NHiN RA Nl/dC NGOAI
IWJC HI|N PHAP LUAT BAO V | QUYEN Ldll NGI/OH TitU DUNG CDA MQT SO NlfdC TREN THE Gl6)
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1. Hoa Ky li mdt trong nhOtig qudc gia cd phong trio bao vd quydn loi ngudi tidu diing (QLNTD) phat trien manh. Vio nhiing nam 1960 va 1970, Hoa Ky da ban hanh rit nhieu van ban phip luit bao vd cd hidu qua quydn loi eiia ngudi tidu dung (NTD). Trach nhidm bao vd QLNTD d Hoa Ky do nhieu eo quan ci'p lidn bang, bang, thinh phd thue hidn. Tuy nhidn, co quan chiu trich nhidm thuc thi chfnh la Uy ban Thuong mai lidn bang Hoa Ky. Cic cd quan bao ve QLNTD d Hoa Ky duoc Chi'nh phu chii trong diu tu ca vd nhin luc vi vit luc ndn boat ddng rit hidu qua. Cue Bao vd NTD ciia Uy ban Thuong mai lidn bang Hoa Ky cd ngin sich hing nam khoang 10 tridu USD vdi 500 nhin vidn.
Cue cd cic ban nhu: Ban phu trach vd cic hoat ddng quang cao. Ban thue thi. Ban phu trach ve hoat ddng tii chfnh. Ban phu trich vd boat ddng tiep thi. Ban ke hoach va thdng tin. Ban hop tie qudc tdvd bao vd NTD, Van phdng giao due NTD vi doanh nghidp.
Trong qui trinh thue thi phip luit. Cue Bao ve NTD ed quydn ban hinh cae hudng din ehi tidt de bao vd QLNTD. Chang han, hudng din ddi vdi nginh kim hoin, kim loai quy; hudng din chdng lai eic hanh vi dinh gia gian dd'i; hanh vi quang cao sai su thit; su dung tit "midn phf vi nhihig each didn dat tuong tu... Mdt trong nhimg nhidm vu quan trong cua Cue Bao vd NTD la giai quydt khieu nai cua NTD. Nam
2002, ed 57% sd don khidu nai eiia NTD gili ddn Cue Bao vd NTD l i via Ai ia cip thdng lin ci nhin, 13% vd diu gii trdn mang, 6% vd miy tinh va mang internet, 5% vd djch vu bin hing tin nlii, 5% vd tfn dung va vay vd'n, 4% vi x6 sd, 4% dd nghi CO bdi kinh doanh, 3% cdng vide lim 6 nhi, 2% dich vu didn thoai, 2% vd y td vi 13% ve cac doi tUdng khie.
Bdn canh Cue Bao vd NTD, mdt sd co quan khie cung ed trach nhidm Ihue thi phap luit bao ve QLNTD 6 Hoa KJ'. trong dd, Uy ban An toin san phim tidu dung c6 trich nhidm xii ly ddi vdi khoang 15.000 hing hoa. Bd Giao thdng co thim quydn xii ly dd'i vdi cac hing hoa nhu: d td, xe may, xe tai. Co quan thuc phim vi duoc phmi ed thim quydn xit 1^ ddi vdi thuc phim, duoc phim. Cic vin phdng do ludng cua cic bang chiu trach nhidm thi hinh phip luit vi Ain nhan, do ludng...
Toi in cung ed vai trd quan trong Irong viec giai quydt cic vu kidn tip th^ do NTD tidn hinh chdng lai eae hanh vi vi pham cLia cie cdng ty, tip doin Idn trong ndn kinh td.
Cac td chiie bao ve NTD cua Hoa KJ nhu Lidn minh NTD, Lidn doin NTD qutfc gia, Lidn doin NTD Hoa Ky hoat ddng rit tfch cue, cd ddng gdp Idn trong viec bao vi
• Hpc vi#n Chinh tri • Hdnh chinh qudc gio Hd Chi Minh
68 T<iP CHl Q U A N I * N H A N U I S C - s a 192 (1-2012)
NHIN RA Nl/dC NGOAI
quydn vi Idi fch chinh ding cua NTD'.
