap den trong kha nang nay bao gom nhung tranh chap lien quan den phan dinh bien, danh nghia quyen hay den vinh lieh sit (tranh chap ve cac vinh hay daiih nghTa lich sit), den cae hoat dgng quan su, hoac la nhirng tranh chap ma Hgi d6ng Bao an eiia Lien Hgp quoe dang thu li giai quyet. Y nghia ciia quy dinh loai trir nay da dugc lam sang to trong vu viec Bi6n Nam Trung Hoa (Bien Dong) (Vu Philippines kien Trung Quoc) sau khi c6 nhirng tranh luan ve hieu luc eiia Tuyen bo ma Trung quoc dua ra nam 2006 theo quy dmh cua diSu 298 cua UNCLOS.
^ Dieu 33 cua Hien chuong Lien Hgp qudc chi d^ cap dSn nguyen tac giai quyet tranh chap qudc t^ bang cac bien phap boa binh, tuy nhien khong bupc cac qu6c gia phai giai quyet tranh chap theo mot phuang thuc nhat dinh nao do.
Trong vu Phihppine kien Tnmg Quoc, Tnmg Quoc da ngay lap tuc bac bo tham quyen ciia Trpng tai d6ng thoi tuyen bo khong tham gia vao quy trinh giai quyet tranh chap voi lap luan rang doi tugng ciia vu tranh chap (dae biet van de co so phap li cua "du&ng chin doan" yeu saeh ben Trung Quoc va quy che cua cac thuc the a Bien Dong) thuge pham vi cua tuyen bo ciia Trung Quoe theo dieu 298 khi ma, van dieo lap luan cua Trung Quoc, toa Trgng tai se khong the giai quy8t yeu cau cua Philippmes neu huoc do khong giai quyet v4n d6 phan dinh bien.
Tuy nhien, dii voi sy phan doi ciia Trung Qu6c, thu tuc trgng tai vln dugc tiep tuc, dva tren eac quy dinh d Phu luc VII cua Cong uac (bao g6m ca viec chi dinh mpt trgng tai vien cho Trung Quoc bdi Chanh an Toa an Quoc t6 vh Luat). Toa trgng tai da tien hanh danh gia dac biet kT luong timg quan diem, van d8 duoc neu trong yeu cau ciia Philipines de xac dinh xem lieu ed van de nao trong sd chiing cd lien quan d6n phan dinh biin (hay cac boat dpng quan su) hay khong. Bang each nay, mpt so lap luan phan ddi tham quyen eiia Toa trgng tai da bi bac bd ngay tir giai doan diu ciia qua trinh to tung (nam 2015), mgt sd lap luan khac v'e thlm quyen da dugc Tda trgng tai xem xet gan voi qua trinh xem xet ngi dung vu kien. Thuc te, phan Idn cac lap luan tir chdi tham quyen loai nay da hi Tda trgng tai bac bd trong phan quyet cudi Cling vao thang 7 nam 2016.
Cd the thay qua vu viec neu tren, co che giai quyet tranh chap duge thiet lap boi UNCLOS da mang trong minh kha nang tu khac phuc nhiing trd ngai. Theo do, qua trinh giai quyet tranh chap co the van dugc tien hanh ngay ca khi khdng cd sir tham gia mdt trong cac ben. Gidng nhu cae tinh hudng da xay ra truac day tai cac thiet che tai phan quoe te khac (dac biet la tai ICJ, trong vu ve nhdn vien ngogi giao vd lanh su Hoa Ky tgi Tehran [1] va Vii cdc hogt ddng qudn su & Nicaragua vd chdng lai Nicaragua [2]), trong suot qua trinh to tyng, Tda trpng tai da xem xet cac quan diem va lap luan phap li cua ben vang mat la Trung Qudc.
p. Klein / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tgp 34 So 3 (2018) 33-42
Lien quan den eac quy pham ndi dung ciia UNCLOS, sir phat hien \h co ban th§ hien d ba van de dang chii y sau: thu nhdt, lam rd them CO sd va pham vi cac quy6n thira nhan cho cac qudc gia ddi vdi cac vimg bi6n khac nhau;
thu hai, nhiing phat trien dugc khing dinh trong boat dgng hoach dinh, phan dinh vimg dac quyen kinh te va them luc dia; cudi cung, nhiing nguyen tac ve traeh nhiem duge dat ra trong ITnh vuc bao ve mdi trudng bien.
2. Pham vi va co so* cac quyen ciia qudc gia del voi cae vung bien
Nhiing li giai quan trpng lam sang to pham vi va CO sd cae quyen eua qudc gia ddi vdi cae vung bien da duge dua ra trong phan quyet eua Trgng tai nam 2016 trong vu viec d Bien Ddng. Nhung giai thich nay ddng thdi lien quan den co sd phap li ciia cac quyen eiia qude gia hien nay ddi vdi cac vung bien, va ngi ham eiia cae khai niem "ddo" va
"dd". Theo quy dinh eiia UNCLOS, hai loai thuc the nay cd quy che phap li rit khac nhau. Chung ta se lan lugt diao luan v6 ehiing.
