HE GIA TR! COT LOI CUA SINGAPORE:
NHIN TCT LY THUYET VAN HOA CUA HOFSTEDE*
PHI HONG MINH**
BUI MY TRINH***
Tom, tat: V&i dgc triing id mpt qudc ddo nhd be da sdc tpc da tdn gido, viic xdy dUng he gid tri cot loi rieng da dugc cdc the hi lanh dga cua Singapore hit sUc chu trgng nhdm xdy dung cdc gid tri chung hay bdn sdc Singapore giita cdc cpng dong khdc nhau.
Chinh he gid tri ndy ddco y nghia rdt l&n gdp phdn dUa Singapore khdng chi vitan len trd thdnh "con rong" Chdu A md cdn vUng bit&c tren con didmg phdt triin bin vUng vd thinh vitgng trong boi cdnh hpi nhgp quoc te ngdy cdng sdu rpng. Bdi viit phdn tich hi gid tri cdt loi cda Singapore du&i gdc nhin ciia ly thuyit cdc chiiu cgnh vdn hda cua Hofstede, chi ra nhUng gid tri cdt loi cua Singapore dUa trin ddc tritng 6 chieu cgnh vdn hoa Hofstede bao gom: (i) Hoa hgp sdc tdc vd tdn gido; (ii) Tuan thd phdp ludt; (iii) Liem chinh vd hiiu qud; (v) Coi trgng tri tue vd nhdn tdi; vd (v) Doi m&i sdng tgo.
Tit khoa: He gid tri cdt loi, Singapore, site mgnh mem, ly thuyit cdc chieu cgnh vdn hda cda G. Hofstede.
1, B o i c a n h k i n h t e x a h p i c u a va Monaco) va cd ty Id dd thi hda dan dau S i n g a p o r e t h i gidi 100%. Mae du Singapore hau nhU Singapore la qud'e dao phat t r i l n nhdt d ^ ^ ^ ^ cd tai nguyen gi dang k l (ngoai trir khu vuc Ddng Nam A, thudc nhdra eae nude " ^ ^ ^ ^ ™^ '^^^ " g ^ ^ ^ ^^ P ^ ^ "^^^P ^ ^ "
phat t r i l n cd thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ nggt va lUPng thUc, nhUog cao hang ddu tren the gidi. Vdi tinh c h ^ Singapore lai la nUdc phat trien eo thu mgt qud'e gia-thanh phd', Singapore la nude nhap binh quan dau ngUdi dat mde rat eao, ed dien tich lanh thd nho nhat vdi mat do khoang 51,880 nghin USD/ngUdi nam 2016 dan so' cao t h d ba trdn t h i gidi (sau Macao (tuong dng eao gap 1,3 lan va 1,4 lan so vdi
* Bai vi^t la ke't qua nghi&n cflu cua de tai Nha nUdc NhUng vdn di ly lugn vd thUc tien ve sdc mgnh mim van hoa Viet Nam, Ma so KX.01.16/16-20 thugc chUOng trinh Khoa hoc va C6ng nghe trong diem cap QU8'C gia giai doan 2016-2020: "TSlghi^n ciJu nhUng van de trong ye'u ve khoa hpc xa hoi va nhan vSn phuc vu phat trien kinh te xa hoi". Ma sd: KX.01/16-20
** TS. Phi Hong Minh, Vien Nghien cii'u Dong Bac A.
*** TS. Bui My Trinh, Khoa Qu^c te, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi.
64 Nghiin citu Dong Nam A, sojf^i—
mUe GNI/ngUdi cua nhdra nUdc cd thu nhap eao va nhdm nude OECD trong eung ky).
Singapore nam trong top 15 nUde cd thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi eao nhat tren the gidi nam 2016 (xep hang thd 11)'^'.
Singapore la mdt qudc gia da sde tde va da tdn giao'^'. Thd nhat, trong tong dan sd 5,612 trieu ngUdi cua qudc dao nay nam 2017, thi chi cd 61,3% la cdng dan eua Singapore, edn 9,4% la thudng tru nhan - tflc la nhCftig edng dan cua Singapore dugc phep c\i tru vo thdi ban tai qud'e dao nay nhuhg lai sinh ra d bdn ngoai Singapore, va 29,3% la cU ddn thUdng tru - tde la ngUdi nUdc ngoai sinh sd'ng hoae lara viec tai Singapore. Ne'u xet theo eo ca'u dan tde, trong tdng so' 3,966 trieu cdng d a n Singapore nam 2017, ed tdi 74,3% la ngUdi gd'c Hoa; 1,4% ngUdi gdc Ma Lai; 9% ngUdi gde An Dp; eung vdi 1,4% la gd'c cua eae nhdm dan tdc thilu sd khac nhu egng ddng ngUdi Au-A. Vide eung ton tai va phat t r i l n eua eac nen van hda khac nhau da gdp p h a n hinh t h a n h n e n m d t xa hdi Singapore da sde tdc. Thd hai, Singapore la mdt qudc gia da ton giao, trong do Phat giao la tdn giao pho bie'n nhat (chiera 33,9% eu dan Singapore), tie'p de'n la Ki-td giao (chiira 18,2%), roi d i n Hdi giao (chidra 14,3%), sau dd dd'n Dao giao (ehie'ra 10%), k l t i l p la An Dd giao (5,2%)<3)... K i t qua dilu tra cua Trung tam Nghidn eCfu Pew da eho thay Singapore la qudc gia cd ehi so da dang hda tdn giao d rade cao nhat tren toan the gidi (ddng dau trong nhdm 12 nUde ed ehi so da dang hda rat eao tren the gidi)*^'.
