TAP CHJ KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Tran Nggc Th§
NHU>JG GIA TRJ LICH Slf CUA CUOC TONG TIEN CONG VA NOI DAY XUAN M^U THAN NAM 1968
THE HISTORICAL VALUES OF THE GENERAL OFFENSIVE AND UPRISING OF TET MAU THAN 1968
TRAN NGQC TH&'^
LOI TdA SCAN: Nhdn dip ky niem 50 ndm chiin thdng Mdu Thdn ndm 1968, Tda scan nhdn dugc bdi viet cua Thiiu tu&ng Trdn Nggc Thd, nguyin tham muu truong Qudn khu 7.
Tda sogn xin trdn trong giai thiiu vai ban dgc.
EDITOR'S NOTE: On the occasion ofthe 50th anniversary ofthe general offensive and uprising of tet Mau Than 1968, we received the article from Major General Tran Ngoc Tho, former Chief of Staff of Military Zone 7. We are proud to introduce it to readers.
Cudc Tong ti6n cong va ndi day Xuan Mau Than ndm 1968, d6n nay vira tron 50 n3m thing Ipi ciing vdi nhihig gid tri lich sir ciia nd la khong th6 dao ngupc. Cudc Tflng tiSn c6ng vd noi d^y Xuan Mau Than ndm 1968 duac ghi vdo Ijch su: khang chien ch6ng My cua ddn tdc ta m^t trang sang ngdi chii nghia anh hiing each mang; la mpt mdc son danh dau budc ngodt quyet dmh cua Cdch m^ng mi6n Nam cUng nhu cupc khang chien than ky cua ca ddn t6c.
Khi muon nhin nhan, danh gia mpt su kien, hien tuang (lgi la su ki$n da di vdo lich sic ddn tpc) thi can phdi cd quan di6m phuong phdp luan duy vdt bien chung, phai khach quan, toan dien, lich sir, c\i th§ va phat trien, phai ddt minh trong cudc, phdi cam duac khong khi cdch mang rung trdi, chuygn ddt liic bdy gid, phdi thdu ly, dat tinh, CO nhdn co qua.
Tir nhung gia trj cot loi, dich thuc cua cupc T6ng tiSn cdng vd n6i dsiy Xudn Mau
Than nam 1968, tdi tiep tuc khang djnh nhihig ndi dung sau day.
Thd: nhdt, nhu toi da trinh bay trong bai "Y Ddng, long dan trong Cupc T6ng tien cong va n6i d^y Xuan Mdu Thdn nam 1968", mpt idn niJa tdi nhat tri vdi ddnh gia cua Dang ta \% "thang loi vang ddi, to Idn, todn dien" ciia tran Mau Than d ch6:
Lan dau tien, sau Ddng khdi nam 1960 trSn toan mien Nam vira dung 8 ndm, qudn va ddn ta tien hanh Cudc Tdng tien cong va ndi day, danh thdng vao sao huy§t, cdc trung tam ddu nao ciia nguy quan, nguy quyen va cdc can eii cua M5* va chu hau khdp cdc do thi m\h\ Nam. Ta lam chu trong nhifiu ngay, khiSn bpn My - Nguy chodng vdng, te liet. Ciing la Idn dau tien, ta khien ca thg gidi bdt ngd, nude My rung dOng, lam cho nhiiTig cai dau hi6u chien, ngdng nghenh nhdt nude My phai ngam ngiii than thd: Viet Cong ra d6n thdng minh va bdt ngd qua! {Tay-lo, nguyen Dgi su My
' ThiSu tucmg, nguyen Tham muu tnrong QuSn khu 7.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HOC V A N LANG tgi Sdi Gdn). Ddy ciang Id thdng diep eiia quan vd dan ta tuyen bfl vdi the gidi loai ngudi rdng: My va tay sai khong th6 gianh thang lai trong cudc chi^n tranh xdm lupc Viet Nam! Don Mdu Than nam 1968 thdng loi da md ra mpt cue dien mdi, t^o ra budc ngodt quyet djnh cho cupc khang chiSn chong My eua dan tpc ta, thuc hien thdng loi Nghj quySt ciia Ddng tai Hpi nghj Ban Chdp hanh Trung uong Idn thu 14 (thdng 1 ndm 1968): " Chuyen cupc chien tranh cdch mang mien Nam sang mot thdi k^ mdi - thdi ky danh thdng lai quyet djnh".
