IMhOrng vd'n de xd hoi
B a o Itrc h p c cftrdvig -
nhin tu goc dp
van hoa va giao due
• 1 . 1
T
rong thbi gian gan day, nhieu vain de lien quan den van boa hpc dudng, den chat lupng giao due dao diic trong nha trudng dang dupc du luan xa hbi quan tam, trong db vain nan "bao luc hpc dudng" la tieu diem gay sdc khbng chi vbi phu huynh, nha giao ma cbn vbi lanh dao cac caip. Cb nhieu ludng y kien ban luan dubi cac gbc dp khac nhau (tam ly, xa hbi, phap luat, dao diic, van boa, giao due...). Dubi day, ehiing tbi xin de cap den van de "bao luc hpc dubng" tir hai gbc dp: van hoa va giao due.1. Bao luc hoc dudng va hau qua cua no
Bao luc hpc dudng la he thdng xau chubi lbi nbi, hanh vi mang tinh miet thi, de doa, khung bd ngubi khac (thudng xay ra giiia trb vbi trb, giira thay vbi trb hoac ngupe lai), de lai thupng tich tren co the, tham chi dan den tir vong, dac biet la gay tdn thuong den t u tubng, tinh cam, tao cii sdc ve tam sinh ly cho nhiing doi tupng true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh giao due trong nha trudng, ciing nhu ddi vbi nhiing ai quan tam tbi su nghiep giao due.
Xet tir gbc dp van hoa thi bao luc hpc dudng la mbt hien tupng phan
• TS. TRAN VIET LUU
van boa, the hien ldi iing xir theo kieu luat rimg, coi thudng luat phap, bb qua npi quy trubng hpc, di ngupe lai va lam been d nhiing gia tri van hoa truyen thdng tdt dep trong xa hbi, trong nha trubng.
Xet tir gdc dp giao due thi bao luc hpc dubng la su phan anh ket qua giao due khbng dupe n h u mong mudn, la thube do gian tiep cho thay hieu qua va chat lupng ngupe chieu vbi muc tieu giao due toan dien, nhait la giao due dao diic, ldi sdng theo ehuan muc van boa.
Nhieu su-viec mang tfnh chait bao luc hpc dirong da dupc phan anh qua eac kenh thbng tin dai chiing trong thbi gian gan day cho thay, tuy khbng phai la dbng chay chit dao cua van hoa hpe dirong, song dau sao ciing gay nhieu lo ngai cho xa hpi. Bbi vi bao luc hpc dubng da vupt ra ngoai khubn khd cita cai gpi la "thu ba hpc trb" (khbng eon la trb choi nghich ngpm, ngb nghinh; khbng chi dien ra vbi "nam thanh" ma cbn lan manh trong "niitii"). Thue trang bao lire hpc dudng da khien eho biic tranh giao due khbng cbn dupc tinh khiet nhu bim chat cua nen giao due dinh huang xa hpi chu nghia. So vbi thbi ki khang chien va trubc ddi moi, thi giao duc nube ta hien nay diing la dang thien
•W
T U Y E N G I A O S 0 5 - 2 0 1 0ve "day chu" mbt each thai qua, cbn phan "day ngubi" chua diing vbi muc tieu de ra. Neu khbng kip thbi khac phuc vain nan bao lue hpc dirong thi chac chan hau qua eua nb khbng the lirong trubc dupc.
2. Nguyen n h a n ciia bao luc hoc d u d n g
Vbi gibi ban pham vi da xac dinh cita bai viet, b day tbi xin tap trung lam rb nguyen nhan tir 2 gbc dp: van hoa va giao due.
