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NHIN NHAN - DANH GIA TONG QUAT KIEN TRUC VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1945 - 1986
KTS Nguydn ThOc Hodng KTS La Thj Kim Ngan KTS Nguyin Kim Anh
Di sdn kien tnie Vlflt khfing ehi mang ban sac vdn hfia dan tfic ma cfln id k i t qua ciia su giao thoa van hfia eiia edc dan tpc cOng nhu t i p nhdn cdc yeu td van hfia phuang Tdy va cac qude gia tan can.
Tu nam 1945 din nam 1986, bin muoi nam khfing td qudng thdt gian ddt so vdt Itch su nhung id thdi ky md d i u eho che dfi mdi vdt nhung dae trung vdn hfia l|ch sii' kinh t l xd hfli va ed kiin true 6 miln Bac, sau ehi dfl ddn chu efing hfia td thdt ky qua dfl tiin ten chu nghTa xd hfli, vda xdy dung chfnh quyen vda cting miin Nam gtai phfing d i t nude, vd sau khi thdng nhit d i t nude Id nhidm vu hdn gdn vet thuang chiln tranh Ddy id thai ky thuc sy khfi khan vd moi mdt, ddc biet Id tanh td. Song vdi sy ding Iflng vd quyit tam ciia cd dan tfic. vdi phuong chdm cua Dang nhd nude "Khdng ed gl qui han dgc lip tu do. den ngiy thing lai, nhin din ta se xiy dyng lai dit nude ta ding hoing hon, to dep han ." tain trtic xdy dyng thdi ky nay da dat nhtrng thdnh tyu nhit djnh, mang tinh l|ch sii xa hfii dang trdn trpng vd c i n dupe ddnh gid mflt each todn didn
Bdi canh kinh td xa hoi vd kidn triic
Ddc diim chfnh tri, kmh t l va xa hfli tdc dfing quyit dmh den dgc dilm kiin trOc ciia tung thdi ky. cy t h i :
Giai doan 1945-1954
Miid\ nam ddu sau Cdeh IVlang thdng Tdm, ed nude budc vdo eufie khdng chiin ehing thuc dan Phap Cae dfi thi triin khai chii truong "Tidu thd khdng chiin", nhiiu cfing trinh tain true bj phd dd. nhieu efing trinh bj tan pha bdi chiin tranh
d viing t y do hay d chiin khu ehu y i u xay dung cdc eflng trinh tam bdng edc vat lidu thfl sa. tgi ehfi O edc vting tam ehilm vdi t h i tranh chip, chlnh quyin dfi ho han c h i xay dyng, chij y i u sd dung kiin tnlc cfl sdn, ehf xdy dung mdi cdc cflng trinh cdn thiit phue vu chiln tranh.
Khu tdp the Hdm Tir Que Khu tdp the Ham Tu Quan
Giai d09n 1954-1975
Hai muoi ndm tilp theo, d i t nude b| ehia d t vdi cdc t h i c h i chlnh trj khdc nhau
- Miln Bic:
Mudi ndm diu Id k l hogch tgo dung co sd vdt chit vd ky thudt t l i thilu ban ddu cho nin kinh t l mdi, trong dfi chii ylu Id cdc cfing trinh efing nghifip do cdc nude xd hfii chu nghTa gitip dd
tVludi nam t i i p theo, ddt nude tai phdi ddi pho vdi chiin tranh phd hoai bdng khfing qudn ciia d l qude My VI vay, thdi gian ndy xdy dyng chCi y l u td cac cfing trinh phfing khfing, so tdn