Trong cupc tdng tien cong va ndi day nay, qudn vd dan ta tdn thdt khong it ve luc luong, CO mdt sd dem vi mdt sire chiSn dau.
Viing giai phong bi thu hep khi d|ch phan kich, nhiSu can cu each mang, nhi^u ldm chinh trj, ca sd trong thanh thi va vung ven bi dich truy quet,... Cac muc tieu quan su cua djch ta tien cdng lam chu, nhung khdng du siic giu: vimg, lai rai vao tay djch.
Theo nghe thuat dung binh, quan sir tren the gidi, ben tien cong it nhat cung phai gdp 3 lan ben phdng ngu v6 cd xung luc va hoa luc.
Trong thuc te trdn Mdu Thdn nam 1968, trudc gid nd siing {Gi& G), luc luong ta chi cd 1, dich cd 4, lai dii: hai - luc - khdng qudn. Ldn ddu tien tren chien trudng, ta chi co mdt phan dOi xe tang danh Lang Vdy (Quang Tri) va mpt phan dpi thiSt giap cua Mi§n tham gia chien dau d Tay Ninh. So sanh lire lupng qudn su chenh lech qua ldn! Nhung ta ed dii 4 yeu to CO bdn ciia nghe thuat chi6n tranh nhdn ddn Viet Nam; dd la su ket hap tuyet hdo cila luc, the, thdi, muu (t^o luc, lap the, tranh thdi, dung muu), trong sue
manh cua "cii qu6c nghenh djch", l^ii co sue mgnh dan tdc gdn kfit vdi sire manh thdi d^i. Quy luat "manh duac, y8u thua"
trong chien tranh dupe phat hiSn han 2.500 nam trudc (d Trung Quoc) dupe ea the gidi van dung cho dkn nay ludn lu6n phu hpp. Xuan Mdu Than nam 1968, chiing ta cd manh mdi gianh dupe thdng lai to ldn va toan dien, nhung dd Id siic m^nh tdng hpp ciia chien tranh nhdn ddn giai phong: "toan dan ddnh gijc, ddnh giac toan dien, cd lire lupng vu trang gidi phdng lam ndng cdt!".
Biet rang da la chien tranh, chi6n ddu thi khong tranh khoi tdn that. Chien tranh ludn "nguy hiem va dd mdu" (L^-nin). C6 thi thdy, cuOc chi^n tranh xdm lupc ViSt Nam ciia Mp vd tay sai la mpt chien tranh khoe liet nhdt. Tdn thdt eua quan va dan ta trong tran Mau Thdn la ngoai y mudn.
Chiing ta xdt xa trudc tdn that ve l\rc luong, nhung chiing ta qua doi tu hao v6 chien thang. Dudi su lanh dao ciia Ddng, qudn vd ddn ta sdn sdng chap nhan ton thdt, hy sinh dh gidnh chiSn thdng, vi ly tudng "khdng cd gi quy hem d0c ldp, t\r do", thuc hien "danh cho My cut, ddnh cho nguy nhao" dk gianh thdng lai hodn todn.
Thic hai: Quyet tam chien lupfc ciia Dang ta trong Tong tien cdng va ndi d|y Xudn Mau Than ndm 1968 khdng mang tinh chii quan ndng voi va duy ^ chi nhu mdt sd y kien trai chieu nhan dinh, ma cd nhimg co sd khoa hpc khong th8 choi cdi.
Sau gdn 20 ndm dua quan tham chiin vdi luc luong ldn dupe trang bi vii khi hien dai, tdi tan; qua 2 miia khd th\rc hien chien lupc "hai gpng kim". My va tay sai bi t6n thdt ndng n6, ddn dSn sa ldy, liing tiing, hai
TAP CHI KHOA HQC B^l HQC VAN LANG Trha Ngoc ThS gpng kim "tim diet" va "binh dinh", bi be
gay, chiSn lupc "chiSn tranh cue bp" bj phd san. My manh nha xudt hien y tudng riit quan trong danh du nhung chua co nguySn cd, khien My cang liing tiing trong viec co tinh bmig bit viec bj sa ldy va chiu nhieu tdn that d mien Nam Viet Nam.
