Phan Nggc ThuJn, Nguygn Diic Chien. Thdch thiec phdt triin kinh te ndng tlidn VijiflSJ!^
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Thach thu-c phat trien kinh t8 nong thon Viet Nam thoi ky chuyen doi: Nhin tir lien ket mang lu-ol san xuat, kinh doanh
cua ho gia dinh 6* hai xa Dong b^ng song Hdng
Phan Ngoc Thuan*, Nguyin Bwc Chien**
* Hoc vien Khoa hgc xa hgi, ** Vien Xa hdi hgc, Vien Hdn Idm KHXH Viet Nam Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/02/2019, ngdy gui phdn bien: 20/02/2020, ngdy duyet ddng: 31/03/2020
r
rong bdi cdnh chuyen ddi vd hgi nhdp, cdc lien kit mang luai xd hdi ddng vai trd quan trgng doi vdi sir phdt trien kinh te cua hd gia dinh ndng thdn a Ddng bdng sdng Hdng. Tuy nhiin, su tdn tai vd dnh hudng cua cdc logi hinh mgng luai xa hgi ddi v&i phdt trien kinh te hg gia dinh ndng thdn dang dgt ra nhieu vdn de cdn gidi quyet Dua vdo ngudn dU lieu nghien cim dinh luang do tde gid khdo sdt ndm 2015 tgi xa Lien Bdo, huyin Tien Du, tinh Bdc Ninh vd xa Ninh Hiep, Huyin Gia Ldm, Thdnh phd Hd Ndl, bdi viet nhdn dien logi hinh mgng luai xa hdi vd cdc lien kit trong sdn xudt, kinh doanh ciia cdc nhdm hd gia dinh d dia phuang ndy, ddng thdi chi ra mdt sd thdch thice trong lien kit phdt trien kinh ti hd gia dinh, cdng nghiip hda, hien dgi hda ndng thdn Ddng bdng song Hdng trong bdi cdnh hdi nhdp qudc ti ngdy cdng sdu rdng.Tir khda: Thach thiic, phat triln kinh t l ndng thdn, lign kgt mang ludi san xuit, kinh doanh hg gia dinh
Mo dau
Trong bdi canh cac qudc gia d chau A (Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Tnmg Qudc, Dai Loan) da hien thyc hda y tirdng phat trien de ttd thanh nhiing cudng qudc kinh tl chi trong vai thap ky. Nhin lai lich sii phat ttign cac qudc gia nay thdi ky dau cho thay ty le dan sd sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn cao, vdi quy md san xuat nhd, phuong thicc san xuit truyen thdng, lac hau. Nhung qua trinh chuyin ddi ca ciu nghi nghiep, cdng nghiep hda nhanh da lam thay doi dien mao cdng ddng ndng thdn ve dan sd, quy md va phuong thite san xuat theo hudng cong nghiep, hien dai. Digu dang chii y la sy thay ddi nay tao ra dot pha vg phuang thiie va quy md san xuat ciia hg gia dinh dg vuon dgn cac md hinh kinh t l khong 16, cac tap doan kinh te gia dinh himg raanh (Toyota, Huyndai, Samsung, LG, Mitsubishi, v.v...).
0 Vigt Nara, xa hdi nong thdn dang thay doi nhanh chdng do tac ddng cua qua ttinh Ddi mdi va hdi nhap qudc te. Man chot ciia sy thay ddi la cac dinh che Nha nudc giam bdt kigm soat dl tao co hdi
Nghien cim An Dg va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.72-81
Phan Nggc Thuin, Nguyen Diic ChJen. Thdch thuc phdt trien kinh ti ndng thdn Viet Nam...
cho cac chu thi xa hdi d khu vyc ndng thdn tij chii trong phat ttign san xuit, kinh doanh. Dilu nay din din thyc tg la cac ca nhan, nhdm hg gia dinh dang chu ddng tira kiem va thigt lap cac ttao ddi khac nhau ttong ddi sdng xa hdi. 0 cac cdng ddng ndng thdn Ddng bang sdng Hdng, dac biet la cac lang nghi, lang budn, kinh doanh, dich vu dang binh thanh nhigu loai hinh ttao doi vdi quy md, cip do khac nhau. Va cac mang ludi xa hdi nay hinh thanh da cd tac ddng tich cyc, kich thich hd gia dinh hgp tac tim kigm viec lam, hd ttg ttong phat trign kinh tg hd gia dinh theo hudng rit da dang, gdp phin quan ttgng vao qua ttmh chuygn ddi co cau nghg nghiep ndng thdn theo hudng cdng nghiep hien dai va thich iing vdi bdi canh ciia sy chuygn ddi xa hgi. Tuy nhien, cac lign kgt mang ludi xa hdi cua hg gia dinh ndng thdn cung dang nay sinh nhigu van dg tigu eye, dugc xem nhu la thach thiic, he luy xa hgi' ttong tiln ttinh hien dai hda va phat trign bgn virng ndng thdn ma Dang va Nha nudc ta dang rit quan tam.
Vg hgc thuat, lam ro ve mdi lien he giiia mang ludi xa hgi va phat trign kinh tg la van dg dugc gidi nghign ciiu khoa hgc xa hdi qudc tg rat quan tam ttong nhiing thap ky qua. "Mgng ludi xa hgi. phdn dnh moi lien ket cua ede cd nhdn vai nhau, cdc mdi lien ket ndy cd the Id mgt hay nhieu mdi quan he.