Lien quan den loai thuc the thii nhat, la dao, Phan quyet eua Trpng tai nam 2016 da dua ra mdt nguyen tac quan trgng, neu ro rang tat ca cac quyen cita qudc gia tham gia UNCLOS chi dugc xae dinh dua tren duy nhat la Cdng udc.
Chinh nguyen tic nay da khien cac trgng tai vien bac bd bat ky yeu sach nao dya tren quyen lich sir tai Bien Ddng, bao gdm ca yeu sach
"duang chin dogn" ciia Trung Qudc. Vao nam 2009, phan ung lai hd so ma Malaysia va Viet Nam ciing nop len Uy ban Ranh gidi them lyc dia, Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa da dua ra mdt ban dd cd xuat hien ''"'du&ng chin dogn", di lien vdi tuyen bd sau:
"Trung Qudc cd chu quydn khdng the tranh cai ddi vdi cac dao d Bien Ddng va cac viing bien k6 can, cd quy6n chu quyen va quyen tai phan doi vdi cae vimg nudc lien quan eung nhu day biin va Idng dat dudi day bien (xem ban dd kem theo). Quan diem nay ludn duge Chinh phii Trung Qude duy tri va dugc cdng ddng quoc t6 biit den rdng rai" [3].
Day la yeu sach chinh thire dau tien ciia Trung Qudc ve "du&ng chin dogn" gay tranh cai, chi bit diu xuat hien tren nhirng tim ban do dugc xuat ban d Trung Qude trong nhung nam sau khi The chien II ket thiic [4].
Yeu sach "du&ng chin dogn" eua Trung Qudc da bi cac qudc gia ben bd Bien Ddng lien tuc va khang khai bac bd [5]. Dac biet, Philippines da phan ddi manh me yeu saeh nay, va nhu da ndi, dieu nay li giai tai sao eau hdi ve su phii hgp ciia nd vdi cac quy tac co ban eua luat phap qudc te ap dung cho van de nay lai dugc Tda trgng tai xem xet kT luong. Trong ngi dung thir hai cua don khdi kien ciia minh, Philippines da yeu cau Tda trpng tai xet xir va ra phan quyet rang tuyen bd eua Trung Qude ve
"cdc quyen lich sie''' ddi vdi eac vung bien bao gdm trong "du&ng chin dogn" la trai vdi cac quy dinh cua UNCLOS va se khdng cd hieu lyc phap li, vugt qua nhiing quyen ma Trung Qudc dugc hudng theo Cdng udc [6,§169], Cac trpng tai vien da the hien mdt quan diem rat rd rang v8 vSn de nay, theo hudng iing hd quan diem ciia Philippines, ddng thdi nhan manh rang UNCLOS khdng thua nhan mdt chut nao cho cai gpi la "cdc quyen lich su" neu cac quyen nay di ngugc lai cac dieu khoan ciia Cdng udc:
"Trung Qudc da tuyen bd quan diem eua minh rang "cac quyen hen quan d Bien Ddng da dugc hinh thanh trong qua trinh hch su lau dai" dugc "bao ve bdi Luat qudc te, bao gdm ca Cdng udc Lien Hgp qudc ve Luat Bien (UNCLOS)". Trong gidi han ma cae quyen lien quan eiia Trung Qudc bao gdm tuyen bd v6 cae quyen lich su ddi vdi cac ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat va phi sinh vat trong pham vi "dudng chin doan", ma mdt phan nam trong cae vung bien dang li thude ve vimg dae quyen kinh te hay th8m lyc dia eiia Philippines, Toa trgng tai khdng the ddng y vdi quan diem nay, Cdng udc khdng cd bat ky mdt dieu khoan rd rang nao nham bao tdn hoac bao ve cac quyen hch su khdng phii hgp vdi Cdng udc. Ngugc lai, Cdng udc thay the cho cac quyen va thda thuan ton tai tir trude do trong pham vi nhiing gi dugc cho la khdng tuong thich vdi Cdng udc. Cdng udc da quy djnh rit diy du quy che phap li eua
P Klein / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Lugl hoc. Tdp 34. S6 3 (2018) 33-42
vung dae quy6n kinh te, thim luc dia va eac quyin ciia cac qudc gia khac trong timg vung biin nay, Yeu sach chii quyen cua Trung Qudc ddi vdi cae quyen lich su khdng tuong thich vdi nhiing quy dinh nay ciia Cdng udc" [6, §246].
Tir nhung lap luan hen, eac trpng tai da di den ket luan cudi ciing la:
"Yeu sach cua Trung Qudc v6 eac quyen lieh sir ddi vdi eac ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat va phi sinh vat hong pham vi "dudng chin doan" la khdng phii hpp vdi Cdng udc trong chimg myc yeu sach nay vugt qua pham vi gidi han ddi vdi cac vimg bien duge thira nhan cho Trung Qudc theo quy dinh cita Cdng udc" [6, §261].
Nhu vay, phan quyet nay la mdt sy len an manh me ddi vdi cac yeu sach cua Trung Qudc dua tren "dudyig chin dogn" va tren cai ggi la
"cdc quyen lich sic'\ nhimg thii khdng the tim thay CO sd phap li nao trong UNCLOS.
