Nhin nhan viec "dao hoa" cua Trung Qu6c a Truomg Sa duoi goc do luat phap quoc te

TAP CHl P H A T TRifeN KH & CN, TAP 19. S 6 0 2 - 2016

Nhin nhan viec "dao hoa" cua Trung Qu6c a Truomg Sa duoi goc do luat phap quoc te

• Bach Thj NhS Nam

Tnidng Dfi hpc Kinh tl - Luft. DHQG HCM - Email: nambtm@ml.edu.vn

(Bi>''l^nngdyl6Mngll„dm20l5.hodnchinhsin,daiang^23,hdng3ndm20l6)

HI

T6M TAT

Hogt dpng xdy dvng phi phdp ede ddo nhm tgo cua Trung Qude tren rgn san hd a qudn dio Trudng Sa eia Vilt Nam dupc bdt ddu ndm 2014 vd tdng cuang ddng ki vdo nam 201S vd 2016. Trung Qudc dd nao vei, san ldp vd cdi Ipo 7 bdi dd thupe qudn dio Trudng So. biin ehung thanh ede ddo nhdn Igo vd xdy dvng edc cdng trinh ndi khie Igi cic thife Ihi Trung Qudc dang ehiim ddng bdt hpp phdp tren Biin Ddng.

Trong bdi viet ndy, tie gid ddnh gii nhiing Ide ddng tit hdnh vi "dio hda " cia Trung Qudc ddi v&i mdi trudng biin. ddy ten nhOng bdt dn vi qudn sv, chinh Iri. gdy edng thing, phic lgp

them cde yiu sdch chi quyin ddo vd phdn dinh bien a Biin Ddng. vd Iranh eai phip ly vi quy ehe ddi v&i dio nhdn Igo Trong phdn liip theo cia bdi viit. ide gid chi ro hdnh vi "dio hda"

cia Trung Qudc dd vi phgm nghiem Irpng cdc guy dinh cua Lugt phdp qudc li, Cdng ude Lien Hilp Qudc vi lugt biin UNCLOS 1982, va cie cam kit ring bupc qude li khde cua Trung Qudc TH do. tic gii di xudt cdc gidi phdp eho Vili Nam trong bdi cdnh gia Idng cic hogt d0ng cai igo dio cia Trung Qudc a qudn dio Truong Sa.

Ipo.

Tit khf: Biin Ddng Qudn dio Truong So, Vilt Nam. Trung Qudc. trgnh ehdp phdp ly. dio nhdn

I.GldlTHIflU

Trin quin dfio Tnidng Sa. Tnmg Qudc hifn dang cfii IfO vfi xfiy dyng d ft cfic "dfio nhfin Ifo" vfi cfie cfin cfl qufin sy If i bfiy bii dfi ttiudc quin dfio Tnidng Sa mfi Tmng Qudc ehilm ddng ttfii phip bao gdm Dfi Chfiu Vifn. Dfi ChO Thfp. Di Ga Ven. Di Xu Bi, Di Tu Nghla, Di Vinh Khin vfi Dfi Gfc Ma.

Vifc cfic tfiu Tnmg Qudc tiln hfinh phun cfit vfi nfo vit dfi Ifim tdn hfi cfic rfn san hd, vfi de dpa ttye tilp din mdi ttudng sinh vft biln. Cudc diu ttanh ttiin Biln Odng di cd budc ngof t mdi, tfl ttanh chip tfii nguyin biln, quyln ty do hfing hfii din diu ttanh vi mdl mdi ttudng biln tttmg Ifinh.

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 19, No 0 2 - 2016

Hinh I. Biy cin true d|a ly tfl Truimg Sa dang hf biln ddl thinh cfic «d4o nhfin tfo»

^f^"iJ^'!t^ * ^ "*"* *^ ' ^ " ' * ^ * ' "^P'o""' " l " Victor Robert Lee vd ThtvilnNghi Viln Hoa Ky. 25/04/2015, Iruy cdp Igl http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/soulh.chinasea-ehinas.unprecedenled-

3pratlys-building.program/. ngdy Iruy cdp 01/02/2016.

NhOng thyc thi Tnmg Qudc chilm dupc mdt each phi phip d Tnidng Sa eua Vifl Nam chi li nhflng bii di chim, hay bii cfn nfla ndl nfla ehlm, ed rit it thye thi dupc xem la dfio. Tuy nhiin. Tnmg Qudc di d ft xfiy dyng cfic dao nhfin IfO ttin cac dao/bii di cdn dang tranh chip vdi tdc dp bdi dip ehdng mfl, nhflng thyc thi dd dang ttd thinh dio nhan tfo cd difn tich Idn hon nhieu til ci cic dio/da ly nhiin d Tnrdng Sa, phi vd llnh ttgng ty nhifn vi gia ting thim cing thing trin Biln Ddng.

Trong bii viit nfiy, tic gifi niu hifn ttfng vifc Trung Qudc xay dio trin quin dio Trudng Sa. vi phfin lieh nhflng hinh vi "dio hda" cua

Trung Qudc da vi phfm nghifm trpng cie quy djnh eua Luft phip qudc ll. Cdng udc Lien Hifp Qudc vi luat biin UNCLOS 1982, vi cic cam kit ring bufc qudc ti khic ciia Trung Quoc. Qua phfin tich trfn, mpt sd eie giai phip ngofi giao vi phfip ly quan ttpng cho Vift Nam dupe dl xuit vi thio lufn trong bdi canh gia ting cic hoft ddng cii tfo dao eua Trung Qudc d quin dio Tnrdng Sa.

2. HieN TR>^NG VI$C TRUNG QU6C

XAY BAO T R £ N Q U A N D A O TRUdNG

SA

Trong sd eic bii di d Tnrdng Sa. hof I ddng cii IfO dio eua Trung Qudc dien ra mpnh mi

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TAP CHi P H A T T R | £ N K H ^ O y r A p 19, s 6 0 2 - 2016

nhit d bfii di Cha Thfp. Din nay, Tnmg Qudc

dJ biln bii di Cho Thfp tir mdt bii da san hd cd phin Idn difn tich nim ttiip hon myc nudc biln thinh mdt dio nhfin tfo chfla mdt dudng bing dfii khoing 3000 m, dupc ttiilt'kl phfl hpp cho vifc cit vi hf cinh cfla cfic miy bay quan sy.

Theo nhftng hinh inh vf tinh tir cudi thang 06/2015 cho th^y Tmng Qudc da hoan thien

dudng bing dai hon 3.000m tt&i da ChO Thfp ttiudc quin dio Tradng Sa. Ngoii dudng bing.

cdng ttinh cing biln si dupc xfy dyng dii ldn ^ ddn tau ti^ tl, tiu chiln diu cO Idn, nhilu nhfi mfiy xi ming, co s* hd ttv, ciu cing, sflng phdng khdng, hf ttidng chdng ngudi nhii, ttang ttiilt bi lien lac. nha kinh. bai dip true ttiing...

I B * !. HL,b i . . . 1 , | . h , i h . „ J J n , . . . , i , „ i . , . „ „ ^ , j „ . ^ ^ . ^ „ J,, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

sea. ngay Iruy caplO II 2015.