Chiin tranh eOng dd phd hiiy phin tdn thdnh qua md mudi ndm trudc da tao dyng, cho den mdi sau ndy cOng khfing phue hdi h i t dupe
- Miin Nam:
Miln Nam efi nhdng biin dfing chinh tq Chinh quyin, mflt mdt to dn dmh c h i dfl cai trj (chuyin td thye ddn Phdp sang de qudc tViy) mat khdc lo ddi phfl vdi cufic ddu tranh gidnh dfic ldp ddn tfle - thdng nhit d i t nude cua tVldt tr|n giai phfing miln Nam Vigt Nam
Mac dCi efi nhiiu t i l m ndng kinh t l , nhung hogt dfing xay dyng eiia thdi ky ndy ehii yeu d Sdi Gfin vd tai mflt sd thdnh phd Idn hogc cdc dfl thi cfi myc tieu qudn sy Hg xdy dyng
2 6 Tar-ci
cae khu qudn su vdi cdc cfing trinh phye vy eho ngudi nude ngodi, cho chinh quyin cai tq nhu cdc cfing trinh efing sd, nhd d, noi vui choi, nghi mdt, eong trinh thuong mai, tdi chtnh . vd cfing trinh phue vu chien tranh nhu Doanh trgi, kho tdng, san bay, bin eang. dudng sd, eflng trinh d|eh vu quan sy,
Giai doan 1975-1985
Ddt nude dupe thflng n h i t Day id giai doan khfing cfln ngudn vien trp tu nude ngodi, phai ty tim hilu, trau ddi kiin thdc vd phdt tnln cdc phuang phdp, ky thudt xdy dung md ede nude XHCN vien trp d l phye hdi co sd vat chit sau chiin tranh vd xdy dung mdi he thing efing trinh phtic tai xa hfii dan smh d ca hai mien. VI vdy tain tnie xay dung thdi ky ndy vin o trang thdi tlit tadm, thdt lung bufic bung.
- Gid tn kiin tnie
Giai dogn 1945-1986 la giai dogn d i t nude gap nhiiu khfi khdn, dac biet Id v i phdt tnln kinh t i . Cflng trinh tain trOc duac xdy dyng thdi ky ndy suit dau tu thdp, khfing da dgng v l t h i logi, quy mfl khfing Idn, nhung khflng phai khflng efi thdnh qua. Gid tri eao nhit Id da ddp dng dupe nhu c l u ciia xd hfli liie bay gid. Gid tn cua tain tnie gtai doan 1945-1986 t h i htdn d mflt sd khia egnh sau'
Klin tnie duue xay dung theo quy ho^ch Tuy tanh t l xdy dung ehua phdt triin, dfi ttij hfia efin thap, nhung cac efing trinh dupe xdy dung d i u theo quy hogch eu t h i nhu Khu cfing nghidp, khu nhd d cfing nhdn. khu ehung cir trong do thj hay eflng trinh edt tao dfl tht.
d miln Bde, vdt su giup dd eiia cdc chuyen gia den ttf cac nude XHCN, Iyc lupng thiet ke quy hogch nude ta da bat d i u triin khai lap cdc dfi dn, trude h i t Id edi tgo dfi thj, sau dfl Id quy hoach md rflng mpt sfi dfi thj. phdt tnin cac khu efing nghigp Idn Ktin trtJe dupe triin khai theo quy hoach va theo k i hogch Nhd nude
Klin trtie duoe djnh hudng phdt tnin Khfing thdnh van ban, nhung kiin tnie o miin Bde thdi ky ndy dd dupe dinh hudng kha rfi rang, theo chiiu hudng "htdn thue XHCN' duoc bilu Ifl d ede gfic dfl:
• ChCt truang ddu t u
Nhd nude tdp trung uu tidn phdt tnln edc cfing trinh cflng nghiep vd phue vy efing nghidp.