Singapore khdng chi la mdt n i n kinh te' phat t r i l n ma eon la mgt nen kinh te rad va hgi nhap qudc te sau rdng hang dau the gidi. Theo thd'ng ke eua Singapore, chi so
dp md eda eiia n i n kinh t l nay d mdc ra cao, chilm khoang 318,4% GDP nam 2016 theo ty gia hidn h a n h (xip hang ^'^'^ * "
thd 3 tren t h i gidi ve dd md cda, cM ddng sau hai n i n kinh t l khac la Luxembourg va Hdng Kdng trong eung thdi ky). Chi so dp rad eda eiia rieng can can thUOng mai dieh vu eua Singapore da la 106,3% GDP tuong duong 212,2% GDP theo ty gia hien hanh. Dilu nay eho thay ehinh sach md cda hdi nhap qud'e te ndi ehung va hgi nhdp kinh t l ndi ridng eua Singapore khdng nhflng tang eUdng trao doi thUOng raai hang hda raa edn ehu trgng dae biet vao thuc day phat trien dich vu (nhat la cac dieh vu hien dai).
2. D a c t n i n g c a c c h i e u c a n h v a n h o a q u o c gia (Hofstede) c u a S i n g a p o r e
Ly thuyd't van hda da ehieu eua nha n h a n chung hgc H a Lan Geert Hofstede duge xem nhU khudn khd eho sU giao t i l p gifla cae qud'e gia, cae n i n van hda khae nhau va dae biet ed y nghia ldn trong quan tri nha nUdc va quan tri lidn van hda. Td bdn ehi sd trong nghien cdu dau, Hofstede da md rdng ldn 6 chieu canh van hda khi khai quat cae qud'e gia khac nhau gom: chi sd Khoang each quyin luc (PDI), Chu nghia ca n h a n so vdi tap t h i (IDV), Nam quyen so vdi nd quyen (MAS), Tranh ne bat dinh (UAI), Dinh hudng dai b a n so vdi dinh hudng ngdn b a n (LTO), va Dam me so vdi kiem ehe (IVR). Chi so LTO dugc b l sung sau va cdn dugc ggi la thuyet dgng lUc Nho giao nhara chi r a sU khae biet d n h i l u nUdc Ddng A, va ehi sd IVR de so sanh ca n h a n d eae n i n van hda khae nhau the Men ban thdn, cd the tu do theo dudi dam rae hay ludn phai kiem soat ban than theo khudn phep cdng ddng'^^
Phi Hong Minh, Biii My Trinh - He gid tri cdt loi cua Singapore... 65 Vide xae dinh eae gia tri cot ldi eiia
Singapore ed t h i dUa tren sau chilu eanh van hda qudc gia Hofstede. Theo dd, Singapore cd 2 ehilu eanh van hda dat gia tri cao vugt trgi so vdi mdc binh quan ehung eua thd' gidi (ehi sd PDI va chi sd LTO), va 2 chilu eanh van hda thap hon nhieu so vdi mde binh qudn chung eua t h i gidi (ehi sd IDV va chi sd UAI), eung nhu 2 chilu eanh khac xdp xi mde binh qudn eua the gidi (chi sd MAS va chi sd' IVR).
(Xem Do thi 1).
Do dd, cac dae trUng khac hiet lien quan tdi 6 chieu canh van hda qud'e gia Hofstede a n h hudng dang ke tdi viee hinh t h a n h va phat huy cac gia tri cdt ldi cua Singapore chu ye'u gan vdi eae ehilu canh: khoang each quyen lUc cao, xa hdi tap the ehu nghia, xa hdi dinh hUdng dai b a n vdi eh!
sd t r a n h ne bat dinh cUe ky thap.
3. H | g i a t r i c6't l o i c u a S i n g a p o r e tu*
e a c h t i e p c ^ n H o f s t e d e
a) Hoa hcfp sdc tgc vd ton gido La mdt xa hdi da van hda, gia tri boa hgp sde tdc va tdn giao, dat da't nude ldn t r e n cdng ddng va cdng dong tren ban than, n h a n m a n h dong thuan tranh xung dot luon la mdt trong cac gia tri ed't loi eiia Singapore tfl thdi lap nflde de'n nay*^'. Thfle te eac ehi so eua Singapore eung eho thay mgt so' diem sau:
Mpt la, ly thuyd't cac chieu eanh van hda qud'e gia eua Hofstede cho thay eae xa hgi tap the chu nghia thudng nha'n manh sU hai hda va dong thuan la muc tieu tdi quan trpng, nd lUe duy tri sU hda hpp, t r a n h sU dd'i dau true tiep trong xa hgi, dong thdi cac xa hdi dinh hudng dai han thudng chlip n h a n sU bat dong ve nhan thde. Cae gia thuylt nay se dupe kiem dinh lai nhd viee udc lugng hd so tuong quan tuyen tinh (ed y nghia thd'ng kd) gifla 6 chi so ehieu eanh qud'e gia eda Hofstede vdi chi so' hda binh toan eau (PI) va ehi so' on dinh
Do thi I: Dgc trung ciia 6 chieu cgnh van hoa quoc gia (Hofstede) cua Singapore MSingapore H The gidi uThyyDien
Chi so khoang Chi so chu Chi so Chi s6 tranh Chi s6 dinh Chi so each quyen nghTa ca nam quyen ne b i t dinh hudng da! dam me
lire (PDI) nhan (IDV) (MAS) (UAI) han (LTO) (iVR) Nguon: Hofstede. G. (2001) vd Hofstede, G. etal. (2010), tldd.