" " ' " ^ *»*''*«-''»6«tnylnd.rtng bing Vi cfic cfic e o ^ T S E S r S ! Chfr Thfp

c"h.^j'Q:tiiT^^;''''^^.^^^

•^-o Qude le(CSIS) cua MP cong bd ngdy 03/09/2015, mty cgp tgi hnp.V/gmti.esis.org/new.

imagery-release', ngdy nvy cgp 10/11/2015

SCIENCE t, TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. Vol 19. No 02 - 2016

Ngoai dudng bing dupc xfiy dyng hofin ttifinh ttin bfii di Chfl Thfp, Trung Qudc dang tien hfinh vifc xfiy dyng dudng bing trfn bii dfi Subi va bii da Vinh Khin. Ngoai vifc xfiy dyng 3 dudng bfing trin cfic bii da tiin, Trung Qudc di tien hfinh nfo vet, bdi dip lin cfic rfn san hd, cfic bfii dfi... di xfiy dyng cic d i o nhin tao vfi eie cdng Irinh khie ttfn cfie bai di cdn lfi.

Bio e i o thudng nifn cua Bf Qudc phdng My cho bill, Trung Qudc dfi cii tfO hon 11,7 km2 tfnh ti^ ttifing 12/2013 din ttifing 6/2015, vdi quy md Idn hon nhilu so vdi tit ci cfic bin liin quan ttong 40 nim qua [7]. Chi huy Hfm ddi Thii Binh Duong My, Dd ddc Harry Hanis di dung lu "Vfn Iy ttudng ttiinh bing cit" dl md ti nhflng ^ Trung Qudc dang tfo ra [6].

Dfiy li mpt budc di Ifim ttiay ddi hifn trfng biln Ddng mfnh mi v i Ifiu dfii, khi biln nhihig thyc thi nfla ndi nfla chim hay mdt vfii mdm di cd difn tfch rit nhd trd thinh dfio thyc sy. Dilu nfiy khdng chi don thuin li cfic hoft ddng thuin tfly nfing cfip co sd hf ting phyc vy cho dfn sy mfi Ifi nhflng budc di cd inh hudng sfiu sic ca v l khia cfnh phfip Iy v i qufin sy.

Mdt diln biln gin dfiy nhit, v i o ngfiy 24/01/2016, Tnmg Tfim Nghiin cflu Chiln lupc vfi Qudc tl (CSIS) cfla My cho bilt nhflng hinh inh chyp vfio cudi thfing mdt cho ttiiy Trung Qudc di bd tti hf ttidng radar tin sd cao tfi bii dfi Chfiu Vifn, mdt ttong 7 ttiyc ttil d quin dfio Trudng Sa cfla Vift Nam mfi Tnmg Qudc di bdi dip, cfii tf o vfi xfiy dyng trfii phip.

Hinh 4. Hinh i n h vf tinh mS U hf thdng radar tfi bii d i Chin Vifn

ATguiJB.- Do Tdchuc Sdng hin Minh bgch Hdng hdi Chdu A ("AMTI") ihupc Trung tdm Nghiin eim Chien lupc vd Qudc ti ("CSIS") cua Mp cdng bd ngiy 24/01/2016 truy edp tgi

http://amti.esis.org/another-pieee.of-lhe-puale/, ngdy nvy c4p25/01/2016.

Ngofii ra ttin cfic bii dfi khfie nhu bii di Tu ttin cic bii di tt*i. Cfic ddng ttifii gin dfiy cfla Nghla (07/02/2016), bii dfi Gfc Ma

(09/02/2016), bii dfi Gaven (12/02/2016), ttieo cfic hinh inh vf tinh do CSIS cdng bd, ttil Tnmg Qudc cflng cd ttil dang lip dfl hf ttidng radar

Tnmg Qudc ttiyc hifn ttin cfic dfio chilm ddng d Tnidng Sa vip phfii sy phfin ddi cfla nhilu nude vfi cfic qudc gia di ddng loft kiu gpi Tnmg Qudc ngflng qufin sy hofi Biln Ddng.

Trang)

TAP CHi P H A T TRifeN KH & CN, TAP 19, S 6 0 2 - 2016 Trong nim 2016, cfiu chuyfn "ndng" d Biln

Bong vin li hOfI dpng eai tfo cfla Tnmg Qudc vfi viic nudc nfiy s i diy mfnh hofin ttiinh eae hoft dpng xfiy lip. vfi tiln tdi ttiyc hifn qufin sy hda cfic dfio nhan tao.

3. HANH VI "OAO HOA" CUA TRUNG QUdC OA VI PHAM PHAP LY NGHIEM TRQNG

Hfinh vi bdi dip, xay dyng eic dfio nhan tfo ttfn Biln £)dng cfla Tmng Qudc li hoan toin di ngupe lfi vdi Cdng ude Liin Hpp Qudc vl Luft Biln nim 1982 (UNCLOS), ttfii vdi cfic cam kit gifla Vifl Nam vdi Tnmg Qudc vi ASEAN vdi Tnmg Qudc, dfc bift li Tuyfn bd vl cfich flng xfl cua cfic bin ttfn Biln Ddng - DOC nim 2002; xfim phfm nghiim ttpng chfl quyln cfla Vift Nam ddi vdi quin dao Tnidng Sa; vi phfm nhiiu quy djnh cfla luft phip qudc tl vl bio vf mdi tivdng biln.

3.1. Vifc Trung Qudc sfl- dyng vfl iyc xfim chilm qnin dfio Tnrdng Sa Ifi trfii phip luft

qndctl

Trade hit, ttieo luft phfip qudc tl, Tnmg Qudc khdng cd quyln xfiy dyng cfic dfio nhfin tfo ttfn quin dio Tradng Sa cfla Vift Nam. Bdi l«, vfio nfim 1988 vi nim 1995, Tnmg Qudc di sfl dyng vfl lyc tin cdng, chilm ddng 7 bii di ndl ttin ttiudc quin dio Tradng Sa ehfl quyln cfla Vift Nam. Vifc Trang Qudc sfl dyng vu lyc xfim chilm quin dfio Tradng Sa cua Vift Nam Ifi ttfii phfip luft qudc tl, vl chfl quyln cua mdt qudc gia ddi vdi linh did cd dupe bing hfinh ddng sfl dyng vfl lyc dl xfim lupc khdng dupc ttifla nhfn ttieo phfip luft qudc tl. Do vfy, hfinh vi xfiy dyng cfic dfio nhfin tfo ttfn quin dfio Tradng Sa Ifi hofin tofin ttfii vdi luft phfip qudc tl, dfc bifl Ifi UNCLOS 1982.

3a. Vifc Trung Qudc yiu sfich md rdng v i n g biln ddi vdi cfic dfio nhfin tf o li trii quy djnh phip luft qndc t l

Thu hai, luft qudc ti cung khdng thua nhfn vifc md rpng chu quyln bing vifc tdn tfo dit, di. cfit, sdi d l lfin. d i md chfl quyin cfla minh 0 ^ bien ttin 7 bii da ttiudc quin dfio Tradng Sa. Trong nhflng ttiyc tfil niy phin nhilu Ii bii nfla ndi nfla chim. cd vfii mdm dfi nhd lin mft nudc. chua dupc cdng nhfn quy chl dio tiieo UNCLOS 1982. Theo nhflng nghiin cuu v i dinh gii cfic ttiyc ttii gin dfiy aong 7 bii dfi d Tnidng Sa, chi duy nhit bii di Gaven dupc xem Ii dio. Ddi vdi nhOng ttiye ttil cdn Ifi, vin chua cd sy tfldng nhit gifla cfic khio sfit, nhung diu khdng dupc coi Ii dio [5].

UNCLOS 1982 quy djnh riing bift cic quy chl khie nhau dinh eho 3 lof i ttiyc ttil cd tfnh chit dja ly khi liin quan bao gdm ttifl nhit li dio v i cfic quin dfio; ttifl hai li cfic bii di v i thfl ba li bii cfn nfla chim, nfla ndi vi cd thi hilu Ifi bfii ndi khi nudc rdng.