Cdc mdi lien kit vd trao ddi cd thi giup thdnh vien vd cdc thdnh vien trong mgng ludi xd hdi thuc hien muc tieu chung hay muc tiiu rieng mgt cdch cd hiiu qud" (Marshall, 2010, pp.355-356). Mdt sd tac gia di sau giai thich tac ddng tich cyc va tieu cyc cua mang ludi xa hdi ddi vdi phat ttign kinh tg.
Nghign cim cua Woolcock va Narayan (2000) nhan manh cae quan he xa hgi cung cap cac co bgi de huy dgng cac ngudn lyc thiic day tang trudng. Granovetter (1973) da chi rd tam quan ttgng cua cac lign kgt ygu va lign kgt manh. Ong cho rang cac Hgn kgt manh la cac hen kgt gan giii giiia nhiing ca nhan tucmg duong nhau nhu cac ban be than thigt, trong khi cae lign kgt ygu la cac quan he quen bigt.
Nghign Cliu cua Waldinger (1995, p.557) din theo Alejandro Portes (2003, p.107) chi ra cac mdi quan he tuong ddng cd thg tao digu kien thiie day hieu qua cac giao dich kinh tg giiia cac thanh vign, nhimg lai ngan ngita ngudi ngoai tham gia. Tac gia Fukuyama (2002) edn cho rang ttong cac quan hg hg hang, mac dii tao ra sy trg giiip cho cac ca nhan hoac doanh nghiep trong nhiing thdi digra kinh tg khd khan, song do nhung hg qua tigu cyc keo theo nhu su thilu tin cay ddi vdi ngudi xa la, ngn gay ra khd khan khi cac doanh nghiep Idn manh. Nhu vay, cho dgn nay cd nhigu quan digm chi ra anh hudng tieh cue va tigu cyc cua cac lign kgt mang ludi xa hgi. Trong nghign ciiu nay chiing tdi mudn tim higu cac loai hinh mang ludi xa hdi trong cdng ddng ndng thdn gdm: mang ludi xa hdi chinh thiic nhu Dang, chmh quyln, doan the, doanh nghiep; mang ludi xa hdi phi chinh thiie nhu gia dmh, ddng hg, cac phudng hgi ty nguyen ttong cdng ddng lang xa da cd anh hudng tich cyc, tigu cyc din boat ddng san xuat, kinh doanh cua hd gia dinh d ndng thdn hien nay.
1. Cau hoi nghien cihi, ngudn du lieu va phiroiag phap nghien cmi
Cau hdi nghien ciru dat ra la lien kit mang ludi xa hgi chinh thiic va phi chinh tiiiic da anh hudng tich cue va tieu cyc nhu tbl nao den phat ttiln kinh te ciia cac nhdm hd gia dinh ndng thdn Ddng bang sdng Hdng d Viet Nam trong bdi canh hien nay? Sy khac biet ttong lign kit dugc thg hien nhu thg nao giua cac nhdm theo chi bao gidi, nhdm ttidi, hgc vin, nghg, miic sdng va dia ban cu tiii?
' Thach thiic va he lay xa hpi: phan hoa xa hpi, lien kit cue bp, tnet neu sang tao ca nhan v.v . ).
Nghign cim An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tr.72-81
Phan Nggc Thuin, Nguyin Dire Chien. Thdch thiec phdt triJn kinh te nong thdnJljiJ^f^'H^:^
Ngudn du lieu: Dya vao so lieu dinh lugng cua dl tai "Mang ludi xa hgi ti-ong phdt triiih kinh te ho gia dinh ndng thdn ddng bdng sdng Hong", khao sat tai 2 xa Ninh Hiep va Lign Bao tiiugc Ddng bing sdng Hdng do tac gia Nguygn Diic Chien va nhdm nghign ciiu Vien Xa hgi hgc tiln hanh nam 2015-2016 Dung lugng miu nghign ciiu dinh lugng la 600 hd gia dinli, cac thanli vien chii ylu la vg hoac chdng la ngudi dai dien ciia hd gia dinh da tham gia tta ldi cac thdng tin lign quan din mang ludi lign ket ttong san xuat, kinh doanh eua hd gia dinh
Hai xa Lign Bao va Ninh Hiep dlu nam d phia Bfie cua ddng bing sdng Hdng. Xa Ninh Hiep nam d phia Bac Huyen Gia Lam, ngoai thanh Ha Ngi. Day la mdt vimg qug giau cd do pbat ttign da nganh nghe nhu chg bien lam san, duge lieu, kinh doanh vai, may mac, phat ttign dich vy, hoat dgng san xuat ndng nghiep chi cdn ty le khdng dang kl. Trong khi xa Lign Bao thugc huyen Tign Du, tinh Bac Ninh la dia phuong cd tdc do chuygn ddi co can nganh nghg cham ban so vdi Ninh Hiep, boat dgng san xuat, kinh doanh cua cac hd gia dinh van mang tinh hdn hgp, hd gia dinh kgt hgp san xuat ndng nghigp vdi boat ddng kinh doanh, dich vu ngoai ndng nghiep.Nghign ciiu chgn hai xa nay nham tim hign khac biet vg miic do lien kgt ciia cac loai hinh raang ludi xa hdi ttong phat ttign kinh tg gia dinh ndng thdn.
Phuong phap nghign cii-u: sau khi xir ly tin suit cae xu hudng tac ddng tich cue va tigu cyc cua lign kgt mang ludi, dg lam ro sy tac ddng chiing tdi da sir dyng rad hinh hdi quy logistic, cac bien sd ddc lap nhu mdi, gidi tinh, nghg nghiep, ttinh do hgc van, miic sdng, dia ban cu trii dua vao phan tich cimg vdi bign sd phy thugc nhara lam ro miic do tac ddng ciia lign kgt mang ludi ddi vdi boat dgng san xuat kinh doanh cua hg gia dinh ndng thdn.