Cdc khu nhd d tai cae dfi tht theo mfi hlnh "tilu khu nha d" ddng bfi v i ha ting ky thuat, ha ting xa hfii vdi ede loat efing trinh nhd tre. miu gido, trudng hoc, tram y t i . djch vy tdi thiiu nhu cua hdng luong thuc thyc phim, nhd dn, bdch
Nhd nghi cdng dodn Sdm Son
Nhd nghi eong dodn Bdi Chdy
hfia,.. He thing edc cfing trinh phiie ipi dan sinh nhu bgnh vien cdc tuyin, trudng hpc. nha van hfia. nha nghf cfing dodn,- dirge xdy dyng t d trung uong tdi dja phuang
Kidn trtic phye vu kinh td, phye vy quang dai nhdn ddn bilu thj ttnh uu viflt ciia c h i dfi, t h i hidn rfl tinh nhdn van
- Chat lupng kiln tnie: Vdi iSlu kten thye t i xdy dyng cfin nhiiu khfi khan nhu- Suit diu tu thip, Nha nude bao d p dau tu va phan phfli, vdt lieu xdy dyng hodn thtdn l^an hiim, thiiu nhiiu frang thtit bt eflng trinh, khfing thang mdy khfing diiu hfla khflng khf, ndn phuong chdm thtit k i liic dfi. dfing thdi cung la mue tieu chat lupng efing trinh la "Thieh dung, bin vOng, kinh ti, dep (mp quan) trong diu kien ed thi"
Ttr do, ktin tnlc, trudc h i t phat ddp dng gid tri sd dyng. Cho nen efi t h i cot tain trtic XHCN d miin Bde Id "kien trtic eflng ndng", phan anh hidn thue xd hpi t u d i u vdo, qua trinh tao dung, d i n diu ra sd dyng.
Cae nguyen ly thiit k l duoc b i t d i u bdi ban, chuin myc, nhung do co c h i bao d p , phdn phfii ma efi su phan d p td cfing trinh eho d i n phdn elp tieu chuan nen nguydn ty duoc vdn dyng mot cdeh m i m deo, mdc dp thfch dng vdi mue tieu dam bao tidn nghi tdi thiiu, nhung tdi da nhu d u ,
v i hlnh thdc, kiln tnlc thdi ky ndy cfl cflng ndng dan gian, d i nhdn biit, hinh thdc ben ngoai phu hpp ehde nang sd dung bdn trong, dudng net hidn dgi ngay thing, hinh khfii kiln trtic ngay ngin sgeh se.
Tuy nhien, dign mao kiln true dfi thi khfing trdnh khfii sy don dieu do ede cflng trinh d i u thdp tang, ngheo ndn v l ehdng loai, vgt lidu hodn thidn, chii ydu Id son vfli, sau nay cfi da rua, dp gdm, vd do ehii truang xay dyng diln hinh hfla theo mau nha.,, Nghg thugt kiin true cang bj han chi, nhit la trang frf (ca ben ngoai va nfli thit), chiiu sang nghg thuat cdng chua ddm nghT tdi
- Klin true - xay dyng theo hudng efing nghigp hfia: Xuat phat ttr nhu d u , nhanh ehflng hodn thign cflng trinh (ddi vdi nhd d. eflng trinh cflng nghiep), nganh xdy dung dd ehti trong thay
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ddi vd phdt tnln efing nghg xay dyng theo hudng cflng nghigp hfla: "Diln hinh hfla thidt k l , efing xudng hfla d u tadn, CO gidi hfia thii cflng", Ddy id thdi tay r i m rfl nhdt vd CNH xdy dyng, td vigc Nhd nude cd ngudi di hpe tgp, lien kit vdi ede nude XHCN, thd nghigm, san xuit thyc t i Vi du nhu ldp ghdp sandinfi (Cuba), t i m block (Tridu j j j Tien), t i m nho (CHDC Dtre), t i m Idn (Lidn Xfi) * "
Sau dfi Id qud trinh nghien edu dng dyng phuang phdp thi cfing mdi coppha truat, hay ndng sdn ddi vfii xdy dyng nhd eao tang,,-
Kiin trOe khi hiu - fgo bin sic.
Thai ky ndy tain tnie d ed hai miin d i u xult phat ttf ydu d u thyc t i khdch quan, tufin chu trpng khai thac kiin triie dan gian Kien tnie, vi t h i phan dnh rfl dae thil khi hdu.