UNCLOS 1982 di phfin djnh quy chl riing bift ddi vdi dfio dupc hudng quy ehl vflng dfc quyln kinh tl (200 hfii ly) vfi ttilm lye dja ttong khi cfic bfii dfi, bii Cfn Iflc ndi Iflc chim s i cd Ihl dupc hudng liiu chuin tdi da Ifi vflng linh hfii

12 hfii ly.

Ngofii ra, ddi vdi cfic dfio nhfin tfo ttii Dilu 121 cfla UNCLOS quy djnh rit rd rfing: "Cfic dfio nhfin tfo, cfic ttiilt bj vfi edng ttinh khdng dupc hudng quy chl cfla cfic dfio. Chflng khdng ed linh hfii rieng vfi khdng cd tfic ddng gi ddi vdi vifc hofch djnh ranh gidi Ifinh hfii, vflng dfc quyln vi kinh tl hofc ttilm lye dja".

Quy djnh ttxmg UNCLOS 1982 vl quy ehl phip ly ddi vdi cic dio nhfin tfo dupc nhin mfnh ttong ttiyc lien khi tda fin Cdng Iy Qudc tl ( I Q ) ttong vy Phfin djnh biln vfi cfic vin dl linh ttid gifla Qua - ta vfi Ba - ranh nim 2001 ring:

"nhflng nd lyc cfla cfi hai nudc dl cfii tfo phin phia tt<n hi mft cfla Qh'at Jaradah khdng cho phip kit lufn ring nd cd lu cfich phfip ly cua mdt hdn dfio" [8].

SCIENCE t TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 19, No 0 2 - 2016 Tuy nhiin, bing cic hoft ddng nfo vet biin,

sfl dyng tiu cudc di cfit nhflng mfing san hd, dd cit xfiy dio quy md Idn, Tnmg Qudc da biin nhflng thyc thi ttin b ^ thanh dio nhfin tf o, din xda di bin chil ty nhien ban dau cfla nhflng thyc ttil niy. Myc dich vifc Trung (Judc bdi lip cfic bii Cfn lue ndi Iflc ehlm Ifi nhim biin chung thinh cfic dio nhfin tfo, rdi ddi hdi eie dio niy CO quy chi phip ly nhu eic dao ndi. Diiu niy dupc giii thieh li lu ehd eie dio nhin tao ehi cd vflng an tofin 500m ttieo dilu 60 khoin 5 UNCLOS 1982, Tnmg Qudc si yiu sich vflng linh hii 12 hai ly, thfm chi vflng dfc quyin kinh tl 200 hii ly cho eic dio niy ttin eo sd diiu 121 UNCLOS vdi tu eich diy du cfla thyc thi dao.

Giio su, Tiin sy Erick Frankx, Giam dde Khoa Luft qude tl vi Luft chiu Au eua Dfi hpc Vrije Bmssel (Vuong qudc Bi), Trpng tii vien ttieo Cdng udc cfla Liin Hpp Qude vi Luft Biin - mdt ttimg nhflng chuyin gia vi Luft Biin hing diu ttil gidi - eho ring "nhflng hanh dpng eua Trang (Judc li vi phfm cie quy djnh cua UNCLOS 1982, trong ty nhiin cd nhflng mdm dfi, nhflng bii cfn, nhflng hdn dio, chflng ta khdng thi cd linh ttiay ddi hifn ttfng dd vi nd finh hudng din nhflng quy djnh cua phap luat qudc li vi khai thfie ty nhiin. Vifc xiy dyng cie dio nhin tfo si khdng thi tfo nin nhflng quyin mdi, si vin phii coi dd li nhflng dio nhan tfo ttieo quy djnh eua phip luft qude ll" [4].

3 J . Trung Qudc vi phfm nghla vy gifl- nguyfn hifn trfng cua cfic vflng biln dang cd Iranh chip

Cfic bii dfi bj Trang Qudc bdi dip vi cfii tfo d Tradng Sa dang nim ttong khu vyc ed ttanh chip chfl quyln. Dilu 74 vi 83 cua UNCLOS 1982 ddi hdi ring ttong cic khu vye cd cie yiu sich EEZ hofc ttilm lyc dja md r^ng mfiu ttiuin nhau till cfic bin ttanh chip: "tren linh Ihdn hiiu biii vd hpp lie. si thvc hiln mpi nd luc di Iham gia vdo cdc ddn xip tgm thai cd llnh ehdl thvc liin vd Irong giai dogn chuyin liip ndy, khdng

gdy phuang hgi cho hay cdn tra vile di din cdc thda thugn cudi ciing."

Trong phfin quylt nim 2004 ddi vdi vy Guyana kifn Suriname, Tda Trpng tii Thudng ttvc (PCA) di gifii ttiich dilu khoin niy ed nghTa Ifi cie bin tranh chip khdng dupe phfp don phuomg gfiy ra thay ddi vTnh viin lin cic vung tranh chip [2]. Di Vinh Khin vi Di Xu bi li cie thye till chim khi ttiuy ttiiu lfn vi khdng cich dio nio ttong khu vyc niy 12 hai ly, vi vfy hai bii di niy li cic bii can nua ndi nua ehlm khdng cd vung lanh hii 12 hii ly. Vifc xfy dyng vfi cii tfo hai bii di niy si diln ra ttxing mpt khu vyc thudc EEZ dang cd tranh chip nhu ddi vdi bii di Vinh Khin, ttong khi ddi vdi bii di Xu Bi ed thi thudc EEZ hay thim lye dja md rfng dang cd ttanh chip. Do do vifc xfy dyng dao trin Dfi Vinh Khin vi Oi Xu Bi cua Trang Qude rd ring vi phfm Dilu 74 vfi 83 UNCLOS vi phin quylt vy Guyana - Suriname.

Vi vifc Trang Qudc, mpt bfn trong tranh chip thay ddi tinh chit dja ly cua chflng mdt each hoin toin vi khdng thi khdi phyc lfi dupc Ifi diiu khdng thi chip nhfn dupe.

Khdng nhu Di Vinh Khin vi Di Xu Bi, cic rfn dfi Chfl Thfp (Fiery Cross), GfC Ma (Johnson South), Chfu Viin (Cuarteron), Huy Go (Hughes) vi Ga Ven (Gaven) Ihl hofc Ii ed chd ty nhifn nim ttin mft nudc khi ttiiu cao hofc nim trong phfm vi 12 hai If eua cic dio khie, nhu vfy theo UNCLOS, cie rfn dfi niy cd linh hai bao quanh. VI thi, vifc xfiy dyng dio tren chflng dien ra ttong Iinh hii. Dilu niy cd nghTa Dilu 74 vi 83 cfla UNCLOS 1982 vi phfin quylt vy Guyana-Suriname (vdn chi ip dyng cho EEZ vi ttilm lyc dja md rdng) si khdng dupc ip dyng ttong ttwdng hpp niy.