66 Nghien citu Dong Nam A^so g 7/2011 Do thi 2: Quan he giira khoang cdch quyin lire vdi chi so hoa binh vd on dinh chink trt
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Chf s6 khoang each quy§n lifc (PDI) Chi s6 khoang each quyin lu'C (PDI)
Ngudn: Tac gia tdng hgp ca sd dir lieu tir cac nguon: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp;
http://www.oecd.org; va http://viTvw.undp.org; cung vdi Hofstede, G. et al. (2010); World Bank (2017).
ehinh tri cho mau nghien cdu gdra 73 nUde Theo do, mac dfl cd ehi sd PDI cao nhuhg Singapore da bu lai bang UAI va chi so IDV rat thap, day cdn la xa hgi mang tinh nfl vdi ehi so' IVR vda phai nen nhilu kha nang sd huU gia tri hda hgp sae tdc va tdn giao. (Xera Do thi 2).
Dd thi 2 eho thay, ehi sd I n dinh chinh tri va khdng bao Iflc cd moi lien he tUOng quan tuye'n tinh nghich b i i n d mde trung binh vdi PDI (he sd tUOng quan r=-0,59) va dong hiln vdi chi sd ehu nghia ca nhan {r=0,56). Chi so hda binh cd radi hen he tuong quan tuyen tinh d mde trung binh theo chieu ddng bie'n vdi ehi sd khoang each quyen lUc (r=0,53) va nghich bie'n vdi ehi so chu nghia ca nhan (r=-0,47). Dilu dd cd nghia la khoang each quyen lUc cang ldn on dinh cang thap, cdn chi so hoa binh se eao khi khoang each quyin lue cao va ehu nghia ca nhan thap. Tuy nhien, Singapore
la trudng hgp ngoai le n a m ngoai md'i lidn he tuong quan theo ehilu nghich bien gifla ehi so dn dinh chinh tri va khdng bao lUc vdi ehi so' khoang each quyen lUc. Dd la do chinh phu Singapore ehu dgng xay dung va ludn coi trgng gia tri hda hgp sac tdc va tdn giao trong rapt xa hdi tap the ehu nghia.
Hai Id, tfl thue te danh gia cua cdng dong qudc t l , Singapore n i i tieng trdn toan the gidi ve on dinh chinh tri, khdng xung dot bao lUe xa hdi, va hda binh. Theo WB, nam 2017, Singapore la mdt trong 2 nUdc ddn ddu the gidl ve ehi so on dinh chinh tri va khdng xung dot bao lUe xa hdi (dat 99,52 diem va ddng thfl 2 trong 211 nfldc x i p hang)''^'. Theo danh gia eua Vien Kinh te va Hda binh trong Bao eao Chi so' Hda binh toan cau nam 2017, qudc dao ndm trong top 25 nfldc dan dau tren toan the gidi ve mdc do hoa binh*^*. Singapore dflgc ea t h i gidi biet de'n khdng ehi bdi do
Phi Hong Minh, Biii My Trinh - He gid tri cdt loi ciia Singapore... 67 la mdt nudc phat trien cd thu nhap binh
quan ddu ngUdi hang dau the gidi ma cdn vi hinh a n h mdt dat nUde da chung tgc nhitog r a t hda hgp ve sac tde va tdn giao va ludn duy trt reit tdt on dinh trdt tU an ninh-xa hdi. Mdt trong nhdng nguyen nhan sau xa cua gia tri nay chinh la sU pho bien "van hda tdn trpng sU da dang" cua Singapore.
b) Tuan thu phap luqt
Ngay tfl khi mdi t h a n h lap da't nUdc, tuan thu phap luat da dugc cd Thu tUdng Ly Quang Dieu xem nhU mdt quyen tac phap ly d l tao nen mgt ddt nUdc thugng tdn phap luat, ed trat tU, on dinh chinh tri va dam bao thue thi edng ly*^^ Xet td ly thuyd't da chilu van hda cua Hofstede, cac xa hdi tap t h i chu nghia thudng dat lgi ieh tap the len trdn lgi ieh ea n h a n va eac y kid'n dugc quyd't dinh bdi cac t h a n h vien trong nhdm; cae xa hdi ed ehi so' t r a n h ne bat dinh thap thudng eho rang eac chinh tri gia va hd thd'ng phap ludt ludn dugc tin tudng, ddng thdi khi thay khdng edn phd hpp thi sU thay d i i la can t h i l t , va tda an thudng r a phan quyd't n h a n h chdng. Cac gia thuylt nay se dUpe kiem dinh lai qua phdn tieh he sd tUOng quan (eo y nghia thdng ke) gida 6 ehi sd' chilu canh van hda eua Hofstede vdi ehi sd tuan thu phap luat vd chi so' ehat lugng quy dinh phap luat trong mau 73 nUdc chgn lpc n a m 2017 eua Kauftnann et aV^^K Mac du ed cM sd PDI cao nhttog Singapore ed ehi so UAI va chi sd IDV r a t t h a p nen nhieu k h a nang Singapore sd hdu gia tri cdt ldi ve tuan thu phap ludt*^^*. Can ed vao nhifng k i t qua Ude lugng, ehi s i IDV ed he sd tUOng quan tuyen tinh ldn nhdt (r, eo y nghia thdng ke d mde 1%) vdi chi so tuan thu phap luat va ehi sd ehat lugng eac quy
dinh p h a p luat. Chi so IDV ed md'i lien hd tuong quan tuye'n tinh dong bie'n d mde trung binh cao vdi ca chi sd tuan thu phap luat {r=0,67) cung nhU cd md'i lien hd tuong quan tuye'n tinh ddng b i i n vdi chi so ehat lugng cac quy dinh phap ludt (r=0,62) (Do thi 3).