- Nguyen nhdn tit gdc do vdn hod:
Qua trinh mb eita, hbi nhap da day manh su giao thoa, tiep bien van boa nhan loai vao van hoa Viet, qua trinh nay khbng tranh khbi nhiing ludng gib dbc hai (ke ca nhirng "rac rubi van hea") du nhap mpt each ngau nhien hoac cb chit dinh (vbi am muu
"dien bien boa binh"), lam tbn hai den nhiing gia tri van boa truyen thbng trong xa hbi ta nbi ehung, trong nha trubng nbi rieng. Nhirng canh bao lue trong phim anh nude ngoai, nhat la trong nhiing trb choi bao lue, kich due tren mang da vb hinh chung chuyen tai den hpe trb va kich thfch than kinh nhiing ngubi tre tudi theo khu}mh hudng h a n h dbng phi van hoa, trai vbi giao due. Khi hpc sinh xem nhung phim, sach bao, mang cb npi dung "bao luc" chfnh la hp dang chiu anh hubng su truyen ba ve nhiing gia tri van boa ting xir thieu tinh nhan van, nhan ban. iNhiing trb choi chem giet, ban pha tren mang, nhiing bai hat dupc minh hoa bang canh bao
luc (do ghen tubng) da gian tiep cd •Vli eho phong each iing xir giiia con ngudi vbi con ngubi theo kieu "lay oan bao thit", lay guom siing dap tra lai guom siing, dem vb nghe dait lai vb nghe, laiy mang nhiee, si nhue eho ha long ha da. iNhiing h a n h vi n h u vay chfnh la su pha tap van hoa h a n h xii kieu cbn dd bang dang vdn dang ngay cang gia tang, bait chaip luat phap.
Hang ngay, trong hanh trinh tir nha den trudng hoac da ngoai, hpc sinh da chung kien khcng ft canh tirpng phi van hoa dien ra ngay trude mat; chang ban nhir canh va quet khi tham gia giao thbng dan den chiri riia, hanh hung;
canh "khbng thuan mua 'vita ban" dan den xung dpt nao loan; canh ngubi luong thien
•vi phat giac ke trpm cap ma hi ehiing ra tay "bao oan" gay thuong tieh. Cb khi xem tren mang, hoac nghe cha me, anh chi ke lai khbng it thbng tin ve canh tupng cbn dd day db;
ehang ban: nha np chau giet ba laiy tien choi game, hoae con danh me den miic gay thuong tfch; noi kia vp chem chdng, lang aiy anh giet em, dia phirong kia hai nha hang xbm gai bay nhau, san van dpng kia cau thit vao hiia cimg cb dbng •vien hanh hung trpng tai, tham chi trubng np phu huynh xbng vao tan ldp hpc xi va, hanh hung giao vien... iNhiing ciinh tupng n h u vay da t u nhien di vao tam tri hpe sinh, nhen nhbm trong long nhirng tre em (ve mat cbn ngay tho, hdn nhien, mac tren minh bb ddng phuc
Nhthig vd'n de xd hoi rat dep, xep loai dap diic vap loai kha, tdt) mbt khuynh hubng bao luc. Trong the gibi npi tam cita hp dubng nhu khbng cbn chd eho nhiing lbi ran day sau sac ma cha bng giii vao trong nhieu eau ea dao cd ("ebng cha, nghia me, on thay", "thuong ngiroi nhu the thirong than"; "ngiroi trong mpt nudc phai thirong nhau ciing"). iNhu vay, trong cube sdng duong dai, eho dii da va dang cb nhieu lang xa, khu phd dupe cbng nhan danh hieu
"van hoa", nhung cb mot thuc te dau xbt trong irng xir ngubi vbi ngubi lai het sue phi van boa, trai vbi cuong thubng dao ly, wtpt ra ngoai khubn khd phap luat - db chinh la nhirng hanh -vi tiem an nguy co laiy bao lue lam thuang tbn trong xii ly cac mdi quan he xa hbi.