2. Ket qua nghien ciru
2.1. Cdc logi hinh mgng ludi xd hdi a hai dia phuang
Mang ludi gia fflnh, ddng hg bao gdm cac lign kgt vdi nhdm cha rae, anh ehi em rudt, hg hang ben ndi bgn ngoai. Lign Bao va Nmh Hiep la hai cdng ddng ndng thdn ven do chiu tac ddng manh ciia do thi hda va cdng nghiep hda, nhung gia dinh d day van mang dang vg tmyen thdng. Mac dii mau hinh gia dinh hat nhan d day chigm da sd nhung anh chi em rudt cua cae gia dinh bau nhu sdng cimg lang hoac cimg xa. Sd gia dinh md rdng gom 3 tbl he, tham chi cd gia dinh 4 thg he cimg chung song chilm ty le dang kg. Thyc tg nay tao nen mdt raang ludi xa hgi gia dinh bao phii raoi quan he eiia ca nhan.Vl ddng hg. Lien Bao cd 7 ddng hg Idn va ban 20 ddng hg nhd dang eu tni ttgn dia ban xa. Ninh Hiep cd 69 ddng hg Idn nhd, ttong do 9 ddng hg co sd lugng va quy md mong ddi Idn va cung la chinh gde d xa.
Mang ludi phudng hgi ttong va ngoai lang bao gdm nhiing ngudi cd cimg sd thich, cimg nganh nghg ty nguyen tham gia vdi lihau. Lien Bao cd 36 hdi, Ninh hiep cd 47 hgi. Ninh Higp cd nhilu hgi la do xa ddng dan cu, nganh nghg va quan he buon ban kinb doanh phong phii, mire sdng va nhu ciu da dang ban so vdi Lign Bao. Cac phat hien vg sy da dang cua loai hinh mang ludi phudng hdi d hai xa Lign Bao va Nmh Hiep eiing tuong ddng vdi kgt qua nghign ciru ciia Mai Van Hai va cgng su (2013).
Mang ludi xa hdi chinh thiic, Lign Bao va Ninh Hiep deu ed 11 td chicc Dang, chinli quyln doan tbl (Chi bg Dang, Chinh quygn, Mat ttan td qudc, Doan Thanh nign, Hgp tac xa, va cac hgi Phu nft
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.72-81 74
Phan Nggc Thuin, Nguygn Dire Chien. Thdch thuc phdt triin kinh tj ndng thdn Viet Nam...
Cyu chiln bmh, Ndng dan, Chii thap dd, Khuygn hge, Ngudi cao mdi...). Cae td chiic nay dugc hinh thanh tu rit ISu va it thay ddi, thanh vign tham gia cae td chitc nay dya ttgn quy dinh cua chinh quyln.
Kgt qua khao sat cung cho thay hd gia dinh d hai dia phuong tich cue tham gia vao cac nhdm mang ludi xa hdi ttong cdng ddng, cd 51,1% ngudi ttong mSu tra ldi tham gia tir 5 - 10 nhora, 40,9%
ngudi dan thara gia tti 11-15 nhdm; chi cd 8% cdn lai la tham gia dudi 5 nhdm hoac trgn 15 nhdm.Viec tham gia vao cac nhdm/hgi cung cd khac nhau d hai dia phuang.
Bleu 1: So liiffng nhom ma ngirdi tra ldl tham gia
Don vi: (%)
I
- H 13,6. H
• • •
DudiSnhdra Tii5-10nhdm Tirll-15nhdra I • Xa Lign Bao • Xa Ninh Hiep
Ngudn: Kgt qua ciia dg tai Mgng lu&i xd hgi trgng phdt trien kinh ti hg gia dinh ndng thdn ddng bdng sdng Hdng 2015 - 2016.
Bigu dd cho thay da sd ngudi dan tai xa Lign Bao la thanh vign cua 5 - 1 0 nhdm/ hdi (chiem ti le cao nhat 75,2%). Trong khi do, tai xa Ninh Hiep, ty le ngudi dan d day la thanh vign ciia 11- 15 nbdm/
hgi lai chigm ti le cao nhat (67,2%). Ty le ngudi dan d Ninh Hiep tham gia trgn 15 nbdm rit it (chi chigm 3,3%) (ttong khi dd khdng cd ngudi dan nao d xa Lign Bao tham gia 15 nhdm trd Ign) nhung chi bao nay cung phan nao cho thay mang ludi xa hdi cua ngudi dan d xa Ninh Hiep tuong ddi rgng so vdi ngudi dan d xa Lien Bao.
2.2. Tdc dgng tich cue vd tieu cue eua lien kit mgng ludi xd hdi
Ngudi dan tai Ninh Hiep va Lign Bao tham gia vao nhigu mang ludi xa hdi khac nhau. Cac mang ludi xa hdi nay cd quy md va miic do lign kit khac nhau. Chiing toi thing kg va phan ehia he thdng mang ludi xa hgi d hai xa Lign Bao va Ninh Hiep thanh 7 nhdm mang ludi xa hdi. Cac loai hinh mang ludi xa hdi nay gdm cac lien kit nhdm frong gia dinh, ddng hg, hang xdm, ngudi lang, ban be cung hgi ty nguyen, sd thich, chinh quyln, doan thI.Va rgng hon niia la mdi quan he xa hgi vdi nhiing ngudi ngoai lang, tham chi la nhiing ngudi vugt qua bign gidi lanh thd Viet Nam. Cac sd lieu ttong bang 1 dudi day se cho thiy tac ddng tich cyc ciia lign kit mang ludi xa hdi ttong phat tiign kinh te hg gia dmh.