Ngoai ra, td khia eanh danh gia eua cdng ddng qudc t l , Singapore eung noi t i i n g the gidi ve ehat lugng cao gan nhU tuyet ddi eua eae quy dinh phap luat eung nhu tuan thu phap luat'^^'. Theo danh gia eua WB (2017), Singapore la nUdc ddn dau the gidi v l chi so bao dara ehat lugng cao cua t h i c h i ndi ehung eiing nhU la eae quy dinh phap luat noi rieng. Qud'e dao duy tri trong top 5 nUde dan dau the gidi v l bao dam chat lugng eac quy dinh phap luat, n h a t la ke td dau n a m 2010 trd lai day. Sd di Singapore phai ehu trgng trUde tien vao ndng eao ehat lugng t h i ehe la bdi vi dae trung van hoa ehu ngbia tap the eua Singapore lidn quan tdi khia eanh gia tri van hda tuan thu phap luat. Singapore eung dugc thd gidi danh gia cao va nam trong top 10 nUdc ddn dau the gidi ve chi sd' tuan thu phap luat (dat 96,15 diem va xep hang thd 9 trong 209 nUde). Nlun chung, ehat lUgng quy dinh phap luat va tudn thu phap luat d Singapore la mgt trong nhflng gia tri edt ldi gdp phan quan trgng gidp qud'e dao da sae tdc va da tdn giao nay thiet lap mgt t r a t tU an ninh va xa hdi rat on dinh nhara thuc d^y phat trien ben vu^g. (Xera Dd thi 3).
c) Liem chinh vd hieu qud^^^^
Singapore vd'n thfla hudng mdt hd thd'ng luat phap hpp ly td thdi thudc dia Anh nhung nd lUc xay dung ehinh phu saeh, khdng t h a m nhung, liem ehinh, quan tri td't da dugc dng Ly cung cae lanh dao
Phi Hong Minh, Biii My Trinh - He gid tri cdt loi cua Singapo.
Do thi 3: Quan he giita chi sd chu nghta tap the vdi chi so tuan thu phdp ludt
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-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Chi s6 chii nghta ca nhSn (IDV)
Ngudn • Tdc gid tdng hgp ca .sa dit lieu tir cdc ngudn da ddn.
Dang Hanh ddng Nhan dan (PAP) xera nhu tdn chi nham xay dung mgt nen edng vu liem chirih va hieu qua. Su hieu qua se raang lai sU tU tin cho nen cdng vu Singapore, cdn sU liem chinh se k h i l n cho ngudi dan, doanh nghiep tin tUdng vao he thd'ng edng vu dd. Dieu nay se giup ieh cho su van hanh nhip nhang, hidu qua gifla chinh phu, thi trUdng va xa hdi. Theo Hofstede, eae xa hdi tdp the chii nghia thudng eoi lpi ieh tap the len trdn lpi ich ea nhan; cac xa hgi cd ehi so tranh ne bat dinh thap thudng quy dinh quan ehde tim bang ehdng xac thUe nhU la mdt trach nhiem edng vide cua hp, nhd dd cac chinh tri gia va dieh vu edng eung nhu he thd'ng phap luat thudng n h a n dUpe sU tin tUdng eua ngudi dan trong xa hdi. Hofstede cho rang raac du cd ehi sd PDI cao nhung Singapore da bu lai bkng chi so' UAI va ehi so IDV rat thap nen quo'e dao nay se ed nhilu kha nang sd hflu gia tri edt ldi ve liera ehinh-hieu qua va dang tin eay, gdp phan quan trgng vao nang eao ebg!t lUpng
the che va nang lue quan tri qud'e gia eung nhu niera tin eua xa hdi theo hUdng phat t r i l n kinh te ben vflng. K i t qua Udc lugng thu duge eho 73 quan sat trong nam 2017 da giup dua r a chdng cd ung hd nhan dinh nay. Mdt raat, ehi so IDV cd rao'i lien he tUcfng quan tuyen tinh dong bien d mde trung binh cao khdng nhitog vdi ehi so hieu qua cua ehinh phu {r=0,65} ma edn vdi ea ehi sd kilra soat t h a m nhung (r=0,66) (Do thi 4).