Tuy nhiin, vifc xiy dyng dio d ft ttin rfn

san hd do dd cd ttil cd inh hudng Ifiu dfii cho

vflng EEZ ngofii Ifinh hfii cua cie rfn san hd, vl

cfic rfn san hd Ifi bii de ttung cfi quan trpng cua

cfie dfi duong vfi biln vfi vifc phfi huy chflng si

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TAP CHt P H A T T R | £ N KH & CN. TAP 19. S6 02 - 2016

iah hudng din ttii Iupng ci tfi nhflng ving biin cfich xa cfic ran dfi nfiy. Trong tnidng hpp cfla quin dUi Tradng Sa. vung EEZ dd dang cd ttanh chip, do dd Dilu 74 vfi 83 UNCLOS vfi phfin qiqrit vy Guyana Suriname fip dung dupc. dilu dd cd nghia li cic hinh ddng gay ra nhflng ttiay ddi vinh vien cho EEZ la bit hpp phfip ngay cfi khi chinh cfic hanh ddng dd diln ra ttong Iinh hai [3].

Hoft ddng niy cdn di ngupc Ifi Tuyin bd chlnh ni gifla ASEAN Trang Qudc vl cfich flng xu d Biln Ddng 2002 (dilm 5: "Cfic ben chjn ttach nhifm ttiyc hifn su kilm chl ttong vifc ttii hanh cfie hofi dfng cd thi gfiy phfle tfp hofc leo thang ttanh chip, finh hudng tdi hda blnh vi sy dn djnh, kilm chl khdng liln hinh dua ngudi din sinh sdng ttin nhflng hdn dio hifn khdng cd ngudi sinh sdng, ttfn cie rfng di ngim, bii cfit ngim, dfio nhd vi nhflng ylu id khie vi phil dupc xfl ly nhflng khic bifl cfla minh bing phuang phip cd tfnh xfiy dyng" vfi dilm 6 - "Trong khi chd dpi mdt sy dan xip tofin difn vfi bin vflng nhflng nanh chip, cfic bfn liin quan cd thi tim kilm hofc tiln hfinh cfic hoft ddng hpp tie).

Tdm lfi, vifc Trang Qudc xay dyng dio nhfin tfo d ft vdi mye dfch biln ddi bfin chit ty nhiin eua cfic bfii dfi. nhfim tfo nin "sy di rdi"

vfi yfu sfich md rdng cfie vung biln dya hin nhflng bii dfi nhfin tfo thi dd si Ifi nhflng hinh ddng tfio tpn chua tflng ed ttong Ijch su till gidi, vi phfm tting ttpn luft phfip qudc tl vfi vi nin mdt cfich ttiflc nguy hfi trong vifc "lich luft qudc l l " .

3.4. Trung Qudc vi phfm quy djnh phfip

!•#» qndc t l v i gifr g)n v i bio vf mSi tnriyne biln

Thfl ttl, Trang Qudc dang vi phfm Dilu 192 vfi 123 cfla UNCLOS, vl bfio vf mdi ttudng biln, dfc bift lfi ttong cfic vflng biln kin vi nfla kfli nhu Biln Ddng. Dilu 192 quy djnh ring:

'Cic qndc gia cd nghTa vv bdo vf vd gia gin

mdi irudng biin', ttong khi Diiu 123 ddi hdi cic qudc gia quanh mpt biln kin hay nfla kin phii 'pfidi hpp thvc hifn cde qityin vd nghta vv cua hp ddi v&i vile bio Vf vd bio ldn mdi Iruang biin".

Trang Qudc cflng vi phfm cic quy djnh cua Cdng UDC bao vf da dfng sinh hpc nim 1992 liin quan ldi nghTa vy khdng dupc dl cfic hfinh ddng do minh kiim soat gfiy hfi din mdi tradng cua cfic qudc gia khic v i nghTa vy dinh gii tie dpng mdi ttudng. Dilu 3 cua Cdng ude yiu eiu cfic qudc gia cd ttfich nhifm dim bio cie hoft dfng do minh kilm sofit khdng dupe gfiy hfi din mdi ttudng cua cic qudc gia khic. Diiu 14 cfla Cdng udc quy djnh mft qudc gia phfii tiln hinh dinh gifi tie ddng mdi ttudng ttude khi thyc hifn nhflng dy fin cd ttil giy ra hfu qui cd hfi tdi da dfng sinh hpc.

Trong tfiyc tiln phin quylt cua Tda Sn Qudc If v l Luft Biln (ITLOS), vfio nim 2003 ttong vy ttanh chip gifla Malaysia vfi Singapore vl hoft ddng bdi dip cfla Singapore tfi eo biln Johor - nim gifla bang Johor cua Malaysia d phfa bic vfi phfa nam cfla Singapore, Tda dfi budc Singapore khdng dupc tiln hfinh vifc bdi dip cfla minh tiieo nhflng cfich cd Ihl giy tdn hfi khdng ttil khic phyc Idi cfic quyln Ipi cfla Malaysia hay gfiy tdn hfi nghiim trpng cho mdi tnrdng biln. dfc bift Ifi phfii tinh din cfic bio cio cfla nhdm chuyfn gia ddc Ifp; ddng thdi yiu eiu Singapore vi Malaysia phdi hpp dl tiln hinh mdl nghiin cflu nhim dfinh gii tic ddng cfla nhflng hofi ddng cfii tfo cfla Singapore lin mdi ttudng biln vfi Singapore di tufn thu phfin quylt ttin cua tda [9].

Nhu vfy, hinh ddng don phuong cfla Trang Qudc di vi phfm nghif vy cfla hp vdi UNCLOS qua vifc nfo vii hing trim ttifu tin cit v i san hd tir dfiy biln vi dd lin cie rfn san hd vdn li mdi ttudng tdi quan ttpng cho ci di ttiing mfi khdng cd bit efl dfinh gifi nfio cua cfic ehuyin gia ddc lfp vl tik dpng cfla nhflng hoft ddng

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 19. No 02 - 2016

trin ddi vdi mdi ttudng Bien Ddng v i khdng cd sy phdi hpp hofc tham van nfio vdi cfic qudc gia ven biln khfie trong khu vyc nfiy.

Diiu 206 UNCLOS 1982 da quy djnh: "Khi cfic qudc gia ed nhflng ly do xie ding dl eho Ifing cic hoft dpng dfi dy n'nh thupe quyin tai phfin hay quyin kiim soat cfla minh cd nguy co gfiy ra mpt vu d nhiim nghiim trong hay Ifim ttiay ddi dang ki vfi cd hai ddi vdi mdi tmdng bien, thi trong chflng myc ed thi, cic qudc gia niy cfin dinh gia cae tic dpng tiim tfing cfla cic hoat ddng nay ddi vdi mdi ttirdng dd va cin bio eio Ifi nhflng kit qua cua nhirng danh gii nay theo each di dupc quy dinh d Diiu 205 vi nhflng bio eio dfinh gifi dupc thyc hifn ddc Ifp, cdng khai". Ngofii ra, tap qufin qudc ti cung yeu ciu nghTa vy cfla qudc gia vi vifc danh gii tac dfng ddi vdi mdi ttudng khi ed nhflng hiim hpa tir cfic hoft ddng cua cfic qudc gia ttong thuc tiln v i khi ning gfiy d nhilm Ifi khdng cd biin gidi vfi finh hudng din cfic qudc gia khfie ttong khu vyc.

4. GIAI P H A P CHO VI$T NAM T R U d C H A N H VI OAO H 6 A CilA TRUNG Q U 6 c

4.1. Vift Nam phfii luu nhdng bing chflng thyr thi ty ohiin

Dien gifii tfl dilu 121 khofin I vfi 2 cfla UNCLOS, ehi ed dfio dupc hinh ttiinh mpt cich ty nhiin mdi dupe hudng quy chl vflng dfc quyln kinh tl 200 hii Iy vi tfilm Iyc dja. Vifc xfy dyng dio cua Tnmg Qudc khdng cd tic dyng cung cd yfu sich biln cfla Tnmg Qudc ttong vflng biln dudng chfl U mi Trang Qudc don phuong tuyin bd dya ttin quyln ljch sfl trong nhiiu nim nay.