2. d Phap, CO quan chfnh phu cd chiic ning bao v^ NTD chuih li Tdng vu Canh tranh, Tidu dCing vi Trin ip gian lin thuong mai (goi tit li Tdng vu Canh tranh) nim trong Bd Kinh td, Tii chfnh vi Cdng nghidp.
Thdng qua vide thuc thi Ludl Canh tranh, Tdng vu cd trich nhidm bao ve quydn vi loi fch chi'nh ding cua NTD; bao dam mdi trudng canh tranh linh manh cho cie ddi tac Irong ndn kinh td thj trudng; tao cho NTD nhidu CO hdi trong lua ebon hing hoa, dich vu. Bdn canh dd, cdn cd trach nhidm true tidp giai quydt khidu nai ddi vdi cic hing boa, dich vu khdng dam bao chit luong.
Vidn Tieu diing qudc gia Phip ciing li cd quan quan ly nhi nudc cd chiic ning bao vd NTD, ddng Ihdi li trung tim thdng tin vi giam dinh cho NTD vi cic td chiic NTD. Hoat ddng chi'nh bao ve NTD eua Vien li giam dinh so sanh vi nghien ciiu cic ydu Id kinh td, phap 1^ lidn quan ddn bao ve NTD. Cac hoat ddng nghidn clhi ciia Vidn duoc edng bd rdng rai va ed vai ltd tfch cue ddi vdi vide ning eao chit luong cua hing hoi, dich vu.
Chiie ning ehfnh ciia Vidn bao gdm: hd tro ky thuit cho cic td chirc NTD thdng qua hoat ddng giam dinh cac san phim (hoat ddng giim dinh niy hoin toin ddc lip, khdng cd su can thidp ciia cae nhi san xuit vi phin phdi, nghidn ciiu, khao sit, phin tfch vi cdng bd cac vin dd lien quan ddn quydn loi eiia NTD (Vidn da dua ra nhifiu sing kidn bao ve QLNTD vi Tap chi
"60 trieu NTD" do Vien xui't ban li tap chf ban chay nhi't nudc Phap); Ihuc hidn cac sang kidn giio due vi dio lao NTD (thdng qua viec tii tro eho cie chuong trinh dio lao, giao due NTD, bang each tdng hop, danh gii cac lii lieu hien ed vi vin Ai NTD, Vien da dua ra mdt cdng cu giang day vi bao vd NTD rieng). Ben canh dd, Ihuc hien cic chuong Irinh hop tic vdi lien minh chiu Au, Vien da tidn hinh cic chidn dich thdng tin vd cae vin dd ve sinh an loin Ihuc phim, bao vd ngudi sii dung
internet^.
3. Tai 6t-xti4y-Ii-a, Uy ban Canh tranh vi tidu diing (ACCC) li cd quan thuc thi phip luit canh tranh vi bao vd NTD, ddng thdi, cung cd ehlic ning Ihue Ihi luit hoat ddng thudng mai. Co ciu td chiic ciia ACCC bao gdm: mdt chii tich, mdt phd chu tieh, nim thinh vidn chuyen Uach (u j vien), hai thinh vidn cdng tap. Cac thinh vidn Uy ban duoc Thu ludng 6t-xtriy-U-a bd nhidm vdi nhidm ky nim nim. Hidn nay, ACCC ed gin 600 nhin vien vi cd vin phdng dai dien d Thu phii ciia cic bang. Tnj sd chfiih cua ACCC dit d thi dd Can-bo-ro.
Trong boat ddng bao vd NTD, ACCC rit chu trong hoat ddng tuydn Iruydn, phd bidn pliip luit bao vd NTD cho cdng din.
Trong nhiing nim qua, ACCC da phit nhidu lii lidu, td roi lidn quan ddn quang eao gian ddi, quang cao so sanh vi lira dao true tuydn; didu tra eic vi pham vd canh tranh vi bao ve NTD theo Ludl Hoal ddng thuong mai: thue hien td tung tai toi in de chdng lai cae hinh vi vi pham luit hoat ddng thuong mai; tim kidm bidn phip ddn bu cho NTD chiu thidt hai tit vu vide vi pham luit hoat ddng thuong mai; giim sat vi chip thuin gii d eic thi trudng ddc quydn hoi.