Mgt dong gdp quan trgng khae cua Phan quyet Trgng tai 2016 la, nhu da ndi d tren, da lam rd cac khai niem ve "ddo" va "hon ddo dd"
trong Diiu 121 ciia Cdng udc UNCLOS. Diiu khoan nay quy dinh rang chi ed cac dao mdi cd the tao ra, trong cac viing bien bao quanh nd, nhung quyen gidng vdi cac quyin ciia eac "lanh tho khde". Ve diem nay, Cdng udc dua ra mgt sy phan biet giiia khai niem "ddo" - theo nghTa nhu da dugc de cap den - va "cdc hdn ddo dd khdng phit hgp cho con ngu&i den a hoac cd mdt d&i sdng kinh te rieng". Vdi nhung dao da, theo khoan 3 dieu 121, ehung "khong cd viing dgc quyen kinh te cUng nhu them luc dia rieng" va do do chi tao ra eac quyin ddi vdi lanh hai, Vin dd ve sy khac biet trong diiu 121 giiia "ddo" va
"ddo dd" da dat ra nhieu eau hdi, dac biet la ttong bdi eanh cho din tan thdi gian gin day, eac an le qudc te hau nhu van chua cung d p nhung dii lieu de cd the lam rd ndi ham hay giiip giai thich rd cac khai niem nay [7, tr.99-124]. Tuy nhien, hong vuviec d Biin Ddng, Trgng tai da dua ra nhung yiu td Iam sang td quy chi phap li ciia cac thuc thd chu ydu cua Trudng Sa.
Tu nhiing l|p luan tren, cac h-gng tai da di den ket luan cudi ciing la:
"Yeu saeh cita Trung Qudc vi cac quyin lich sir ddi vdi cac ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat va phi sinh vat trong pham vi "dudng chin doan" la khdng phii hgp vdi Cdng udc trong chung mirc yeu sach nay vugt qua pham vi gidi ban ddi voi cac vung bien dugc thua nhan cho Trung QuIc theo quy dinh cua Cdng udc" [6, §247].
Nhu vay, phan quyet nay la mdt sy len an manh me ddi vdi cae yeu sach eua Trung Quic dya tren "du&ng chin doan" va tren cai gpi la
"cdc quyen lich sic", nhung thii khdng the tim thiy CO sd phap li nao trong UNCLOS.
Mdt ddng gdp quan trpng khac ciia Phan quyet Trgng tai 2016 la, nhu da ndi d hen, da lam rd cac khai niem ve "ddo'^ va "hdn ddo dd" trong Dieu 121 ciia Cdng udc UNCLOS. Dieu khoan nay quy dinh rang chi cd cac dao mdi cd the tao ra, trong cac vung bien bao quanh nd, nhirng quyen gidng vdi cac quyen cua cac "lanh tho khde". Ve diem nay, Cdng udc dua ra mpt sg phan biet giiia khai niem "ddo" - theo nghTa nhu da dugc de cap den - va "cdc hon ddo da khong phu hgp cho con ngu&i den a hogc cd mot doi sdng kinh te rien^''. Vdi nhimg dao da, theo khoan 3 dieu 121, chung "khong cd viing dgc quyen kinh te cUng nhu them luc dia rieng" va do do chi tao ra cac quyen ddi vdi lanh hai. Van de ve su khac biet trong dieu 121 giira "ddo" va "dao dd" da dat ra nhieu cau hdi, dac biet la trong boi canh cho den tan thdi gian gan day, cac an le quoc te hau nhu van chua cung cap nhihig dii lieu dS co the lam rd ndi ham hay giiip giai thich ro eac khai niem nay [7, tr.99-124]. Tuy nhien, hong vu viec d Bien Ddng, Trgng tai da dua ra nhiing yeu ^ lam sang td quy ehe phap Ii cua cac thyc die chii yiu ciia Tnrdng Sa,
Cac trgng tai dugc yeu cau dua ra phan quyet ve quy che cua thuc the dia H quan trpng nhat ciia quan dao Tnrdng Sa - Dao Itu Aba (Dao Ba Binh), bdi day la dieu kien tien quyet de ra phan quyet ddi vdi mgt sd yeu cau ciia Philippines ve quy che phap li cac thuc the khac nhau ma Philippines cho rang thudc vimg dac quyen kinh te va them luc dia cua hg [8]. Day cung la dieu kien tien quyet di giai quyet nhimg yeu cau cua Philippmes Uen quan den eac hoat
p. Klein / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugl hoc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 33-42
ddng do Trung Qudc tiin hanh trong eae khu vuc ma Philippines tuyen bd la mdt phln eua vung dae quyin kinh t i va thim luc dia ciia ho [9]. Nhu cac trgng tai da ehi ra, viee thira nhan mdt trong nhirng thyc the ma Trung Qudc yeu sach d quan dao Trudng Sa la mgt hdn dao theo nghTa ciia diiu 121, khoan 2 ciia UNCLOS se dan den su tdn tai ciia vimg chdng lan cua cac yeu sach cua hai qudc gia ddi vdi cac vimg bien cd hen quan va do dd can trd Tda trgng tai thyc hien tham quyen ciia minh ddi vdi vu viec, biet rang tham quyen nay ciia Tda trgng tai hi loai trir ddi vdi mgi van de lien quan den phan dinh bien [6, §§393, 395], Tda trgng tai da tien hanh giai thich cue ky chi tiet va ti mi cac ngi dung ciia diiu 121, khoan 3 [6, §§478-503], tiip dd xem xet den bdi canh ciia dieu khoan nay, ddng thdi eiing tinh tdi ddi tugng va muc dich ciia Cdng udc [6, §§507-520], cudi cimg xem xet cac tai lieu du thao, tni bi trong qua trinh dam phan, soan thao (travaux preparatotres) dieu khoan nay [6, §§522-538]. Cac kit luan chmh dat dugc bdi cae trgng tai vien ve van de nay nhu sau:
- Ngay ea khi dieu 121, khoan 3 sir dung thuat ngii "dd" thi cau tao dia ehat van khdng dong vai trd quan trgng vdi viee xac diidi quy che phap li eua cau tnic cd lien quan [6, §540],
' Quy chi ciia thuc the phai dugc xac dinh dua tren tiem nang ty nhien ciia nd, ma khdng cd nhirng tac ddng ben ngoai va khdng cd sir sua ddi nham tang tiem nang cua nd trong viee dap img su cu tni cua con ngudi hay cd mdt ddi sdng kinh ti rieng [6, §541].