Bj han ehi diiu tafin ddu t u , thtit bj efing nghe ndn ktin trttc phdt ddt muc tidu "thich dng" khi hdu nhdm tao mfit trudng tten nghi tdi da eho eon ngudi bdng each khai thdc loi t h i kht hdu ty nhien nhu dnh sdng. gtfi mdt, khac phue bit tai nhu gtfi bao, mua ignh, ndng nfing biicxg.
Ngudi thtit k i dd chpn cdc gtai phap nhu ehon huong nhd, td ehtie hdnh lang bdn. thong gtfi t y nhien, anh sdng tu nhidn, sCr dung ehi tiit kiln tnie d l ehdn ndng mua, hudng biicxa, xd ty m d i - t u d n g bao ehe each nhigt, t i p edn thidn nhidn.,, hgn ehd nhdn tao, tiit kigm duoc nang
Bdo tdng Co vdt. Nam Dinh,
Tac phim kiin true theo xu hudng Chu nghia Bieu hi4n dt Co KTS Nguyin Cao Luyin
\a kiin true hi^n dai Viet Nam
L.,..-
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I il i'^ 1 jir r I 111 • J' I • IJ11 i l l
Xdy dipig ihl diem lieu Uiu niiu a iup ghep Truotig Dinh 2 8 Tapchri
Tiu'&ng Nguyei
lupng. Vd dfi phai chang td nhdng npi dung eila ktin tnie Xanh ngdy nay dang hudng tdi.
Cung chfnh td kiin trtie thtch tfng khf hdu md ve ngodi bfic Ifl rfl hinh anh tain true eCta tung viing mtin, vi vdy gtai dogn nay kten trtic dupe coi Id cfl "ban sic"
K/dn triic d mien Nam
Ngoat nhO'ng dilm ehung v l bli canh xd hfli, ede tde dflng anh hudng din kten trOe xay dung, mue tieu xdy dyng a mien Nam cfi nhung net ridng, ndn cdc eong trinh chd y i u tdp tmng 6 cdc dfl thi tdn, ede khu qudn su vd phgm vt sd dyng cfi gidi han Do dfi, d miln Nam, cfing trinh cfi quy mfi tdn hon d mien Bae. duoe diu tu khd han, cfi d i u tu da thdnh phin. cfl dilu kign ky ttiuat- efing nghiep, nguydn lidu thuan lpi nen ehit lupng cQng tdt han. Chiie ndng cua efing trinh cung da dang vd thien v i djeh vy
Didu dang ghi nhdn d kidn tnie thdi ky nay la ngodt ede loai efing trinh phong phti nhu cflng sd, nhiiu khu nhd cao d p , btfltthu, khach sgn nghi mdt. nhd trudng, khu vui choi gidi tri Idn, cdc trudng dgi hpe . dilm ddc bidt Id da efl kien tnlc cao ting (9-11 tang) vdi thang may vd cfing nghd - d i i u hfia khfing khi.
Cung do anh hudng ciia phuong tdy, kiln trttc miin Nam theo xu hudng htfln dgi, thye dyng, cflng nang, vd ede nhd thiet k l quan tam d i n khi hau nen kiln true tao dupe dgc thii nhigt ddi
Moi tripdng hoat ddng nghd nghiep a mfit gfic dfi ndo dfi, khi kiln tnlc xdy dyng duae Nhd nude bao d p vd phye vy eho efing dfing thi ttf "ngudi chii" Id Nhd nude cho d i n
"ngudi thye hidn" la ngudt thilt kd. thi efing cfing trinh vd ngudt sd dung d i u chung myc dich Id Idm cho cfing trinh hodn thanh tdt nhat Vi vgy tao nen duoc mfit mfii trudng hoat dflng, quan hd rlt "thugn lpi vd an ianh", tfln trpng ldn nhau dac bidt Id tfin trpng chuydn mfln Kien trtjc dupe xdy dung theo quy hoach nhung dfing thdi theo k l hoach ndn duac quan tdm, phan ehia trdch nhiem ede ben rfi rdng Tuy Id bao d p nhung efi kd hoach hfla ndn "ca chd xm cho" liic biy gid chua biln t h i Lye luang thyc hien thilt kd xdy dung nhdn luang theo phdn cfing eiia Nhd nude nen cuflc sdng tuy chua cao nhung dn dmh vd ydn tdm Idm viflc
Quan hg trong gidi trdn dudi rfi rang, nhung khfing han c h i sdng tao vd phong edeh. cd tinh.