Theo diiu 60 khoin 8 cua UNCLOS 1982, dio nhin tfo khdng dupc hudng quy chl Iinh hii vfi vflng dfc quyln kinh tl, cOng nhu khdng finh hudng tdi vifc phfin djnh biln.

Tuy nhiin, Vift Nam cin phfii luu gifl nhflng bfing chflng v l ttnh ttfng ty nhiin cua nhOng

Trang 84 " "

udc I H

ttiyc Uii nfiy trong quin dfio Hofing Sa ttudc _ Trung Qudc tiln hfinh x i y dyng vfi cfii tao cfic dio. Bdi vl, ttong nhflng ttanh chip phip ly cd the phfit sinh trong tuong lai gifla Vift Nam v i Trung Qudc, nlu Vift Nam khdng chflng minh dupe tinh trfng ty nhifn cfla cfic thyc ttil dfio vfio ttidi ki ttudc khi cfie hoft ddng cfii tfo cua Trung Qudc, diiu nfiy cd thi gfy nguy hilm cho nhimg ttanh bifn phip ly vfi nhflng bit Ipi eho Vift Nam trade tda in qude ti.

Tie gii dl xufit ring cfic bflc finh vf tinh vdi dd phfin giai cao cd thi gdp phin eung cip thdng tin v i vin dl nfiy. Nhflng bflc anh vf tinh niy dupc eung cip tu rit nhilu ngudn ding tin cfy nhu cic bflc inh vf tinh ghi lfi hifn tt:fng cua cfic thyc thi tii nudc vfi ttong qufi trinh Trung Qude xfiy dfio cfla Tap Chi Qudc Phdng hfing tiiin Jane (Jane's Defence Weekly, http://www.janes-defence-weekly.com/), Sfing kiln minh bfch Hfing hfii Chfu A ("AMTI") thudc Trang tam Nghiin cflu Chiln lupc vi Qude tl ("CSIS") eua My (http://amti.csis.oigO, Chuyin myc vi biin E)dng n^n ttang cfi nhfin cfla nhi bfio Victor Robert Lee, (http://www.victorrobertlee.com/op-eds/), Td The Diplomat, Td Global Nation...

Ngoii ra, Vift Nam cin phii tiln hfinh khfio sfit dja ly vfi luu gifl cfic bing chflng v l tinh ttfng cfla cfic thyc thi ty nhiin tfi Tradng Sa dl chflng minh tinh tt?ng ban diu mang tinh ty nhiin cua cfic quin dfio ttudc khi Trang Qudc tiin hfinh cfic hoft ddng cii tfo, phdng khi cd till phit sinh cac ttanh chip phfip ly trade cfic co quan tii phfin gifla Vift Nam vfi Trang Qudc trong tuong lai.

Vift Nam cOng cin phfii xfic djnh yfu sfich biln cfla minh, sau khi di ed ttidng tin khfio sfil vl cfic dio/di d Hoing Sa v i Tradng Sa d Biln Ddng.

Cflng vdi vifc cfii tfo, xfiy dyng cfic co sd hf ting d Tradng Sa, sy hifn difn cfla Trang Qudc tfi vflng biln nfiy s i ling lin, s« din din cfic

TAP CHi P H A T TRifeN KH & CN, TAP 19, S 6 0 2 - 2016 nguy eo dyng dd tt^n biin eung si Uing lin. Vift

Nam xie djnh rO y i u sich biln cua minh si giflp biit dupc minh cd nhflng quyln gl ttong nhflng vflng biln dd vfi cung la d l bfio vf ngu dfin ttanh khdi nhflng cii ed d l bj tin edng, bio ve cic q i v i n Ipi thiit y i u cfla Vift Nam ttong cic vflng biln, cie dio ttong ttanh chip, quan ly cfic ttanh chip v i tiln hinh khai ttiac hda binh cflng cfic bin.

4.2. Vift Nam nen chufin bj cfin thilt cho vifc bfio vf cic quyln Ipi phfip |y tnrdc cfic eo quan tiii phin qudc t l

Vift Nam ein duy ni ttiye hifn phin ddi diy du cac hoat dfng cua Trang Qudc tten cic quin dfio ttong khu w e tranh chip d Biln Ddng thdng qua cfie kinh chfnh thflc nhu Phit ngdn cua Bp Ngofi giao Vift Nam, cic ttiu tfl tta Idi chfnh ttiflc eua cic co quan N h i nudc Vift Nam gdi din cic co quan Nhfi nude Trang Qudc va cfic kfnh khdng ehinh ttiflc nhu ttfi ldi eua cip cao Vift Nam ttudc bio gidi qudc t l v i khu vyc... Vifc phin ddi ddi vdi cic hoft ddng cfii IfO dfio cua Trang Qudc nhu xfiy dyng dfio, id chfle du Ijeh ttin Hofing Sa vfi mdt lofi cfic hoft ddng khfie cua Tnmg Qudc, khing djnh ring Vift Nam khdng ttifla nhfn ehfl quyln cua Trang Qude ddi vdi cfic dio ttong khu vyc ttanh chip, hinh vi "dio hda" ndi n i n cfla Trang Qudc khdng cd g i i tri v i mft phip Iy d l Trang Qudc tuyin bd md rdng cie vflng biln v i hifn tifng cfla cic dfio ttong khu vyc ttanh chip si khdng dupc xem l i eie bing ehung phfip ly trong vifc cung cd chfl quyln cua Trang Qudc.

Vifc liin tyc phan ddi cua Vift Nam dupc tfiyc hifn vdi mpt y nghia phfip ly quan ttpng bin Cfnh cfie khfa cfnh liin quan din chuih tti hay ngOfi giao khic. Dd l i theo quy djnh cfla luft qude t l v l vifc xie djnh thdi dilm "kit tinh" ttanh chip (critical date) - ttidi dilm bit diu xiy ra ttanh chip, sau ttidi dilm niy, nhflng bing chflng v l eic hoft dfng tfiye ttii v i cflng cd chfl quyln cfla cic bin ttanh chip si khdng

cd g i i tti Iim manh ttiim y i u sich ehfl quyln cfla mdt qudc gia niu nhu cic qudc gia ttanh chip khfie phfin ddi. Tuy vin chua xie djnh dupc chinh xie ttidi dilm "kit tinh" ttanh chip d Tnrdng Sa, nhung cd mdt diiu chic chin ring thdi diim dd I i ttudc nhflng nim 1980.