Tren chien trudng mien Nam, qudn va dan ta thu duac nhieu thang Ipi ve quan su, uy tin ciia Mat tran dan tpc gidi phong mien Nam dupe ndng cao tr6n trudng qu6c t6, nhung cue dien chien trudng chua tao dupe the c6 loi hon han cho ta, trong thue hien danh cho My ciit, ddnh cho nguy nhao, dii CO tran ta loai khoi vong chien dau hang ngdn ten My (tran Gianxan Xiti). Theo nh§n dinh cua Dang, phai co d6t phd chign lupc mdi t^o dung vd chuyen sang the cd Ipi tren toan chien trudng, nhdt la d dia ban ndng thon va thdnh thj. Trong khi do, d ca ba viing chien lupc bi My - nguy kim kpp, y chi qudt khdi cua nhan dan dang cao manh me. Nhan dan am thdm, bi mdt chudn bi moi mdt cho tdng khdi nghTa. Phdn tich ky de thay thdi co eua Tdng tien cdng va noi day dd xuat hien m^c dii chua "chin".
Th6 con thdi ca gidi phong mihn Nam ta phai dpi chd, ap u cho "chin mui" thi dpi chd d6n bao gid? Trong khi d d6 thj miSn Nam tinh hinh ndng cang nhu thiing thu6c Sling chd phat nd.
Con nhd, liic My mdi 6 at dua quan tham chien mien Nam, nhilu dja phuang liing tung, dien xin Dai tudng Nguyin Chi Thanh Bi thu Trung uong Cyc cho phuang cham danh My. Ddng chi tra ldi:
eir danh M$^ se co phuong chdm.
Ro rdng phdi cd mdt tac nhan khi8n thdi CO xudt hi?n. Vdn dh mdu ch6t la phai
nam vting thdi co, tranh thii thdi co ma hanh ddng ki6n quyet, manh me, lien tuc, linh boat sang tao.
Dang ta vach ra quyet tam chien lupc tong tien cong va noi day tren todn chiin trudng mien Nam la xuat phat tir thuc tiln khach quan, tir tinh cu the ciia chinh chi6n trudng danh My, tir kinh nghidm thang My.
Co the liic dau, tr^n ddu, ch5 nay, nai kia gap khd khan, nhung toan cue la chuySn bien c6 Ipi cho ta. Hay tu hoi: N6u khong CO tran Mau Thdn nam 1968, H^u My co xudng thang cham dut chien tranh phd hoai miin Bdc? My co ngdi vao ban ddm phan vdi ta va ky hiep djnh Pari, nit quan khoi mien Nam Viet Nam, hay khdng? Neu My kh6ng ciit thi nguy co nhdo hay khSng,...?
Xudt phdt tuong quan luc lupng ta - djch tren chiin trudng, Bd Chinh tri dir kien 3 hudng (3 kha nang) phat triin ciia Cudc Tdng tien cong va noi day.
(1) Ta danh thang Ipi to ldn d cac chien trudng quan trpng, tiln c6ng va noi day thanh cdng d cdc dQ thj ldn, y chi xdm lupc ciia My bj de bep phai chap nhdn thuong lupng vdi ta di din kit thuc chiin tranh theo myc tieu, yeu cau cua ta.
(2) Tuy ta ddnh dupe thdng Ipi quan trpng d nhieu noi, nhung dich vdn con luc luang, dua va cac cdn cir Idn va tdng them luc lupng tii ngodi vao phan cong ddnh lai nhO'ng vi tri quan trpng vd cdc d6 thi ldn, nhdt la Sai Gdn d l tilp tyc chien tranh vdi ta.