Ridng lit ngiy 01/7/2006 - 30/6/2007, Trung tim thdng tin ciia ACCC da nhin dudc 86.808 dd nghi va khidu nai qua email (14.773), qua didn thoai (54.035) eua doanh nghidp vi NTD lien quan ddn cie vu viec canh tranh vi bao vd NTD, trong do chii ydu tip trung vio eac ITnh vuc nhu vidn thdng, xd sd, bin le xing diu, dd didn tii, dd gia dung, dich vu tii ehfnh, ban le d td vi dich vu internet.
Nhieu vu vi pham vd tidu chuin bit budc ddi vdi an toin san phim cho NTD da bi ACCC dua ra toi vi Toi in Lien bang phin quydt ip dung miic phat cao dd rin de ddi vdi eae nhi phin phdi ed hinh vi tuong tu...
4. Theo phap luit Trung Qudc, Uy ban
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Quan ly edng nghidp va thuong mai thudc Hoi dong Nhi nude li ed quan chiu trich nhidm chfnh ve thue thi phap luit bao ve QLNTD. Tit ca cac co quan Irung Udng vi dia phuong khie cd trich nhidm ciing tham gia bao vd NTD. Uy ban C^uan ly edng nghidp vi thuong mai ed chiie ning soan thao vi thuc thi phap iuit bao ve NTD.
Li mdt td chiie dai didn NTD, Hdi Bao vd N T D ' Trung Qudc (CCA) cd vai trd quan trong trong vide thue thi phip luit bao vd NTD. Hien CCA cd 3.222 hdi bao vd NTD d 31 tinh, thinh phd vi eae khu tu tri tren khip dit nudc Trung Qud'c. CCA edn thinh lip cac chi nhinh tai cac ling, tbi trin. Tdng sd cic td ehiie trong mang ludi boat ddng cia CCA len den 156.(300 vdi 1.000 giam sat vien va tinh nguydn vien boat ddng vi QLNTD. Chiie ning chinh ciia CCA li cung cip thdng lin vi dich vu tu vin cho NTD; tham gia giim sit vi kidm tra chit luong hing hoi ciing vdi cac eo quan nhi nudc ed lidn quan; bio eao, dd xui't vi tu vin vdi cie co quan ehfnh phii vd cic vi'n de lidn quan den NTD; tidp nhin, didu tra vi xii ly don khidu nai eiia NTD; ydu ciu cac co quan dinh gii chi't luong hang hoi, dich vu trong trudng hdp don khidu nai ed lidn quan ddn chi't luong hing hoi, dich vu (eo quan danh gii cd trach nhidm bao cio ke't qua eho HCii Bao vd NTD); hd tro NTD trong cic vu kidn lien quan ddn quydn va idi fch ehinh dang; phat hidn vi canh bio eae hoat ddng vi pham QLNTD thdng qua cie phudng tidn thdng tin dai chiing.
Nhidu boat ddng tfch cue trong phong trio bao ve QLNTD nhu didu hinh trdn dudng pho, hoi thao tuydn Iruydn, tridn lam... duoc Hdi td ehiic thudng xuydn. Tir nim 199'7 ddn nay, Hdi edn td ehiic phong trio chuydn dd hing nim vdi su tham gia ciia tit ea cic td chiic bao vd NTD trdn thd gidi. De giao due vd bao vi NTD eho cac dd'i lUdng khie nhau, Hdi da td chUc nhidu khoa tip 'huin ngin ngiy d eae dia diem khie nhau nhu: cd quan chfnh phii, nhi tre.
Irudng hpc, nha may, trung tim mua sim, cac khu vue ndng thdn. Mdt boat ddng quan trong eua Hdi li cac td ehiie bao vi NTD d dia phudng Ihudng xuydn tidn hinh thft nghiem so sanh chit lUdng hing hoa, dich vu de dua ra cac kdt luin phuc vu cho cdng tic bao ve NTD.