Tuy nhidn, mot diem dang luu y d day la trai vdi radi hen ket dong biin gida nhflng xa hdi ea n h a n ehii nghia vdi xu hudng hieu qua eua ehinh phu, Singapore raac du vdn la rapt xa hpi tap the ehii nghia nhUng lai ddn dau the gidi v l cai thien hieu qua chinh phu. Ke't qua nay khong chi dupe xem nhU la rapt trong nhitog ngoai Id dae biet trong nghien edu gia tri edt loi dUa tren 6 chieu canh van hda qudc gia Hofstede raa quan trpng hon nd edn cho thay rapt trong nhflng khia canh quan trgng nhat eiJa gia tri ed't loi nay do la
Phi Hdng Minh, Biii My Trinh - He gid tri cdt loi cua Singapore... 69 Dd thi 4: Quan he giira xa hgi chu nghia tap thi v&i chi so hieu qud chinh phu
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Chi s6 Chii nghTa ca nhSn <IDV)
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•20 0 20 40 60 BO 100 120 Chi s6 chu nghTa cS nhan (IDV)
Ngudn: Tdc gid tdng hgp ca sa dit Ueu tic cdc nguon dd ddn.
chinh phu va dich vu cdng phai t h a t sU hieu qua, dap u^g ngay cang tdt hon nhu cau xa hdi. Ngoai ra, Singapore edn dupe danh gia la radt trudng hpp ngoai le tren toan the gidi do day la radt xa hpi tap the ehiJ nghia nhung lai dat dugc k i t qua rd't eao trong ehi sd rainh bach hoaeh dinh chinh sach cung nhU ve chi sd trach nhiem giai trinh. Cdn ed vao k i t qua Udc lugng eua mdu nghien cdU gom 73 quan sat, IDV cd tdn tai md'i h e n he tUOng quan tuye'n tinh ddng bien d rade tnmg binh thap vdi ehi sd minh baeh hoaeh dinh ehinh saeh cua ehinh phu (r=0,47) eung nhU vdi ehi so traeh nhiem giai trinh (r=0,59) (Dd thi 5).
Ndi each khac, viee radt xa hdi tap t h i chu nghia dat duge mdc dd dang tin cay cao nhu Singapore la mdt ngoai le tren t h i gidi va dilu nay ehi cd the dUpc giai thich ehu ylu bdi qud'e dao ndy cd mgt chinh phu (va dich vu cdng) liem chinh, hieu qua va dang tin cdy. (Xem Do thi 5).
Them nfla, Singapore eung noi tieng t r e n toan the gidi sudt rad'y thap ky qua v l
gia tri hidu qua cung nhfl tinh liera chinh eua chinh phu. Theo danh gia cua WB (2017), Singapore ludn nara trong top 10 nUde ddn dau t h i gidi v l chi so hidu qua cua ehinh phu va chi so k i l m soat tham nhung. Theo Dien Dan Kinh te' the gidi (WEF), Singapore cdn ddn dau the gidi v l tinh rainh baeh trong hoach dinh ehinh saeh cdng trong nhilu thap ky qua (cu the, chi so minh bach hoaeh dinh ehinh sach dat 6,26 diera va gifl vi tri thd 2 tren 152 nUde xe'p hang*^*'. Singapore eung dflng dau t h i gidi v l trach nhidm giai trinh eao eua ehinh phu va ea dieh vu cdng. Chi so trach nhiem giai trinh cua Singapore dat 6,01 dilra va ditog sd 1 trong 152 nUde.
Nhuhg ke't qua v l liera ehinh, hidu qua, rairdi baeh va trach nhiera giai trinh cao da giup Singapore gat hai dugc niem tin chie'n lugc tfl xa hgi trong nfldc va cae doi tae nude ngoai. Vi du, ehi so' niem tin eua xa hdi vao eac chinh tri gia lanh dao eua Singapore ddng so 1 trong 152 nUde tren the gidi ndra 2017.
70 Nghien cdu Bong Nam A, sd 7/2019
d) Coi trgng tri tu$ vd nhan tdi Ngay tfl ngay dau thanh lap, lanh dao Singapore he't sde ehu trpng vao viee lim kiem, phat trien va trpng dung nhan tai, xem day nhu ye'u td then ehd't eho sU phat trien kinh te' va I n dinh ciia qud'e dao.
Khdng chi thu hiit, ldi keo ngUdi tai trong nude va sd dung hp vao vi tri hpp ly;
Singapore eon hge hdi mo hinh My trong rad cda thu hut tri tue va nhan lUe ehat lupng eao tfl nude ngoai'^^-'. Hofstede ehi r a rang cac nfldc cd chi sd khoang each quyin lUc ldn thudng nha'n manh trinh dd ehuyen mdn va nghiep vu, sU thinh vUpng, quyen lUe va dia vi trong xa hgi ludn ed xu hudng di eung nhau; cac xa hgi tap t h i chu nghia thudng nha'n manh mue tieu eua giao due la hpc each lam vide, cac quylt dinh ve tuyln dung va d l bat ehdc vu trong radt to ehde thUdng eoi trgng cae ea nhan trong eung nhdm hon la ben ngoai; trong eae xa hdi nd quyin (cd tinh nfl) thi mpi ngUdi thudng td ra ghen ti vdi nhflng ngUdi xua't
sac hon; trong eae xa hdi cd ehi so trdnh ba't dinh tha'p thi gidi tre thUdng cd thai dp tieh cUc trong cudc sd'ng; cac xa hgi "i hudng dai han thudng tin vao kid'n thde va giao due, ed the raanh ve khoa hgc Aug dung va thue tiln, ed tinh thieh nghi va tU giac cao vd khuyen khieh hgc hdi kinh nghiera td qud'e gia khac, thanh cdng vd that bai dUa vao sU nd lue trong cude sdng.