Bang 1. Tac ddng tich cyc cua mang ludi xa hoi
Thiic diy phat triln Tao gin ket, bao ve Tang cudng chia san xuit, kinh doanh thanh vien se tinh cam
Nghign Cliu An Dd va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tr.72-81 75
Phan Ngpc Thuin, Nguygn Biic Chien. Thach thicc phat triin kinh ti nong thon VHlNa;^
Lo^i hinh mang lirdi
1. B ^ me, a n h chi em r u o t ciia \if chong
2. Ho h^ng noi ngoai
3. H a n g x6m, ngircri lang
4. Ban be cung hoi t y nguyen, so thich
5. Hdi, d o i n t h i dia phirong
%
80,3
72,5
43,5
34,2
53,0 N
482
435
261
205
318
%
75,5
72,7
38,8
33,7
30,2 N
453
436
233
202
181
%
85,8
81,2
43,0
35,2
25,2 N
515
487
258
211
151
6. Hffp tac xa, chinh quyen 57,3 344 18,2 109 14,0 84 7. Ngiriri ngo^i l^ng 52,2 313 7,3 44 6,3 38 8. NgirM nirffc ngoai 24,8 149 0,8 5,0 0,5 3,0 Ngudn: Kgt qua cua dg tai Mgng luai xa hdi trong phdt trien kinh te hg gia dinh ndng thdn ddng bdng sdng Hdng 2015 - 2016
Ba tae dgng co ban ddi vdi kinh te hg gia dinh khi hd gia dinh tham gia vao cac loai hinh mang ludi xa hdi la:l) Thiic day phat trien san xuat, kinb doanh; 2) Tao gan kgt, bao vg cac thanh vign ciia minh; 3) Tang cudng chia se tinb cam vdi nhau. Tuy nhign, cac mang ludi xa hdi ma ngudi dan la thanh vign khong phai tat ca dgu cd nhirng lgi ich nhu nhau.
Loai binb mang ludi ma cae thanh vigned mdi lign he gan gui nhat, than thigt nhat nhu bd me, anh chi em rudt trong gia dinh va nhiing ngudi hg hang dem lai nhigu Igi ich ban ca so vdi cac raang ludi xa hdi khac. Nhin chung, phan Idn ngudi tta ldi cho rang bd me, anh chi em rudt va hg hang ngi ngoai la nhiing ngudi vira thiic day phat trien san xuat, kinh doanh, vira giiip cac thanh vien cua nd gan kgt va bao ve cac thanh vign cua minh; va ddng thdi khi tham gia mang ludi xa hgi cac thanh vign cd ca hdi tang cudng chia sg tinh cam vdi nhau. Dac biet, ttgn 80% ngudi dan cho rang mang ludi xa hgi bao gdm bd me, anh chi em rudt ttong gia dinh va hg hang ndi ngoai giiip tang cucmg chia se tinh cam.
Nhu vay,du boat ddng ttong loai hinh nghe nghiep nao, da sd ngudi dan vin eho ring ngn hgp tac lam an vdi nhiing ngudi cd quan he mgt thit ttong gia dinh nhu bd me, anh chi em mgt. Bdi le, ttong hoat ddng kinh doanh can nhat la su tin tudng lan nhau, cimg hgp tac dg iam an. Viec hgp tac vdi ngudi bgn ngoai gia dinh cd thg it dem lai cho ngudi dan su tin tudng lin nhau. Trong khi dd ddi vdi nhiing ngudi than trong gia dinh, song gan vdi hg va hieu bg la ai thi dg dang ttg giiip lan nhau trong nhiing luc gap khd khan. Tham cbi, khi xay ra xung dot, mau thuin thi ngudi than ttong gia dinh ciing de dang bd qua cho nhau hon so vdi ngudi ngoai. Dilu nay hoan toan phii hgp vdi ttiet ly sdng cua ngudi Viet tic xua dgn nay, do la '"mdt gigt mdu ddo han ao nude Id" hay "anh em nhu the ehdn tay, rdch lanh diim bgc. da hay da dan".
Ddi vdi mang ludi chinh quygn nhu Hdi Phu nur, Doan Thanh nien, Hgi Cyu chign binh, Hgp tac xa... va hang xdra, ngudi lang than thiet thi sy nhan dinh ciia ngudi tra ldi cd khac nhau d6i chiit, Vdi
Nghign cuu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.72-81 7^
^ Phan Nggc Thuin, Nguyin Diic Chien. Thdch thuc phdt trien kinh ti ndng thdn Viet Nam...