5. Td chiie bao ve QLNTD lai Dii Loan (CF) duoc thinh lip tit nam 1980. CF la mot tdng boi vi cd 22 uy ban true thudc phu trich 22 nganh khac nhau. Hdi vien eua CF cd khoang 700 - 800 ngudi, uong dd cd 40 - 50 luit su. Ngudn thu eiia CF tit 3 ngudn chfnh li tir ngin sich Chfnh phii (chidm 28%); quyen gdp tir cdng chiiiig trdn mang (chidm 42%) va ban tap chi (chidm 30%).
Mdi nam CF tidp nhin khoang 10.000 don thu khidu nai ciia NTD qua didn thoai vi 4.000 khidu nai qua don. Mdi khidu nai giai quydt thinh edng CF nhin duoc 28 dai Id til Uy ban Bao ve NTD. Cdng lac bao vS (JLNTD tai Dii Loan duoc tridn khai rit ed hidu qua, 60% tranh chip eiia NTD dupe giai quyd'l thanh cdng^.
6. Nghidn ciiu boat ddng thue thi phip luit bao ve QLNTD eua mdt sd td chiic bao vd NTD qud'c td vi mdt sd nudc tren thd gidi, dd'i vdi Viet Nam ed thd nit ra mdt sd kinh nghidm sau:
Mot Id, Ai bao vd quydn Idi eiia NTD trong thue tidn cudc sdng dat hieu qua, Viet Nam ein phai quy dinh phip luit mdt cich cu thd, ro ring vi kha thi. Vi hien nay, hd thdng phap luit bao vd QLNTD ciia Viet Nam edn hien hiiu nhidu quy dinh bit cip. Cu thd :
- Trong phap luit bao vd QLNTD d Viet Nam chua trao eho eic co quan bao vi QLNTD nhOng thim quydn tuong xiing vdi nhidm vu, chiic trach phai dam nhidm.
Bao vd QLNTD l i Unh vuc rdng Idn, lidn quan ddn nhidu nganh khie nhau nen eic ed quan cd chiic ning bao ve QLNTD phai ed vi trf phap ly tuong xiing, cd du thim quydn uong boat ddng. Phap luit Hoa Ky
70 T V CHl OUAN IY NHA NUdC - S<5 192 (1-2012)
NHIN RA NUdC NGOAI
va Ot-xtrdy-li-a d^u trao cho eae co quan bao vg NTD nhihig edng eu can thiep hieu qua nhu thdm quy6n xir phat va khdi td cdc hdnh vi vi pham phap ludt bao ve QLNTD, diiu nay hien nay d Cue Quan ly canh tranh Viet Nam (Bd Cdng thuong) chua cd duoc khi thuc thi phap ludt bao ve QLNTD. Ben canh dd, eae co quan bao ve NTD d nhi^u nudc cung duoc trang bj ddy dil ve nhdn luc vd vat luc. Chang han. Cue Bao ve NTD ciia Uy ban Thuong mai lien bang Hoa Ky cd ngdn sach hang nam khoang 10 trieu USD vdi 500 nh^n vien.
Uy ban Canh tranh va tieu d&ng Ot-xtrdy- li-a bao gdm gdn 600 nhdn vien vdi van phdng d thii phii cua eae bang. Trong khi dd, luc luong cdng chiic dam nhiem chiic ndng bdo vt NTD cua Cue Quan ly canh tranh d Viet Nam cdn rd't mong.
- Phap ludt bao ve QLNTD Viet Nam chua quy djnh cu th^ quy trinh, thii tuc giai quy^t khie'u nai doi vdi cac vi pham phap ludt bao ve QLNTD. Quy irinh, thii tuc giai quye't khie'u nai quy djnh trong Ludt Khie'u nai, to cdo Viet Nam hien hanh la cdc quy pham phdp ludt diiu chinh cac quan he xa lidi trong ITnh vuc hdnh chfnh.
liiy nhien, quan he phap ludt trong Unh vuc bao ve QLNTD khdng phai la ca,c quan he hanh chfnh. Kinh nghiem eua An Do cho ihd'y, quy djnh chat che vi ihxi tuc, quy trinh giai quye't khie'u nai la ca sd quan trpng de thuc hien hieu qua phap ludt bao ve NTD. Theo bao cao ciia Bd C^c vd'n d^ NTD, phdn phd'i va ihirc phdm An Dd, hdng ndm tren toan lanh lh6 khoang 7.000 - 8.000 khie'u nai da duac giai quyli. Viec giai quye't ihanh cdng khie'u nai cua NTT) gdp phdn xdy dung mdt xa hdi cdng bang hon va ngay cdng tao dur^ dupe van hoa kinh doanh lanh manh d An Dd"*.