- y i u td can ban can dugc tirdi din khi danh gia tieu chi "thich hgp cho con ngu&i den <j"
phai la sy cu tni thudng xuyen, theo nghTa la nhung ngudi cu ngu tai noi nay ed the dugc coi la cau thanh nen dan sd ty nhien, dn dinh ciia cau true cd lien quan [6, §542].
- Khai niem "d&i sdng kinh te rieng" lien quan mat thiit din khai niem thich hgp cho con ngudi din d theo nghia ddi sdng kinh te dd la cua nhiing ngudi cu tni tren cau tnic dia li dd, ddi sdng kinb te phai dugc tap trung vao va hudng tdi elu tnic dia li cd lien quan [6, §543].
- Dieu 121 de cap den khd ndng ve su thich hgp cho con ngudi den d hoac cd mgt ddi sdng kiiih te rieng cua eau tnic dia chat chir khdng phai thyc te la nd dang, hoac da cd ngudi eu trii trong mdt thdi diem nhit dinh, hoac da ed mgt su tdn tai mdt ddi sdng kinh t i rieng; tiem nang nay la mdt yeu td khach quan, cd the dugc danh gia dpc lap vdi bat ky su xem xet nao ve chii quyen ddi vdi cau tnic dia chat [6, §544].
- Viec danh gia kha nang neu tren phai dugc thyc hien tren co sd tirng trudng hgp cu the va khdng dua tren cae tieu ehi ehung trim tugng [6, §545].
Tuy nhien, Tda trgng tai thira nhan rang trong khi ed mgt sd trudng hgp rat rd rang (vi du, tren cau tnic dd khdng cd ngudn nudc udng, khdng cd tham thue vat hay nhiing phuong tien sinh ke va rd rang la khdng thich hgp cho con ngudi den d) thi ciing cd nhimg trudng hgp khdng ro rang nhu vay, dan den viee khdng the kit luan mdt each dut khoat cho mgi trudng hgp. Cac trpng tai thay rang trong trudng hgp nay, tiem nang khdng the duge danh gia tren co sd duy nhat la cae dae tinh vat li ciia thyc the, va rang viee cSu tnic do dugc sir dyng the nao trong lich sir ciing la nhan td quan trgng de danh gia [6, §§548-549]. Tuy nhien, cac hong tai ciing chi ra rang sy hien dien eua mdt quan the dan cu thuan tuy de thyc hien cdng vu hoac vdi tinh chat quan sy duge iiBp ti tir ben ngoai khdng phai la bang chimg cho thiy cau tnic dd thich hgp cho con ngudi din d, bdi vi mdt ket luan nhu vay se trai vdi muc dich theo dudi cua khoan 3 dieu 121 (gidi han eac yeu sach khdng ed CO sd cua cac qudc gia tren cac khu vuc hang hai quan trgng) [6, §550].
Tda trgng tai sau dd ap dung cac tieu chi nay vao trudng hgp cy the eiia quan dao Trudng Sa. Timg cau tnic thudc quan dao nay da duge xem xet, nghien ciiu dya tren mdt bd eac tai heu lieh sir va khoa hgc. Cae trpng tai da nhan dinh rang viec ehiem dong gan nhu toan bd cae eau tnic eua Truimg Sa bdi cac nudc ven Bien Ddng, viec trien khai tren cac cau tnic nay nhung don vi quan sy duge tiep te tir ben ngoai va rat nhieu nhiing thay ddi can ban dugc thyc hien so vdi cau triie dia li tu nhien ban dau ciia
P Klein/Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludt hoc. Tap 34. S6 3 (2018) 33-42
cac clu tnic nay da tao thanh nhiing co sd cho cac h-gng tai uu tien su dung nhiing dii heu tir cac tai lieu lieh sir, hon la sir dung nhiing dac diim hien tai cua eac cau true do [6, §578].