(3) My tdng cudng luc luong, md rpng chien tranh ra miin Bdc, sang Lao vd Campuchia, budc ta phdi ddi phd, hong xoay chuyin cue di$n ehiln tranh va gd thfi thua.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DAI HQC V A N LANG S6 08/2018 Quylt tam cua Bd Chinh tri la no luc
danh thang lgi cao nhdt theo kha ndng thir nhat, nhung phai san sang chu dpng ddi phd vdi kha nang thu 2; khd nang thii 3 tuy it ed ca hdi xdy ra, nhung phdi tich cue d l phdng.
Bdng tu duy qudn sir nhay b^n, ta hay phan tich ve bdn chat "sen ddm quoc tS"
cua qudn My. Dat gia thuylt, quan My hi bao vdy chat trong cac can cir, qudn ddi Sdi Gdn tan ra, chinh quyen Nguyin Van Thi6u sup do tir trung uong den ca sd. Hdng ngan nhan viSn ddn su My d cae dd thi ldn (gom cdc doanh nhan, chuyen vien ky thuat, chuyen gia xay dung CELU dudng, giang vien cac trudng dai hpc) se khdng kjp di tan vi quan va dan ta tien cong, noi d|y dIu khdp.
Chii truong riit qudn trong danh du cua My khdng thuc hi?n dugc. Danh du ngudi My bi ton thuong, liic ay khdng loai trii' My tien hanh cae chien djch do qudn tang cudng qudn My d mien Nam, md rdng chiin tranh ra mien Bdc va todn coi Dong Duong, dimg siic manh quan sy khdng 16 danh pha tan bao, dam mau, dB gidi ciiu hang chuc van qudn My va chu hau. Khi ay, tinh the gidng co, tdn that cue ky ldn cho tat ca cac b6n tham chien.
Ci mien Bac, mdt may bay My hi bdn rai, phi c5ng nhdy dii. My dieu vai chyc may bay khac din giai ciiu. Khdng le My an binh bat dpng, hy sinh ca tram ngdn sT quan va binh linh mdc ket d chiin trudng mien Nam?
Rd rdng, trong 3 kha nang phat trien cua Tdng tiln cdng va n5i day ma Ddng ta du kiln, neu khdng thuc hien dupe kha ndng 1 thi khd nang 3 khdng the xuat hien.
Hoac kha nang 1, tren ban thuong lupng ta
Id ngudi chiin thdng, thi My khd chap nhan ngay muc tiiu, yeu cau cua ta; cd the tim each tri hoan keo ddi din vai nam (hdi nghj Pari keo dai hon 3 nam).
Nhu vay, kha nang thir 2 dien ra diing nhu diln biin cua Cudc Tdng tien cdng va noi ddy. Trong quySt tdm ciia Bd chinh trj da md ra yeu cdu "phdi sdn sang chu ddng d6i pho vdi khd nang thii 2".
Trong Ting tiln cdng va ndi d^y.
Dang ta ludn bam sdt ndm chdc tinh hinh chiin trudng, thdng qua Trung uong cue mien Nam va Qu^n iiy MiSn. Tu thyc te chien trudng danh My de Ddng ta lanh dao, chi dao cupc chien tranh nhdn dan giai phdng toan dan va toan dien, dieu chinh ve sach lupc va dua ra quylt tdm chiin lupc khi thdi ca cho ph^p. Ddng xdy dung, sir dyng dpi ngQ can bp day dan kinh nghiem to chiic trgn mac de tryc tiSp ldnh d^o, chi dao cupc tdng tien cdng va ndi day.
Trudc ngay "N" ciia toan ehien trudng 10 ngay. Dang chi dao md chien djch dudng 9 - Khe Sanh (20/1/2968), dua cac su doan chu luc hang dau ciia ta vao mat tr|in nay thuc hien don nghi binh chien luge, thu hiit cdc su dodn manh cua My va tay sai, nhdm giii: chdn va tiing budc tieu diet, tieu hao, giam dp luc cho cac dd thi ldn miin Trung nhu Dd Ndng, Hue.