- Nguyen nhdn tu goc do gido due:
Giao due du rang khbng phai la duy nhat phai chiu trach nhiem trubc nan bao luc hpc dirong ngay cang gia tang tbi muc bao dpng, nhung dii sao thi giao due cung phai chiu trach nhiem chfnh trong tinh trang hpc trb "ao trang"
ma cb "hanh •vi den". Muc tieu giao due dupe xac dinh rat rb tfnh giao due toan dien, trong db cb giao due dao due, giao due kl nang sdng. Chuong trinh giao due ciing kha phong phii, da dang vbi nhiing mbn hpc cb tfnh chuyen sau ve dao diic, ldi sbng (b tieu hoc cb mbn Dao due, mbn Tim hieu Tu nhien va iXa hbi, sau tieu hpe cb mbn Giao due cbng dan). Hau nhu trubng hpc nao ciing khac ghi
TUYENGlAOSd5-2010 59
NhOmg vd'n de xd hoi
Gid ra choi
"Tien hpc le, hau hpc van"; ldp hpc nao ciing ghi nbi quy nha trubng vbi nhiing dieu qui dinh rait khat khe, dac biet khbng the thieu "5 dieu Bac Hd day'; dau t u a n va cudi tuan bao gid ciing cb tiet sinh boat de nhac nhb hpe sinh giii
•viing nen nep. Tait ca nhirng dieu neu tren deu mang tinh dinh hubng, ran day hpc sinh ren luyen nep sdng van minh, hinh thanh lbi sbng van boa trong va ngoai nha trubng.
The nhung, tai sao van cbn nhieu vain nan dang lo ngai, bao dpng su xudng cap dao due hpc dirong? De ly giai dieu nay, cb the xem xet mpt sb khfa canh sau:
Su qua tai kien thirc dan den qua tai thbi gian hpc tap, khien eho giao vien va hpe sinh phai danh qua nhieu cbng sue vao "chay tai" mpt dung lupng kien thiic (vbi nhieu mbn, nhieu chuyen de) vira rpng, -vira sau, -vira ban lam ma thieu tinh thiet thuc.
Miic dp qua tai von da dupc
chait chiia nhieu trong sach giao khoa, lai dupc giao •vien, can bb quim ly nang cao hon mbt bude de "ren tri thbng minh" eho hpc sinh, nhait la hubng tbi muc tieu "giat giai"
trong cae ki thi hpe sinh gibi tir caip trubng trb len. Hien tupng "chay" trudc chuong trinh (chang ban trong he da hpc trudc mbt sb mbn "ehinh") lai cang lam eho su qua tai tang len vi phai day ddn, day ep. Thue te db khien hpc sinh khbng cbn dit thbi gian de hpc nhiing mbn khac, nen mbt sd mbn, mbt sd boat dpng ngoai khoa eb npi dung giao due dao due, lbi sbng chi cbn mang tfnh chieu le (mbt vai mbn se chi hpc khi co the sap xep dupc thbi gian, tuy rang trong sd dau bai van day du sd tiet, sd bai theo thbi khoa bieu).
Phirong phap giao due dao due, ldi sdng da bpc lb nhieu bait cap, lac hau, nen hieu qua, chat lupng giao duc thee muc tieu hinh thanh nep sdng van minh, ldi sbng iing xir eb van
boa cho hpc sinh khbng dupc n h u mong mudn, neu khbng mudn nbi la chung ta dang phai nhan nhiing trai dang.
Thuc te khi day hpc mpt sd mbn (ngoai van, toan, ngoai ngii) thi van cbn tinh trang giao -vien chep ten bai hpc, hpe sinh dpe tham, hoac dpe trich mbt doan nao db ma giao •vien cho la trpng tam; sau db giao
•vien neu mpt vai cau hbi, hpc sinh nhin sach tra lbi; rait it khi giao -vien dua ra nhirng tinh hudng thuc te de eung thao luan. Mbt sd mbn hpe cb uu the hoac eb nbi dung gan vbi giao due dao due, ldi sbng, giao due cac gia tri van boa truyen thdng chua dupe giao vien quan tam diing miic, chua dau t u ebng sue vao bai giang nen cang lam cho bai gi- ang nham chan, nang thuyet ly, giao huan khien cubng. Am nhac, hpi boa, thi ea, phim anh rait cb uu the trong viee ket hpp giao due tinh tham mi, lam mem boa than kinh va lam phong phii tam hdn tre tho, song rat dang tide hpe sinh lai chua dupc tiep can mbt each eb y tubng supham.