Tda trpng tai sau dd di cap den cac tai lieu lich sir vi sy hien dien eua nude va gieng nudc [6, §§580-584], cua tham thyc vat [6, §§585- 593], ciia dlt ed thi canh tac [6, §§ 594-596], Cling nhu su hien dien cua ngu dan [6, §§597- 601] va eae boat dgng thuong mai [6, §§602- 614] tren cac cau tnic chinh ciia Trudng Sa.
Cac tai lieu nay cho thiy, dii cac cau tnic dugc xem xet ed thi cho phep mdt nhdm nhd ca nhan sdng sdt [6, §615] thi sy cu tni tam thdi eiia ngu dan, th^m chi trong mdt khoang thdi gian dang ki, ciing khdng dii de ket luan rang tieu chi ve kha nang eho phep con ngudi den d da dugc dap img [6, §618]. Trong cac tai lieu, khdng he ndi tdi bat ky y dinh nao cua ngu dan nham bien mdt cau tnie nao do eiia Trudng Sa thanb noi cu trii. Trai lai cac tai Heu nay deu cho thay cac hdn dao ciia Trudng Sa da chi dugc nhin nhan nhu nhiing noi tni an tam thcri. Sau khi ket thiie miia danh ca, cac ngu dan lai trd ve noi eu tni chinh cua hp tren dat Hen hoac tren dao Hai Nam [6, §618]. Cac ket luan tuong ty ciing dugc cac trgng tai dua ra khi xem xet cac boat ddng thuang mai dugc thuc hien trong nhiing thdi diem nhat dinh tai Trudng Sa, chu yeu la do eac nha khai thac Nhat Ban. Cac boat dpng nay khdng nham myc dich dua cac cdng nhan den dao de dinh cu lau dai. Cac tai nguyen dugc khai thac tai Trucmg Sa la vi Igi ich ciia quan the Formosa va Nhat Ban [6, §619]. Ket luan nay nay ciing diing vdi su hien dien cua quan dgi cae nude khac nhau tren hau het cac dao cua Tnrdng Sa. Su hien dien quan sir nay dugc thiic day bdi cae tinh toan mang tinh chiin lugc va rd rang la cac ea nhan cd lien quan khdng cd y dinh eu tni d nhirng noi nay trong dai han [6,
§620], Cudi cimg, cac hoat ddng kinh ti, chii yeu tap trung vao viec khai thac cae nguon tai nguyen thien nhien (phosphate), khdng thi eoi la bieu hien eiia mdt "d&i song kinh te neng"
bdi chimg klidng tap trung vao viee phuc vu eu dan ban dia [6, §§623-624].
Tat ca nhiing nhan dinh tren day da dan Toa trgng tai den ket luan rang khdng cd eau true chinh nao ciia Trudng Sa - nhu Ba Binh, Thi Tu, Ben Lac, Tnrdng Sa Ldn, Song Tu Ddng va Song Tii Tay cd the dugc coi la dao cd kha nang t?io ra vimg dac quyin kinh te hoac thim luc dia rieng [6, §§625-626]. Nhu vay, kha nang tuong ty cung khdng the tdn tai ddi voi cac cau tnic it quan trgng hem eiia quan dao Trudng Sa. Quyen duy nhat ma cac cau tnic dia li do cd dugc, khi trong trang thai ty nhien ban dau chiing ludn ndi tren mat nudc bien, la quyen cd mdt viing lanh hai trong pham vi 12 hai li.
3. Van de phan dinh bien, tam quan trQng cua thoa thuan va k€t qua cdng bang
Cac nguyen tac ap dung cho viec phan dinh vimg dac quyen kinh td va them luc dia dugc quy dinh tai cac dieu 74 va 83 ciia UNCLOS.
Nhiing dieu khoan nay di cap den sy thda thuan cua cac qudc gia lien quan "nhdm dgt dugc mot gidi phdp cdng bdng". Vin dd ve sy tdn tai ciia mdt thda thuan giiia cac ben da dugc giai guyet trong hai vu viee gan day. Chiing ta se de c^p den van de nay trong hai an le dd, va sau do se xem xet den cac phuong phap phan dinh cho phep dan den mgt ket qua cdng bang.
Sy tdn tai eua thda thuan phai mang tdi ket qua la van di phan dinh rarih gidi bien khong edn dugc dat ra nua ma da dugc giai quyet mot each triet de bang su thda thuan eua hai ben.