Gia thuyet nay se dUpc kiem dinh lai thdng qua Udc lUgng he so tUOng quan (cd y nghia thd'ng ke) gifla 6 ehi so' chilu eanh van hda vdi chi so hieu qua sd dung nhan tai va ehi so' vd'n eon ngUdi va R&D cho mdu 73 nUde nam 2017. Mae dfl chi sd PDI va ehi sd LTO eua Singapore d mfle tUPng dd'i eao, nhitog Singapore ed chi sd UAI va ehi so' IDV rat thap va xa hdi tinh nfl nen nude nay nhieu k h a nang sd hflU gia tri ed't loi v l eoi trgng tri tue va n h a n tai'^^^l Theo k i t qua \i6c lUgng, ehi so IDV cd hd sd tuong quan tuye'n tiiih ldn nhat (r, cd y nghia thd'ng ke d mde 1%) vdi chi sd hidu
Do thi 5: Quan he giua chu nghia tap thi vdi minh bach vd trdch nhiem gidi trinh
5-
4 '
3
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Singapore ^ ^ * V
• X ^ ' ' \
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•••y^ ' 1
j y.t..^,jjl^' ' f. /
> . ^^y^ ^ ^ 0 95 Ellipse
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Chi s6 chu nghTa ca nhan (IDV)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 12(
Chf s6 chii nghTa ca nhan (IDV)
Nguon: Tdc gid long hgp co sa dir lieu tir cdc ngudn dd ddn
Phi Hdng Minh, Bid My Trinh - Hi gid tri cdt loi cua Singapore... 71 qua sd dung nhdn tai (r=0,56) va chi sd vd'n
con ngudi va R&D (r=0,61) (B6 thi 6).
Ngoai ra, theo T l ehde Sd huU Tri tue the gidi (WIPO), Singapore da ludn dan dau the gidi ve chat lUpng giao due sau bac pho thdng trung hpc trong sudt thdp ky qua. Viec eoi trgng tri tud da duge p h a n anh rd net thdng qua k i t qua thUc chdng la Singapore da va dang noi tieng t r e n toan the gidi v l cha't lUOng giao due k l td bac tilu hpc (thudng trong top 5 nfldc dan dau the gidi), dac biet n h a t la giao due bae cao (ludn gifl vi tri so' 1 thd gidi). Ben canh dd, theo WEF, Singapore cdn noi tieng toan the gidi v l hieu qua sd dung n h a n tai, trong dd nha'n m a n h tdi khia canh thu hut va trgng dung n h a n tai'^'*. Cu the, chi sd' n a n g lUe thu h d t n h a n t a i cua Singapore da dat 5,92 d i l m nam 2017 va ddng thd 7 trong tong sd 152 nUdc (duy trt top 10 nude ddn dau t h i gidi v l chi sd' nay trong sudt ca thdp ky vda qua). Ngoai ra, Singapore eung dugc t h i gidi biet de'n vdi
nghe thuat hang dau the gidi v l gifl chan n h a n tai (dat 5,45 diem va ddng thd 5 trong tdng sd 152 nUde). Sd di Singapore vdn duy trt dUOe t h a n h qua dang ngUdng mg nay la bdi vi qud'e dao nay ed ragt chinh phu liem ehinh-hieu qua va dang tin cay rihd't trong viee eoi trgng tri tue noi ehung va n h a n tai ndi rieng. Do Singapore la nude duy nhd't d chau A hau nhu khdng cd tai nguyen gi ngoai trfl vd'n con ngfldi, ndn hp da t r i l n khai ngay tfl ngay t h a n h lap nude ehinh sach "khdng lang phi n h a n tai" va coi vd'n con ngUdi la tai nguyen duy nha't va dan hinh t h a n h van hda tiet kiem n h a n tai. Viee eoi trgng tri tue va sd dung hidu qua n h a n t a i eua ehinh phd Singapore da giup n a n g eao ehd't lugng the ehe, cai thien dang k l nang luc quan tri qud'e gia, cung nhU tang efldng eha't lugng va hieu qua dieh vu cdng nhkra dap dng ngay eang td't hOn nhu cdu phat t r i l n eua da't nUde trong bd'i canh hdi nhdp quo'c t l ngay eang sau rdng.
Do thi 6: Quan he giira chi so chu nghia cd nhan vM coi trgng tri tue vd nhdn tdi
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Chi 56 ChO nghTa ca nhdn (IDV)
• — Linear Fil
^ — 0 95 Ellipse
^^"^ \
/ / ^ . • ' /
-20 0 20 40 60 eo 100 120 Chi s6 chu nghTa ca nhan (IDV)
Nguon: Tdc gid tong hgp ca sd dii- lieu tir cdc nguon dd ddn.