Dang v^ch ra phuang phap chien lupc la bi mat dua luc lupng ap sdt cdc myc tieu dich d sdu trong h^u phuong tai cdc trung tam dau nao ciia chiing, qudn gidi phdng bat ngd tong tiln cdng kit hpp vdi ndi day lam chii ciia quan chiing kh6ng vii trang d hdu khdp cdc dd thj miin Nam. Sau thdng loi ddnh bai trdn can Gianxan Xiti ciia 45 ngan quan My d Tay Ninh, B6 Chinh tri da
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Tran Ngpc Thh gpi y Trung uong Cyc va Quan uy - Bd Tu
lenh Miin, phdi tao ra chuyen biin chien luge dl ddy cdch mjing mien Nam 18n cao trdo mdi va dua each mang chuyin sang giai doan mdi. Cung tir thdi diem nay, Trung uang cyc va Qudn iiy Mien chii dpng lanh dao dieu chinh luc lupng, lap thi tran, tao ban dap, xay dung k l hoach tac chien va noi d^y gidnh chinh quyln, bam sdt tinh hinh, dl tranh thii thdi ca co lgi nhat.
Dang kh6ng chi tang cudng luc lugng quan su ciia cdc dan vj quan giai phong, ma con phat huy siic manh tdng hgp cua chien tranh nhdn ddn giai phong, bi mat phat dpng phong trao ndi day gianh chinh quyen ciia qudn chiing. Tai tiln tuyIn, Trung uong Cyc chii dgng trudc ra cac chi thi xay dyng, ciing c6 va phdt triin mpi mdt ciia to ehiic Dang cac cap, ehinh quyln giai phdng, lyc lupng vu trang, cac doan the chinh tri - xa hpi d cac quan khu, mdt trdn, dia phuong. Dang ta d6ng thdi uu tien van dyng ca 2 phuang phap tdng tien cong va ndi day, dat chiing trong moi lien h6 bi?n chimg, lay tien cong lam tien de ciia ndi day vd nguge lai.
Myc tieu chien lupc ciia tdng tien cdng vd noi day la "gianh thang Ipi hoan toan" tire Id gidi phong hoan toan mien Nam ddy la muc tieu cao nhdt, triet d l nhdt. Muc tieu nay ciia Dang ta dd xdc dinh trong Nghj quyet sd 15 ciia Bp Chinh tri khda II (thang 1/1959) chuyen cu0c dau tranh cita nhan dan miin Nam tir dau tranh chinh trj sang ddu tranh vu
trang. Trong Ddng khdi, quan va dan ta d nhieu dia phuang da lap nen chinh quyen each mang vd giii vung trong nhilu thdng trdi; co nhiing dia ban ta lam chu den tan ngay miin Nam dugc giai phong. Diing 8 nam sau, muc tiSu chien lupc cua Dang duac diin dat trong quylt tam chiin lupc ciia Tong tiln cdng vd ndi day Xuan Mau Than nam 1968, nd cd nhimg co sd khdeh quan de trd thanh hien thyc.
Trong Cudc Tdng ti8n c6ng vd noi ddy Xudn Mau Than nam 1968, y Dang, 16ng ddn, chi dan dd hda quyen tao thanh siic m^nh tdng hgp, lam nen hang loat nhiing chien cong huy hoang. Vay ma ngay nay, mpt sd ngudi khdng thay het dieu ky dieu dd, lai dua ra nhiing y kien phu djnh, trai chilu. Mpt so y kien da vupt qua ngoai khudn khd nhdn van, khdng mang tinh xay dyng. Lich sii; lodi ngudi da chiing minh:
du bdo cua mpi khoa hpc dIu co xac sudt, trong dd xac sudt du bao ciia khoa hpc qudn su ludn bat ngd nhdt.
Chien tranh da liii xa. Tran M^u Than nam ay da each ta niia the ky, theo quy luat, nhung "ngudi Mau Than" ngay mOt thua dan vi tudi cao, siic ylu nhung ky lic ve mOt thdi mdu liia khong h i phai nh^l, no khdc sau vao tam kham thi he "ngudi linh Mau Than"; nd di vao tho ca vd ca dien anh,.., no lan toa trong n h ^ thiic, tinh cam vd y chi ciia tdt ca nhiing ai cd luang tri trong nude va the gidi.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 10/02/2018. Ngay bien tdp xong: 30/02/2018. Duyet ddng: 17/3/2018.