Tren thyc te, trong nhiiu tinh hudng, chinh su tdn tai eiia mdt thda thuan nhu vay va viec xac dinh pham vi hieu lyc cua nd trd thanh chii de tranh luan, Dieu nay diing ddi vdi cac thoa thuan bang van ban [10], nhung tham ehi no edn gay nhieu tranh cai hon khi do la sy tdn tai eua mpt thoa thuan ngam dinh giiia eac ben va dugc vien din bdi mgt frong sd hp. Ve v^n de nay, Tda an ICJ ty thiy minh ddi mat vdi mpt nhiem vu tuong ddi de dang trong Vu viee Peru kien Chile, vi trong vy viec nay, da cd mpt van ban thda thuan xac nhan mdt thda thuan ngam dinh trude do. Trong phan quyet eiia minh nam
P Klein / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Ludt hgc. Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 33-42
2014, Tda an tuyen bd "thda thugn ndm 1954 ve mgt vung ranh gi&i bien dgc biet khdng chi ra dugc th&i diem ndo vd bdng cdch ndo md du&ng bien gi&i do dugc thdng nhdt Viec thira nhdn cdng khai ve su tdn tgi cua cdc ben Hen quan ve du&ng phdn dinh ndy nhdt thiet phdi dua tren mgt thod thuan ngdm dinh tru&c dd md cdc ben da dgt dugc" [11, tr.3]. Tuy nhien, Toa an cho rang thda thuan giira cac ben chi cd hi?u luc ddi vdi mdt pham vi dia li han che va khdng tao thanh co sd dii de phan dinh tit ea cac khu vyc hang hai dang tranh chap giira eac ben trong trudng hgp nay. Do do, Tda da eho ap dung thda thuan eho mdt phan doan dau tien cua ranh gidi hang hai len den 80 hai li tu bd bien, trude khi tien hanh vach ra mdt dudng phan dinh mdi "de novo" tiep theo dudng phan dinh nay bang each ap dung phuong phap each deu va nhiing hoan canh thich hgp. Phan quyet cd mgt gia tri an le mdi, ben canh nhiing gia tri khac, dd la cd the ket hgp nhieu co sd de thuc hien viec phan djnh ranh gidi, ap dung cho cac phan doan khac nhau ciia dudng phan dinh.
Cau hdi ve su tdn tai ciia mdt thoa thuan ngam trong phan dinh ciing la trgng tam eua eac ben vu tranh chap phan djnh ranh gidi bien giiia Ghana va Bd Bien Nga d Dai Tay Duong (vu Ghana kien Cote dTvoire) hi8n dang duoc giai quyet bdi mdt tda dac biet ciia Toa an Qudc te ve Luat Bien (ITLOS). Trong qua trinh tranh tung, Ghana khang dinh sy tdn tai ciia mdt thoa thuan nglm djnh giiia hai qude gia dat dugc tai thdi diem hai nude gianh dugc dde lap, theo dd bien gidi hang h^i chung ciia hg se dugc hinh thanh bdi mdt dudng each deu. Lap luan nay bi Bd Bien Nga bae bd, theo dd cac ben nhat tri ve dudng gidi ban ma eac ben cd quyen ky cae thda thuan nhugng quyin ve dau md, dieu ma bat cu tnrdng hgp nao ciing khdng dugc coi la dudng phan dinh bien gidi qudc ti theo an le dn dinh eua ICJ [10]. Nhu vay, trach nhiem eiia Tda la can cu vao nhiing dir lieu cu the eua vu viec &h xac djnh ed tdn tai hay khdng mdt thda thuan nglm vi phan djnh ranh gidi bien chit khdng don thuln chi la thda thuan vi rdiugng quyen ve dau khi.
Neu khdng cd thda thuan - du Iii bang van ban hay ngam djnh, thi viee phan dinh ranh gidi bien phai dugc lam mdi "de novo" thdng qua viec ap dyng cac quy tie eiia UNCLOS, nhu da ndi d tren, de din den mdt yeu clu can ban \k ed mdt ket qua cdng bang. Cac quy djnh ciia Cdng udc khdng de cap gi din phuong phap phan dinh eac viing dac quyen kinh te va them lyc dia [12]. V i mat li thuyit, cac phuang phap nay rat da dang: sir dung dudng vT tuydn hoac dudng kinh tuyin, dudng chia elt hoac phuong phap dudng each deu/ed tinh din hoan canh. Tuy nhien, thyc tien gan day eho thay mi the ro ret eua phucmg phap dudng each deu/cd tinh den hoan eanh trong eac phan quyit qudc te. Cac tda an qudc ti phln ldn ung hd phuong phap dudng each deu/cd tinh den hoan canh ddi vdi eac qude gia cd bd bien tiep lien hoac ddi nhau, bang each vach ra mdt dudng ranh gidi tam thdi dugc tao thanh bdi dudng trung tuyen "lay tit cdc diem thich hgp nhdt tren b& bien ciia hai qudc gia cd lien quan" [13, tr.116-117]. Dudng ranh gidi nay sau dd cd thd duge diiu chinh di xem xet din cac hoan eanh cd hen quan va cudi cung la thu nghiem lai nham tranh trudng hgp dudng phan dinh dd khdng tao ra "mgt su mdt cdn xung ddng chu y giira ty le chieu ddi tucmg ung cua ba bien vd ty le cdc viing bien cd lien quan dugc phdn bd cho mdi quoc gia" [13, tr.