mang ludi hang xdm, ngudi lang, khoang 43% ngudi tta ldi cho rang tham gia vao mdi quan he hang xdm lang gilng chu ylu la dg thiic day phat trign kinli doanh va tang cudng chia se tinh cam. Tuy nhien, miic do thiie diy phat ttiln kinh doanh cua mang ludi nay khdng nhilu bing viec tham gia vao cac hdi doan thg dia phuong va cac td ehiic xa hgi cua chinh quygn. 53% va 57,3% ngudi dan cho ring cac hdi doan thi; hgp tac xa va chinh quygn giiip thiic day phat ttign san xuat kinh doanh. Trong khi do, chi CO mdt ty le nhd ngudi tta ldi cho rang cac mang ludi ciia hdi doan the dia phuong va ciia chinh quygn tao gan kgt, bao ve thanh vien hay tang cudng chia sg tinh cam giira cac thanh vien. Tren thuc tg, cac t l chirc chinh tti- xa hdi d dia phuong nhu Hdi Phu nii, Hdi Ndng dan,., va Hgp tac xa, chinh quyen ngoai thyc hien chiic nang chinh tri, cac hdi nay cdn tao dilu kien cho cac hdi vign cua minh vay vdn lam an de cd tbl xda ddi giam ngheo. Tuy nhign, sy giiip do nay chi dimg lai d viec hd ttg vdn vdi quy md nhd. Vdi nhiing hd can sd vdn Idn de dau tu san xuat kinh doanh nhu tai xa Ninh Higp hg thudng khdng tim den sy giiip dd ciia cac doan the, chinh quygn dia phuong.
Doi vdi cac nhdm/hgi ty nguyen, nhdm sd thich raang tinh chat phi chinh thirc, khoang35% ngudi dan cho rang viec thara gia vao cac hgi nay thiic day san xuat kinh doanh, tao gan kgt, bao ve cac thanh vign ddng thdi giup tang cudng chia se tinh cam. Nhu vay, chi cd khoang 1/3 ngudi tta ldi cho rang viec tham gia cac nhdm hdi ty nguyen cd lgi ich cho hg ca vg vat chat va tinh than.
Ddi vdi mang ludi xa hgi cd pham vi ngoai lang, hay tham chi la d nudc ngoai, mire dd tac ddng len cac thanh vign cua raang ludi ciing ttiong ddi khac nhau. Nhin chung, tham gia mang ludi xa hdi vdi nhiing ngudi ben ngoai lang giup ngudi dan dia phuang thiic diy phat trign san xuat kinh doanh (52,2%), tuy nhien mang ludi nay lai hiu nhu khdng cd tac ddng tich cyc ttong viee ban ve cac thanh vign hay tao sy gan bd giiia cac thanh vign ttong mang ludi (dudi 10% ngudi dan cho rang nhiing ngudi ngoai lang tao gan kgt tinh cam hay bao ve nhiing thanh vien ttong mang ludi xa hdi). Cdn ddi vdi mang ludi d nudc ngoai, d day chii ylu la cac ddi tac budn ban lam an vdi nhiing gia dinh lam nghg vai, nghi thudc Bic, thudc Nam d xa Ninh Hiep, mdi quan he nay tuy cd thiic day phat ttien san xuit kinh doanh nhung vdi miic do thip (chi 24,8% ngudi tta ldi cd nhan djnh nhu vay). Trong khi dd, chi dudi 1% ngudi tta Idi cho bilt mang ludi xa hgi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai giitp bao ve thanh vign va tang cudng ehia se tinh cam. Dilu nay cung phin nao dl hiiu bdi le ttong mdt mang ludi xa hdi, chi khi ngudi ta cd sy tin tudng lin nhau, chia sg chung cac gia tti vg tinh doan kit, thyc hien bdn phan dii vdi nhau thi mdi cd tbl hgp tac. Trong khi do, ddi vdi cac mang ludi xa hdi vuot ngoai khudn khd pham vi lang xa, ngudi dan nong thdn chua hiiu nhieu vl mang ludi nay, vi vay, viec tham gia mang ludi CO yeu td nudc ngoai chi la phuc vu mdt muc dich nhit dinh nao dd chii khdng gin vdi sy chia se tmh cam vdn cd nhu vdi nhiing ngudi trong cimg mdt khdng gian eu tni.
Vay tiiam gia vao cac mang ludi xa hdi nhu da ndi d ttgn lieu cd nhung tac ddng tieu cyc nao cho cac thanh vign ciia nd (xera bang 2).
Bang 2. Tac dgng tieu cue cua mang liroi xa hoi
Loai hinh mang l u ^ Kim ham phat Tao raau tliuin giiia Can ttd su tir chu triln san xuit, cac thinh vign cua thanh vien
kinh doanh ^_^_^^____
Nghign cim An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.72-81
5,8
%
3,8 18,2
11,0
5,2 3,7 6,0 2,3
N 35
23 109 66 31 22 36 14
%
20,8
22,3
13,7
2,7 3,7 3,7 6,2 2,0
N 125
134 82 16 22 22 37 12
%
6,8 5,3 5,8 2,5 3,0 2,7 2,7 0,8
N 41 32 35 15 18 16 16 5 J Phan Nggc Thuju, Nguyin Diic Chien, Thdch thiec phdt triJn kinh ti nong thdnViJtJy
%
1. B 6 me,anh chi em ru§t cua vg, chong 5,8 35 2. Ho hang noi ngoai
3. H^ng som, ngirfri l^kng
4. Ban be ciing hoi tir nguyan, so* thich 11,0 5. H9i, do^n the dia phirong
6. Hgp tac xa, chinh quyen 7. Nguoi ngoai lang 8. Nguoi niro'c ngoai
Ngudn: Kgt qua cua de tai Mgng ludi xd hdi trong phdt triin kinh ti hd gia dinh ndng thdn ddng bdng sdng Hdng 2015 - 2016
Nghign Cliu nay xem xet nbiing tac ddng tigu cyc ciia cac mang ludi xa hdi tai 2 dia phuang tten 3 khia canh: 1) kim ham phat trign san xuit, kinh doanh; 2) tao raau thuin giiia cac thanh vien va 3) can ttd sy ty chu cua cac thanh vien.