Cdc td chdc thidt k l d i u eua Nhd nude, do dfi ede dan vi thudng xuydn hpp tac gitJp do nhau bfl sung, ddo tao nhan lye, hap tdc cflng vtec gida cdc don vi.
Nha nude quan tdm dau tu nang cao nang lye trong ITnh vye tain trtie xdy dung, luc iuong chuydn mfin duac di ddo tao ndng elp, tiep cdn cdc thdnh tuu mdi ciia t h i gidi. nghidn cdu, van dyng, tao nen dpi ngu chuydn sdu, ehuyen mfin hfla eao, trong hap tdc qude td duoe tfin trpng.
Kdt luan.
Giai doan 1945-1986 Id mflt thdi kl btin dflng ddy khfl khan, nhung kiin trtie xdy dung v i n hidn dien, dap dng nhu edu xa hfli mflt each tdt dgp Tuy khfi nhung 16 cdi khfin, nhiiu cflng trinh kiin trOc vdi ede gia tq khde nhau dd ddnh d i u nhdng mdc efi y nghTa trong t i l n trinh phdt t n l n n i n kiin true - xdy dung nude nhd,
a giai dogn ndy gid tn nghe thudt tuy chua cao nhung gid tri hien thye nhan van ciia mflt nin tain tnlc Chan - Thign - My dd duac tgo ldp Phdt huy cae gid trj ndy trdn nin tang xd hfii ngay cdng thudn lpi v i d i u tu, diiu tadn ky thugt cfing nghd mdi se Id xu hudng tfit vd dung eho eon dudng phat tnin, kiin tnie nude nhd
Tuy nhidn, vide dng xd vdi edc cflng trinh giai doan ndy dang ddng trude sy lya chpn vd ca thdch thtrc, Q^ac cat tao hodn thign hay Id phd bo d l xay dyng mdi Vide lya chgn giai phdp nao thudng chu y i u dya vdo quy mfi, su xufing elp, chit lupng efing trinh,.. cfln gia tn phi vdt t h i , gia tq van hfia, gid tn tnh t h i n ciia thdi dgi thi ehua dupe xem xet mfit each nghiem ttie
Thue t i i n eho thiy: Phdt triln xd hfli lufln efi nhung mdu thuin khach quan \ra nfli tgi. giua trude m l t v d Idu ddi, gida cac loi Ieh, giOa edc ITnh vye, cdc mye tidu,,. Cdc tac dflng eiia xd hfii Idm phai md, meo mfi, tham chf hiiy hogi nhung gid tq ciia qud khd, md thdi gian khflng btl d i p duae. Ddy eting id traeh nhidm eua xa hfli, cOa t h i hd hfim nay
T i m quan trpng vd tfnh elp bach da vd dang dat len vai cdc nha quan ly trpng trdch ddi vdt lich sd O
Tdi iifu tham ithdo.
- lidisu-nganh x^ dtmg Vi^ Nam, NXB Xay di/mg 2008 - Do thi Vtit Namdt&i ky qud do. NXB The Giin. 2006 - Hpi Kiin trie sir Viet Nam. The he kiin true su ddu tien, NXB Vdn hda thdng tin. 2008
- Hgi Kiin triic sir Vi& Nam, Nira the ky hen trdc Viet Nam Nha xudt bdn Thdi dai. 2010;
- KTS Le Van Lan, Hoi Kiin true su Viel Nam. 55 ndm hin true Hd Noi. NXB Thai dai, 2010.