72 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so^ 0-7/2011
d) Doi mdi sdng tgo
Hien tai nen Idnh te' ciia Singapore dang ngay cang chuyen dich sau hon vao quy dao tang trudng dua trgn tri thdc va sang tao, ddng thdi nhuhg xu hUdng edng nghe tren the' gidi ngay eang chuyen doi nhanh manh hon. Hon nUa, cae kd't qua dilu tra danh gia gia tri qud'e gia cua Singapore cho thay rapt dac trUng ldn eiia xa hdi Singapore la van hda kiasu (sp t h a t bai ma't mat, thidn hUdng bao toan I n dinh)'^^'. Do do, Singapore da thUe thi nhilu chUPng trinh xay dUng van hda sang tao, phat trien ky nang raira, hoan thien he sinh thai khdi nghidp sang tao va thuc day khdi nghidp nhara dUa Singapore trd thanh trung tam sang tao trong khu vUe, dam bao sU sinh ton va thanh edng eua qud'e dao trong tUOng lai. Theo Hofstede, cae nudc co chi so khoang each quyen lUe eao thu&ng nhan manh hcto tdi vai trd trimg tam va ehu dgng eua giao vidn trong Idp hge (hpc sinh thu ddng), quyen lUe va dia vi eung vdi giau ed va trinh do ehuyen mdn thudng di eung nhau; cac xa hdi tap the chu nghia it d l cao tinh ddc lap ea nhan va hge sinh it cd quyin ehu ddng phat bilu ddc lap trong Idp; eac xa hdi dinh hudng dai ban thudng tin vao k i l n thdc va giao due, cd the manh v l khoa hpe dng dung va thue tien, cd tinh thieh ngbi va tu giac cao va khuyin khieh hpe hdi kinh nghiera tfl qude te; trong eae xa hgi cd ehi so' tranh ne bat dinh tha'p thi hgc sinh thudng cam thay thoai mai vdi cau true hge md, thieh tranh luan va thieh dau tU raao hiem, nha tuyen dung ludn thay doi va thieh eung cap dich vu ngan h a n phu hop vdi nhu eau cua thi trudng^^^'. Mae dfl Singapore cd chi sd PDI cao nhUng lai ed chi so UAI va ehi so IDV rat thdp cung vdi
xa hdi nU quyin va ehi sd' dam uid tn p nen nUde nay ve ly thuylt khd sd huU gi tri gan doi mdi sang tao*^^. Chi so' IDV co he sd tuong quan tuye'n tinh ldn nhdt (r, co y nghia thdng ke) vdi ehi sd ddi mdi sang tao va ehi sd vd'n eon ngUdi va R&D • ^^'' qua Udc lupng eua nhdm tae gia kha tUOng dong vdi n h a n dinh eua Fang et al.
(2016)<22): chi so IDV ed lidn hd tUOng quan tuyln tinh ddng bie'n d mde trung binh cao vdi chi so' doi mdi sang tao (r=0,67) cung chi sd vd'n eon ngUdi va R&D (r=0,61}
(Xem Dd thi 7).
Tuy nhidn, do Singapore la trUdng hgp ngoai Id dae bidt (la mot trong 2 diem di biet - Outlier) cua Udc lUpng md'i tUOng quan bdi nd eo gia tri doi mdi sang tao ngay ea khi la xa hdi tap the, PDI cao vdi UAI va IDV thdp. Ben eanh dd, theo WIPO thi Singapore khdng ehi dan dau trong chau A raa edn ludn ddng trong top 10 nUde dan dau the gidi ve t h a n h qua doi radi sang tao k l tfl dau thdp ky 2010 trd lai day. Vi du, Singapore da dugc xep hang vi tri thd 7 t r e n toan t h i gidi khdng ehi trong nam 2014 (dat 59,2 d i l m va ddng t h d 7/143 nUde x i p hang) ma cdn trong ca nam 2017 (dat 63,8 diem va ddng thd 7/127 nude xep hang) ve ket qua doi mdi sang tao. Ba ly do ehu yeu dugc cho la gdp phan quan trgng nhat vao thue day ket qua doi mdi sang tao d Singapore dd la: (i) chat lugng the c b l cao va quan tri nha nUdc tot, dae biet la hieu qua cao eua ehinh phu; (ii) trinh dp phat trien eua doanh nghiep cao di kera vdi mdt he sinh thai khdi nghiep hap dan va doi mdi sang tao- (iii) vd'n con ngUdi va boat dgng R&D, nhdt la ehat lUpng cao v l vd'n con ngudi d bdc sau pho thdng. Ngoai ra, ed mdt ly do dan^
chu y nfla la ididng t h a n h tflu ve doi mdi
Phi Hong Minh, Biii My Trinh - He gid trj ed't loi ciia Singapore... 73 Do thi 7: Quan he giira chi so chu nghta cdnhdn vdi chi so ddi m&i sdng tao
= 90n
-20 0 20 40 Ch! s6 chd nghTa cd nhan (IDV)
Ngudn: Tdc gid tdng hop ca sa dit' lieu lit cdc ngudn dd ddn.
sang tao van chu ylu thien ve ddng lUc quan tri n h a nUdc tdt va t i l t kiem n h a n tai, nhitog raat yeu cua Singapore la doi mdi sang tao vdn chu ye'u dUa vao van hda sg tha't bai (Kiasu) thay vi van hda doi mdi sang tao. Nhan thde rd diem yeu nay, ehinh phu Singapore da va dang no lUe xay dung CO ehe khuyen khich pho bie'n van hda doi mdi sang tao trong toan xa hpi.