Hifn t f i till gidi dang ddi ttieo vy kifn Philippines Trang Qudc d Biln Ddng vi Philippines I i nude diu tiin kifn Tnmg Qudc len Tofi Trpng tfii ttiudng ttvc (PCA) cua L i i n Hpp Qudc d The Hague (La Haye) v l cic vin d i phin dinh biln v i cic vin d l liin quan din vifc mfin thu UNCLOS 1982 d Biln Ddng. Sau phin quyit diu tiin cua Tda v l vin d l thim quyln vao eudi ttiing 10/2015, mdt diu hifu khi quan I i Tda cho ring Tda cd ttiim quyln xit xfl ddi vdi cic y i u a u khdi kifn cfla Philippines mfe dfl ddi vdi mdt sd yiu eiu khdi kifn khic, cin Philippines Ifim rd. NhOng n f i dung khdi kifn bao gdm ddi ttipng ttanh chip d Tradng Sa 14 quin dfio hay cic dio don l i , tinh phfip ly cfla

"dudng ludi bd" lifu "dudng luSi bd" cfla Trang Qudc khdng tao ra quyln Ijch su hay khdng, cfie quyin dupc hudng cfla cfic ttiyc ttil d quin dfio Tnidng Sa, cfic hoft ddng cfla Trang Qudc can ttiifp bit hpp phfip vfio cfie hoft ddng thyc thi quyln chfl quyln vfi quyln tfii phin cfla Philippines frong vung dfe quyln kinh t l , v i Philippines khdi kifn Trang Qudc vi lifn quan din nghm vy bfio vf mdi ttudng biln, xfiy dyng dio nhin tfo bit hpp phfip; Trang Qudc vfn hfinh Uu diuyln cd tfo ra nguy hilm eho an toin hfing hai cung nhu lim frim ttpng hda v i md rfng ttanh chip. Trade khi dua ra cfic phfin quylt eudi cung, Tda cd ttil dua ra cic bifn phfip tfm tfidi, cd tic dyng ttiuc diy cic bin hpp tie ttieo qufin quyit eua Tda ttong khi ehd mdt g i i i phip cudi cflng.

Ddi vdi hfinh vi "dao hda" cfla Tnmg Qudc Vift Nam cd tfil Ham khao cfie n f i dung khdi kifn cua Philippines, cd tfil nghifn cflu cfie sy kifn vfi cfic ttinh lufn mdt cich tfifn ttpng, dfinh

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 19. N o 0 2 - 2016 gifi tiln trinh hfinh ddng cfla Philippines. Mfc dfl

Trang Qudc khdng chip nhfn thim quyln cfla tda fin qudc ti ddi vdi cfic ttanh chip ehfl quyln, V i ^ Nam si phfii dya vao mdt sd thfl tyc gifii quylt banh c h ^ cfla UNCLOS dl cd tfil don phuong dua Tnmg Qudc ra Ida. £>l ttiyc hifn dupc vifc nay mpt eich hifu qua, Vift Nam cfin phfii tiln hinh mft nghiin cflu cd hf thdng dl chuin bj hd so vdi diy dfl thdng tin cin thilt v l vin dl niy. Ddng Ihdi Vift Nam phii luu chilu tiin tinh thin hai nudc cd tinh hinh khie nhau, vdi nhllu Ipi ieh khie nhau Irong mdi quan hf vdi Trung Qudc, vi Ihi Vift Nam nfn thfn tipng, khdng sao chip don thuin nhflng gi Philippines di lim vi phii tim ra cich cua rifng minh. Dd cflng s i Ii mdl ttong nhimg nln tiing quan ttpng cho nhflng cudc ttanh bifn phip ly cfla Vift Nam ttin eie diln din qudc tl vfi khu vyc khfie nhu Liin Hifp Qudc, ASEAN, Diln dfin ddi thofi Shangri - la...

43. Vift Nam nfn nd lyc cflng cfic bfn tranh chip kfu gpi cfng ddng ASEAN v i Tmng Qndc thdng qua Bf quy T i c Cl'ng xi^

trfn Biln Ofing (COC) trong bdi cfinh mdi Vifc xfl iy ttanh chip Biln Ddng. bin cfnh cfic bin liin quan ttye tilp, cin dupc dft ttong bdi cfinh tdng thi hda binh, dn djnh, an ninh, an tofin hfing hii Ifi Ipi ieh chung chinh dfing cua mpi qudc gia titing khu vyc Ddng Nam A. Dfc bifl, ASEAN ed lpi fch vfi vai ttd then ehdt tiong vifc duy tti hda binh vfi dn djnh d Biln Ddng do mdi liin hf ttiong hd gifla mft Ddng Nam A hda btah vfi mdt ASEAN ttijnh vupng.

Xfl ly vin dl Biin Ddng cflng lfi gdp phin ttiflc diy sy phfit ttiln ttijnh vupng cfla ASEAN ttieo cfic cfic CO chl vfi chuin mye cfla /VSEAN, ndng cdt cfla eiu trflc an ninh khu vyc.

Trong nd lyc duy tti hda binh, dn djnh d Biln Ddng, ASEAN kiin djnh Ifp ttudng nguyin tic sfiu dilm ttidng qua nfim 2012 yiu ciu ttiyc hifn diy dfl DOC ky nim 2002, Hudng din ttiyc hifn DOC nim 2011; sdm kit ttiflc Bd

quy Tic ij'ng xfl frfn Biln Ddng COC; hofin tofin tdn trpng cfic nguyin lie di dupc thfla nhfn cfla luft phfip qudc tl, trong dd cd Cdng udc Lifn hpp qudc v l Luft Biln nfim 1982 GJNCLOS); tilp tyc ty kilm chl v i khdng su dyng vu Iyc gifla tit cfi cfic bfn; giii quyft bfing bifn phip hda binh cfic tianh chip, theo nguyfn tfic cua luft phfip qudc tl.

Tuy nhiin tinh hinh Biin Ddng ngfiy cfing phuc If p, nhit Ifi ttong nhflng nim gin dfiy khi ASEAN liin tyc chiing kiln cfie vy vifc de dpa din hda blnh, dn djnh, an ninh. an tofin hfing hii nhu vifc Trang Qudc dft dfin khoan diu (2014) tfi vflng biln mi chilu theo luft phip qudc tl vi UNCLOS 1982, khdng ttil cd bit cfl Ifp lufn hpp phip nio cho cic ddi hdi chfl quyln vi quyln tii phin phi ly nhu tiin, cflng nhu cic hoat dfng tfing cudng bdi dip v i xfy dyng quy md Idn ttin cfic dfio tianh chip (2015) Ifim thay ddi nguyfn ti^ng, di ngupc lfi tinh thin thofi ttiufn cfla DOC, Ifim xdi mdn Idng tin vi cd till gfy tdn hfi din hda blnh, an ninh vfi dn djnh d Biln Ddng.

Trong vin di Biln Ddng, ASEAN vfi Trang Qudc da dft dupe D O C tfl 13 nim nay vfi di tham vin vl COC dupc ba nim. Hifn tfi, vifc ttiilu di mdt Bd Quy lie LTng xfl, vifc ttiilu di mdt tiln trinh ngOfi giao. di din din cfic bin tranh chip ddi diu vdi nhilu dyng dd vfi cing thing hon ttong khu vyc. ASEAN vfi Trang Qudc Ii nhflng ddi tfic chiln lupc quan ttpng chia s i Ipi ich chung v l hofi blnh, dn djnh d khu vyc. Cfic bin cd till chflng minh vdi till gidi ring hp cd ttil ty gifii quylt cfic vin dl mfi khdng cin sy can ttiifp cfla cfic eudng qudc hay CO chl bin ngofii. Dilu nfiy khdng chi duy ttl dupc vai ttd trang tfim cfla ASEAN ttong quin ly an ninh khu vyc mi cdn li bing chflng cho

"thii dd tit", sy "ttdi dfy hda btah" cfla phia Trang Qudc vdi cfic nudc Ifing gilng. Hifn nay.

dilu cin ttiilt Ifi mdt gifii phfip khu vyc cho mdt vin dl khu vye. d cip dd ngof i giao cip cao.

Trang 86

J ^ P C H i PHAT TRifeN KH & CN. TAP i a .srt Q2 . 2016 Npi dung nfio cin phai dupc dua vio ttong

COC li mpl cfiu hdi quan ttpng. Hiu hit tinh thin sofn ttifio COC cin dupc dya frin DOC nhung phfii tofin difn vfi hifu qua hon DOC.