Cbng tae quan ly trong cac nha trudng van cbn thien ve h a n h chfnh va nang thanh tfch, chua dam bao giao due toan dien. May nam gan day, cbng tac thanh tra, kiem tra chuyen mbn tir cac tnrong, cac phbng, eac so giao due da dupc tang cudng, phan nao da giam sat chat ehe -viec thue hien diing qui che chuyen mbn;
song boat dpng nay chua thoat khbi tinh trang chit yeu van tap trung vao mbt sd mbn hpc ma theo quan niem cii la
6 0 ' TUYEN GiAo so 5 • 2010
mon chinh". Nhiing hoat dpng giao due ngoai khoa ehua dupc quan tam diing muc, chua dau t u thoa dang nhiing dieu kien can thiet ve thiet hi, kinh phf, chuyen mbn. Phong trao "xay dung tnrong hpc than thien, hpc sinh tfch cue" tuy da cb tae dpng lam tdt dan mbi trudng giao due nhung chua thuc su di vao chieu sau. Tfnh dan ehii trong iing xir giiia giao vien voi hpc sinh, giao vien vbi phu huynh cb dupc cai thien, tuy vay diidng n h u cbn khbng ft giao •vien, phu huynh, hpe sinh da thai qua trong h a n h
•vi ling xir, lam cho tfnh dan ehu •vupt ra ngpai khubn khd cuong thubng dao ly.
3. Mot so giai phap khac phuc tinh trang b a o l u c hoc dudng
Nhung gidi phdp tii gdc do vdn hod
- Giao due, hinh thanh nep sbng van boa cho hpe sinh la mbt qua trinh hudng tbi muc tieu xay dung nep sdng van minh trong xa hpi hien dai, dbi hbi phid cb su ddng thuan xa hpi va nang cao trach nhiem cbng dan eua cae dbi tupng tham gia vao giao due the he tre. Bao luc hpc dudng la he qua cua su b nhiem mbi trubng giao due rbng ldn, khbng chi trong khubn vien nha trudng ma trong dbi sdng xa hpi. Vi the mubn day liii bao luc hpc dubng, trudc het phai lam cho mbi trubng giao due trong va ngoai nha tnrong ngay cang dam bao tfnh thuan khiet. Cbng viee nay dbi hbi phai -vita xay dung nep sbng van hoa vita chbng lai
nhiing hanh vi phan van boa.
Can cu vao thiet che van boa dupc qui dinh trong nhiing van ban nha nube, cae cap uy, chinh quyen dia phuong can ehi dao sat sao trong boat dbng giao due nha tnrong. Can kien quyet xir ly nhiing boat dpng kinh doanh thieu lanh manh, gai bay hpe sinh sa nga vao eon dudng danh bae, hiit chieh, trpm cap, gay be phai
"sat phat" lan nhau. Ben canh db ciing phai ngan chan kip thbi, nghiem tri theo phap luat dbi vbi nhiing dbi tupng la hpc sinh ma cb nhiing hanh vi mang tinh bao luc, gay bait an cho ban than, gia dinh, nha tnrong va xa hbi.