Truac hit. chung ta xem xet nhirng tdc dgng tieu cue trong mgng ludi xa hdi cua ngudi ngodi Idng, a nudc ngodi. Cd the ndi, nhiing ttao ddi, lign kgt lam an vdi nhiing ngudi thudc ben ngoai lang, dac bigt la nhiing ngudi d nudc ngoai la nhung ttao doi thuin ttiy ve mat kinh tl theo nguyen tic "thudn mua vita ban" chir it khi bao gdm nhirng dac diem lign quan dgn sy tin cay cimg nhu boat ddng theo mdt nguygn tac chung nhat dinh nhu cac mang ludi ttong pham vi lang xa. Theo ttao ddi ciia mdt sd ngudi dan kinh doanh thuoc Bac, thudc Nam va kinh doanh vai may mac tai xa Nmh Hiep, do nhu ciu md rdng thi trudng ciing nhu mudn tang thgm Igi nhuan ttong kinh doanh, thi ttirdng cua hg khdng chi cdn gidi han ttong pham vi lang xa, tmh mign Bac Viet Nam ma hg da tu may md tim higu ve thi trudng Tmng QuIc.
Va viec kham pha, md rgng thi trudng sang nudc ngoai chu ylu do ban than tu radi ca nhan thuc hien thdng qua ngudi phign dich. Khi hg khdng mudn thyc hien cac giao djch lam an, hg khdng cin mit thdi gian hay bd cdng sire dg duy tri cac mii quan he vdi nhiing ngudi nudc ngoai.
Tuy nhien, ttong qua tiinh kham pha va md rdng thi trudng nhu vay, hg ciing can thdng qua nhimg mdi quen bigt cd sEn ttong lang xa - dd la nhimg ngudi chay xe dua ddn hang tii Tmng Qudc vl Viet Nam va bgp tac theo nguygn tic "cd di cd lgi" hai ben eiing cd lgi. Chinh vi it cd su rang buoc vdi cac raang ludi bgn ngoai lang xa ciing nhu chii ygu ngudi dan Ninh Hiep tham gia vao cac giao dich can cii ttgn lgi nhuan kinh doanh ngn nhin chung ngudi d§n cho ring ngudi ngoai lang, dac bigt la
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.72-81 yg
Phan Nggc Thuin, Nguygn Dice Chien. Thdch thiie phdt triin kinh ti ndng thdn VietNam...
ngudi nudc ngoai it cd tac dgng tigu cue den nhiing ngudi tham gia raang ludi nay (khoang 2% ngudi dan nhan dinh ttiara gia vao mang ludi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai gay tac ddng tigu cyc din hg).
Bdi vdi mgng ludi Id cdc to chicc chinh tri xa hdi vd chinh quyen dia phuang ttong pham vi lang xa, nhung td chiic nay nhu da xera xet d phan ttgn cho thay cd vai ttd it nhieu ttong viec thiie diy san xuat kinh doanh cho cac thanh vign cua hdi. Do tinh ehat dac thii rieng ciia hdi va chinh quyln thign vl hoat ddng chinh tti, cd nguygn tac va digu le hoat ddng ro rang va dudi sy chi dao, giam sat ciia cac td churc Dang, chinh quydn dia phuong, vi vay ve nguyen tac cac mang ludi xa hgi nay it gay ra nhirng tac dgng tigu cyc lign quan dgn hoat dgng san xuS.t, kinh doanh hay tao man thuin, han chi sy ty chii ciia cac thanh vign tham gia mang ludi. Chi khoang3% - 5% ngudi tra ldi cho bilt viec tiiam gia vao 2 loai hinb mang ludi xa hgi nay co tac dgng tigu cue.
Theo sy danh. gia cua ngudi dan thi mgng ludi nhicng nguai trong Idng, trong xdm vd nhicng ngudi trong cung nhom hgi tu nguyen lai gay ra bat Igi cho boat dgng san xuat kinh doanh cua cac thanh vien. Theo dd, 11,0% ngudi dan cho biet cac hdi ty nguyen kim ham phat trign san xuat kinh doanh, ti le nay vdi nhdm hang xdm, ngudi lang la 18,2%. Ty le ngudi dan danh gia anh hudng tigu cue cua 2 nhdm ttgn dgn phat ttign san xuat kinh doanh cao gap tii 2 - 3 lan so vdi ti le danh gia miic do anh hudng tigu cue dgn phat trign san xuat kinh doanh cua cac mang ludi xa hdi cdn lai.