Trade tinh hinh leo ttiang eing ttiing khi Trang Qudc ed nhflng hinh dfo cii tfo, bdi dip dio, xfiy dyng cic cdng ttinh qufin sy, hifn dai hda va md rpng nhanh chdng lyc lupng hai qufn vi khdng quin tfi khu vuc, COC cin dl cfp cic cie ttida ttiufn chdng dyng dd ttin biln gifla cie bin yiu sich. Ddng ttidi, mpt giii phfip uu tiin dupc dft ra li cic bifn phip quin ly xung dpi tfm ttidi. Cic giii phip tam thdi khfie ed thi bao gfim vifc tfm dflng cic hoft dpng quin sy ttong l*u vyc ttanh chip, frong dd cd cic hof t dpng ttiu thfp ttnh bio mang ttah ehfit khiiu khich, phi qufn sy hda tfi cfic ttiyc ttil dfio vfi mpt sd CO chl tfm thdi (ad hoc) nhim gifii quyf, cfic tianh chip nghi cfi hay ft nhit Ifi ttida ttiufin vl cfich thflc cu xfl cd di ed lfi khi mpt qudc gia phii ddi mil vdi tinh hudng vi phfm ndi luft tfi khu vye ttanh chip [I].

COC cin niu rd cic nguyin tic giup duy ttl nguyin ttfng eua vifc kilm soit n^n ttiyc tl cfla cfic bin ttanh chip khic nhau ddi vdi cfie dfio vfi rfn dfi. COC ein tilp ndi sy thfinh cdng cfla DOC ttong vifc ngfin chfn vifc chilm liy cfic tiiyc Ihl dja If mdi, vua tfnh din cfie chiln ttiuft mdi nhu chilm doft mi khdng eu ngy, dinh bft mdl bin dang eu ngy bing cich phong Ida, vi xfiy dyng dfio quy md Idn. Do dd, cfic bin ttong iranh chip khdng dupc ehilm doft cfie ttiye thi dja If di cd bin khfie chilm ddng; cfic bin ttong iranh chip khdng dupc phong tda cfie ttiyc ttil dja Ii di ed bin khfie chilm ddng; cfic bin ttong tianh chip khdng dupc chilm liy cfie ttiye ttil dja li chua dupc chilm ddng , du bing cfich chilm ddng ttiyc sy hofc bfing cfich khdng cho bin khfie tiip cfn; cic bin ttong ttanh chip khdng dupe xfiy dfio nhfin if o ttin cfie bii ngim hofc bii luc ndl Iflc chtai vfi khdng dupc md rfng dfio du Ifi dfio tir nhiin hay dfio nhfin tfo.

Hifn lai, ddng tfidi vdi viic ttiyc hifn diy du vfi hifu qufi DOC, ASEAN vi Tnmg Qudc cin ttiift phai diy nhanh dim phin nhfim sdm ttidng qua hoan til COC. COC cin phfii Ifi mpt edng ey phip ly rfing bupc dilu chinh flng xu cua cfic bin d Biin Ddng. khdng chi nhim ngin ngfla, mi cdn quin ly vfi giii quyit cfic vy vifc xfiy ra vfi gdp phin tao dung mdi frudng tiiufn Ipi eho vifc giii quylt toin difn vfi Ifiu dfii cic ttanh chip ttin Biin Dfing. Vift Nam ddng vai tt« li mdt bin ttanh chip d Biln Ddng, nhung cflng Ifi tfiinh vlin tteh eye cfla ASEAN, hifn Vift Nam dang dim nhifm vai ttd Tdng Thu ky ASEAN, vi vfiy nhflng nd lye ehinh ttj ngOfi giao, tfch eye ttiuong thuylt dim phfin dl thdng qua Bd quy tic Cfng xfl COC phu hpp vdi tinh hinh mdi cfla ttanh chip. Vifc ttiilt lip mpt Bd Quy tie vflng chic vfi vifc tfiye thi tfifinh cdng COC Ifi mpt ttiich tfiue lo Idn, ddng tfidi cflng mang lfi mdl CO hdi Idn ddi vdi khu vye.

4.4. Vift Nam cin nd lyc ttm kilm cic bifn phfip song phuong ai quia iy xung dfl tfm thdi vdi Trung Qudc

Vdi ttl ttil li mdt nude Idn ttong khu vye, Trang Qudc ludn mudn giii quylt song phuong tianh chip Biin Ddng vdi cie bin trong tranh chfip mdt cich riing ri dl tifn "bi tung chile dua". Ddi mft vdi mfit qudc gia hflng cudng hon rft nhiiu Ifin frin nhilu khfa cfnh, Vift Nam ein phii da dfng hda cic phuang ttiflc vi bifn phip gifii quylt ttanh chip, vfi ttong dd tim kilm gifii phfip song phuong khdng li mft ngof i trii.

Bin Cfnh diln din ASEAN vi cie nd lyc

hmSng tdi COC, Vift Nam cin kiin nhin duy tti

eie kinh ddi ttiofi cip eao, kinh ttao ddi tfidng

tin chtah ttiflc cfla Nhfi nude dl tilp tyc ttao ddi

ttifio lufn vfi ttudc mil li Hm ra cfic bifn phfip

qufin ly xung dft tfm ttidi nhu tfm dflng cfic

hofi dpng cd tinh chit khiiu khfch ttong khu

vyc franh chip, phi qufin sy hda tfi cfic ttiyc ttil

dfio vfi mdt sd^co chl tfm ttidi nhim giii quylt

cic tranh chip nghi ci...

17;

SCIENCE i TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. Vol 19, No 0 2 - 2016 Thyc tiln giii quyit franh chip Irong qui

khu di chflng kiin cfic hifp djnh song phuong gifla Vift Nam vfi Tnmg Qudc ddi vdi vifc phfin djnh Vjnh Bie Bp, nhu Hifp djnh hpp tfic nghi cfi Vift Nam - Trung Qudc vdi tu cich li mdt cdng cy hpp phfip quan Irpng de qufin Iy, bfio tdn va sfl dyng ngudn Ipi hfii sfin trong khu vyc Vjnh Bfic Bp. Nhin ehung, Hifp djnh di dem Ifi rfit nhifu kit qufi tich eye nhu tfing eudng hpp tfic gifla hai nudc, giim bdt ding ki cic xung dpt v i nghl cfi, chia se vi khai thic ngudn Ipi hfii sfin mpt cfich hda binh... So sfinh vdi vifc ttiyc thi Hifp djnh nghl cfi gifla Trang Qudc vfi Nhft Bin, Trang Qudc v i Hin Qudc, till Hifp djnh nghi c i gifla Trang Qudc va Vift Nam dupc dinh gii diln ra khfi sudn si. Kinh nghifm ttifinh cdng tfl ttiye thi Hifp djnh nghi cfi Trung - Vift Ifi vifc Ifim hflu ich, giflp Vift Nam vfi Trang Qudc tilp lye tim kiim gifii phfip vl mfit md hinh hpp tfic nghl cfi trong vung dfe quyln kinh tl, ttieo mdt efieh thflc mfin ttifl UNCLOS trong vflng nudc d quin dfio Tradng Sa.