- iXay dung nep sdng van boa nbi chung, trong db cb van boa hpc dudng se gbp phan lam thuan khiet mbi trubng xa hbi, lam ban ehe nan bao luc hpc dudng. Tuy nhien, day la su nghiep cb tfnh each mang va lau dai, dbi hbi phai cb su ddng tam hiep luc cua ca he thdng chfnh tri, su chung long gbp siic cita eac td chiic, doan the. Do vay. Ban Tuyen giao cac caip can phdi hpp chat che vbi nganh giao due, day manh cbng tac tuyen truyen trong toan xa hpi, nhait la eae trubng phd thbng (gan vbi thuc hien Cube van dbng "Hpc tap va lam theo taim guong dao diic Hd Chf Minh"), lam eho can bb quan ly, giao vien, hpc sinh, phu huynh nhan thiic dupc trach nhiem eua minh trong qua trinh xay dung van boa hpc dudng. Doan Thanh nien Cpng san Hd Chf Minh can chi dao sau sat co sb doan - dbi trong cae trubng hpe b dia
IMhCrng vd'n de xd hoi phuong, tb chiic nhirng boat dpng chuyen de cb npi dung van hpa hpc dubng; yeu can cac CO sb doan trong nha trudng dua nbi dung phbng chdng bao luc hpc dirong vao sinh boat thubng xuyen, lam cho mbi doan -vien thanh nien la hpe sinh chuyen bien nhan thirc, t u dieu chinh hanh vi, coi -viec day liu nan bao luc hpc dubng la mpt nhiem vu cap thiet eiia ngudi doan vien, thanh nien, thieu nien.
Nhiing gidi phdp tic gdc do gido due
- Giao due dao diic, ldi sdng lanh manh eho hpe sinh eae trudng phd thbng la mbt qua trinh dien ra eac boat dpng su pham cb muc dfeh, eb npi dung va phuong phap khbng gidng nhu day kien thirc van boa qua eae mbn hpe. Chang ban, hpe sinh cb the hpc thupc long nhiing dinh nghia, khai niem, ebng thirc b sach giao khoa Toan, Ly, Hoa, Sinh...
rdi van dung vao giai cac dang bai tap qua nhieu lan, vbi nhieu dang khac nhau, dan dan hpe sinh eb the thanh thao, eb ki nang, ki xao de trb thanh mbt hpc sinh gibi nhiing mbn hpe db. iNhung vbi giao due dao due, ldi sdng thi hoan toan ngupe lai, hpe sinh phai biet lang nghe lbi giang giai eita giao vien, van dung nhirng triet ly, nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem tir sach giao khoa, tir cube sdng de thuc hanh trong dbi sbng hang ngay. Chang ban, khi hpc ve
"Tinh ban" thi hpc sinh khbng the chi dpe thao thao ve each ling xir tbt dep giira nhiing ngubi ban vbi nhau, khbng
TUYENGIAOSO'5-2010 ' 61
NhOrug vd'n de xd hoi the chi dpe cau chuyen cam dpng cita nhiing ngubi ban hoae nhiing n h a n vat dupe nhan each boa trong nhirng cau chuyen cd tfch, ma dieu quan trpng la phai the hien su qui men, giup ddban hpc cimg lop, cimg trubng thbng qua
•viee lam cu the, quan sat dupe, tham binh dupe, cc the neu guong dupc cho nhiing ban cimg trang lira.
- Trong thbi dai bung nd thbng tin, viee hpc thupc, hpe qua sau ve nhiing kien thiie mbn hpc la khbng can thiet;
trong khi db xa hbi hien dai dang can phai tang cudng giao due eho the he tre mbt vdn kien thiic, kl nang cb tfnh phd quat, lam nen tang de mbi ngubi cb the sbng hoa nhap vbi xa hbi. Tai Thbng bao sd 242- TB/rW, Bp Chfnh tri (khoa X) da chi rb: "Can coi trpng ca ba mat giao due: day lam ngubi, day chii, day nghe; dac biet chu y giao due ly tubng, pham chait dao due, ldi sbng, lich sir, truyen thdng van hoa dan tpc, giao due ve Dimg". Day la quan diem chi dao ma eac caip quan ly nganh giao due, nhait la cac nha trudng phd thbng can phai quan triet sau sac de thuc sir ddi mbi nbi dung va phuong phap giao due, nhait la trong giao due dao due, lbi sbng cho hpe sinh.