Bdi vai mgng ludi xd hdi ciia nhieng ngudi hg hdng, anh em rudt thit nguai thdn trong gia dinh, chi khoang 6% ngudi tra ldi cho rang bd me, anh chi em rudt hay hg hang ndi ngoai kim ham sy phat triln san xuat kinh doanh, hoac lam can trd sy ty chii ciia thanh vign nim ttong lign ket nay. Ty le nay ttiy khdng phai Idn, nhung nd ciing ggi cho ngudi ta nhimg suy nghT ve viec tae dgng cua kinh tg thi tmdng din nhirng chuin myc dao due ttong gia dinh. Theo dd, ben canh nhirng tac dgng tich cyc ma kinh tg thi trucmg dem lai, do la sy md rgng san xuat giiip ngudi dan tang thu nhap va cd ddi sdng bnh tg ngay cang tdt len, thi mat trai ciia nd cung phan nao lam xdi mdn nhirng gia tri tmygn thdng da tdn tai lau ddi ttong xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam.Va dilu dang ndi la cd tdi 20,8% ngudi tra ldi cho rang bd me, anh chi em rudt tao man thuin giira cac thanh vign; va ti le nay d mang ludi hg hang ndi ngoai la 22,3%. Lieu day cd phai la dilu khd hilukhdng? Cd thi thiy, mang ludi xa hgi cua nhirng ngudi than ttong gia dinh la mang ludi ed quy md, gidi han hep chi ttong mdt sd thanh vign nhat dinh cd quan he mgt tiiit, huylt thdng. Bgn canh nhiing tac ddng tich cyc ma mang ludi nay tao ra nhu giiip dd cac thanh vign ttong nhirng liic hoan nan, khd khan, cho vay vdn dl md rgng san xuit kinh doanh... thi co thg do quy rad ciia mang ludi nay hep din din nhiing tac ddng tigu cyc nhu Portes da noi: dd la vdn xa h6i ttong cac cdng ddng va nhdm khep kin cd thi ngan can sy thanh cdng ttong kmh doanh cua eac thanh vign va vdi dac tinh lign kit, trong nhilu tinh hudng su thanh cdng ciia ca nhan lam xdi mdn cd kit nhdm (Portes, 1998).
Ngay ban than ngudi dan lam nghi kinh doanh, dich vu tai xa Ninh Hiep ciing phai thira nhan ring, ttong budn ban kinh doanh cac moi quan he xa hdi diln ra ttrong ddi khae so vdi cudc sdng hang ngay. Vi vay, ehuyen raau thuin trong ngi bg anh em, hg hang khi lign quan din kinh tg, kinh doanh la digu khdng thg ttanh khdi.
Nghign cuu An Dd va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.72-81
Phan Nggc Thuan, Nguygn Diic Chien. Thdch thuc phdt triin kinh ti ndng thdnVijLl^^!^!^^
Nhu vay, khi xem xet cac mang ludi lign kit ttong phat ttiln kinh tl hd gia dinh tai xa Ninh Higp va xa Lign Bao cd thg thiy rang mdi mang ludi xa bdi ma ngudi dan la thanh vign dlu dem lai nhftng lgi ich nhat dinh ttong viec phat triln kinh tl hg gia dinh theo hudng tich cyc. Tuy nhien, khdng thg phu nh§n nhimg tac ddng tieu cyc ma cac mang ludi xa hdi nay tao ra cho cac thanh vign ciia minh. Co thg thay, Viet Nara ndi chung va ndng thdn Viet Nam ndi rigng, ttong dd cd Ninh Hiep va Lien Bao dang ttong qua trinh chuygn ddi dg hda minh vao xu hudng cdng nghigp hda, hign dai hda va hgi nhap qudc tl. Trong bdi canh chung nay, bgn canh vigc lign kit vdi nhirng thanh vign rudt thit, gan bd vg mat huyet thdng, hay lien ket vdi nhirng ngudi trong pham vi lang xa, bg da md rgng IJgn kgt cua mmh ra ngoai lang xa de tim kigm thi trudng nham phat trign san xuit kinh doanh. Nhimg nhin chung, cac mang ludi than tdc van ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi mdi thanh vien ttong hai dia ban khao sat nay.
Trgn thyc tl, ban than ngudi din tai Ninh Hiep va Lign Bao ciing cho bilt raiic do lign kgt manh nhit la vdi nhftng ngudi than cd cung huygt thdng vdi minh.Tbeo dd, hg lign kit manh nhat vdi cha me anh em rudt thit ttong gia dinh (72,8%), tilp dgn la vdi hg hang ben ngi, ngoai (51,5%). Va sy lign kit nay se ngay cang ylu di nlu pham vi cu tni cua cac thanb vign ttong raang ludi nay ngay cang md rdng. Hg danh gia lign kit vdi cae td chiic chinh tti xa hgi, cac doan thi tai dia phuang d mite do trung binh. Va miic do lign kit Idng leo nhat la vdi nhdm ngudi d ngoai lang, d nudc ngoai.
K e t luan
Qua nhiing phan tich trgn cd thi thay mang ludi xa hdi dang ddng vai ttd quan trgng ddi vdi phat triln kinh t l ndng thdn Viet Nam, gdp phan tich cyc vao viee phat trign kinb tg eho cac hd gia dinh d khu vyc nong thdn. Nhin chung, xa hgi ndng thdn d ddng bing sdng Hdng van chii ygu dugc van hanh bdi nhiing mdi quan hg than thuoc, c6 tinh huygt thdng va mang dac trung lgi ich nhdm. Thuc tg khdng thg phu nhan nhimg tac ddng tich cyc ma mang ludi than tdc mang lai cho cac thanh vign cua nd. Bgn canh viec giiip dd thanh vien ttong luc khd khan, giiip phat ttign, md rdng san xuat kinh doanh, ddng thdi qua nhittig hinh thiic tuang trg nay, mdi quan he gifta ngudi than ttong gia dinh ngay cang dugc cimg cd va that chat. Tuy nhign, diing trudc bdi canh kinh te thi trudng, lgi nhuan vg kinh tg, dudng nhu chinh nhirng mdi quan he than tgc trong gia dinh ciing diing trudc nhigu thach thiic khign cho cac thanh vign trong gia dirih khdng chi liic nao cung tuong trg, dum bgc nhau, ma d mgt sd hoan canh nd lai can ttd, gay man thuan giua cac thanh vign trong gia dinh.