103]. Cach tiep can nay da dugc ICJ iru tien su dung trong vy eae tranh chap giiia Rumani va Ucraina [13, tr.l03] va gin day nhit, trong vu giiia Chile va Peru eho doan ranh gidi tren bien nam ngoai ranh gidi da dugc hinh thanh tren thda thuan eiia hai ben. Day eiing la phuong phap dugc su dung trong vu Bangladesh kien Myanmar - vy tranh chap bien gidi tren bien dau tien do ITLOS giai quyet. Trong vu viec nay, Toa an da bac bd cac lap luan ciia Bangladesh ve viec sir dung phuong phap dudng cat ngang (dac biet la do dd Idm v^o va sy bat dn eiia eae bd bien trong khu vuc dugc phan dinh) [12], dugc nhin nhan bdi cac trpng tai nhu la "mdt phucmg phdp gdn v&i phuang phdp du&ng cdch deu" [12, §234], cd the cho ket qua khac nhau tiiy thupc vao dii lieu duge
P Klein / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Ludt hgc. Tap 34. Sd 3 (2018) 33-42
sir dung va do vay la ket qua khdng chac chan [12, §§236-237].'
Phuang phap dudng each deu/cd tinh den eae hoan canh thich hgp cung da duge Ghana bao ve trong tranh chap phan dinh bien vdi Bd Biin Nga khi ITLOS khdng thira nhan ed mdt thda thuan ngam ve phan dinh trong ttudng hgp nay [14, h", 214, 230], Bd Biin Nga ciing ddng y vdi phuong phap nay - it nhit la trong trudng hgp yeu cau chinh da hi bac bd - ddng thdi cho ring viec tinb den cae hoan canh thich hgp trong vu viec nay dan den mdt dudng phan dinh hoan toan khac biet so vdi dudng phan dinh yeu sach bdi Ghana. Nhu vay, co the thay ed mgt khuynh hudng manh me khdng the chdi cai trong an le qudc te v6 viec sir dung dudng each deu/cd tinh den nhihig hoan each thich hgp, dugc minh chung rd rang bdi "muc do chdc chdn md du&ng cdch deu dam bdo, co tinh den nhimg dieu chinh cdn thiet sau do neu cd" [14, §306].
4. Quygn, nghia vu cua quoc gia trong bao v | moi trirdng biSn
Mae dii UNCLOS da danh rit nhieu diiu khoan cho van de bao ve mdi trudng bien, tuy nhidn cho den gan day, van de nay chi dugc de cap trong mdt sd rat it eac phan quyet quoc ti^.
Tda dac biet ciia ITLOS trong vu phan dinh bien giua Ghana va Bd Bien Nga da dugc yeu cau phan quyet vi van de nay trong quyit dinh cac bien phap tam thdi eiia Tda vao ngay 25 thang 4 nam 2015. Dac biet, Tda da yeu clu Ghana thyc hien "kiem sodt nghiem ngdi vd lien tuc cdc hogt dong do hg thuc hien hodc v&i su
Ngoai le dang ke trong tmong hgp nay la Vii San bat ca voi 6 bac cue (la Chasse a la baleine dans I'Antarctique (Australie c. Japon O^ouvelle-Zelande intervenam), CU, an-et du 31 mars 2014 (Rec. CU 2014); Tuy nhien, trong vu nay ccr sa thSm quygn khong phai dira tren UNCLOS, m^
dya tren mot digu uoc quoc tg cu thg khac, la cong uac qu6c le dieu chinh hoat dgng san hk ca vol va cac quy dinh di kem, Cung c6 thg neu ra day vi du khac la vu Nha may MOX {I'Affaire de I'usine MOX (Irlande c. Royaume-Uni)) va vu Ca ngir (Thon a nageoire bleue (Australie et Nouvelle-Zelandec, Japon)). Hai vu nay diu khong di dgn giai doan xet xu vg n6i dung.
cho phep cua hg trong khu vuc tranh chdp nhdm ngdn ngira nhung ihiet hgi nghiem trgng cho mdi tru&ng bien". Phan quyet nay co mpt y nghTa dac biet ve mdi trudng, bdi vi nd cho thiy su quan tam cua cac qudc gia ddn van di moi trudng, nhle nhd den nghia vy eiia cac qudc gia trong linh vuc nay trong bdi canh tranh chap vi phan dinh bien, noi ngudi ta dudng nhu khong trdng dpi van de mdi trudng dugc giai quyet.
Tuy nhien, mdi quan tam nay cd y nghia quan trpng hon rat nhieu trong trudng hgp vu tranh chap ve Bien Ddng bdi nd la co sd cua nhieu lap luan, yeu cau cua Philippines. Trong phan quyit, Tda trgng tai da chap nhan phan Idn yeu cau cua Phillippines. Theo do, Trung Qude phai chiu trach nhiem qudc te vi da vi pham cae nghTa vu theo UNCLOS qua hoat ddng khai thae bdi ngu dan Trung Qudc cac loiii sinh vat dugc bao ve va nhiing thiet hai do cac ngu dan nay gay ra cho he sinh thai ran san hd va bdi cae phucmg phap cai tao da dugc nha chiic trach Trung Qude sir dung de tang dien tich cac cau tnie nudc nay ehiem ddng tren Bien Ddng, eiing nhu bdi su thiiu hgp tac qudc te cua nudc nay trong linh vuc bao ve mdi hudng bien.
Hai phan quyet neu tren phu hgp vdi he thdng cac bien phap dugc thiet lap bdi Cdng udc. He thdng da dat ra nhiing trach nhiem nhiem rat ldn ddi vdi cac qudc gia thanh vien lien quan den cac boat ddng do hg kiem soat hoae duge thyc hien bdi nhirng ngudi thupc tham quyen ciia nhixng qudc gia do, ke ca nhirng hoat dpng trong ITnh vuc bao ve moi trudng bien".