- Quy djnh v^ miic xii phat dd'i vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap ludt ciia mdt sd nudc phat irie'n kha cao, ed tae dung rdn de. Cdn d Viet Nam eho thdy, vi nhi^u miic phat trong phap ludt bao ve QLNTD quy djnh thdp hon nhi^u so vdi loi nhudn thu dupe tii
hanh vi vi pham nen nhi^u doanh nghiep da chdp nhdn chju phat de vi pham phap ludt.
- Phap ludl bao ve QLNTD Viet Nam chua quy djnh vi cac hinh thiic kinh doanh mdi ra ddi eung vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh te nhu: ban hang qua mang, ban hang qua dien thoai, giao hang tdn nha... Nha't la quy djnh v^ hop ddng trong phap ludt Viet Nam dupe quy djnh rdt chung chung, khdng cu th^. Trong khi do, phap ludl ciia nhi^u nudc nhu Hoa Ky, Ot-xtrdy-li-a da ed nhiing quy djnh mdi, bdt kip vdi su phat tri^n cua thdi dai. Cac quy djnh v^ hpp ddng mua ban hang hod rdt cu ih^.
Hai Id, y thiic tu bao ve quy^n Ipi ciia cdng ddn ddng vai trd rd't quan trpng trong viec thuc hien phap ludt bao ve QLNTD. 0 nhi^u nude tren the'gidi, phong trao bao ve NTD ra ddi tu rdt sdm va da ddng vai trd quan trong vao viec thuc thi cdc quy djnh phdp ludt bao ve QLNTD. Rieng con sd 868.808 khie'u nai cua ffTD ma Uy ban Canh tranh va tieu dung Ot-xtrdy-li-a nhdn duac trong vdng mdt ndm (tir ngay 30/6/2006 - 01/7/200"?) da chihig minh di^u nay. Hang ndm, T6 chiic bao ve NTD Dai Loan nhdn dupe khoang 10.000 khie'u nai qua dien thoai, 4.000 khieu nai qua don... Cdn d Viet Nam, hien nay phdn loTi NTD chua cd y thiic tu bao ve quyen loi ciia mlnh. Nhi^u trudng hpp NTD bj vi pham quy^n Ipi nhung "bd qua" cung chinh la nguyen nhdn ddn d^n tinh trang vi pham phap ludt bao ve QLNTD ngay cang gia tang.
Ba Id, trong cac bien phap ndng cao hieu qua thuc hien phdp ludt bao ve NTD, nhieu nudc rd't chu trpng bien phap tang cudng tuyen truyen, giao due phdp ludt nang cao y thiic tudn thu phdp ludt cua eac l6 chiic, ca nhdn kinh doanh hang hod, djch vu. Chdng han, co quan bao ve NTD Ot-xtrdy-Ii-a thudng chii trong nhi^u d^n viec ndng cao nhdn thiic v^ trach nhiem bao ve NTD vd khuydn cao d^ doanh nghiep chain diit hanh vi vi pham. Ben canh
fA^m tii'p trang 74).
TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - S6 192 (1-2012) 71
HANH CHiNH DOANH NGHI|P
vi chi'nh quydn dia phuong quan tim thao gd khd khan, giai quydt mdt sd vin dd sau:
- Cin ning cao nhin thiic vd vai trd, vi trf vi tim quan trpng cua cdng tic chuyen ddi doanh nghiep lim nghiep theo diing linh thin Nghj quydt sd 28 eua Bd Chfnh trj. Nghiem tiic trien khai thuc hien chuydn ddi doanh nghiep tU trung uong ddn dia phuong, khdng nen thue hien mdt each qua loa, dai khii, dinh ddng doanh nghiep lim chua tdt vdi doanh nghiep lim tdt, din ddn khdng khuydn khich phat tridn.