Kfe't lu^n
Singapore la mgt qud'e gia da van hda vdi nhdng dae trUng khae biet vIVac chieu canh van hda qud'e gia (Hofstede) nhfl: xa hdi tap t h i chu nghia, xa hdi ed khoang each quyen lUe cao, xa hdi dinh hUdng dai ban, xa hgi nfl quyen vdi ehi sd t r a n h ne bat dinh eao va chi so dam me thap. Vdi nen tang mdt xa hdi da sae toe, da tdn giao vdi cae gia tri chau A dae trUng, Singapore da xay dung nen hd gia tri cdt ldi d l tdt ca ngudi dan d mpi sae toe, tdn giao khae nhau cflng hfldng d i n la: hda hgp sac tde va tdn giao, tuan thu phap luat, lidm ehinh
va hieu qua, eoi trpng tri tue va nhan tai, va doi mdi sang tao. Trong cac gia tri cdt ldi nay thi quan tri nha nflde td't, eoi trgng tri tue va n h a n tai, cung vdi doi mdi sang tao dupe cho la ba gia tri ed't ldi nhat eua Singapore. Khae vdi nhilu qud'e gia da sac tdc ma dien hinh la An Do dang phai ehdt vat giai quye't eac xung dot, thi viee xay dUng nen eae gia tri edt ldi eO ban da gdp phdn quan trgng gidp dao qudc xda md khoang each van hda, tan dung khac biet d l hudng d i n gia tri ehung vi sU phat t r i l n thinh vUpng./.
C H U THICH
Cue thong ke quoc gia cua Singapore;
https://www.singstat.gov.sg
Trompenaars, F., va Hampden-Turner, C.
(2012), Riding the Waves of Culture:
Understanding Diversity in Global Business (3rd edition). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 7/2019 3. Lai A. E. (2008), Religious Diversity in
Singapore, ISEAS-Yusof Isbak Institute.
4. Hackett, C, Grim, B.J., Stonawski, M., Skirbekk, V., Potan#okova, M., va Abel, G.
(2012), The global religious landscape: A report on the size and distribution of the world's major religious groups as of 2010, Washington, D.C, Pew Research Center.
5. Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture's consequences:
Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2"^ ed.), London, England: Sage.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., Minkov, M.
(2010), Cultures and Organizations:
Software of the Mind, Revised and expand- ed 3'"'' edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Xem "Racial, religious harmony in Singapore a result of give-and-take: P Lee", Channel News Asia, 17/5/2016; "Our values". National Integration Council of Singapore; "Shared values are adopted", Singapore National Printers, 15/1/1991; "Singapore's White paper on Shared values", 1991.
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8. Institute for Economics and Peace (lEP) (2017), Global Peace index 2017: Measuring peace in a complex world, St Leonards:
Institute for Economics and Peace.
9. Xem hSi ky cua Ly Quang Dieu (2000); va
"Upholding rule of law key to Singapore's sur- vival: PM Lee", Chanel News Asm, 1/4/2017.
10. Kaulrnann, D., A. Kraay, va M. Mastruzzi.
(2010), "The Woridwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analj^^ical Issues", Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430, World Bank, Washington DC.
11. Hofstede, G. J., Mmkov, M. (2010), tldd.
12. Bjornskov, C., va Foss, N. (2016),
"Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: What do we know and what do we stUl need to know?" Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(1): 292-315.
13. Xem them Keith Tan va Ghalpai^^h Thangaraju (2014), "The value of values m the Singapore public service", ^^
Digital Edition Issue 13, 14/5/2014; Ly Quang Dieu (2000); Quah (2015, 2018).
14. Xavier Sala-i-Martin (2017), The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018, Worid Economic Forum.
15. Ly Quang Dieu, 2000, tldd; Liu, H. va Zhang, H. (2017), "Chapter 8: Lee Kuan Yew's thoughts on talent and Singapore's development strategy", trong Yang, C.N.;
Yu, Y.S.; va Wang, G. (2017), Lee Kuan Yew though the eyes of Chinese scholars, Singapore: World Scientific, 97-115.
16. Rinne, T., Steel, G. D., va Fairweather, J.
(2012), "Hofstede and Shane revisited: The role of power distance and individualism in national-level innovation success". Cross- cultural research, 46(2): 91-108.
17. Sala-i-Martin (2017), tldd
18. Xem Wong, P.T. (30/7/2018), "Singapore society: 'Kiasu' and 'coraplaining', but one that cares for the elderly, Singapore Today Online.
19. Smale, T. (2016), "Why National Culture Should Be at the Heart of Innovation Manageraent", Technology Innovation Management Review, 6(4): 18-25;
Trompenaars, F. (2007), Riding the Whirlwind: Connecting People and Organisations in a Culture of Innovation, Oxford, UK: The Infinite Ideas Company.
20. Rinne et al. (2012), tldd.
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22. Fang, Z., Xu, X., Grant, L. W., Strongs J H., and Ward, T. J. (2016), "National cul- ture, creativity, and productivity: What's the relationship with student achieve ment?". Creativity Research Journal, 28(41 395-406.