5. Ket lu§n
Nhiing van de trinh bay trong bai viit, tat nhien, chi cung cap mdt phan khai lugc khdng '' NhiJng nguyen tic vg trach nhiem cua Nba nuoc ciing da dugc Toa an Quoc te ve Luat Bien dua ra trong trong thoi gian ngan truac do qua hai y kien tir van dau tien (Trach nhiem va nghTa vu ciia cac quoc gia tai tr? cho ngucri vii cac to chiic lien quan dgn cac hoat dong trong khu y\rc, y kign tu van ngay 1/2/20111, Yeu cSu 13y y kien tu van ciia Uy ban Ngu dan Tigu viing (SRFC), </ kiin tu vSn ngay 2/4/2015)
p. Klein / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludt hgc, Tdp 34. So 3 (2018) 33-42
day dii va ngan ggn ve tam quan trgng va sy phong phii ciia eae an le qudc te gan day ve luat bien. Dii vay, niu can phai cd mdt ket luan nit ra tir su xem xet, danh gia khai luge nay thi chac chan dd la khang dinh ve vai tro trung tam ciia Cdng udc Montego Bay cua Lien Hgp qudc ve Luat bien, diing vdi ten ggi 1^ "Hien chuang ciia bien vd dai duang" nhu da duge de cap den trong nhiing ddng dau tien ciia bai viet, Vai trd nay da duge the hien mpt each ro net trai qua 35 nam ke tir khi Cdng udc - mdt van ban then ehdt ciia phap Iuat qudc te hien dai - dugc thdng qua.
Tai Ueu tham khao [1] Rec.CIJ 1980.
[2] Rec. CU. 1980,
[3] Communication of China dated 7 May 2009 with regard to the joint submission made by Malaysia and Viet Nam to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CML/17/2009):
http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions _files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf Communication of Chma dated 7 May 2009 with regard to tbe submission made by Viet Nam to the Commission of the Continental Shelf (CML/18/2009);
http. //www. im.org/depts/ios/cl cs_ne w/submis sio ns_files/vnm37_09/chn_2009re_vnm.pdf [4] Li Jmmmg and Li Dexia, The Dotted Line on the
Chinese Map of the South China Sea: A Note, Ocean Development & International Law, 2003, p. 290, Yann-huei Song and Peter Kien-hong Yu, China's 'Historic Waters' in the South China
Sea: an Analysis from Taiwan, R.O.C, Amencan Asian Review, 1999, p. 83.
[5] Communication of Viet Nam dated 8 May 2009,
n" 86/HC-2009:
http://www,un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_fil es/mysvnm33_09/vnm_chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf) Communication of the Philippines dated 5 April 20ll:http;//www.im.org/depts/los/clcs_new/subm issions_files/vnm37_09/phl_re_chn_2011.pdf Indonesia, Letter to the U.N. Secretary-General, Doc. 480/POL-703/VI[/i 0, 8 July 2010 http //www un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_
files/mysvnm33_09/idn_2010re_mys_vnm_epdf [6] Sentence
[7] Erik Franckx, The Regime of Islands and Rocks, in D.J. Attard, M, Fitzmaurice et N.A M.
Gutierrez, (s,I.d.), The IMLJ Manual on International Maritime Law, Volume 1, The Law of the Sea Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
[8] Demande n° 5 (Mischief Reef et Second Thomas Shoal)
[9] Demandes n" 8 et 9.
[10] Vu Bien gicfi dat lien va trgn biin giiia Cameroon va Nigeria (Cameroun c, Nigeria; Guinee equatoriale (intervenant)) {Rec, CU 2002), [II] Differend maritime (Perou c. Chili), arret, CU
Recueil 2014,
[12] Differend relatif a la delimitation de la frontiere maritime entre le Bangladesh et le Myanmar dans le Golfe du Bengale (Bangladesh/Myanmar), arret du 14 mars 2012,
[13] Differend relatiia la Delimitation maritune en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukrame), Rec. C I J . 2009 [14] Phan quyet trgng tai Barbados/ Trinidad va
Tobago, quyet dinh ngay 11 thang 4 nam 2006, RSA, vol. XXVli
P Klein / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Lugt hoc. Tgp 34. So 3 (2018) 33-42
Developments in the International Law of the Sea in Light of some Recent Judicial Decisions
Pierre Klein
Centre for International Law. Libre de Bruxelles University, CP. 137F.D. RooseveltAvenue. 50 -1050, Brussels,,
Abstract: This paper summarizes and analyzes the new developments in the international law of the sea through a number of recent international cases, particularly through the Arbitration's Award in the Philippinesv. China Case over the East Sea. These developments include those related tothe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, the basis and scope of national rights to defferent maritime zones; Maritime delimitation; the important role of agreement in maritime delimitation and the signification of equitable and fairouteomes; The rights and obligations of the State in the protection of the marine environment. Through its analysis and assessment, the article also confirms the central role of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, called the "Charter of the Sea and Oceans".
Keywords: International Law of the Sea, Philippines v. China Case, the Unhed Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, the East Sea.