5. K t T LU,^N

Nhilu y kiln tiiu eye cho ring cfic bifn phfip hda btah giii quylt ttanh chip Biln Ddng khdng hi dem lfi hifu qui ttong khi Tnmg Qudc ngfiy cfing bfinh ttudng cfic hofI ddng ehilm ddng ttiyc ttil tfi Tradng Sa vfi dang ed ging ttiilt Ifp mfit "sy kilm sofit ttiyc tl" tfi khu vyc vfi chfl ylu ttiilt Ifp mft nguyin ttfng mdL Tuy nhiin ddi vdi cfie bifn phfip hda binh gifii quylt ttanh chip ttin CO sd quy djnh cfla luft phfip qudc tl vfi UNCLOS 1982, tile gifi cho ring cfic ben franh chip nin duy tti mdt nilm tin Ifc quan.

Vifc ndng lin d Biin Ddng di thu hflt sy vfio cufic cua cfic siiu eudng ttin thi gidi ddi vdi vin dl Biln Ddng, dfc bifl li Hoa Ky, Nhft Bin, IJc... v i vai ttrd cua cfic Id ehflc qudc tl, khu vyc, ttiilt chl tiii phin nhu Tda An trpng tii PCA dang xem xit vy kifn Philippines - Trang Qudc ddi vdi cie nanh chip d Biin Ddng...

Nhitng hoft dpng nfiy s i cd tfic ddng din vifc Trang Qufie xem xit vfi diiu ehinh chiln lupc cfla minh d Biln Ddng. Ngofii nhOng nd lyc tim kiim gifii phfip phfip ly, Vift Nam cfin ddng tfidi nd lyc dfim phfin song phuang vdi Trang Qudc ttong vifc di xuit nhflng gifii phfip nhim qufin ly xung dfit tfm ttidi nhu tfm dflng cfic hoft dpng ed tinh ehit khiiu khich frong khu vyc tianh chip, phi qufin sy hda tfi cfic thyc ttil dio v i mfit sd CO chl tfm thdi nhim giii quylt eic franh chip nghi cfi...Vifl Nam friln khai hpp tie song phuong vfi tryc tilp vdi Trang Qudc dl gifim thiiu khi ning miu thuin lan ra thfinh xung dfit, ddi diu vdi Trang Qudc. Tfic gia cho ring vin tfin tfi nhflng Ipi ich chung d Biln Dfing, vin cdn khfing gian rdng md eho hpp tie nhung dilu quan n^ng Ifi cfic qudc gia phfii ttil hifn y chf chinh tti hudng din vifc dfin xip hda blnh ttanh chip, dft dupc mfit kit qufi cflng cd lpi eho tit ei eic bfn ttiay vi bj chi phdi bdi tinh cim dfn tfic vi atiOng toan tinh vj ky. Chi khi dd, Biln Dfing mdi cd ttil tilp tye li khfing gian phit triln hda binh, thjnh vupng - khdng chi cho thi hf hdm nay mfi edn cic thi hf mong lai cfla cic qude gia sinh sdng ven vung biln nua kin, nua hd - Biin Dfing.

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TAP CHi P H A T TRifeN KH & CN. TAP 19. S6 02 - 2016

The building of artificial islands of China in the Spratly Islands - An analysis in the viewpoint of the intemational law

• Bach Thi Nha Nam

University of Economics and Law, VNU HCM - Email: namblm@uel.edu.vn

ABSTRACT

The illegal building of Ihe anificial islands in the Spratly Islands of China has been started since the beginning of 2014. and considerably boomed since 2015 China has conducted Ihe dredging and Ihe land reclamation in order to change Ihe natural formation of seven reefs in the Spratly Islands, establish the anificial islands and complete the other man-made outposts in Ihe feamres which were occupied unlawfiilly by China in the South China Sea In Ihe paper, the author shall evaluate Ihe maritime environmental impacts, increasing

Keywords: SoulhChinaSea. Spratly Island Vietnam. China, legal dispute, anificial islands.

defense and political chaos in the disputed area posed by Chinas land reclamation, and legal disputes of the related parties about Ihe legal Slants of Ihe anificial islands. In the next part of Ihe paper, the author presents how China's land reclamation has violated of the international law. UNCLOS 1982. and broken binding international commitments of China. Hence, the author suggests Ihe solutions for Vietnam in the current context of robust land reclamation conducted by China in the Spratly Islands.

TAI Lifu THAM KHAO

[I]. Duong Danh Huy, Quin ll cing thdng mpt cich cdng bdng d Biin Ddng, 07/07/2015, http://nghieneuubiendong.vn/nghien-cuu- vlemam/5069-quan-ly-cang-ttiang-mot- cach-cong-bang-o-bien-dong, Nghiin cflu Biln t)6ng, ttuy cfp ngiy 01/10/2015.

[2]. HuySon, TIdd.

[3].

[4J.

Huy Son, TIdd.

Huy Son, Trung Qudc viphgm lugi qudc ti khi cii tgo ddo a Biin Ddng http://vov.vn/ttie-gioi/quan-sat/ttung-quoc-' vi-pham-lual-quoc-te-khl-cai-lao-dao-o- bien-dong-»22231 .vov, Dfii Tiing Ndi Vif i Nam. ttuy cfp ngiy 09/10/2015.

[5]. Robert Beckman & Clive Schofield Defining EEZ Claims from Islands- A Potential South China Sea Change, The International Joumal of Marine and Coasted Uw 29 (2014) pp 193-243 Theo cfing bfi ttin tfp chf The Intemational Joumal of Marine and Coastal Law GS Robert Beckman vi Clive Schofield di kit hpp tfldng tm cfla cic khao sfit ttudc dfiy tu dd dfinh gii vfi lift ki nhflng thyc thi ttong khu vyc biln Thii Binh Duong dl xem xit eie tfiye tfii chua du tiiu chuin li dio ttieo Cdng ude Luft Biln 1982.

[6]. Theo Td buu difn Washington, Vgn ly

iruang ihdnh bdng cdt, 08/04/2015 tfi

SCIENCE t TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 19. No 02 - 2016 hltp://www.washingtonposLcom/opinions/

a-great-wall-of-

sand/2015/04/08/d23adb3e-dd6a-11 e4- be40-566e2653afe5_story.httnl, ttuy cfp ngfiy 01/10/2015.

[7]. Theo Vnexpress, Vilt Nam cdnh bdo linh trgng qudn su hod Bien Ddng doe bill lo

nggi, 25/02/2015 lai htlp://vnexpress.nel/tin-tuc/the-gioi/viet-

nam-canh-bao-tinh-trang-quan-su-hoa- bien-dong-dac-biet-lo-ngai-3360653.httnl, tiuy cfp ngfiy 10/03/2016.

[8]. Tuyin bd eua Thim phfin Vereshchetin, frong phfin quylt ngfiy 16/03/2001, tt.220;

xem tfi hltp://icj- eiforg/dockel/files/87/703l (Buy cfp ngiy

8/10/2015). Thyc tl. ban diu cfich nhta nhfn nhu vfy di ldn tfi tiudc dd, vf dy nhu Jessup vilt, "Si la mdt hpc ttiuylt nguy hilm d nhilu noi trin thi gidi nlu cho phip cfic Qudc gia chilm doft cfic Wmg nudc mdi bing cfich xfiy dyng trfn cic bSi cfit ngim." P.CJessup, The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction, New York, 1927, tt.69.

[9]. Xem dofn 106, phfin quylt vy ttanh chip giCta Malaysia vfi Singapore lifn quan din hoft dpng cfii tfo vfi bdi dip dit cua Singapore d n^ng vfi xung quanh khu vyc

eo biln Johor, 08/10/20I3,https://www.itios.oig/fiIeadmin

/itios/doeuments/cases/case_no_ 12/Order.O 8.l0.03.E.pdf, ttuy cfp ngfiy 01/10/2015.

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