Bgn canh mang ludi cac quan he than tdc, cac td ehirc chinh tti xa hgi va cbinh quygn dia phuang ciing tham gia vao viec thiic diy san xuat kinh doanh cho cac hdi vign ciia minh.Tuy nhign, vai ttd ciia chinh quygn dia phuang va cac to chiic chinh tri xa hgi dudng nhu van md nhat, van chua tuang xiing vdi vai trd la mdt thigt che quan trgng ttong he thong lang xa d ddng bang sdng Hdng. Trong khi do, Ciic td chiic xa hgi ttj nguyen mang tinh chat phi chinh thiic ngay cang xuat hien nhigu d khu vuc ndng thdn. Tuy nhien, ngudi ta thara gia vao mang ludi xa hdi nay vin ehii ygu nham thda man nhu ciu sd thich ca nhan ma mang ludi nay chua phat huy dugc tinh tuong ttg ttong phat trign kinh tl cho cac thanh vign cua minh.
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tr.72-81
Phan Ngpc Thuin, Nguygn Diic Chien. Thdch thicc phdt triin kinh ti ndng thdn Viit Nam...
Tac ddng cua kinh tl thi tiirdng da tao ra nhigu sy chuygn ddi Idn ttong xa hdi nong thdn Viet Nam. Hien nay,cac mang ludi quan he xa hgi ttong phat ttign kinh tl hg gia dinh khdng chi con dimg lai ttong pham vi hg tdc, lang xa, ma cac mdi quan he nay dang dan vuon ra ben ngoai lang xa, tham chi ngoai bgn gidi Viet Nara nham muc tieu xda ddi, giam ngheo. Day la mdt xu hudng tit ylu cua qua trinh toan cau hda va hdi nhap qudc te dang dien ra raanh me. Cac mang ludi nay cung dang gop phin thiic diy phat trign kinh tg ndng thdn thdng qua md rdng thi ttirdng tieu thy san phim cho ngudi dan ndng thdn. Tuy nhign, do tinh chit mdi me cua nd, cac mang ludi nay cung mdi tbl hien duge mgt phin nhd nhiing lgi ich ddi vdi phat ttign kinh tg hd gia dinh d ndng thdn. Nhiing biiu hien tigu cyc trong hen kit nhu "Idm dn kiem chup gidt" quan tam nhigu "loi ich kinh te", '"tinh cue bd, dge quyin",
"thiiu niem tin" ttong lign kgt, v.v... dang tdn tai trong cac mdi quan he san xuat, kinh doanh cua hg gia dinh ndng thdn.
Nhu vay, mac dii da cd nhigu bign ddi, nhung sy gan ket xa hdi khu vyc ndng thdn Dong bang song Hdng van cdn kha cao, dugc thg hien thdng qua cac radi quan he gia dinh, ddng hg va gia dinh, dong hg tigp tue van la mang ludi ttg giiip hiiu ich cho cac thanh vign ttong gia dinh. Tuy xa hdl ndng thon da hinh thanh mdt cdng ddng tin cay lan nhau, nhung dieu dd chua du de cac thanh vign ttong lign kit cd niem tin cao, cd the ttdng chd sy giiip dd nao dd eua cac td chiic va nhdm xa hdi ngoai gia dinh. Dat ttong bdi canh hgi nhap hien nay, can lam thg nao dg chuygn ddi sy tin cay ciia mdt nhdm xa hgi nhd sang toan thg cgng ddng xa hdi; lam thg nao dg nigm tin trong xa hgi trd thanh ddn bay cho qua trinh phat trign kinh te hd gia dinh ndi rieng va kinh tl - xa hgi ndng thdn ndi chung. Dac biet la qua trinh phat trign kinh te hg gia dinh ndng thdn dl hudng hinh thanh cac loai hinh cdng ty, tap doan san xuit kinh doanh gia dinh khdng Id kigu Nhat Ban va Han Qudc la rat can thiet; digu nay cd y nghia quan ttgng ddi vdi qua tiinh chuygn ddi ca can nghg nghiep, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ndng nghigp, ndng thdn Ddng bang sdng Hdng Viet Nam theo quy luat xa hgi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Alejandro Portes (2003), "Vdn xa hgi: Ngudn gde va nhung ap dung no ttong xa hgi hgc bien dai", Tgp chiXa hdi hgc, sd 4.
2. Fukuyama, Francis (2001), "Social Capital, Civil Society and Development", Third World Quarterly, 22, pp.7-20.
3. Gordon Marshall, Gordon (2010), Tie diin Xa hgi hgc Oxford (Bin Tbl Cudng va cpng su dich), Nxb. Dai hgc quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
4. Mark Granovetter (1973), "The Sttength of weak ties", American Journal of Sociology, Vol 78, ppl36-1368.
5. Vien Xa hdi hgc (2015 -2016), Kit qua khao sat dh tai cip Bg: "Mang ludi xa hgi ttong phat trien kinh tl hg gia dmh ndng thon ding bing sdng H6ng", tac gia Nguyin Diic Chien chii nhiera.
6. Wellman, Barry and S. D. Berkowitz (1988), "hittoduction: Sttidying Social Sttucttires", pp.1-14 in Social Structures. A Network Approach, edited by B. Wellman and S. D.Berkowitz, Cambridge etc.:
Cambridge University Press.
Woolcock, M. and D. Narayan (2000), "Social capital: hnplications for development theory, research, and policy", World Bank Research Observer, Moi 15(2), 225-249, August.
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt 72-81 81