Thuc te cho thaiy, trong mbt thbi gian dai, nganh giao due da lech lac trong t u duy chi dao giao due, lam eho nhiing ngubi true tiep tham gia boat dpng giao due trong cac nha trudng sa vao nhbi nhet kien thiic, coi nhe •viec giao due dao diic, lbi sbng theo
chuan muc van boa; thien ve giang giai ly thuyet kinh •vien, ft td chue cae hoat dpng hiru feh, ft gan vbi thuc te dbi sdng xa hpi, dae biet la it coi trpng phuong phap giao due " t u neu guong sang de hpe sinh noi theo". Do vay, trong qua trinh ra soat chuong trinh, sach giao khoa phb thbng hien tai (eiing n h u thiet ke chuong trinh va sach giao khoa tuong lai), can quan tam diing miic tbi nhiing mbn thube khoa hpc xa hbi va nhan van, nhiing chuyen de cb the long ghep giao due dao diic hpc sinh.
Danh thbi lupng thoa dang de td chiic cho hpc sinh dupc thu hubng cae tac pham nghe thuat, thi ca, dien anh giau tfnh t u tubng, dam tfnh nhan van, hudng the he tre vao nhiing gia tri can ban de lam ngubi va sbng b dbi cho cb nghia cb tinh, cb ly..
- Kinh nghiem tir nhiing nirbc eb nen giao due tien tien da eho thay hp rait coi trpng giao due cho tre tir mam non tbi hpc sinh phb thbng nhiing hieu biet so gian lam nen cho dao due cbng dan. Tuy khbng
"dao to biia Ion", nhung hp danh kha nhieu thbi lupng ddi vbi viee giao due ki nang sdng, giao due each iing xir than thien vbi ban, vbi mbi trubng xung quanh. Trong nha trudng cua hp, cac bai hpc giao due dao dire, ldi sdng dupc bieu dat bbi nhirng ngbn tir kha mem deo, khbng khb Cling va nang tfnh giao ly don thuan; hp thubng thien ve td ebiie eho hpc sinh thue hien cac boat dpng giao due ngoai gib, tim tbi va dua ra phuang
an xir ly nhiing van de hien dang xay ra trong cube sbng, do vay hpe sinh dupc dua vao mbi trudng t u giao due, tur ren luyen. Chang ban, b nube Anh, ngubi ta dua ra cho hpc sinh phd thbng mpt tinh hudng dai y la: Cb mbt du an giao thbng mb dudng di qua mbt ngbi lang, ban hay eho Met y kien eita minh de thuc hien du an db sao eho cb lpi nhait. O nube My, hpc sinh phd thbng trung hpe eb the t u lua chpn mbt vain de cu the trong cube sdng de lam "luan van"
tdt nghiep. O Nhat, ngay tir lira tudi mam non, tre tho da dupe td ehiic cae trb choi mang tfnh hpp tae giiia eac tre vbi nhau, hp cho tre dupe
"nghich" trong mpt the gibi thuc vbi cat, vbi nude, vbi cac dd vat, hp cbn bb nhieu ebng sue de xay dung phim anh cb tfnh giao due y thirc chap h a n h luat giao thbng (trong phim nay eb tinh tiet: mbt diia tre tieu hpc, di bb dubi dubng, gap trdi mua, nb di ben nay dubng, cbn phia ben kia dubng la ldi re ve nha, neu nb chui qua hang rao phan each giua 2 lan dudng thi cb the ve nha nhanh hon, song nb da nhan nai di dubi mua vbi mbt doan dudng xa ban de den dung chb qui dinh danh cho ngudi di bp sang^dubng... va nb bi udt ngubi). O ta ciing da bat dau cb nhiing hpc hbi, the nghiem each lam n h u vay, song rat dang tiec hpc sinh lai phai chiii dau vao giai Toan, lam Van, hpc Tieng Anh nen khbng maiy khi dupc tiep can nhiing y tubng giao due hay n h u vay./.
6 2 T U Y E N G I A O S O ' 5 - 2 0 1 0