- Sdm td chtre do dae dit dai, cip Gii'y chling nh$n quydn sir dung di'l eho Cdng ty theo dung tinh thin ehi dao cua Nghi quydt sd 28 ciia Bd Chi'nh tri dd cdng ty cd
didu kidn quan ly, bao vd dit va diu tu phil tridn san xui't - kinh doanh.
- Thio gd khd khan dd cic cdng ty dupe vay vdn diu tu phit tridn, trudc mit chua cd eo chd cho vay vdn thi cho gia han net ddn han phai tra tir 1 - 2 nim dd doaiih nghidp cd didu kien duy tri dn dinh va phit tridn san xuit. Ngin hing Phit tridn Viet Nam (don vi dang quan ly vdn nha nudc cho vay cie du in uu dai diu tu trdng rimg d viing kho khin thudc didn uu dai diu tu) cin cdng khai rdng rai eho doanh nghitp bidt kd hoach vdn cho vay (nhit li ddi v6i doanh nghidp lim nghidp), trinh tu, thii luc vay vdn de cic cdng ty cd didu kien tijp cin va lip hd so vay vdnQ
THirC HIEN PHAP LUAT BAO VE.
(Tii'p theo trang 71) nhCng quy dinh mang tfnh bdt budc, Ot- xtrdy-li-a cdn dua ra cac quy dinh mang tfnh chdt khuye'n khfch su tudn thu nhu quy dinh ve eo eh^ "khoan dung".
Trung Qud'c cung la nudc cd hoat ddng tuyen truyen. giao due phap ludt bao ve NTD da dang. Ben canh viee sii dung cac hinh thiic tuyen truyen truyen thdng nhu:
t6 chiic hdi thao, trien lam, tdp hud'n, eac CO quan bao ve NTD Trung Qudc cdn t6 chiie phong Irao chuyen de hang nam vdi su Iham gia ciia cac td chiic bao ve NTD 6 cac nude tren th^ gidi.
Bon Id. trong ndn kinh te thi trudng, eae hanh vi vi pham ve tieu chudn, ehd't lupng hang hoa, dich vu ngay cang trd nen tinh vi. Khdng phai luc nao NTD cung la "NTD thdng thai" d^ mua va sii dung dupe eae hang hoa, dich vu cd ehd't lupng, ddng nhu cdu ciia ban thdn va gia dinh. Di dupe bao dam vi quydn Ipi, an toan ve siie khoe va tfnh mang, NTD cdn dupe su trp giiip cia Nha nude vi kidm dinh chdt lupng hang
hoa, san phdm. 0 Viet Nam, co quan c6 chiic ndng kidm dinh chdt lupng hdng hod la T6ng cue Do ludng chdt lupng thudc Bd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe. Tuy nhifin, trfin thuc td, eo quan nay chua du siic kidm djnh chdt lupng tdt ca cac loai hang hoa. Vi vdy, chling ta edn nghien ciiu hpc tdp kii^
nghiem cua mdt sd nudc tren the gidi, theo dd, CO quan nay phai dupe trang bi nhQng thiet bi hien dai va cd eo ch^ kidm dinh thudn tien dd khi NTD nghi ngd mua phai san phdm kem chdt lupng thi cd thd ydu cdu kidm dinh bdt eii liie naoQ
Chli thfch:
1,2. Dinh Thi Mai Riucmg. Nghien citu hodn thien c0 che phdp ly bdo ve quyen loi ngudi tieu dang trong nen kinh te Ihi trUdng d Viil NamfBio cao phiic trinh dd tdi khoa hoc cdp M.
H. 8/2008, IT. 123-124,130-133.
3. Trang Web ciia Trung tSm thucmg mai Hii Ducmg, ngay 25/10/2010.
4. Dinh Thi MJ Loan. Hodn thien phdp ludt bdo ve QLNTD d Viet Nam trong b6i canh hdi nhdp kinh ti qud'c lifB^o cdo phdc trinh dd tdi khoa hoc c ^ bO. H. 9/2007, tr. 70.
74 TAP CHI OUAN LY NHA N U d C - s 6 192 (1-2012)